K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

AI HOC BACH KHOA TPHCM

AI HOC QUC GIA
KHOA KI THUT HOA HOC

BAO CAO BAO BI THC PHM

BAO BI LANH NG

GVHD: PGS.TS NG THI ANH AO

SVTH : HC07TP

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

I. Qu trnh lnh ng thc phm

1. Gii thiu qu trnh lnh ng thc phm
a) Lnh ng thc phm l g:
ng lnh l 1 trong nhng phng php thun li nht bo ton cht lng
thc phm, bao gm c nhng thc phm ti sng hay qua ch bin, thng
p dng i vi mt hng xut khu.
Bo qun lnh ng l phng php bo qun nhit di nhit ng
c ca nc trong thc phm, c km theo s to thnh tinh th nc . Nc
trong thc phm c dng cht ha tan v dng keo.
b) Mt s thc phm lnh ng ch yu:
- Tht gia sc: tht b, tht heo, tht cu
- Tht v trng gia cm: g, vt, ngng
- Thy hi sn: c, tm, s, mc, nghu, hn
- Rau qu: rau dip, spinach, ci bp, du, kh qua, vi,
nhn
- Nc tri cy.
- Bnh m, pasta, pizza
- Sa, kem, bnh pudding, mousse
c) im ng c ca thc phm:
im ng c ca thc phm lun nh hn im ng c ca nc tinh
khit (0 oC) do trong thc phm lun c cha nhng cht ha tan. im ng c
ph thuc vo nng cht ha tan v khi lng phn t cht ha tan.
Ngay c nhit - 25 oC, ch c 90 95 % nc trong thc phm thc s
ng bng. Lng nc ny khng bao gm nc lin kt (ngha l nc lin kt
ha hc vi nhng phn t c bit nh carbonyl, nhm amino ca protein v lin
kt hydro). V vy khng bao gi c im lnh ng c nh.
Tuy nhin, phn ln nc trong thc phm (khong 75 80 %) c ng kt
nhit -5 oC n -1 oC. Khong nhit ny c gi l im ti hn hay
vng lnh ng.
Trong sut qu trnh lnh ng, nc dn dn chuyn i thnh nc , nng
mui hu c v v c ha tan tng ln, im lnh ng tip tc h thp.
d) Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng:

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Mc ch ca qu trnh lnh ng l ngn nga s tng trng v hot ng

ca nhng vi sinh vt v cn trng trong thc phm, ngn nga s hot ng ca
nhng enzyme, lm chm cc phn ng ha hc v sinh ha.
e) C ch tc dng ca s lnh ng:
Vi sinh vt v cn trng s dn b kh nguyn sinh cht do s tng p sut
thm thu ca mi trng, do nng cht ha tan tng dn trong qu trnh lnh
ng v nc trong c th vi sinh vt v cn trng ng c chm hn nn nc
t trong c th chng b ko ra ngoi.
S to trong c th vi sinh vt v cn trng c th ph v t bo ca chng.
S thay i trng thi phospholipid trong mng t bo lm thay i kh nng
vn chuyn qua mng t bo.
S suy gim qu trnh h hp nhng m nhy cm ca cn trng, nh l m
thn kinh v c bp lm c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v cn trng.
S thay i pH v h thp nhit cng nh s gim hm lng cc kh t do
trong thc phm lm c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt v cc enzyme, lm gim
tc cc phn ng ha hc v sinh ha.
f) S thay i ca thc phm trong qu trnh lnh ng:
Nhit thay i theo chiu hng gim dn n di im ng c ca
nc. Trong sut giai on u ca qu trnh lm lnh, nhit gim nhanh xung
di im lnh ng ca nc (0 oC). Khi lng nhit yu cu tch ra ln trong
giai on 2 chuyn lng ln nc lin kt thnh nc , s thay i nhit
rt t v giai on ny c gi l giai on ngng nhit. C khong 3/4 nc
c chuyn i to thnh nc , nhit mt ln na bt u gim v trong
sut giai on th 3 ny hu nh lng nc cn li ng bng. Mt lng nh
nhit c tch ra trong sut giai on 3 ny.
S kt tinh lm ph v t bo, m thc phm. Lm lnh vi tc nhanh th
tinh th to ra b s t nh hng n cu trc thc phm. Hot nc a w ca
thc phm gim do nc b ng v nng cht ha tan tng ln. Hin tng
mt nc nghim trng c gi l chy lnh. pH thay i t 0.3 2 n v do
mt s ion H+ v OH- b tch ra khi nc khi nc b ng c. Ngoi ra hm
lng cc kh t do trong thc phm cng gim.
2. Cc phng php lnh ng thc phm
a) H thng lm lnh gin tip:
Sn phm c bao gi v khng tip xc trc tip vi cht lm lnh. Tuy
nhin phng php ny c tc lm lnh chm, sn phm cht lng km.
b) H thng lm lnh trc tip:

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Sn phm khng b bao b ngn cch vi cht lm lnh, tc lm lnh nhanh

hn.
Phng php lnh ng nhanh (lnh ng ri) IQF: Tng phn nh ring bit
ca sn phm c tip xc trc tip vi cht lm lnh.
3. Cc thit b lnh ng thc phm
a) Lnh ng dng kh thi (ng gi):
Khng kh lnh c thi qua lin tc trn sn phm, tc dng khng kh
thi l 5 15 m/s.
Lnh ng dng kh thi c tnh linh hot vi nhiu loi sn phm nhng
khng hiu qu do dng kh thi khng ng u trn sn phm.
b) Lnh ng dng a hay lnh ng tip xc:
Qu trnh trao i nhit din ra ngang qua mt trn v mt di ca a, tc
nhn nhit l cht lng lm lnh. Qu trnh lnh ng c hnh thnh nh s tip
xc trc tip gia a kim loi v sn phm.
Lnh ng dng a km linh hot hn lnh ng dng kh thi.
c) Lnh ng dng phun hoc ngm vo dung dch:
Cp ng dng ngm thm thu:
Mi trng lnh ng thng s dng l dung dch mui NaCl, nhit
khong - 15 oC, c im eutectic l -21,2 oC.
Cp ng bng chuyn (Lnh ng dng phun):
Lnh ng dng phun cng ging nh lnh ng dng hn hp trong ng sinh
hn, hi lnh c phun vo sn phm v nhit tch ra lm thay i trng thi mi
trng lnh.
Thng thng hay s dng tc nhn lnh l CO hay N 2 lng phun trn sn
phm. Mt s h thng s dng CO rn (nc kh) t nm di sn phm, s
thng hoa ca nc kh xy ra nhit -78 oC, c th lm lnh ng xung t
nht -75 oC, qu trnh lnh ng xy ra trong trng hp ny rt nhanh v s mt
dch s gim xung t hn 1%.
CO v N2 cng c th s dng trong phng php lnh ng bng kh thi vi
thit b lnh ng dng xon c.

II. Chc nng ca bao b thc phm lnh

ng
Bo qun lnh ng c th ko di ng k thi hn s dng thc phm, tuy
nhin cht lng ca thc phm vn c th b gim dn theo thi gian. Hn s

