M AU

I-LY DO CHON SANG KIEN KINH NGHIEM

Nh ta a biet viec nang cao chat lng hoc tap cua hoc sinh
bo mon ma giao vien trc tiep giang day la viec lam thng
xuyen va rat can thiet cua moi thay giao, co giao ng lp
giang day, trong qua trnh truyen at tri thc khoa hoc bo mon
chohoc sinh. Xuat phat thc te t nhu cau hoc tap cua hoc sinh va
trong qua trnh giang day boi dng hoc sinh kha gioi trong cac k
thi hoc sinh gioi, toi thay kinh nghiem la rat can thiet dan en s
thanh cong, nen toi chon viet sang kien nay.Toi muon ghi lai
nhng kinh nghiem rieng cua ban than mnh trnh bay cho cac ong
nghiep tham khao va bo sung e hoan thien mnh hn . o la ly do
chnh toi chon sang kien nay.

KINH NGHIEM GIANG DAY

BOI DNG NANG LC T DUY HOC SINH
GIOI
GIAI BAI TAP VAT LY PHAN IEN HOC
A- NOI DUNG: Viet 11 chu e sau
CHU E I: Bai toan thien ve tnh ien tr va hnh thanh
sm
CHU E 2: Bai toan ve cong suat
CHU E 3 : Cac dang bai toan ve mach cau
CHU E 4: Bai toan ve nh luat jun- len x
Cong cua dong ien- hieu suat mach ien
CHU E 5: Bai toan ve truyen tai ien nang i xa
CHU E 6: Bai toan ve mach ien co ampeke
CHU E 7: Bach ien hai nguon hay nguon thay oi.
CHU E 8: Bai toan ve mach ien co bong en
CHU E 9: Von ke trong mach ien
CHU E 10: Bai toan thc nghiem
CHU E 11: Toan thien ve suy luan va bien luan
1- Ly thuyet c ban va nang cao.
2- Toan hoc ho tr.
3- Giai bai toan bang nhieu cach.
4- Phan loai dang toan ve phan ien( moi dang viet t de
en kho, t k nang c ban en thu thuat suy luan cao va van
dung k nang toan hoc e giai )
5- Nhan xet, anh gia qua tng bai giai cu the.
B- TOAN HOC HO TR KHI GIAI BAI TAP VAT LY
V sao khi giai bai tap vat ly can ho tr kien thc toan hoc
cho hoc sinh ?
Toi at cau hoi v sao ay la toi muon e cap en vai tro
quan trong cua toan hoc trong viec giai nhng bai tap vat ly kho,
nhng thu thuat vt ra khoi kien thc ai tra ma hang ngay
giao vien cung cap tren buc giang, gianh e on luyen hoc sinh
gioi trong nhng k thi HSG.
Toan hoc la mot trong nhng phng tien ho tr ac lc trong
viec giai bai tap vat ly. Bi v trong khi giai bai tap hoc sinh
thng mac phai nhng kho khan nhat nh ve toan hoc khi x
ly bai toan kho. V vay nhng thuat toan hoc kho cung la mot
trong nhng yeu to dan en s be tac cua hoc sinh. Nhieu khi hoc
sinh phan tch c hien tng vat ly, tm ra c hien tng va s
dung c cong thc vao bai toan, nhng tnh toan thong thng
da vao phng trnh bac nhat hoac vai phep bien oi nao o th
hoc sinh giai quyet kha de dang, nhng khi gap phai nhng thuat
toan kho th hoc sinh anh be tac.Va lai t duy toan hoc cua hoc
sinh trung hoc c s con nhieu han che.
Trong bai toan vat ly th viec phan tch c hien tng vat ly
la ieu quan trong oi vi hoc sinh gioi bo mon vat ly, nhng e
giai quyet bai toan mot cach troi chay th k nang toan hoc la
rat can thiet.
Xuat phat trong qua trnh boi dng va giang day hoc sinh gioi
bo mon vat ly trong cac k thi tnh hay quoc gia, toi nhan thay k
nang toan hoc la cc k quan trong va can thiet nen toi chon e
tai nay lam sang kien kinh nghiem cua mnh. Bai tap vat ly rat
a dang va phong phu, e viet nen kinh nghiem nay toi ch viet
trong pham vi chng trnh vat ly phan ien hoc THCS va ap dung
mot so k nang toan hoc c ban nhat trong viec giai bai toan at
hieu qua cao.
Tom lai: Co the giai bai toan bang nhieu con ng khac
nhau, nhng ket qua hoc sinh tiep thu c , la chon c cach giai
rieng va co the van dung mot cach hieu qua khi giai cac bai
tap tng t mi la quan trong. Moi bai toan kho th k nang toan
hoc la yeu to quyet nh thanh cong va hoc sinh can phai co
nhng k nang sau:
+ K nang oc hieu e.
+ K nang bieu dien hnh hoc minh hoae bai( neu co).
+ K nang phan tch hien tng vat ly xay ra.
+ K nang s dung cong thc( nh luat, nh ngha, khai
niem, tnh chat.) vat ly vao hien tng phu hp.
+ K nang suy luan(toan hoc, ly hoc ..) logic.
+ K nang tnh toan e i en ap so cuoi cung( k nang
giai bai tap )
+ K nang bien luan.
I/ He phng trnh bac nhat nhieu an so.
1. He phng trnh dang oi xng.
Dang 1 x + y = a (1)
y + z =b (2)
x + z = c (3)
Thong thng hoc sinh dung phng phap the khi giai bai toan
nay. Thc chat khi dung phng phap nay th van giai de dang bai
toan. Nhng khi gap dang the nay ta dung cach giai ac biet sau
th giai quyet bai toan rat nhanh.
Cong tat ca cac ve cua phng trnh ta c : x + y + z = ( a
+b + c) (4)
Tr lan lt phng trnh va cong c cho cac phng trnh
con lai ta c cac gia tr
(4) va (1) z
(4) va (2) x
(4) va (3) y
Dang 2 z (y + x ) / ( x + y +z ) = a (1)
y ( x+ z) / ( x + y +z ) = b (2)
x (y + z ) / ( x + y +z ) = c (3)
oi vi bai toan dang nay th dung phng phap the gap rat
nhieu kho khan va oi khi bai toan khong co loi ra nhng dung
cach giai tren th duy nhat va g bai toan nhanh va hieu qua rat
nhieu.
Cong tat ca cac phng trnh tren ta c:
( xy + yz + xz )/ ( x +y +z )=1/2(a + b +c ) (4)
Tr lan lt phng trnh (4) cho cac phng trnh au ta c
xy / ( x +y +z )=1/2(a + b +c ) a = A
xz / ( x +y +z )=1/2(a + b +c ) b = B
zy / ( x +y +z )=1/2(a + b +c ) c = C
Chia lan lt cac phng trnh va tm c cho nhau ta c 2
phng trnh sau:
y/z = A/B va x/y = B/C
Rut cac an theo mot an ( ay rut cac an khac theo an y )va
thay vao 1 trong cac phng trnh tren ta c phng trnh mot an
so. Giai phng trnh mot an va tm an o, suy ra cac an con lai.
z = y.B/A va x = y.B/C.
Tuy nhien ay la phng trnh tong quat mi nhn co ve la
kho hieu nhng khi gap phng trnh so th no lai n gian hn.
Sau ay la hai v du thc te khi hoc sinh giai bai tap vat ly
thng gap cho cach giai nay.
V du 1: Trong mot hop en co ba ien tr mac hnh sao va
hnh tam giac nh hnh ve, co 3 au day a ra ngoai. Dung om ke
o ien tr gia hai au 1 va 2 om ke ch 10 , om ke o ien
tr gia hai au 1 va 3 om ke ch 12 , om ke o ien tr gia
hai au 3 va 2 om ke ch 6. Tnh cac ien tr trong hop.
T bai toan ta a ra : R1 + R 2 = 10 (1)
R1 + R 3 = 12 (2)
1 2A C
R3 + R 2 = 6 (3)

