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2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity, ICSI 2017, 4-7 September 2017, Funchal,
2nd International Conference on Structural Integrity,
Madeira, ICSI 2017, 4-7 September 2017, Funchal,
Portugal
Madeira, Portugal
Numerical study on damage identification using shearography with
Numerical
XV Portuguesestudy on damage
Conference on Fracture,identification
PCF 2016, 10-12 February using 2016, shearography with
Pao de Arcos, Portugal
different shearing amounts
different shearing amounts
Thermo-mechanical modeling of a high pressure turbine blade of an
J. V. Arajo dos Santosa,a,*, H. Lopesbb, P. Moreno-Garcacc
J. V. Arajo airplane
dos Santos gas *, H.turbine
Lopes , P. engine
Moreno-Garca
IDMEC, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
a
a
IDMEC,bDEM-ISEP,
Instituto Superior Tcnico,
Instituto Universidade
Politcnico dePortugal
do Porto, Lisboa, Portugal
a b c
c b
Departamento de Ingeniera MecnicaP. Brando , V. Infante , A.M. Deus *
DEM-ISEP,
y DiseoInstituto Politcnico
Industrial, Escuelado Porto, de
Superior Portugal
Ingeniera, Universidad de Cdiz, Spain
c
Departamento de Ingeniera Mecnica y Diseo Industrial, Escuela Superior de Ingeniera, Universidad de Cdiz, Spain
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Abstract Portugal
b
IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tcnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa,
Abstract
Portugal
Shearography
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derivative of the displacement field, i.e. the rotation field. ThisPortugal namelyisbybased
technique allowing thesubtraction
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laser light
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is called
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modernin modal in beams
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FEM analysis, a HPT blade obtained
scrapwith
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scanned, and its chemical composition and material properties were
obtained.
2017 The TheAuthors.
data Published
that was by Elsevier
gathered was B.V.
fed into the FEM model and different simulations were run, first with a simplified 3D
2017
2017TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published by Elsevier
Published by B.V. B.V.
Peer-review
rectangular
Peer-review under
block
under responsibility
shape, in order
responsibility of Elsevier
of the thebetter
to Scientific
Scientific Committee
establish
Committee the ICSIof2017
of model, ICSI 2017.with the real 3D mesh obtained from the blade scrap. The
and then
Peer-review under responsibility
overall expected behaviour in terms of theofScientific Committee
displacement of ICSI 2017.
was observed, in particular at the trailing edge of the blade. Therefore such a
model can
Keywords: be useful
Damage in the goal
identification; of predicting
Modal turbine bladeShearing
curvature; Shearography; life, given a set Finite
amount; of FDR data.method; Finite difference method
element
Keywords: Damage identification; Modal curvature; Shearography; Shearing amount; Finite element method; Finite difference method
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.

Keywords: High Pressure Turbine Blade; Creep; Finite Element Method; 3D Model; Simulation.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-351-21-841-9463 ; fax: +0-351-21-841-7915.

* E-mail
Corresponding
address:author. Tel.: +0-351-21-841-9463 ; fax: +0-351-21-841-7915.
viriato@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
E-mail address: viriato@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
2452-3216 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review underThe
2452-3216 2017 responsibility of theby
Authors. Published Scientific Committee of ICSI 2017.
Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review underauthor.
* Corresponding responsibility
Tel.: +351of218419991.
the Scientific Committee of ICSI 2017.
E-mail address: amd@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

2452-3216 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of PCF 2016.
2452-3216 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ICSI 2017
10.1016/j.prostr.2017.07.039
 J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 11981204 1199
2 J.V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000000