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

dng ca sn phm thc phm c ng gi ph thuc vo bn cht thc

phm, mi trng xung quanh v bao b.
Vic chn cht liu bao b v loi bao b ng c th lm cho cht lng thc
phm t b gim st nht.
Mt trong nhng vn xy ra khi ng lnh thc phm l m ca thc
phm gim. Bn cnh l vic xut hin nhng tinh th trong bao b. Khng
ch vy mt lng nh nc cha b ng l mi trng xy ra cc phn ng
oxy ha c hay khng c enzyme. Bao b l 1 hng ro chng li cc tc hai
trn. l l do ti sao phi chn cht liu bao b v loi bao b dnh cho thc
phm ng lnh.
Bao b thc phm c 4 chc nng chnh:
Cha ng: m bo s lng v cht lng, trnh nhng s h hi
vt l gy ra do b nn khi xp chng hay va p trong thi gian lu kho v vn
chuyn. Nhng gi thc phm ng lnh di y c th b h hi nhiu hn
na nu cc cng ten n c th trn mt b mt cng.
Bo v:
- Trnh mt mt hng v v s hp th hay thay i ca
nhng mi v khc l c th xut hin khi thc phm cha ng gi m
em lnh ng.
- trnh s kh nc gy ra bi s tht
thot hi nc qua thnh bao b hay nhng np hn ghp m ca bao b.
hao m ny loi nc khi b mt ca thc phm ng lnh. S hao m
nghim trng c gi l chy lnh. S tht thot lp nc trn b mt
c th rt mng, nhng c th nh hng n v ngoi v cht lng cui
cng ca sn phm.
- Gii hn s oxy ha do khng kh thm
nhp vo bao b. S oxy ha ny c y mnh bi nhng enzyme c
trong thc phm.
- Ngn chn s oxi ha trong thc phm c
hm lng cht bo cao. Tc oxy ha c th gia tng di tc dng ca
nh sng cng nh nhit . Nhit v nh sng lm gia tng hot tnh
enzym v nhn phn ng ha hc, cng nh gia tng s h hng thc phm
bi vi khun.
Thng tin: Gii thiu sn phm, thu ht ngi tiu dng.
Tnh thun tin: Phn phi, lu kho, qun l, tiu dng.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

III. Yu cu v vt liu bao b lnh ng

Vt liu bao b lnh ng phi p ng c mt s yu cu sau:
- Chu c nhit thp.
- C th chu c c nhit cao (Nhng sn
phm cho vo l vi ba v nhng sn phm s c un si ngay trong bao
b).
- Khng c v khng lm cho thc phm c mi
v l.
- Ngn chn c s tht thot hay xm nhp ca
hi nc v khng kh.
- C th c gii ha, t ng ha trong vic ch
to v ng gi.
- C th trang tr ln b mt vt liu.
- Khng bin i khi tan gi, vn chuyn, phn
phi.

IV. c im mt s vt liu bao b thc phm

lnh ng
Nhng loi vt liu thng dng trong bao b lnh ng bao gm: Giy,
plastic, nhm. Ngi ta cng c th ghp lp cc loi vt liu trn thnh mng
ghp nhiu lp hoc kt hp cc loi vt liu khc nhau trong cng mt bao b.
1. Plastic

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 1: CTHH mt s loi plastic thng dng

a) Polyethylene (PE):
T l s dng so vi tng lng plastic cao nht: 40 50 % / nm.
PE trng hp t kh ethylene CH2=CH2.
iu kin trng hp:
- P = 1000 3000 at (p sut cao hn ch s to
mch nhnh qu ln gy s sp xp khng trt t ca cc mch v to nn
nhiu vng cu trc v nh hnh lm gim tnh bn c v tnh chng thm)
- to = 100 300 oC (to > 300oC s gy thoi ha
mch polymer)
C th mang nhnh hoc khng. S pht sinh mch nhnh lm ngn cn s
pht trin di mch chnh. Xc nh mch nhnh bng phng php quang ph
hng ngoi. Mch chnh hay mch nhnh qu di u ngn cn s kt tinh hay
ng rn hon ton khi PE, giai on lm ngui. Cc vng c cu trc khng
nh hnh thng gia khi PE. Cc vng c kh nng to cu trc kt tinh l
nhng vng cha mch polymer khng qu di.
Mng PE khi b chiu x s c bin i:
- Vng hn,
trong sut cao hn.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

- Tr nn cng v dn hn.
- Chu nhit tt hn (chu c 105 oC trong thi
gian di, 230 oC trong thi gian ngn)
dy:
- Tm: 25 100 m
Hnh 2: Mng PE
- Mng ph bn ngoi: 10 20 m
Kh nng in n trn b mt khng cao, d b nha nt in do mng PE c th b
ko dn.
Thm kh, hng => Thc phm hp thu mi v l, mt gi tr cm quan.
C th pha thm ph gia vo PE: TiO2 (to c), C (to mu en ngn chn
nh sng thy c), cc tc nhn trt, cht lm chm chy hoc cht mu.
b) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA):
EVA l copolymer ng trng hp ca ethylene v vinyl acetate, t l phi trn
c nh hng ln n tnh cht EVA.
T l vinyl acetate : ethylene trong EVA lm cht to mng khong 1 20 %:
- 7 8 % : Tnh cht ging LPDE.
- 15 20 % : Tnh cht ging PVC nhng do
hn => Dng lm mng co.
So snh tnh cht vi LDPE:
- Nhit hn ghp m thp hn.
- bn c cao hn.
- Tnh chng thm hi nc v kh thp hn.
- Cc c tnh c n nh nhit thng.
- Tnh cht trt thp (h s ma st cao) => Phi
tng thm cht ph gia ca tc nhn trt to lng bng b mt.
- C th hn nhit nhng vi nhit cao hn
PVC.
- Kh nng in tt.
- D b h hng nhit cao.
- Tnh mm do cao hn.
- Khng gy nhim mi trng khi h hng cu
trc.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