R1 R2 Ra Rc

R3 Rb

3 B
 Hnh a Hnh b
V du 2: Cho hop en nh hnh a. Vi cac dung cu von ke,
ampeke, nguon ien, day noi va 1 khoa K. Bang thc nghiem hay
xac nh cac ien tr trong hop.
Hng dan cach giai: Mac nguon ien vao chot 1 va 2, von
ke vao chot 1 va 2, am peke noi tiep vao chot 1 nh hnh e o
cng o dong ien va hieu ien the hai au R 1 va R 2 mac noi
tiep la U1 va I 1. Ket qua a ra:
R1 + R2 = U1/I1 (1)
Tng t cho cac chot con lai ;
R1 + R3 = U3/I3 (2)
R3 + R2 = U2/I2 (3)
Cuoi cung cung a ve c phng trnh tren va giai.
R1 = ( U1/I1+ U3/I3 - U2/I2)
R2 = ( U1/I1+ U2/I2- U3/I3)
R3 = ( U2/I2+ U3/I3 - U1/I1)
Thc chat 2 v du sau la tng t v du 1. Tng ng ve mach
ien, ve cach giai, nhng t duy cua hoc sinh c phat huy mc
cao hn. Khi phat trien t duy hoc sinh theo s ke tha nh the nay th
giao vien co the anh gia c kha nang cua hoc sinh va biet
hoc sinh cua mnh nhan thc nh the nao va co the anh gia
c mc o nhan thc hoc sinh .
V du 3:Cho mot mach ien nh hnh ve. Biet ien tr cua
oan mach la 8 . Neu thay oi v tr R1 va R2 ta c ien tr oan
mach la 16, neu thay oi v tr R1 va R3 ta c ien tr oan
mach la 10. Tnh cac ien tr

R3 R2

R1

Can c bai toan ta co ( x= R1 , y= R2 , z=R3)

