Evaluating the Ground States of Spin-1 Bose Einstein

Condensates using Gross Pitaevskii equations

Komal Sah

September 2, 2017

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Spinor Bose-Einstein Condensates

Spinor BECs are BECs with spin internal degrees of freedom.As a

resultof which the ground
state is a vector. For Spin-1 BEC
= 1 0 1
The state that a spinor-BEC takes upon being cooled below the
critcal temperature depends upon the kind of interaction between the
spins and external parameters such as the magnetic field that affect
the order parameter

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Spin-1 BEC

The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:

Nematic state (NS) : u~ = 0 u0 0

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Spin-1 BEC

The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:

Nematic state (NS) : u~ = 0 u0 0



Magnetic state (MS) : u~ = u1 0 0 ; u~ = 0 0 u1

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Spin-1 BEC

The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:

Nematic state (NS) : u~ = 0 u0 0



Magnetic state (MS) : u~ = u1 0 0 ; u~ = 0 0 u1


Mixed state (2C) : u~ = u1 0 u1

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Spin-1 BEC

The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:

Nematic state (NS) : u~ = 0 u0 0



Magnetic state (MS) : u~ = u1 0 0 ; u~ = 0 0 u1


Mixed state (2C) : u~ = u1 0 u1


Three component state (3C) : u~ = u1 u0 u1

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Aim

Determine the ground state patterns and their phase transitions in

the parameter space (p,q) for different kinds of interaction between
the spins and magnetic field.
Here, p and q are linear and quadratic Zeeman energy in the presence of
a uniform magnetic field B z

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Zeemann Energy

The interaction of atoms with the applied magnetic field, B z,introduces

an additional energy, called the Zeeman energy:
HZ ee = q(|1 |2 + |1 |2 ) + p(|1 |2 |1 |2 ) + E 0 (|1 |2 + |0 |2 + |1 |2 )

where, p = 1/2(E 1 E1 ) q = 1/2(E 1 + E1 2E0 )

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Hamiltonian of the system

H() = Hkinetic () + Hpot () + Hn () + Hs ()

where, Hn is the spin independent interaction

Hs is the spin dependent interaction

h2
 2
H() = 2m (5)2 + V (x) ||2 + cn
2 ||4 + cs
2
 F 

where, V(x) is the trapping potential

F is the spin operator

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Spin Operator for spin-1 systems

F~ = (Fx , Fy , Fz )

0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
i
Fx = 12 1 0 1 Fy =
2
1 0 1 Fz = 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

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Complete Hamiltonian

The complete Hamiltonian of a spinor BEC in the presence of a magnetic

field:
R 2 2 2
 2
H() = h 2m (5) + V (x) || +
cn
2 ||4 + cs
2
 F  + q(|1 |2 +
|1 |2 ) + pM + E 0 N

M = (|1 |2 |1 |2 )
R

N = (|1 |2 + |0 |2 + |1 |2 )
R

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Invariants in the system

The number of particles in the system remain constant.i.e,

N = (|1 | + |0 |2 + |1 |2 )
2
R

Magnetization of the system also remains unchanged:

M = (|1 | |1 |2 )
2
R

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Finding the ground states

H () = () Finding the ground state implies we have to minimize the

Hamiltonian constrained to the invariant quantities
min {[] : N[], M[]}

HTF = H where

h2
2
(5)2 +V (x) ||2 + c2n ||4 + c2s  F  +q(|1 |2 +|1 |2 )
R 
H() = 2m

In the low energy limit the potential and kinetic energy terms can be
ignored and

HTF = 12 (|u1 |2 + |u0 |2 + |u1 |2 ) +

2 2 2 2 2 2
 
2 2u0 (u1 sgn()u1 ) + (u1 u1 ) + q(u1 + u1 )

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Finding the ground state

HTF = 12 (|u1 |2 + |u0 |2 + |u1 |2 ) +

2 (u sgn()u )2 + (u 2 u 2 ) + q(u 2 + u 2 ) where,
 
2 2u 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

cs
= cn
q0
q= cn
m = um e i

N = R u12 + u02 + u1
2
R

M = u12 u1 2

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Finding the ground state

Minimizing the Hamiltonian constrained to the invariant quantities is done

using the method of Lagrange multipliers. In this case because we have
two constraints we have two lagrange multipliers - 1 and 2 . The
equations are minimized for three cases:
cs
interaction is repulsive ( = cn ) > 0
there is no interaction ( = ccns ) = 0
interaction is attractive ( = ccns ) < 0

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Finding the ground states

>0

2HF = (u12 + u02 + u1

2 )2 + (u 2 u 2 )2 + 2u 2 (u u )2 + 2q(u 2 + u 2 )2
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 2 )2 + 4 u12 + 2q(u 2 + u 2 )2 +
= ((1 + ) u1 + u02 + (1+)
1/2 2 u
1/2 1 1+ 1 1
1
2u02 ((1 + (1 + )1/2 )u12 + (1 + )u 2
(1+)1/2 1
2u1 u1 )