c) Polypropylene (PP):
Phng php trng hp PP t cao su rn hoc t du lng p sut cao hiu
qu khng cao: Xy ra s ni kt khng trt t cho ra 1 loi cao su hoc 1 cht nh
du nhn.
Phng php trng hp ca Natta vi xc tc lp th c hiu Ziegler trn
monomer propylene CH2=CH-CH3 di p sut khong 100 at v nhit thp:
Trng hp c PP c trng lng phn t cao vi cu trc lp th khng nhnh.
Xc tc c tch khi PP bng
dd HCl nng thp trong methyl
alcohol. Sau PP c ra sch
bng nc tch acid, chng ct
hi nc tch tp cht d bay
hi, lm kh, n p v to vin.
Cu trc khng gian ca PP gm
4 loi:
-
Atactic
-
Isotactic
- Syndiotactic
- Hnh 4:Stereoblock
Mt s cu trc khng gian khc ca PP

Mch PP c cu trc dng xon nh l xo (cu to cis-trans), khng c mch

nhnh.
Trong qu trnh ch to mch PP c ko gin theo chiu di => C xu
hng to vng kt tinh cao => Tnh chng thm kh, hi rt cao, cng vng, tnh
chu nhit cao. Mng PP c th gin theo chiu ngang, tuy h s gin khng cao.
Mng trong sut, bng b mt cao, khi b v cho ting thanh hn PE.
T trng thp 0.885 0.905 g/cm3
Tnh chu nhit:
- Tonc = 132 149 oC => C th thanh trng.
- Tomin = - 18 oC => Khng dng lm bao b
thy sn lnh ng (Nhit trung tm cc sn phm thy sn lnh ng
phi t ti - 18 oC)
- Tohn = 140 oC => Kh hn kn hn PE

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Tnh chng thm kh, hi tt, chng thm cht bo tt.

Tnh bn c cao, kh cng vng, khng mm do nh PE, khng b ko gin
di => c ch to thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng lng thc.
Kh nng in n cao, r nt.

Hnh 5: Bao b PP ng rau tri

d) Polyvinyl Chloride:
Trng hp t cc monomer vinyl chloride CHCl-CH 2 (VCM), p sut thp.
C th trng hp c 2 v tr u ca ni i.
Mng PVC c sn xut theo phng php n p v thi thnh mng qua
khe.
T trng 1.4 g/cm3, cao hn PE v PP => Tn 1 lng ln PVC c 1 din
tch mng cng dy so vi PE v PP.
VCM nh hng thn kinh, gy ung th => Lng VCM trong sn phm PVC
c khng ch < 1 ppm (mc an ton).
Gi thnh thp PVC hn cc polymer trng hp khc.
Loi PVC c do ha bi ph gia s b bin tnh cng dn sau 1 thi gian
=> Trong thc phm ch dng loi PVC khng do ha:
- Sn phm PVC khng do ha thng b
gim mu v mt mu khi gia nhit n gn nhit ch to => phi cho
thm cht n nh.
- Chng thm hi, nc km hn PE, PP.
- Tnh chng thm kh, chng du m kh cao
=> Bao b cha thc phm c hm lng bo cao.
- Khng b h hng bi acid v kim.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