x (y + z ) / ( x + y +z ) = 8 (1)
y ( x+ z) / ( x + y +z ) = 16 (2)
z (y + x ) / ( x + y +z ) = 10 (3)
Cong tat ca cac phng trnh tren ta c:
( xy + yz + xz )/ ( x +y +z )=1/2(8+ 16 + 10 ) (4)
( xy + yz + xz )/ ( x +y +z )= 17
Tr lan lt phng trnh (4) cho cac phng trnh au ta c
zy / ( x +y +z )= 9 (5)
xz / ( x +y +z )= 1 (6)
xy / ( x +y +z )= 7 (7)
 Chia lan lt cac phng trnh va tm c cho nhau ta c 2
phng trnh sau:
y/x = 9 va y/z = 7
Rut cac an theo mot an ( ay rut cac an khac theo an y )
va thay vao 1 trong cac phng trnh tren ta c phng trnh mot
an so. Giai phng trnh mot an va tm an o, suy ra cac an con
lai.
x = y/9 va z = y/7
Thay vao (7) ta c : (y/7)y / ( y/9+ y + y/7) = 7
Hay: 9y/ ( 7+ 9 + 63) = 7
Suy ra: y= 553/9
x= 553/ 81
z=79/ 9
II- Bat ang thc
Dang nay hoc sinh thng gap khi giai bai toan ve cong suat
cua dong ien, ve bien tr thay oi gia tr va tm gia tr cc ai,
cc tieu. V vay kien thc toan hoc phan nay ho tr hoc sinh la
rat can thiet. Bi v hoc sinh khong co kien thc toan phan nay
th khi a ra c cac bieu thc cung khong lam sao giai quyet
c bai toan.
Dang 1:Khi cung cap bi v hoc sinh cha co u kinh nghiem nen
ta bat nguon t bieu thc quen thuoc sau:
( A + B )2 0 vi A , B > 0 va dau bang xay ra khi A = B
Bnh phng hai ve cua bat ang th ta co
A + B 2 AB
* Neu tong A + B = a la mot so khong oi th ta tnh c gia
tr ln nhat cua
tch AB = a2/ 4.
ieu quan trong khi tch AB at gia tr nho th dau bang c chon
( tc la khi o A = B)
* Neu tch AB = b la mot so khong oi th ta tnh c gia tr
nhonhat cua tong
A + B = 2 b . ieu quan trong khi tong A + B at gia tr nho th dau
bang c chon ( tc la khi o A = B)
Trong cac bai toan vat ly khi a c lap luan A = B th giai
quyet rat nhieu van e lien quan.
Dang 2:S dung nghiem cua phng trnh bac hai. Trong bai toan
vat ly thng la nhng gia tr that, nen bai toan luon co
nghiem. Khi gap bai toan tm gia tr cc ai hoac cc tieu ta li
dung 0 .
Sau ay la mot so bai toan minh hoa cho thuat toan tren.
C- BAI TOAN GIAI BANG NHIEU PHNG PHAP
Bai1: Cho mach ien gom 1 bien tr Rx mac noi tiep vi 1 ien
tr R0 vao nguon ien co hieu ien the khong oi U. Tm gia tr R x
e cong suat tieu thu tren no la ln nhat?
Cach 1 :Dung phep bien oi
Cach nay la ma hoc sinh cach thng dung e giai
quyet van e cua bai toan. Tuy nhien oi vi cach nay th
oi hoi hoc sinh co mot kha nang toan hoc kha tot.
Quan trong hn na la hoc sinh nhn nhan ra van e khi
R0 vi Rx
gap phai bai toan la cc k kho khan. Thc te oi
moi hoc sinh th kha nang khong giong nhau, nen khi gap
bai toan dang nay chung ta nen cung cap nhng thu + thuat
U -
khac nhau e hoc sinh co the la chon cho mnh cach tot nhat.
Du giai cach nao i na thi nguyen tac chung khi khao sat
mot ai lng theo gia tr bien oi, th tot nhat nen hnh thanh
bieu thc cua ai lng khao sat theo gia tr bien oi e giai
quyet.
Hng dan:
-Hnh thanh cong thc tong quat tnh cong suat tieu thu cua
oan mach tren bien tr.
P = I2Rx = { U2/ ( Rx + R)2}.Rx
P =U2Rx/ ( Rx+ R)2 (1)
Xuat phat t cong thc ( 1) ta co
P = { 4RRx/ ( Rx +R)2}.(U2/4R)
V (U2/4R) khong thay oi nen P { 4RRx/ ( Rx +R)2}
Th bc lap luan va nhn ra chot bai toan chu yeu la cho
nay.
Ta co { 4RRx/ ( Rx +R)2} = {( Rx + R)2 ( Rx - R)2}/ ( Rx + R)2
= { 1 -( Rx - R)2/ ( Rx + R)2}
V ( Rx - R)2 0 , ( Rx + R)2> 0 nen thng ( Rx - R)2/ ( Rx + R)2 0 ( dau
bang xay ra khi Rx = R )
Do o { 1 -( Rx - R)2/ ( Rx + R)2} 0
Suy ra P (U2/4R) . Da theo bieu thc nay P at gia tr ln
nhat la (U2/4R). Khi o
( Rx - R)2 = 0 , tc la Rx = R .
Ket luan: Cong suat tieu thu tren bien tr R x at gia tr ln
nhat P= (U2/4R) khi R x = R
Cach 2: Dung bat ang thc e giai
Phng an 1 khi dung lap luan bat ang thc
Cung t cong thc ( 1) ta co : P =U2Rx/ ( Rx+ R)2 (1)
Suy ra: P = U /{( Rx + R/ Rx ) }
2 2

P at gia tr ln nhat khi {( Rx + R/ Rx )2} at gia tr nho nhat v

U khong oi hay tong {( Rx + R/ Rx )} at gia tr nho nhat.
Ta co tch cac so hang cua tong {( Rx + R/ Rx )} la Rx .( R/
Rx ) = R ( so khong oi nen tong nay at gia tr nho nhat khi hai
so hang nay bang nhau. Tc la
Rx = ( R/ Rx )
Suy ra Rx = R va khi o cong suat cc ai tren Rx la P = (U2/4R)
Phng an 2 khi dung lap luan bat ang thc
Chung ta cung co the giai theo cac sau
Cung t cong thc ( 1) ta co : P =U2Rx/ ( Rx+ R)2 (1)
Suy ra: P = U2/{( Rx + R/ Rx )2} khai trien bieu thc
P = U2/ {R2/ Rx + 2R + Rx} = U2/ {2R + R2/ Rx + Rx}
 V U, R la so khong oi nen P at cc ai khi tong R 2/ Rx + Rx at
cc tieu. Ta co tch hai so hang nay: (R2/ Rx). Rx = R2 ( so khong oi )
nen tong nay at gia tr nho nhat khi hai so hang cua tong bang
nhau. Tc la (R2/ Rx)= Rx va ta cung suy ra Rx = R.
Cach 3: Giai theo phng trnh bac hai vi an la P
T cong thc tnh cong suat tren Rx : P =U2Rx/ ( Rx+ R)2
Suy ra P. ( Rx+ R)2 = U2Rx
P.(Rx )2 -( 2PR U2)Rx + PR2 = 0
V cong suat tren Rx luon co nen luon ton tai Rx . Ngha la
phng trnh bac 2 theo Rx luon co nghiem . Hay 0
( 2PR U2)2 4.P. PR2 0
P (U2/4R)
P at cc ai la P = (U2/4R)
Thay vao bieu thc tren ta c Rx = R