1. Introduction

Shearography is an optical method, allowing non-contact, full-field and high resolution measurements. It relies on
the speckle phenomenon, which occurs in diffuse and rough surfaces whenever they are illuminated by coherent light.
It is one of several speckle interferometry methods and its origin can be traced back to the works of Leendertz and
Butters (1973), Vlasov and Presnyakov (1973) and Hung and Taylor (1974). Shearography is nowadays an appropriate
technique for the quantitative analysis of damage. Indeed, besides measuring directly the gradients or derivatives of
the displacement fields, with the use of digital devices and image processing algorithms, the quality of the
measurements has improved significantly in relation to the ones using analog systems and visual inspection.
The subtraction of the phase of laser light, which is the most common type of coherent light used, coming from the
reflection of two neighboring points in the surface is the basis of shearography. Usually, any two points are aligned in
a specific direction, called shearing direction, and the distance between the points defines the shearing amount. This
process is equivalent to the application of forward or backward finite differences to the displacement field, where the
step in the formulas is the distance between the two points, and thus will be equal to the shearing amount.
The shearing amount allows the adjustment of the measurement sensitivity, such that large sensitivities are obtained
with high values of shearing amounts. However, in this case, one observes the smoothing of the displacement
derivative we want to measure. Therefore, and in terms of the analysis of structural damage, the increase of the
shearing amount results in a larger perturbation of the rotation field in the damaged area, although at the expense of
the smoothing of the derivative. In the context of a combination of mechanical models, holography and shearography
for the quantitative detection of defects, Li et al. (2002) stated that good approximate results are obtained when the
shearing amount is considerably smaller than the dimension of the view field. A study of the quantitative analysis of
an inside crack of pipeline by Kim et al. (2003) showed that when the crack size was equal to the amount of shearing,
the crack size was determined accurately and was also closely related with the shearing direction. The influence of
shearing amount on detecting size and location of crack-shaped internal defect was also studied by Kang et al. (2006).
The influence of large shearing amounts on flaw detection is discussed by Xu et al. (2014) and it is found that large
shearing amounts will involve the fringes of the displacement derivative and of the displacement. In view of the
difficulties in finding a perfect value for the shearing amount, which will gives us the best measurement accuracy and
rich contrast of the phase maps, Steinchen et al. (1998) stated that by learning the shearing amount should not be
smaller than 1% of the investigated area.
The aim of this paper is to report a study on damage identification using shearography with different shearing
amounts. The main objective of the study is the establishment of a range of shearing amounts that can lead to correct
localizations of structural damage in beams using modal response. A free-free aluminum beam is discretized by finite
elements and the modes shapes, i.e. the modal displacement and rotation fields, are obtained in both undamaged and
damaged states. Modal curvature fields obtained directly from the finite element analysis and obtained by simulating
shearography are used to compute damage indicators. The damage indicators computed using the data from the
simulation of shearography show a great dependency on the shearing amount. In fact, for large shearing amounts, it
seems that the damage is spread across a larger area than the actual one. Also, the peak values of the damage indicators
present an attenuation and the damage area also increases with the shearing amount. Thus, it is advisable to take these
finding into consideration whenever we analyze results coming from shearography with the objective of localizing
damage.

2. Description of method

This Section contains the description of the simulation of shearography as well as the description of the way the
curvatures are computed.

2.1. Simulation of shearography

The most important Equations describing the use of shearography to obtain out-of-plane related measurements are
defined in Arajo dos Santos and Lopes (2017) as:
1200 J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 11981204
J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000000 3

4x w( x, y )
xx ( x, y ) (1)
x

4y w( x, y )
yy ( x, y ) (2)
y

where xx ( x, y) and yy ( x, y) are, respectively, the phase maps if we consider the shearing direction as x or y.
In Equations (1) and (2), x and y are the shearing amounts in the x and y directions, respectively, and is the
wavelength of the laser light. The partial spatial derivatives w( x, y) x and w( x, y) y can be viewed as the
rotations in the x and y directions. Since we are interested in the analysis of beams, the y direction can be discarded,
such that we just take into account a simplified form of Equation (1):

4x dw( x)
xx ( x) (3)
dx

In view of Equation (3) and due to its own nature, shearography can be simulated by taking the out-of-plane
displacement of the beam w(x), obtained for instance with a finite element model, and differentiate it with a backward
or forward finite difference formulas. These formulas as given, respectively, by:

dw( x) w( x) w( x x) dw( x) w( x x) w( x)
( x) or ( x) (4)
dx x dx x

Therefore, we obtain an approximation of the rotation field as a function of the displacement field w(x) and the
shearing amount x .