- B ph hy bi 1 s dung mi hu c, c
bit l clorofom v ketone.
- Mng PVC c khuynh hng ng thnh
khi do tng tc tnh in gia chng.
e) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC):
PVDC l copolymer trng hp t monomer vinylidene chloride C(Cl) 2 CH2
(VDC) v 1 loi monomer khc nh vinyl chloride (VCM), methyl acrylate (MA),
acrylonitrile (AN).
c dng ph bin lm bao b thc phm (khong 81 ngn tn/nm trn th
gii)
PVDC/VCM trong sut, mm do, bn c hc, bm dnh tt, tnh chng thm
kh cao.
Tnh chu nhit:
- Tonc = 135 oC => C th thanh trng.
- Tomin = - 18 oC
- Tohn = 121 148 oC
ng dng: PVDC/MA hoc PVDC/AN c tnh chng thm kh cao => Lm
lp che ph bn ngoi nhiu loi vt liu khc, PVDC lm mng bc rau qu,
cc thc phm ti sng bo qun lnh hoc mt s thc phm n lin nh ph
mt, tht ngui do tnh bm dnh tt, mm do.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

mng pvdc

Hnh 7: Mng PVDC bc rau qu

f) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Mylar, Milinex, Hoslaphane,
Terphane):
PET thuc nhm polyester l loi copolymer t trng ngng gia ethylene
glycol v dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) hoc acid terephthalic (TPA) di p sut
thp, vi ethylene glycol l cht nn khi u cho qu trnh trng hp.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Mng PET nh hng 2 chiu: tnh trong sut, tnh bn c v mm do tng.

T trng; 1,4
Bn c: chu c lc x, lc va chm, chu mi mn, cng vng cao.
Tr vi mi trng thc phm.
Trong sut.
Khng b h hng bi dung mi hu c.
Chng thm kh CO2 v O2 tt hn polyelefin, chng thm du m tt.
Tnh chu nhit:
- To gy h hng cu trc PET l 225 oC.
- 200oC, cu trc ha hc mch PET khng
i, 66 100 oC tnh chng thm kh hi khng i nhng t mm do 70
o
C c th lm bin dng co rt mng PET.
- Tomin = - 70 oC.
ng dng: Chai l nc gii kht c gas, mng lm bao b cha thc phm cn
chng oxy ha.

Hnh 8: Hp ng bng PET

PETG (PET v 6% cyclohexane dimethanol): chu nhit 115 121 oC =>
bao b thc phm cn gia nhit trc khi n, chai bia cn thanh trng.
CPET (PET kt tinh nhanh): chu nhit > 100oC => bao b thc phm cn
gia nhit trc khi n.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

PET v nh hnh: Tng t PET nh hng.

g) Polystyrene (PS):
Trng hp t styrene C6H5-CH=CH2 vi xc tc khi u ca 1 peroxide p
sut thp trong khong nhit 105 190 oC. PS l polymer v nh hnh, phn t
lng t 40000 220000.
Tnh cht:
- Trong
sut.
- Tnh cng
vng cao, dn.
- Tnh bn
c v va chm, mi mn, x rch km
PC.
- Tnc = 88oC.
- Tnh chng thm Hnh
nc tt.
10: Khay PS
- Tnh chng thm kh, hi km
ng dng: PS nh hng 2 chiu tng tnh chng thm, tnh bn c nhng
dn v cng nn khng dng lm bao b 1 lp. PS c thi, dp thnh cc khay
cha ng trng, bnh, cc loi tht ti sng by bn trong vng 12h nhit 2
4 oC, thc n n lin, lm lp lt ca s cho cc bao b ngoi dng c th nhn
thy vt phm bn trong.
HIPS: copolymer gia styrene v cao su c ci thin tnh bn c, gim
trong sut, gi thnh tng cao, c th n p vi cc polymer khc to vt
liu ghp nhiu lp dng mng hay tm tng tnh cng vng.
EPS: trn hexane hoc kh N2 vo PS trng thi nh tng, ri gia nhit,
n p thnh bao b. PS foam c tnh xp, ko cng gin, c th c ph gia TiO 2
cn quang, t trng rt thp => bao b thc phm s dng trong 24h hoc n
lin, vt liu chm l
h) Polyamide (PA, Nylon):
Trng ngng t 1 loi acid hu c v 1 amine.
T trng: 1.13
Tnh chu nhit:
- Tomax = 220 oC
- Tomin = -70 oC