D- NHNG DANG TOAN C BAN VE PHAN IEN HOC

CHU E I
BAI TOAN THIEN VE TNH IEN TR VA HNH THANH SM
Chu yeu la cua phan nay la hnh thanh mach ien, tnh
ien tr theo cac ien tr thanh phan va mot so mach ac biet
khac:
-Da theo cac tnh chat cua oan mach noi tiep, song song trong
chng trnh vat ly THCS.
- Cac thuat thuat khac( thu thuat bien oi tng ng, chap
mach, bo ien tr, ghep ien tr ).ac biet
phan nay toi i sau vao cac kinh nghiem dung thu e giai cac
bai tap ( cac dang bai tap ma khong the ap dung cac tnh chat
thong thng cua oan mach e giai quyet c ).
- Toan hoc ho tr phan bai tap nay la phng trnh nghiem
nguyen (2 an, 3 an) va phng trnh bac hai.
- Tng bai toan se rut cho hoc sinh biet iem c ban va thu
thuat giai quyet .
Tom lai : Bai toan tnh ien tr toan mach da tren cac ien
tr thanh phan da theo cac qui tac sau:
1- Qui tac bien oi tng ng da tren cac tnh chat c
ban cua oan mach mac noi tiep, mac song song ( oan mach
thuan tuy song song, thuan tuy noi tiep hay hon hp cua song song
va noi tiep)
2- Qui tac chap mach cac iem co cung hieu ien the :
Trong trng hp nay cac iem co cung hieu ien the thng
gap trong cac bai toan la
+ Cac iem cung nam tren mot ng day noi.
+ Cac iem nam ve hai ben cua phan t co ien tr khong
ang ke.( nh khoa K , ampeke A , phan t khong co dong ien i
qua, mach co tnh oi xng, mach co cac ien the bang nhau)
 3- Qui tac tach nut: Tach nut thanh nhieu nut khac
nhau(ngc lai vi qui tac 2)
4- Qui tac bo ien tr:
Nguyen tac cua qui tac nay la ta loai bo ien tr ra khoi
mach ien th mach ien van tng ng mach ban au vi ieu
kien: hieu ien the gia hai au ien tr bang 0( ien the hai
au cac ien tr bang nhau) thng gap khi mach cau can bang.
5- Qui tac chuyen mach sao thanh tam giac va ngc lai.
R3
A C A C

Ra Rc
R1 R2

Rb

B
Hnh a B
Hnh b
Xuat phat t RAB ; RAC ; RBC khong oi ta chng minh c
RAB =R1( R2 + R3)/ ( R1+ R2+R3) = Ra + Rb
RAC = R3( R2 + R1)/ ( R1+ R2+R3) = Ra + Rc
RBC = R2( R1+ R3)/ ( R1+ R2+R3) = Rb + Rc
Suy ra c Ra = ( R1R3)/ ( R1+ R2+R3)
Rb = ( R1R2)/ ( R1+ R2+R3)
Rc = ( R2R3)/ ( R1+ R2+R3)
Cach ghi nh: Tch hai ien tr ke chia tong cac ien tr.
Ngc lai th R1= (RaRb + RaRc+ RcRb)/ Rc
R2= (RaRb + RaRc+ RcRb)/ Ra
R3= (RaRb + RaRc+ RcRb)/ Rb=
Cach ghi nh: Tong cua tch tng oi cac ien tr chia cho
ien tr khong noi.
6- Mach tuan hoan: mach ma cac ien tr c lap lai mot
cach tuan hoan va keo dai vo han ( chu k lap goi la o mac xch).
Vi loai nay th ta gia s rang ien tr R cua mach khong thay
oi khi ta noi them mot mac xch na.
7-Khi hai au cac dung cu dung ien b noi tat bi day dan
( khoa k , hay ampeke A ) co en tr khong ang ke th coi nh
dung cu khong hoat ong.
CAC BAI TAP C BAN VA NANG CAO
TRNG HP CAC IEN TR CO NH
Bai 1:Co n ien tr bang nhau va bang r mac noi tiep vi
nhau. ien tr se thay oi nh the nao khi ta mac chung song song
vi nhau.
Bai 2:Can phai cat oan day dan ra bao nhieu phan bang
nhau e khi mac chung song song vi nhau ta thu c oan mach
co ien tr nho hn ien tr si day n lan.
 Bai 3: Cho 3 ien tr R1 ; R2 va R3 mac vi nhau theo s o sau .
ien tr cua oan mach la 5. Neu lan lt oi cho cho nhau ta
c gia tr ien tr cua mach tng ng la 8 ; 9 . Hay xac nh
cac ien tr R1 ; R2 va R3.
R1 R2

C -
+ D
R3
Bai 4:Cac ien tr eu co gia tr r. Hay tnh ien tr toan mach

Bai 5: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve, moi canh co ien tr r ( v du nh

AB, AC, BC.. )
Tnh ien tr tng ng khi
a) Dong ien i vao nut A va i ra nut C.
b) Dong ien i vao nut A va i ra nut B.
c) Dong ien i vao nut A va i ra nut O D
B
P
A B
O
O C
M A
N

M
D Q C N

B
D B
A
A
M
M P

Q N Q
C
D C
P N
Bai 6: Co 6 ien tr 1 ; 2 ; 2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 . Hay thanh lap
mot mach ien co ien tr 1 .
Bai 7:Phai dung t nhat bao nhieu ien tr loai r= 5 e hnh
thanh mach ien co ien tr 3 ; 6 ; 7
 Bai 8 : Co nhieu ien tr co cung gia tr R. Hay mac cac
ien tr o thanh mach hon hp oi xng. Tc la mach co p
nhanh mac song, moi nhanh co q ien tr mac noi tiep sao cho
ien tr cua toan mach la kR .
a) Co bao nhieu cach mac? Cach mac co t ien tr nhat vi
1 gia tr xac nh cua k.
b) Neu khong can mach oi xng th so ien tr t nhat la
bao nhieu khi k= 0,8 va k = 1,5
Bai 9: Cho 2007 iem c anh so t 1 en 2007. Moi cap c
mac vi nhau bi mot ien tr
R= 2007 . Nguon ien co hieu ien the U = 20V c mac vao hai
iem 1 va 2.Hay
a) Tnh ien tr gia hai iem 1 va 2.
b) Hieu ien the gia hai iem 1 va 2007
Bai 10: Cho n iem c anh so t 1 en n. Moi cap c mac
vi nhau bi mot ien tr
R= 2007 . Hay tnh ien tr gia hai iem ke nhau bat k.
Bai 11: Co hai loai ien tr 20 va 30 . Hoi moi loai can bao
nhieu cai e khi mac chung
a) Noi tiep th c oan mach co ien tr 200.
b) Song song th c oan mach co ien tr 5.
c) Hai nhanh mac song song oi xng co ien tr toan mach
la 50.
Bai 12: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve . Hieu ien the gia hai iem B
va D la khong oi va bang 220V, R1 = 170, so ch ampeke A la
1A . R la bo ien tr gom 7 chiec nho mac noi tiep gom 3 loai
khac nhau : loai 1,8 ; loai 2 va loai 3. Hoi moi loai co bao nhieu
chiec.
R R1
A -
+ A D
Bai 13: ien tr tng ng cua hai ien tr mac noi tiep la 30;
Neu mac them mot ien tr R = 6 ,song song vi x ta c ien
tr tng ng ca bo 3 ien tr la R/=22 , Hoi mac R song song
vi y ta c ien tr tng ng ca bo 3 ien tr la bao nhieu?
DUNG CONG THC IEN TR
Bai 1:Mot day dan ong tnh, tiet dien eu c uon thanh mot
tan giac vuong can ABC. Trung iem O cua canh huyen AB va nh B
lai c noi bang mot oan ODB, cung tao thanh mot tam giac
vuong can tai D. Biet c ien tr cua AO la R . Hay tnh ien tr
tng ng cua oan mach AB C