2.2. Computation of modal curvatures

In the present work, we consider the finite element method as a source of data used as reference, namely the modal
displacement field needed in Equation (4). The modal curvatures (x) are obtained directly from the relation between
the bending moment M(x) and the bending stiffness EI:

M ( x) EI ( x) (5)

and the relation among bending moment, stiffness matrix K, circular natural frequency , mass matrix M, and
rotation field (x ) :

M ( x) ( K 2 M ) ( x) (6)

r
Thus, from Equations (5) and (6) we obtain the reference modal curvature (x) :

r (K 2M ) r
( x) ( x) (7)
EI
r
where (x) are obtained directly from the finite element degrees of freedom.
s
We can also define the modal curvature (x) , coming from the simulation of shearography, by applying the
central finite difference to the rotations defined in Equation (4):
 J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 11981204 1201
4 J.V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000000

s d [ s ( x)] s ( x h) s ( x h)
( x) (8)
dx 2h

where h is the distance between two consecutive nodes of the finite element discretization, i.e. the step is equal to
the length of a finite element.

2.3. Damage simulation and indicator

The modal response of a free-free aluminum beam 400 mm long, 40 mm wide, and 3 mm thick, subjected to
simulated damage is presented in this work. As depicted in Figure 1, the damaged area starts at coordinate x1 = 0.1175
m and ends at coordinate x2 = 0.1225 m. Therefore, the damage is centered on coordinate (x1 + x2)/2 = 0.12 m from
the left end of the beam. Several damage cases are considered in the present work, being each one simulated by a
reduction in the bending stiffness EI of finite elements located at the damaged area, as reported in Table 1.

Fig. 1. Localization of the damaged area in the free-free aluminum beam.

Table 1. Description of the four damage cases.

Damage case Reduction in EI [%]
1 10
2 20
3 30
4 40

The first modal displacement and rotation fields of the beam in the undamaged and damaged states are the results
of a finite element analysis. The beam was discretized in 4000 equally spaced finite elements, based on the Euler-
Bernoulli beam theory. The damage indicator used with the data coming from shearography is the Modified Curvature
Difference (MCD), proposed by Arajo dos Santos et al. (2011, 2014):

~
s d [ s ( x )] d [ s ( x )]
MCD( x) (9)
dx dx

s~ s
The quantity ( x) denotes the modal rotations in the damage state, whereas (x) denotes the rotation in the
undamaged state, being both computed through Equation (8). The word modified is used here to indicate the changes
of the well-known damage indicator, proposed by Pandey et al. (1991), which is based on the curvatures as second
order derivatives of the modal displacements, and not as first order derivatives of the modal rotations.
Since we obtain directly the reference modal curvature, according to Equation (7), the equivalent damage indicator
for the reference data is the Direct Curvature Difference (DCD):
1202 J. V. J. V. Arajo
Arajo dos Santos
dos Santos et al.et/ Structural
al. / Procedia Structural
Integrity Integrity
Procedia 5 (2017)
00 (2017) 11981204
000000 5

r
DCD( x) r ~ ( x) r ( x) (10)

3. Results

The study of the influence of the shearing amount on the quality of the damage identification is presented in this
section. For brevity sake, it is reported an analysis considering only the first modal rotation field.

3.1. Qualitative analysis of the results

We observe in Figure 2 differences in peak values of the damage indicators DCD and MCD with different shearing
amounts. The modal curvatures used for the computation of MCD were obtained by first applying backward finite
differences to numerical modal displacement w(x), followed by numerical differentiation using central finite
differences. A noticeable feature of Figure 2 is that shearing amounts larger than the width of the damage, which is
equal to 5 mm, produce important attenuations in the peak values of MCD. We also notice that the area defined by
MCD undergoes a shift to the right, relatively to the real damage position. Furthermore, this shift is independent of
the stiffness reduction describing the damage. This shows that we need to find a better correlation of the decrease in
bending stiffness than simply the values of the damage indicators.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 2. Damage indicators for (a) first; (b) second; (c) third; d) fourth damage cases.
 J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 11981204 1203
6 J.V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000000

3.2. Quantitative analysis of the results

Table 2 lists the relative difference between the peak values of DCD and MCD, defined according to

max r DCD( x) max s MCD( x)
RD
r
max DCD( x) (11)

As expected, the differences for a specific shearing amount and distinct damages do not change significantly, since
we are taking the relative difference. On the other hand, the differences change abruptly from shearing amount to
shearing amount.

