Integration & Differentiation

What you are given and what you need to know in C4

FORMULAE FOR EDEXCEL

2013/14
 Integration & Differentiation

What you are given and what you need to know in C4

Recap of C3 facts

Exact Values of trigonometric functions

x (deg) x (rad) sin cos tan
0 0 0 1 0
1 3 1
30
6 2 2 3
1 1
45 1
4 2 2
3 1
60 3
3 2 2

90 1 0 -
2
180 0 -1 0

Rules and facts

1. Sin2x + cos2x = 1
sin
2. Tan x =
cos
1
3. Cosec x =
sin
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

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4. Sec x =
cos
1 cos
5. Cot x = =
tan sin

Applying these rules

Dividing (1) by sin2x will give you: 1 + cot2x = cosec2x

Dividing (1) by cos2x will give you: tan2x + 1 = sec2x

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

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 Differentiation

Parametric Equations
If y = f(t) and x = g(t), then:
dy dt
= =
dt dx
Implicit Differentiation
When f(x,y) = g(x,y), differentiate implicitly: that is differentiate w.r.t. y and include
dy/dx . The solution can simplified where necessary.
Example: y2 = xy + x + 2
(Hint: Use the product rule for xy)

2 =1 +1+1

ax
( )
= ln()

Proof of a x
y = ax
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14
Start with
Take logs of both sides ln(y) = ln(ax)
ln(y) = x ln(a)
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Differentiate implicitly = ln()

Rearrange and substitute for y

( )
= ln()

(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book 2

 Integration

Rules for Integration

Integration by substitution
There is no simple rule for integration by substitution, you must follow these steps:

Youll be given an integral which is made up of two functions of x.

2 1)
4 (
Substitute u for one of the functions of x to give function which is easier to integrate.
= 2 1,

Next, find , and rewrite it so that dx is on its own.

1
= 2, =
2
Rewrite the original integral in terms of u and du.
: 4 = 2
Integrate and substitute back for u at the end.
2 1)
2 = 2 + = 2 ( +
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

Integration by parts*
When u=f(x) and v=g(x), then:

=

Choose your u and v functions carefully to make the integral easier.

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

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Volume of revolution : Cartesian
2

= 2
1

This describes the volume generated when the curve of y = f(x) from x1 to x2 is rotated 360
about the x-axis.

Volume of revolution: Parametric

= 2

This describes the volume generated when the curve is defined by its parametric form (x(t),
y(t)) in the interval (a,b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.

Both equations for the volumes of revolution can be adjusted for rotation about the y-axis by
substituting x for y and vice versa.

Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book 4

 Standard Integrals you should know :
1
( + ) = (+1)
( + )+1 + where n1

Exponential functions

= +
+
1 +
= +

Other functions
1
= || +

1 1
= | + | +
+
()
= |()| +
()

This rule leads to these standard integrals (*) :

() = |() + cot()| +
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

() = |() + tan()| +

() = |()| +

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

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Using functions and derivatives

() = () +

( + 1) () [()] = [()]+1 +

Trigonometric Integration

Basics
Learn these facts and do not confuse them with the rules for differentiation.

sin() = cos() +

cos() = sin() +

Summary (+ constant)
y=f(x) () In formula book

Cos x Sin x
Sin x -Cos x
1
sec2(kx) tan (kx) *

tan(x) |sec()| * Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

cot(x) |sin()| *
sec (x) |sec() + tan()| *
cosec(x) |cosec() + cot()| *

(*) means the rule is given n the Edexcel Formula book 6

 Applying these facts
[sin(+)]
By the chain rule: = acos( + )

1
Hence: cos( + ) = sin( + ) +

1
It follows that: sin( + ) = cos( + ) +

[tan()]
By the quotient rule: = 2 ()

Hence: 2 () = tan() +

1
Also: 2 () = k tan() + (*)

1
Thus: 2 ( + ) = a tan( + ) +
Integration & Differentiation | 2013/14

(*) means the rule is given in the Edexcel Formula book

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