A O B
R
D
Bai 2:Mot bien tr gom 1 day nikelin, ng knh 2mm quan eu
va vong no sat vong kia tren mot ong s cach ien ng knh 4
cm dai 20 cm . Cho biet ien tr suat cua day la 0,4.10 -7m. Tnh
ien tr toan bo si day?
Bai 3:Mot cuon day ong ng knh 0,5mm quan tren 1 cai loi
dai 10cm va ng knh cua hai a hai au la 5 cm. Biet rang
cac ng day c quan eu va sat nhau. Tnh ien tr cuon
day?
Bai 4: Cuon day cua 1 nam cham ien dai 3cm gom nhieu lp
ng knh trung bnh cua moi vong day la 3cm. Day bang ong
ng knh 0,2mm va co ien tr 100. Hay tnh xem cuon day co
bao nhieu lp?
Bai 5: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve nh hnh ve trong o MON va MCN
la hai day ong tnh tiet dien eu , C la con chay co the di chuyen
tren cai day dan uon cong MCN; ampeke A va cac day noi co
ien tr khong ang ke. Hieu ien the gia hai iem P va Q
khong oi va bang 7,2V.
Khi con chay C ung iem gia cung MN th ampeke A ch
0,225A; Khi con chay C ung iem C/ gia cung CN th ampeke A ch
0,200A. Hoi khi con chay C ung iem C1 gia cung CM th ampeke
A ch gia tr bao nhieu?
Q
+ C
C1 C/
A -
P + B
+ A
M O N

Bai 6: Ba day dan ong tnh tiet dien eu gung mot hp kim, 1
day thang, 2 day uon thanh hai na ng tron noi vi nhau theo
hnh ve sau. at vao hai au A va B mot hieu ien the U . Tnh t
so cng o dong ien qua hai na ng tron.
Bai 7: Co mot day dan ong chat tiet dien eu ien tr R c
uon thanh mot ng tron. Xac nh v tr A va B sao cho R AB= a. Ap
dung cho trng hp R= 50 va RAB= 10

A
+ -
B
MACH TUAN HOAN x

CHU E 2: DANG BAI TOAN VE CONG SUAT

I-1 . CAC BAI TOAN C BAN
Bai 1: Co 5 bong en, cung hieu ien the nh mc la 110V ,
co cong suat lan lt 15W, 25W, 60W, 100W va 150W.Phai ghep
chung nh the nao, e khi mac vao mang ien co hieu ien the
220V th chung sang bnh thng.
Bai 2:Mot oan mach gom mot dien tr R0 mac noi tiep vi
mot cum hai ien tr R1= 3 va R2 = 12. R0 c dieu chnh sao cho
khi hai ien tr R 1va R2 mac noi tiep hoac mac song song th nhiet
lng do chung toa ra trong moi giay van gi nguyen gia tr P .
Hay tnh hieu ien the U cua oan mach va ien tr R 0, biet cong
suat P= 15w
Bai 3: Tren mot oan mach, hieu ien the khong oi U, co
mot ampeke , ien tr r va mot bien tr mac noi tiep. Khi ieu
chnh cng o dong ien la I1=4A th cong suat tieu thu tren
bien tr la 40W, khi ieu chnh cng o dong ien la I 2=3A th
cong suat tieu thu tren bien tr la 31,5W, khi ieu chnh cng
o dong ien la I3=2A th cong suat tieu thu tren bien tr la bao
nhieu?
Bai 4:Mot oan mach ien gom mot bien tr r, mac noi tiep
vi mot oan mach ien gom hai nhanh mac song song : mot nhanh
ch cha mot bong en , nhanh kia cha mot bong en giong
het bong en va mot ien tr R0 mac noi tiep. at vao hai
au oan mach mot hieu ien the U= 20V th tong cong suat tieu
thu tren hai nhanh la 60W, biet r= 1,6 va R0=2. Hay tnh cong
suat tieu thu bi hai en.
Bai 5:Mot ban la ien c che tao e dung cho hieu ien
the U0=120V, co cong suat P= 300W. Khi mac vao mach th hieu
ien the tren o cam giam t U1=127V xuong U2= 115V . Xac nh
ien tr cac day noi , biet rang ien tr ban la khong thay oi.
Bai 6:Mot am ien co hai day giong het nhau, cho phep 3
mc o ot nong khac nhau tuy thuoc vao th t va cach mac
cac cuon day. Hay ve s o cach mac, cong suat tieu thu cua
am trong cac cach mac quan he vi nhau nh the nao?
Bai 7:Khi mac vao mach ien mot bep ien co cong suat
nh mc la 300W th thay cong suat thc te la 250W.
a) Hoi cong suat toa ra hai bep ien se la bao nhieu neu
ta mac ong thi hai bep vao mach ien?( bo qua s thay
oi ien tr)
b) Neu dung hai bep tren mac vao mach nh hnh ve, can
phai chon cac ien tr R1va R2 nh the nao e hieu ien the
tren bep nho hn n lan hieu ien the khi mac trc tiep bep vao
hai cc nguon ien con cong suat tieu thu trong toan mach bang
cong suat tieu thu khi mac trc tiep.
R2

+ R2
R1 Rb
U
-
Bai 8:Trong bo bong c mac nh hnh ve, cac bong co cung
ien tr R . Cho biet cong suat bong th t la P 4=1W. Tm cong
suat cac bong con lai
 A
2 4