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

- To > 100 oC : b bin dng do gin n nhit

=> Chu c To thanh trng 100oC trong thi gian ngn.
- Tohn khng cao => Kh nng hn dn nhit
tt, c th hn ghp m nylon bng phng php hn cao tn.
Trong, hi m c nh LDPE.
Tnh bn c l cao: chu va chm, chng try xc, mi mn, x rch, thng
bao b.
Tnh chng thm kh, hi tt, c th gim 3 ln khi nylon ht m ti a =>
Lm bao b ht chn khng hoc ngn cn s thm kh, hay thot hng.
Tnh chng thm nc km, nh hng n tnh bn c l => Sy kh nylon.
Khng b tc ng ca acid yu, kim yu nhng b h hng vi acid v kim
nng cao.
Khng b h hng bi cht bo, tnh chng thm bo cao.
Khng c tnh cng vng => Ch lm bao b dng mng, ti.
Kh nng in n tt, khng cn x l b mt trc khi in.
Nylon 6 v nylon 6,6: PA bn kt tinh.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 13: Mng nylon bc tht lnh ng

Nylon 6: Trng ngng t caprolactam 225 oC. Bn nhit,
vn gi tnh mm do khi gia nhit > 100 oC, d hn dn nhit v to mng c
bng phng php n p vi cc loi nha nhit do khc => s dng ph
bin nht. d tnh quang hc v c hc km so vi nylon 6,6.
Nylon 6,6: Trng ngng t hexamethylene diamine v acid
o
adipic 260 C.
BON (Nylon 6 nh hng 2 chiu): Tng trong sut,
bng lng b mt, tng kh nng chng thm kh, hi, tng tnh bn c v
kh nng chng x rch, m thng, mi mn.
2. Giy v ba
a) Gii thiu:
Giy v ba thng c s dng lm bao b thc phm lnh ng. Giy cng
c th s dng nh mt b mt in n. Ba hay ba cng c s dng sn
xut ba carton gn sng v cng chc, thng khng tip xc trc tip vi sn
phm. Ba cng gn sng thng c s dng lm bao b ngoi, phc v chuyn
ch. Nhng tm ba gn sng c cu trc t 2-3 lp c cng vng thng
dc s dng trong cng nghip thc phm lnh ng n nh cc v tr trn
pallet hoc c kh nng chu ti trng cao.
Giy v ba c th kt hp vi mt s vt liu khc (sp, PE) lm bao b
c th chu c nhit trong l viba.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 14: Cu trc 1, 2 v 3 lp ca ba gn sng

b) Tnh cht:
Tnh cht lp bao b chn:
Kh c th thot ra qua lp bao b giy hoc ba cng. khc phc tnh trng
ny, ngi ta c th kt hp bao b giy vi cht do (v d: polyethylen) hay ph
ln mt loi vt liu khc (v d: sp hay t st).
Giy c ph mt lp vt liu khc c kh nng chng thot kh v hi m
tt hn.
Kh nng ht m ln b mt:
Giy l mt loi vt liu d dng ht m. S ht m ph thuc vo m ban
u ca thc phm v m tng i ca mi trng trong kho.
Tnh cht cch in:

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

S truyn nhit c th xy ra bi s truyn dn, s i lu, v s bc x v nh

hng bi b dy, nhng c tnh v nhit, tnh xp v tnh phn x ca vt cht.
Nhng thuc tnh ny c tp hp xem xt xc nh tnh cht cch in cho
mt h thng ng gi.
Tnh cht c hc: Tnh cu trc tt, chng li cc lc c
hc, d xp np.