Table 2. Relative difference between the peak values of DCD and MCD.
Relative difference, RD [%]
Shearing amount x [mm] Damage case 1 Damage case 2 Damage case 3 Damage case 4
2 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96
5 3.32 3.32 3.31 3.31
10 51.63 51.63 51.63 51.63
20 76.22 76.22 76.22 76.22
30 84.37 84.37 84.37 84.38

Table 3. Area below the peak values of DCD and MCD.

Damage case 1 Damage case 2 Damage case 3 Damage case 4
Shearing Area below Area below Area below Area below Area below Area below Area below Area below
amount
peak of peak of peak of peak of peak of peak of peak of peak of
x [mm] DCD(x)
r s
MCD(x) DCD(x)
r
MCD(x)
s
DCD(x)
r
MCD(x)
s
DCD(x)
r s
MCD(x)
2 0.2339 0.2329 0.5255 0.5230 0.8991 0.8951 1.3952 1.3888
5 0.2339 0.2315 0.5255 0.5201 0.8991 0.8899 1.3952 1.3807
10 0.2339 0.2290 0.5255 0.5146 0.8991 0.8805 1.3952 1.3662
20 0.2339 0.2242 0.5255 0.5038 0.8991 0.8620 1.3952 1.3374
30 0.2339 0.2194 0.5255 0.4929 0.8991 0.8433 1.3952 1.3082

As can be seen in Table 3, the values of the area below the peak values of DCD are constant for each damage case,
whereas a small decrease with the shearing amount is observed for a certain damage case in the area below the peak
values of MCD. This is due to the numerical natural of the approximation used, since we are applying finite
differences. Anyway, these changes are very small, since, for instance, all the relative differences between the
respective values of DCD and MCD are below 7%, as reported in Table 4.

Table 4. Relative difference between the areas below the peak values of DCD and MCD.
Relative difference [%]
Shearing amount x [mm] Damage case 1 Damage case 2 Damage case 3 Damage case 4
2 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
5 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03
10 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.08
20 4.12 4.11 4.12 4.14
30 6.20 6.20 6.21 6.23
1204 J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Procedia Structural Integrity 5 (2017) 11981204
J. V. Arajo dos Santos et al. / Structural Integrity Procedia 00 (2017) 000000 7

The difference in the peak is very considerable, whereas the difference in the areas is very small. This is particularly
obvious for shearing amounts up to 10 mm. This indicates that the process of shearing leads to the smoothing of real
values of the differences in curvatures.

4. Conclusions

The present simulations show that shearography with different shearing amounts may lead to wrong or inconsistent
damage identifications. Indeed, if we use a shearing amount that is larger than the real width of damage, the peak
values of the damage indicators are very different from the expected ones. A shift to the right of the damage indicators
values is also observed. Although this shift varies with the shearing amount, it is independent of the stiffness reduction
describing the damage. We also observe a significant increase of the attenuation of the peak values of the damage
indicators with the shearing amount. The width of damage also increases with the shearing amount. In view of these
conclusions, we see that it is necessary to adjust the results of the damage localization using data obtained with
shearography, since these results are greatly dependent on the shearing amount considered in the measurement of the
modal rotation field. A comprehensive quantitative analysis is under way, with the objective of defining general
relations among shearing amount, measured modal rotation fields, and localization, intensity and type of damage.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by FCT, through IDMEC, under LAETA, Project UID/EMS/50022/2013 and LAETA
Interinstitutional Project Advanced materials for noise reduction: modeling, optimization and experimental
validation.

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