Spinor BECs are BECs with spin internal degrees of freedom.

As a
result of which the ground state is a vector. For Spin-1 BEC
=
_
1 0 1

The state that a spinor-BEC takes upon being cooled below the
critcal temperature depends upon the kind of interaction between the
spins and external parameters such as the magnetic _eld that a_ect
the order parameter
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 2 / 28

Spin-1 BEC
The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:
Nematic state (NS) : ~u =

0 u0 0
_
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 3 / 28

Spin-1 BEC
The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:
Nematic state (NS) : ~u =

0 u0 0
_
Magnetic state (MS) : ~u =

u1 0 0
_
; ~u =

0 0 u1
_
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 3 / 28

Spin-1 BEC
The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:
Nematic state (NS) : ~u =

0 u0 0
_
Magnetic state (MS) : ~u =

u1 0 0
_
; ~u =

0 0 u1
_
Mixed state (2C) : ~u =

u1 0 u1
_
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 3 / 28

Spin-1 BEC
The ground states possible for a spin-1 BEC are:
Nematic state (NS) : ~u =

0 u0 0
_
Magnetic state (MS) : ~u =

u1 0 0
_
; ~u =

0 0 u1
_
Mixed state (2C) : ~u =

u1 0 u1
_
Three component state (3C) : ~u =

u1 u0 u1
_
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 3 / 28

Aim
Determine the ground state patterns and their phase transitions in
the parameter space (p,q) for di_erent kinds of interaction between
the spins and magnetic _eld.
Here, 'p' and 'q' are linear and quadratic Zeeman energy in the presence of
a uniform magnetic _eld B^z
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Zeemann Energy
The interaction of atoms with the applied magnetic _eld, B^z,introduces
an additional energy, called the Zeeman energy:
HZee = q(j 1j2 +j 1j2)+p(j 1j2 j 1j2)+E0(j 1j2 +j 0j2 +j 1j2)
where; p = 1=2(E1 E1) q = 1=2(E1 + E1 2E0)
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Hamiltonian of the system

H( ) = Hkinetic( ) + Hpot( ) + Hn( ) + Hs( )
where, Hn is the spin independent interaction
Hs is the spin dependent interaction
H( ) = h2
2m (5 )2 + V(x) j j2 + cn
2 j j 4 + cs
2
__
yF
__
2
where, V(x) is the trapping potential
F is the spin operator
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 6 / 28

Spin Operator for spin-1 systems

~F = (Fx ; Fy ; Fz )
Fx = p1
2
2
4
010
101
010
3
5Fy = pi
2
2
4
0 1 0
1 0 1
010
3
5Fz =
2
4
110
000
0 0 1
3
5
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 7 / 28

Complete Hamiltonian
The complete Hamiltonian of a spinor BEC in the presence of a magnetic
_eld:
H( )=
R h2
2m (5 )2 + V(x) j j2 + cn
2 j j 4 + cs
2
__
yF
__
2
+ q(j 1j2 +
j 1j2) + pM + E0N
M=
R
(j 1j2 j 1j2)
N=
R
(j 1j2 + j 0j2 + j 1j2)
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 8 / 28

Invariants in the system

The number of particles in the system remain constant.i.e,
N=
R
(j 1j2 + j 0j2 + j 1j2)
Magnetization of the system also remains unchanged:
M=
R
(j 1j2 j 1j2)
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 9 / 28

Finding the ground states

H( ) = " ( ) Finding the ground state implies we have to minimize the
Hamiltonian constrained to the invariant quantities
min f"[ ] : N[ ];M[ ]g
HTF = @H where
H( )=
R h2
2m (5 )2+V(x) j j2+ cn
2 j j4+ cs
2
__
yF
__
2
+q(j 1j2+j 1j2)
In the low energy limit the potential and kinetic energy terms can be
ignored and
HTF = 1
2 (ju1j2 + ju0j2 + ju1j2) +
_2
_
2u2
0(u1 sgn(_)u1)2 + (u2
1 u2
1)
_
+ q(u2
1 + u2
1)
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 10 / 28

Finding the ground state

HTF = 12
(ju1j2 + ju0j2 + ju1j2) +
_2
_
2u2
0(u1 sgn(_)u1)2 + (u2
1 u21)
_
+ q(u2
1 + u2
1) where,
_ = cs
cn
q = q0
cn
m= umei_
N=
R
u2
1 + u2
0+ u2 1
M=
R
u2
1 u21
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 11 / 28

Finding the ground state

Minimizing the Hamiltonian constrained to the invariant quantities is done
using the method of Lagrange multipliers. In this case because we have
two constraints we have two lagrange multipliers - _1 and _2. The
equations are minimized for three cases:
interaction is repulsive (_ = cs
cn
)>0
there is no interaction (_ = cs
cn
)=0
interaction is attractive (_ = cs
cn
)<0
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 12 / 28