Hnh 15: bao b giy

c) Tiu ch la chn:
- c im ca thc phm
- iu kin ng gi
- bn c hc
- c php s dng
- C kh nng ti ch
- Chi ph.
- cng vng
- B mt (in n, trang tr .) Hnh 16: Hp giy ng pizza lnh ng
3. Nhm
Nhm nh, thun li cho vn chuyn, phn phi. Nhm c c tnh mm do,
t to s cng vng cho bao gi, m to s p st b mt thc phm nhiu hn.
Nhm c bit cng vng khi cha ng cht lng c p lc kh, nh lon thc
ung c gas. Nhm s dng cho thc phm c tinh khit 99 99.8 %.
t thm hi nc (0.05 G/ m2 /ngy) hn cht do, ngn cn O 2 tt, chng thot
hng, chng c tia cc tm nn mng nhm thch hp bo qun cc sn
phm giu protein, giu cht bo, chng s oxy ha v ngn nga s tng m,
khin vi sinh vt khng th pht trin.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Nhm c nhit nng chy rt cao nn c kh nng bo qun thc phm

-70oC n 600oC, c th trang tr bng in n ln b mt nhm.

Hnh 17: Mt loi khay nhm

4. Mng ghp nhiu lp
Thc t khng c loi vt liu no c th p ng y mi tnh cht yu cu
cn thit nh: kn, thm kh, bn ko, bn c, trong sut, sng
bng, chng thm du, chng tnh in, d in n, c th thanh trng, tit trng
V th, mng ghp nhiu lp c ch to v nhanh chng chim u th. Mng
nhiu lp c ghp bng thit b n p, v c ch to theo 2 phng php:
p dn nhit:
- Nhiu mng c ch to trn nhng thit b ring, ghp li vi
nhau bng phng php p dn nhit khi cc mng l cc polymer c cu
trc c bn (monomer) tng t nhau, ph bin l plastic olefin nh PP v
PE.
- Ghp cc lp PE vi nhau: LLDPE lm lp ngoi, LLPE lm lp
trong => Mng tng tnh bn c, d hn kn, d in bao b.
Dng cht kt dnh:

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

- Cht kt dnh l cc PE ng trng hp: EVA, EPA, ionomer,

tng lng cht kt dnh ca cc lp rt nh, khong 15 20 % khi lng
cc mng chnh, c th c chiu dy rt nh khong 3 m.\
-

- a s cc mng ghp dng cht kt dnh u c ghp l nhm

ngn nh sang thy c hoc tia t ngoi, hoc ghp lp giy kraft c tnh
d xp np, tng dy, tnh cng vng ca bao b
-

Hnh 19: Mng plastic ghp vi nhm v giy kraft

- Ghp lp PE trong cng to kh nng hn dn nhit tt. Mng
LDPE hay LLDPE cng c th c ph ngoi nhm mc ch chng thm
hi nc, chng t bao b.
- PE ghp vi nylon lm bao b thc phm lnh ng IQF ht chn
khng, mng co bc thc phm hm nng trong l viba.
- LLDPE ghp vi EVA lm mng co bc thc phm.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 22: bc mng co ht chn khng ng tri cy lnh ng

- Ph PVC bn ngoi cc lp mng khc lm tng tnh chng thm
kh.
- Mng OPP ghp ngoi cng cc bao b dng ti nhm x, m d
dng, in n tt, to bng ca

V. Cc loi hnh bao b thc phm lnh ng

1. Thng / hp
Chng thng c lm bng LDPE c ph ba cng. Ba cng th chng li
cc tn thng c hc, LDPE th chng li vic sn phm b m t, bo v sn
phm khi mt hi nc.
Ngi ta s to nn thng hay hp giy t cc tm ba carton phng, cha ng
sn phm v ng li.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 24: Thit b to hp giy bn t ng theo chiu ngang

Hnh 25: Thit b to hp giy t ng theo chiu di

- 22 -
K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 26: Thit b ng gi vo thng carton

Hnh 27: Thit b ng hp c mng co bao bc

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

2. Ti / bao
Ti hay bao l hnh thc c in nht ca bao b. Chng c th h mt u hay
hai u, v c dy ko ng m hoc khng.
Ti bnh thng c lm bng LDPE hay HDPE. Tuy n khng gip bo v
sn phm khi nhng tc ng c hc nhng n gip sn phm khi b mt nc
tt. Ngi ta thng s dng thm ph gia hoc ghp vi nhm c th bo v
sn phm khi nh sng. Ngoi ra cng c th ph PET hoc PVDC/PVC bn
ngoi LDPE, HDPE chng li tc ng ca oxy.

