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Concrete Engineering Properties. HW 2
Concrete Engineering Properties. HW 2
1. mechanical properties
2. physical properties
3. chemical properties
4. thermal properties
5. electrical properties
6. acoustical properties
4. References
1. DEFINITION OF NORMAL CONCRETE
The concrete in which common ingredients i.e. aggregate, water, cement are
used is known as normal concrete. It is also called normal weight concrete or
normal strength concrete. It has a setting time of 30 - 90 minutes depending
upon moisture in atmosphere, fineness of cement etc. The development of
the strength starts after 7 days the common strength values is 10 MPa (1450
psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi). At about 28 days 75 - 80% of the total strength is
attained. Almost at 90 days 95% of the strength is achieved.
Air content 1 - 2 %.
and thawing.
1. Mechanical properties
Often materials are subject to forces (loads) when they are used. Mechanical
engineers calculate those forces and material scientists how materials deform
(elongate, compress, and twist) or break as a function of applied load, time,
temperature, and other conditions. Materials scientists learn about these
mechanical properties by testing materials. Results from the tests depend on
the size and shape of material to be tested (specimen), how it is held, and the
way of performing the test. That is why we use common procedures, or
standards. The mechanical properties of concrete are dependent on many
factors, such as the characteristics of the raw materials used, the curing
conditions and the local concrete practice, which may vary from place to
place [1].
2. Chemical properties
1. Effects of alkalis
The effects of the minor compounds on the strength of cement paste are
complex and not yet fully established. Tests on the influence of alkalis have
shown that the increase in strength beyond the age of 28 days is strongly
affected by the alkali content: the greater the amount of alkali presents the
lower the gain in strength. The poor gain in strength between 3 and 28 days
can be attributed more specifically to water-soluble K2O present in the
cement.
2.Corrosion
3. PH
4. Surface energy
6. Reactivity
7. Surface tension
Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it
acquire the least surface area possible. Surface tension allows insects
(e.g. water striders), usually denser than water, to float and stride on a water
surface.
3. Physical properties
1. Electric charge
2. Water retention
Portland cement concrete holds water. However, some types of concrete
(like Pervious concrete allow water to pass, hereby being perfect alternatives
to Macadam roads, as they do not need to be fitted with storm drains.
3. Density
For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass
concentration. Different materials usually have different densities, and
density may be relevant to buoyancy, purity
and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements
at standard conditions for temperature and pressure but certain chemical
compounds may be denser.
4.Mass
4. Thermal Properties
1. Thermal Expansion
2.Thermal conductivity
Conductance
For general scientific use, thermal conductance is the quantity of heat that
passes in unit time through a plate of particular area and thickness when its
opposite faces differ in temperature by one kelvin. For a plate of thermal
conductivity k, area A and thickness L, the conductance calculated is kA/L,
measured in WK1 (equivalent to: W/C). The thermal conductance of that
particular construction is the inverse of the thermal resistance. Thermal
conductivity and conductance are analogous to electrical
conductivity (Am1V1) and electrical conductance (AV1).
Resistance
Transmittance
Admittance
3. Thermal diffusivity
4. Vapor Pressure
5. Emissivity
The emissivity of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting
energy as thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation
and it may include both visible radiation (light) and infrared radiation, which
is not visible to human eyes. The thermal radiation from very hot objects is
easily visible to the eye. Quantitatively, emissivity is the ratio of the thermal
radiation from a surface to the radiation from an ideal black surface at the
same temperature as given by the StefanBoltzmann law. The ratio varies
from 0 to 1. The surface of a black object emits thermal radiation at the rate
of approximately 448 watts per square meter at room temperature (25 C,
298.15 K); real objects with emissivity less than 1.0 emit radiation at
correspondingly lower rates [6].
7. Heat of evaporation
8. Critical Temperature
9. Flammability
The flash point is not to be confused with the auto ignition temperature (the
temperature at which the vapor ignites without an ignition source) or with
the fire point (the lowest temperature at which the vapor will keep burning
after having been ignited and the ignition source has been removed). The
auto ignition is higher than the flash point, because at the flash point the
vapor may cease to burn when the ignition source is removed. This property
is used frequently in asphalt materials testing.
5. Electrical properties
1. Electrical resistivity
2. Permittivity
3. Piezoelectricity
5. Relative Permittivity
6.Dielectric Strength
6. Acoustics Properties
1. Absorption
2. Speed of sound
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as
it propagates through an elastic medium. In dry air at 20 C (68 F), the
speed of sound is 343.2 metres per second (1,126 ft/s; 1,236 km/h; 768 mph;
667 kn), or a kilometre in 2.914 s or a mile in4.689 s.
The speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on its temperature and
composition. The speed has a weak dependence on frequency and pressure
in ordinary air, deviating slightly from ideal behavior.
REFERENCES:-