3 5
B

Bai 9:Trong s o mach ien tren, neu cac bong co cung

cong suat . Cho R4= 1 . Tnh cac ien tr con lai R1, R2, R3 va R5.
Bai 10:Ngi ta dung mot nguon ien hieu ien the khong
oi U0= 12V e thap sang cac bong en co cung hieu ien the
nh mc U =6V, co cong suat chon trong khoang t 1,5 W en 3W .
day noi co ien tr Rd = 2 .Biet rang ch dung mot loai bong
en co cong suat xac nh. Hoi moi loai bao nhieu bong va ghep
nh the nao e chung sang bnh thng

U0 N _
M
+
R0 n
bong
m
A B da
y
Bai 11: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve nh tren, neu U 0= 10V ,
Rd=2 cac bong en co hieu ien the nh mc 3V, cong suat
trong khoang t 1,5W en 3 W . Hay tm so bong, loai bong va
cach ghep e chung sang bnh thng( ch dung mot loai cong
suat)
Nhng bai toan tren chu yeu ren hoc sinh k nang van dung
cac cong thc c ban e giai bai toan hon hp va nang cao.

II- 2. TM CONG SUAT CC AI, CC TIEUVA BIEN TR

Bai 1: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve R0= 12 , en co ghi 6V-3W. Hieu
ien the U = 15V khong oi.
a) Tm v tr con chay e en sang bng thng.
b) ieu chng con chay ve pha A th en sang nh the nao?
c) Tm v tr con chay e cng o dong ien qua bien tr la
cc ai. A -
Hng dan: + B
+ S dung phng trnh tai nut C ta co: I = I x + Id
Rx = 6
+Tm I chnh , suy ra Id= 15( x +2)/ (-x2 + 12 + 144)
 + Tm c cng o dong ien: Ix = 180/{180 (x- 6)}. Suy ra x =
6
Bai 2:Muon cho en 6V 3,6W sang bnh thng hieu ien the
U= 15V ta s dung mot trong ba s o sau. Trong 3 s o tong ien
tr cac day noi la R = 0,5 , bien tr co ien tr ln nhat la R=
9,5 . Tm Rx e en sanh bnh thng.

U= 15V U = 15V

Rx R R

Rx

U = 15V

R
Rx

( hnh c)

Bai 3: Theo s o mach ien ( hnh c), en co ghi 6V- 3W, R x la mot
bien tr, R= 4. Hieu ien the U = 10V khong oi. Xac nh gia tr
Rx e
a) Cong suat tieu thu tren Rx la cc ai.
b) Cong suat tieu thu cua oan mach song song la cc ai.
ap so: Rx = 3 Rx = 6
Bai 4: Theo s o mach ien . n c ghi 6V 3 W, R x l mt bin tr . Hieu
ien the nguon khong oi U =10V.
a) Xac nh R x e cong suat tieu thu tren Rx la cc ai.
b) Xac nh R x e cong suat tieu thu tren oan mach song song
U = 10V
la cc ai U = 36V

R r
Bai 5:Cho mach ien
Rx nh hnh ve, trong o U=2 36V Rkhong oi, r= 1,5
x
, ien tr toan phan cua
bien tr la R=10 cac ien tr R1 = 6 , R2= 1,5. Xac nh v tr
1
con chay e
a) Cong suat tieu thu tren en 1la 6W.
b) Cong suat tieu thu tren en 2 la 6W.
c) Cong suat tieu thu tren en 2 la nho nhat, ln nhat.Tnh
cac cong suat o.
Bai 6: Cho mot ien tr AB co RAB =1.Tren AB ngi ta mac them
hai con chay M, N. Noi AB vao theo s o mach ien nh hnh ve sau.
Biet UAB = 9V va dch chuyen con chay M, N sao cho luon gi R AM= RNB.
Vi gia tr nao cua cac gia tr ien tr RAM, RMN, RNB th cng o
dong ien qua nguon la cc tieu .Tnh cac gia tr cc tieu o.

A M B
N

+ U -

Bai 7: Ngi ta dung 4 oan day dan giong nhau, moi oan day co
ien tr R0= 1 e tao mot ien tr R sau o mac noi tiep ien
tr R vi mot ien tr r= 1.roi mac vao mot hieu ien the
U=8V . Hoi phai mac bon oan day nh the naoe cong suat toa
nhiet tren R la ln nhat. Tm cong suat ln nhat o.
Bai8 :Mot bien tr co gia tr ien tr toan phan R= 120 noi
tiep vi mot ien tr R1 . Nh bien tr ma co the thay oi cng
o dong ien trong mach t 0,9A en 4,5A .Tnh cong suat toa
nhiet ln nhat tren bien tr. (H1)
Hng dan tm R1=30 Rx= 30
A C
B
x
R1 Rx R
O

+ U -
( H1)
+ U -
( H2)
Bai 9: Bien tr trong hnh la mot ien tr R0=9 uon thanh mot
vong tron kn. Tiep iem A co nh tiep iem C la con chay dch
chuyen co tam O. Day noi t bien tr en nguon co ien tr
tong cong la R= 2 va nguon ien co hieu ien the khong oi
U= 3V.
a) Xac nh v tr con chay C e cng o dong ien trong mach
chnh la cc tieu.
b) Xac nh v tr con chay C e cong suat tieu thu tren bien
tr la cc ai. Tm cong suat cc ai o.( H2)
Hng dan:a) Rx= 4,5 va b) Rx= 3,6
Bai 10: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Bo en gom cac bong en
giong nhau, moi bong co ghi 3V-1,5W. ien tr R0 , hieu ien the U
= 24V.Hoi bo en co toi a may bong va mac nh the nao e
cac bong en eu sang bnh thng + U khi:
-
a) R0= 6
b) R0= 5

Bo en
CHU E 3 : CAC DANG BAI TOAN VE MACH CAU
1-MACH CAU CAN BANG
Dang s o mach cau
1+ Khi I2= 0 th mach cau c can bang R1 C R2
Khi o I1= I2 va I3= I4
U1= U3 va U2= U4 A -
R5
Suy ra: I1R1= I3R3 + R3 R4 B
I2R2= I4R4 hay R1/R3 = R2/ R4 D
R1.R4 = R2. R3
Mach ien co the coi la tng ng vi mach ien sau. Ngha
la vai tro cua R5 co hoac khong co trong mach ien th mach ien
eu la nh nhau. R1 C R2
A -
+ R3 R4 B
D