Hnh 28: Thit b lm ti / bao

Nhng bao hay ti c th chu c nhit c lm bng HDPE hay PP. Bao b
c th chu nhit v vy c th cho sn phm vo l vi ba. Nhng sn phm ny
thng l nc st, c cho vo sn phm lm tng gi tr ca sn phm v
tng qu trnh truyn nhit.
3. Khay / a c np
Thng s dng cho sn phm tri cy ng lnh hoc nhng ming tht. im
thun tin ca nhng sn phm ny l c th gia nhit trc tip hay cho vo l vi
sng.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

4. Chai / lon
Bao b ny thng c lm bng LDPE ph ba cng v cui cng l kim
loi. Mt vi loi bao b c lm bng HDPE. im thun li ca n l c th
cho vo l vi sng hoc ti ch.
Mt s v hp c th c nim phong kn khng c nhng vi sinh vt gy
hi cho sc khe, thc phm c th tit trng hay thanh trng trc hay sau khi
nim phong.
Nhng thao tc ng hp hay ng chai: (1) ch to v hp rng, (2) v sinh
v hp, (3) chun b sn phm, (4) hp, (5) ng, (6) x l, (7) lm ngui, (8)
lu kho hay s dng sn phm hp.

VI. Thit b ng gi bao b lnh ng

1. Thit b rt
a) Thit b rt cht lng:
Thit b rt chn khng: Rt bng chn khng l cch sch
v kinh t nht, trnh khi s sai st khi gp nhng bao b b rn, v, thng l.
Hn na, rt chn khng gip trnh c s nh git v nhng mt mt khc.
Ngoi ra khng cn thit phi lm sch bao b sau khi rt.

Hnh 29: Thit b rt chn khng

Thit b rt ng p: S dng bm a cht lng vo
bao b

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 30: Thit b rt p sut

Thit b rt nh lng: Mt th tch cht lng khng i
c o trc khi rt, sau chuyn qua mt bm piston rt vo bao b.
Phng php ny chm v khng chnh xc.

Hnh 31: Thit b rt nh lng

Thit b rt th nng: Da vo s chnh lch cao m
dung dch c rt.

Hnh 32: Thit b rt th nng

Thit b rt ng p chn khng: S dng kt hp p sut
v chn khng rt cht lng vo bao b.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 33: Thit b rt p sut chn khng

b) Thit b rt cht rn:
Thit b rt nh lng: S dng phu rt nh lng vo
bao b dng cc.

Hnh 34: Thit b rt nh lng

Thit b rt chn khng: Mt s vt liu bao b c th
khng chu c p sut chn khng, do cn c ming vi m cng khi rt.

Hnh 35: Thit b rt chn khng

Thit b rt trng lng: Sn phm rn c cn trc khi
rt vo bao b.

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 36: Thit b rt trng lng s dng cn

Hnh 37: Thit b rt trng lng s dng mch vi x l

2. Thit b ng gi chn khng
ng gi chn khng gip loi b hm lng O 2 trong thc phm lm ko di
thi gian bo qun. V vy ng gi chn khng cng yu cu nhng vt liu bao
b c kh nng cn tr khng kh rt cao, c tnh cng vng mm do chu
c p lc chn khng.
Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu vi:

- 28 -
K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 38: Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu vi

Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu phng kn:

Hnh 39: Thit b ng gi chn khng kiu phng kn

Thit b ng gi chn khng mng co:

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K thut bao b thc phm Bao b thc phm lnh ng

Hnh 40: Thit b ng gi chn khng mng co

VII.Ti liu tham kho

[1] ng Th Anh o, K thut bao b thc phm, NXB i hc quc gia
TP.HCM, TP. HCM, 2005, 269 trang.
[2] Da Wen Sun, Handbook of frozen food processing and packaging,
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, 2006,
725 trang.
[3] Y. H. Hui, Handbook of frozen food, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, 2004, 719 trang.
[4] Cc website:
http://vocw.edu.vn/content/m10614/latest/
http://thanglongpack.com.vn/printContent.aspx?ID=359

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