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C4 Integration/Differentiation
C4 Integration/Differentiation
2013/14
Integration & Differentiation
Recap of C3 facts
1
4. Sec x =
cos
1 cos
5. Cot x = =
tan sin
Parametric Equations
If y = f(t) and x = g(t), then:
dy dt
= =
dt dx
Implicit Differentiation
When f(x,y) = g(x,y), differentiate implicitly: that is differentiate w.r.t. y and include
dy/dx . The solution can simplified where necessary.
Example: y2 = xy + x + 2
(Hint: Use the product rule for xy)
2 =1 +1+1
ax
( )
= ln()
Proof of a x
y = ax
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
Start with
Take logs of both sides ln(y) = ln(ax)
ln(y) = x ln(a)
1
Differentiate implicitly = ln()
Integration by substitution
There is no simple rule for integration by substitution, you must follow these steps:
Integration by parts*
When u=f(x) and v=g(x), then:
=
= 2
1
This describes the volume generated when the curve of y = f(x) from x1 to x2 is rotated 360
about the x-axis.
This describes the volume generated when the curve is defined by its parametric form (x(t),
y(t)) in the interval (a,b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.
Both equations for the volumes of revolution can be adjusted for rotation about the y-axis by
substituting x for y and vice versa.
Exponential functions
= +
+
1 +
= +
Other functions
1
= || +
1 1
= | + | +
+
()
= |()| +
()
() = |() + cot()| +
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
() = |() + tan()| +
() = |()| +
( + 1) () [()] = [()]+1 +
Trigonometric Integration
Basics
Learn these facts and do not confuse them with the rules for differentiation.
sin() = cos() +
cos() = sin() +
Summary (+ constant)
y=f(x) () In formula book
Cos x Sin x
Sin x -Cos x
1
sec2(kx) tan (kx) *
cot(x) |sin()| *
sec (x) |sec() + tan()| *
cosec(x) |cosec() + cot()| *
1
Hence: cos( + ) = sin( + ) +
1
It follows that: sin( + ) = cos( + ) +
[tan()]
By the quotient rule: = 2 ()
Hence: 2 () = tan() +
1
Also: 2 () = k tan() + (*)
1
Thus: 2 ( + ) = a tan( + ) +
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14