Finding the ground states

_>0
2HF = (u2
1 +u2
0 +u2
1)2+_(u2
1 u2 1)2+2_u2
0(u1u1)2+2q(u2
1 +u2
1)2
= ((1 + _)1=2u2
1 + u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)1=2 u2
1)2 + 4_
1+_u12 + 2q(u2
1 + u2
1)2 +
2u2
0((1 + _ (1 + _)1=2)u2
1 + (1 + _ 1_
(1+_)1=2 )u2
1 2_u1u1)
The Lagrange multiplier equation for minimising the energy
W(u) = HTF (~u) + _1
2 (u2
1 + u2
0 + u2 1) + _2
2 (u2
1 u2
1) + A2
2
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 13 / 28

Ground state 1
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1
+ (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1+ 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1
+ (_1 + 2A)u2
0 + (_1 _2 + 2q + 1_
(_+1)
12
)u2
1
chosing_1 and _2 such that (_1 _2 + 2q + 1_
(_+1)
12
)=0
(_1 + 2A) = 0
q2 = A(1 1
(_+1)
12
)<q
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 14 / 28

Ground state 1
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1 + 4(q q2)u2
1
The normalised solution for this equation is of the form (0; 0; ei_)
jfj = 1
_=
P
m

pm + qm2
___
u2m
__
+1
2cnn + 1
2csn jfj2
Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction)
_=p+q+1
2csn
This is also called the Ferromagnetic state.
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 15 / 28

Ground state 2
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1
+ (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2)u2
1 + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1
+ (_1 + 2A)u2
0 + (_1 _2 + 2q + 1_
(_+1)
12
)u2
1
chosing _1 and _2 such that (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2)=0
(_1 + 2A) = 0
q2 = A(1 1
(_+1)
12
)<q
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 16 / 28

Ground state 2
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1 + 4(q q2)u2
1
The normalised solution for this equation is of the form (ei_; 0; 0)
jfj = 1
_=
P
m

pm + qm2
___
u2m
__
+1
2cnn + 1
2csn jfj2
Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction)
_ = p + q + 1
2csn
This is also called the Ferromagnetic state.
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 17 / 28

ground state 3
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2u2
1 + u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1
+ (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1+ 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1
+ (_1 + 2A)u2
0 + (_1 _2 + 2q + 1_
(_+1)
12
)u2
1
chosing _1 and _2 such that (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2)=0
(_1 + 2A) = 0
q2 = A(1 1
(_+1)
12
)<q
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 18 / 28

ground state 3
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1 + 4(q q2)u2
1
Another normalised solution for this equation is of the form (0; ei_; 0)
jfj = 0
_=
P
m

pm + qm2
___
u2m
__
+ 12
cnn + 1
2csn jfj2
Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction) _ = 0
This is also called the Polar state.
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 19 / 28

ground state 4
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1
+ (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1+ 2A(_ + 1)
1
2 )u2
1
+ (_1 + 2A)u2
0 + (_1 _2 + 2q + 1_
(_+1)
12
)u2
1
chosing _1 and _2 such that (_1 + _2 + 2q + 2A(_ + 1)
1
2)=0
(_1 + 2A) = 0
q2 = A(1 1
(_+1)
12
)>q
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 20 / 28
ground state 4
2W = ((_ + 1)
1
2 u2
1+ u2
0 + 1_
(1+_)
12
u2 1 A)2
+ 2u2
0(((_ + 1) (_ + 1)
1
2 )
1
2 u1 _u1
((_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
)2
+
2_+42(_+1)
12
u2 1u2
0
(_+1)(_+1)
12
)
12
+
4_u4 1
_+1 4(q2 q)u2
1
Another normalised solution for this equation is of the form
(ei_1
r
12
_
1+p
csn
_
; 0; ei_1
q
12
(1 p
csn ))
jfj = p
csn
_=
P
m

pm + qm2
___
u2m
__
+ 12
cnn + 1
2csn jfj2
Energy for this state (for small spin independent interaction) _ = q p2
2csn
This is also called the Anti-ferromagnetic state.
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 21 / 28

Phase diagram for

_>0
E2nergy for the di_erent phases
664
p + q + 12
cs n
p+q+1
2csn
0
q p2
2csn
3
775
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Phase diagram for

_>0
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 23 / 28

Phase diagram for

_=0
Energy for the di_erent phases
The energy states for _ = 0 can be obtained by taking the limit _ ! 0
Energy for the di_erent phases
2
4
p + q
p+q
0
3
5
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Phase diagram for

_=0
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 25 / 28

Phase diagram for

_<0
When the lagrange multiplier equation is solve for _ < 0 and q > 0; q < 0
2we get the following ground states
6664
p + q
p+q
(p2+q2+2qcsn)2
8csnq2
q p2
2csn csnq
3
7775
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 26 / 28
Phase diagram for
_<0
Arthur, Doe About Beamer September 2, 2017 27 / 28

Refrences
Kawaguchi, Yuki, and Masahito Ueda. "spinor BoseEinstein
condensates." Physics Reports
Chern, I., Chiu-Fen Chou, and Tien-Tsan Shieh. "Ground state
patterns and phase transition of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates via
Gamma-convergence theory."
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