2+ Khi I5 O th mach cau khong can bang. Th viec giai bai

toan theo phng phap at biet khac
2- MACH CAU KHONG CAN BANG

R1/R3 R2/ R4
Hay R1.R4 R2. R3

V du: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: R1= 1, R2= 1 R1 C R2

R3= 2, R4= 3, R5= 1. Hieu ien the khong
A -
oi luon duy tr U=10V. Cng o dong R5
+ ien qua
R3 R4 B
cac ien tr va ien tr toan mach
D
CAC CACH GIAI
Cach 1:
Thong thng la hoc sinh khi gap phai dang toan nay hay a
ve phng trnh 5 an so la I1, I2,I3, I4,I5. Tuy nhien qua cach giai nay th
hoc sinh phai vat va e giai phng trnh bat nhat 5 an so va
dung k thuat thay the dan e chuyen ve phng trnh 1 an. Viec
giai nay co nhieu kheo leo, neu khong th dan en ng vong
( giai hoai van tr ve loi cu)
Gia s dong I5 co chieu t CD.
S dung phng trnh I1 R1 R2 I
C
U 1+U2 = U 2

U 3+U4 = U A -
R5 I5
U 1+U5 = U3* + I3 R R4 I B
3
I1 = I5 + I2 D
4

I3 = I4 - I5
 Thay so ta c he phng trnh sau
I 1R1+I2R2 = U I1+ I2 = 10
I 3R3+I4R4 = U 2I3 + 3I4 = 10
I 1R1+I5R5 = I3R3 I 1+I5 = 2I3
I1 = I5 + I2 I1 = I5 + I2
I3 = I4 - I5 I3 = I4 - I5
Giai ra ta c I1 = 4,8A - I2 = 5,2A I3 = 2,2A - I4 = 1,8A - I5 = 0,4A
Cng o dong ien qua mach chnh I = 7A va R =10/7 1,4A
Cach 2: Giai theo an so U1 va U3
Cung s dung 3 phng trnh tren nhng ta chuyen ve an U 1 va
U3
U 1+U5 = U3 * (1) U 1+U5 = U3
I1 = I5 + I2 (2) U1/R1 = U5/R5+ U2/R2
I3 = I4 - I5 (3) U3/R3 = U4/R4 U5/R5
va U4= U U1 & U2 = U U1
Thay vao ta c
U 1+U5 = U3 U 1+U5 = U3
U1/R1 = U5/R5+ (U U1)/R2 U1 = U5+ (10 U1)
U3/R3 = (U U1)/R4 U5/R5 U3/2 = (10 U1)/3 U5
Giai he phng trnh 3 an so va tm ra c : U1 = 4,8V U3 =
4,4V
suy cac : U2 = 5,2V - U4 = 5,4V - I5 = 0,4V .
Cach 3:Bien oi tng ng
Chuyen oi t mach sao ve mach tam giac.
RC C R2
RB
A -
+ RD R4 B
D
M

Thuan tien cua phng an nay la ta tnh c ien tr toan mach

mot cach de dang
RB = ( R1+ R3) / ( R1 + R2 +R3)
RC = ( R1+ R5) / ( R1 + R2 +R3)
RD = ( R5+ R3) / ( R1 + R2 +R3)
ien tr oan mach MB: Rmb = ( RC+ R2) ( RD+ R4) / ( RC + RD+
R2+R4)
ien tr toan mach: R = RB + Rmb
Cng o dong ien qua mach chnh: I = U / R
Tm U MB = I Rmb
Suy ra I2 = UMB/ ( Rc + R2) U2 = I2R2
I 4 = I I2 U4 = I 4 R 4
Tr ve mach ban au, tm U1 va U 3 I1 & I3 I5.
Cach 4: Chon moc ien the VB = 0 va an so i tm la VC va VD .
Viec giai bai roan nay ch can s dung 2 phng trnh tai nut C va
nut D
U= VA VB = VA = 10V
 I1 = I5 + I2 (VA- VC)/ R1 = ( VC VD)/ R5 + ( VC VB)/R2 (1)
I3 = I4 - I5 (VA- VD)/ R3 = ( VD VB)/ R4 + ( VD VC)/R2
(2)
Giai tm VC va VD I1, I2,I3, I4,I5 theo cach tnh tren.
Tom lai trong 5 cach giai th cach giai nao cung co u iem
nhat nh cua no. Nhng cach giai 2 va 4 th hoc sinh de dang tiep
thu va giai bai toan kha nhanh.
Bai tap ren k nang hoc sinh :
Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: R1= 3, R2= 2 ,R3= 3, R4= 5, R5= 3.
Hieu ien the khong oi luon duy tr U=3V. Cng o dong ien
qua cac ien tr va ienI tr
R1 toan mach
R2 I
1 C 2

A -
R5 I5
+ I3 R R4 B
3 I4
D
ap so : 5(/9 2/3 4/9 1/3 5/9)

CAC DANG C BAN VAN DUNG REN K NANG

Bai 1: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve biet hieu ien the gia hai
au A va B luon duy tr khong thay oi U= 18V, R1= 2, R2= 2, R3= 3,
R4= 10 .Tnh
a) Cng o dong ien qua cac ien tr.
b) Thay day dan bang ampeke. Tnh so ch ampeke.
R1 C R2
R1 C R2
A -
A - + A B
+ R3 R4
R3 R4 B
D
( H1) D

Bai 2: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: R1= 5, R2 = 10, R3= 6, R4 la

mot bien tr, hieu ien the U= 18V khong oi. Tnh:
a) Gia tr bien tr R4 e khong co cng o dong ien qua
ampeke.
b) Gia tr R4 e cng o dong ien qua ampeke la 0,2 A.
(H2)
Bai 3: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve sau: Tren cac en lan lt
ghi ca gia tr sau 1( 12V- 6W); 2( 12V- 12W) va 3 ch ghi 3W con
gia tr hieu ien the b m han. Mach ien cac en sang bnh
thng.
a) Hay tnh hieu ien the nh mc cua en 3
b) Cho R1 =9. Hay tnh R2.
c) Tm gii han R1 e thc hien ieu kien sang bnh thng cac
en. 1 2 R3 C K