The Lagrange multiplier equation for minimising the energy

1 2 2 A2
W (u) = HTF (~
u) + 2 (u1 + u02 + u1
2 )+ 2
2 (u1
2 )+
u1 2

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Ground state 1

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
0
+ 1 1 + +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1 1
+ (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 )u12 + 2A( + 1) 2 )u1
2

+ (1 + 2A)u02 + (1 2 + 2q + 1 1 )u1
2
(+1) 2
1
chosing1 and 2 such that (1 2 + 2q + 1 )=0
(+1) 2
(1 + 2A) = 0

1
q2 = A(1 1 )<q
(+1) 2

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Ground state 1

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
+ 1 1
0
+ +1 + 4(q q2 )u12
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2

The normalised solution for this equation is of the form (0, 0, e i )

|f| =P1
 + cn n + 1 cs n |f|2

 2  1
 = m pm + qm2 um 2 2

Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction)

 = p + q + 21 cs n
This is also called the Ferromagnetic state.

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Ground state 2

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
0
+ 1 1 + +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1 1
+ (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 )u12 + 2A( + 1) 2 )u1
2
2 1 2
+ (1 + 2A)u0 + (1 2 + 2q + 1 )u1
(+1) 2
1
chosing 1 and 2 such that (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 ) = 0
(1 + 2A) = 0

1
q2 = A(1 1 )<q
(+1) 2

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Ground state 2

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
+ 0
+ 2
+ 4(q q2 )u1
1 1 +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2

The normalised solution for this equation is of the form (e i , 0, 0)

|f| =P1
 + cn n + 1 cs n |f|2

 2  1
 = m pm + qm2 um 2 2

Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction)

 = p + q + 12 cs n
This is also called the Ferromagnetic state.

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ground state 3

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
0
+ 1 1 + +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1 1
+ (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 )u12 + 2A( + 1) 2 )u1
2
2 1 2
+ (1 + 2A)u0 + (1 2 + 2q + 1 )u1
(+1) 2
1
chosing 1 and 2 such that (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 ) = 0
(1 + 2A) = 0

1
q2 = A(1 1 )<q
(+1) 2

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ground state 3

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
+ 0
+ 2
+ 4(q q2 )u1
1 1 +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2

Another normalised solution for this equation is of the form (0, e i , 0)

|f| =P0
 + cn n + 1 cs n |f|2

 2  1
 = m pm + qm2 um 2 2

Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction)  = 0

This is also called the Polar state.

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ground state 4

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
0
+ 1 1 + +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1 1
+ (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 )u12 + 2A( + 1) 2 )u1
2
2 1 2
+ (1 + 2A)u0 + (1 2 + 2q + 1 )u1
(+1) 2
1
chosing 1 and 2 such that (1 + 2 + 2q + 2A( + 1) 2 ) = 0
(1 + 2A) = 0

1
q2 = A(1 1 )>q
(+1) 2

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ground state 4

1
1
2W = (( + 1) 2 u12 + u02 + 1
2 A)2
u1
(1+) 2
1 1 u1
+ 2u02 ((( + 1) ( + 1) 2 ) 2 u1 1 1 )2
((+1)(+1) 2 ) 2
1
2 u2
2+42(+1) 2 u1 4
4u1
+ 0
+ 2
4(q2 q)u1
1 1 +1
(+1)(+1) 2 ) 2

Another
r normalised solution for this equation is of the form
 q
(e i1 12 1 + cps n , 0, e i1 12 (1 cps n ))
|f| = cps n
 + cn n + 1 cs n |f|2

 2  1
 = m pm + qm2 um
P
2 2

p2
Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction)  = q 2cs n
This is also called the Anti-ferromagnetic state.

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Phase diagram for
>0

Energy for the different phases

p + q + 12 cs n

p + q + 12 cs n

0
p2
q 2cs n

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Phase diagram for
>0

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Phase diagram for
=0

Energy for the different phases

The energy states for = 0 can be obtained by taking the limit 0
Energy for the different phases

p + q
p+q
0

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Phase diagram for
=0

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Phase diagram for
<0

When the lagrange multiplier equation is solve for < 0 and q > 0; q < 0
we
get the following ground states
p + q
p+q
(p2 +q2 +2qcs n)2

8cs nq 2
p2
q 2cs n cs nq

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Phase diagram for
<0

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Refrences

Kawaguchi, Yuki, and Masahito Ueda. spinor BoseEinstein

condensates. Physics Reports
Chern, I., Chiu-Fen Chou, and Tien-Tsan Shieh. Ground state
patterns and phase transition of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates via
Gamma-convergence theory.

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