A -
A - + R1 R4 B
3
+ R2 B
R1 D
 Bai 4: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: Trong o R2 la en ( 2,5V-
1,25W) , R4 =2,5;
U= 10V khong oi. Cho rang ien tr cac en khong thay oi.
Tm R1 , R3 e cac en sang bnh thng khi K m hoac khi K ong.
Bai 5: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Biet R1= R 4= 6 , R2= R3 =3 ,
R5 la en 3V- 1,5W ang sang bnh thng . Tnh U AB?
R3 C R2 R3 C R2
A - A -
+ + A
R1 R4 B R1 R4 B
D D
Bai 6: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Biet Ampeke co ien tr
khong ang ke co so 0 nam gia vach chia o. R 1 2, R2=3, R3
= 6. Hoi cng o dong ien qua ampeke va qua mach chnh thay
oi nh the nao khi ieu chnh R4 ? Cho UAB khong thay oi.
Bai 7:Cho mach ien nh hnh ve, cho cac C
en :1( 6V- 6W); 2( 12V- 6) va 3(1,5W). Khi mac
vao hai iem A va B vao hieu ien the UA 0, -
th cac en sang bnh thng.Hay xac nh:+ B
a) Hieu ien the nh mc cua cac en 3, 4, 5.
b) Cong suat tieu thu ca mach, biet t so cong
D suat
cua hai en cuoi cung la 5/3.
Bai 8: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: 1 va 4 la hai en 6V- 9W; 2
va 3 la hai en 6V- 4W, ampeke, khoa K va cac day noi co ien
tr khong ang ke. at vao hai iem M va N mot hieu ien the
khong oi U = 12V.
a) Xet hai trng hp K ong va K m cac en co sang bnh
thng khong?
b) Xac nh o ln va cng o dong ien qua ampeke khi K
ong?

M A -
+ N
K
D
Bai 9 : Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Trong o hieu ien the
hai au oan mach khong oi U= 7V, cac ien tr + RU1 =-3, R2 = 6, U
AB la mot day dan co chieu dai l= 1,5 m , tiet dien
R1
khong oi S= 0,1 mm2 ien tr suat = 4.10-7m, R2
ien tr cac day noi va ampeke A khong ang ke.
a) Tnh ien tr day AB. D
b) Con chay v tr C ma chieu dai AC = CB. A
Xac nh so ch ampeke. R21
A B
c) Xac nh v tr con chay C/ e cng o dong A
C
ien qua ampeke t D en C co cng o I a/ = 1/3 A
Bai 10: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve trong o R1=R3 = 45, R2= 90,
la mot bong en va khoa K co ien tr khong ang ke. Hieu
ien the U hai au oan mach khong thay oi va bang 90V. Biet
rang khi K ong, K ngat en eu sang bnh thng. Hay xac nh
ien tr va hieu ien the nh mc cua en.

R1 C K

A -
+ R2 R3 B
D

CHU E 4: BAI TOAN VE NH LUAT JUN- LEN X

CONG CUA DONG IEN- HIEU SUAT MACH IEN
Bai 1: e che tao cuon day ot nong cua mot am un nc
bang ien ta dung day nikelin ng knh la d= 0,2 mm, quan tren
mot loi s hnh tru ng knh D = 1,5cm. Hoi phai quan bao nhieu
vong e un soi 120g nc trong 10 phut. Biet hieu ien the cua
mach la U0= 100V, nhiet o ban au cua nc la 100 C, hieu suat
cua bep la H = 60%, ien tr suat cua day nikelin la 4.10 -7 m,
nhiet dung rieng cua nc la 4200J/kg.K
HD:Cong thc tnh tiet dien S= r2 va Cv= d
( S:
n= 133 vong)
Bai 2: Trc khi mac dung cu ien vao mach th hieu ien the
c la U= 110V, Khi mac them en co cong suat nh mc la
P0= 100w vao mach th hieu ien the giam xuong con U 0=166V, Khi
mac am ien song song vi en th hieu ien the giam xuong con
U1= 100V . Bo qua s phu thuoc cua ien tr vao nhiet o. Biet
am va en co cung hieu ien the nh mc.hay tnh cong suat
nh mc cua bep.
Hng dan
Tnh r cua day trong hai trng hp va d kien cung U m ( hoac
xac nh ien tr cua am R1=R0r U/( R0{U- U1}- U1r)
Suy ra P1= U( U0- U1). P0/ U1(U- U0)= 165W
Bai 3: Khi mac mot bep ien co cong suat nh mc la
300W th cong suat thc te la 250W . Hoi cong suat toa ra hai
bep se la bao nhieu neu ta dung ong thi hai bep o mac song
song vao mach .
Hng dan
Lap phng trnh theo r trong hai trng hp, so sanh va giai ra ta
c
( hieu ien the nh mc cua bep va hieu ien the nguon
nh nhau)
P= 2P1P0/ ( 2 P - P ) = 423W
Bai 4: Trong mot mach ien co mot day ong tiet dien 5mm 2,
can phai mac them cau ch. Hoi tiet dien day ch bang bao nhieu
e khi ot nong mach len 100C th no chay ra. Nhiet o ban au
cua day ch la 270C va nhiet o nong chay cua day ch la 327 0C
( S: 4,25mm2)
Bai 5: Mot am nc co 3 lo xo xoan, moi cai co ien tr R
0=120 c mac song song vi nhau . Am c mac vi mot ien
tr r = 50 . Hoi thi gian un soi nh the nao khi mot trong 3 lo xo
b t?
S: t2=(242/243) t1
Bai 6: Ngi ta dung mot bep ien loai 800W 220V hoat ong
di hieu ien the 165V e un 1 kg nc a co nhiet o ban
au t1=- 200C. Bo qua s trao oi cua nhiet lng ke vi moi
trng. Xac nh nhiet o cuoi cung cua cua nc neu thi gian
un la t= 20phut va hieu suat cua bep la H= 80%. Nhiet dung
rieng cua nc va nc a lan lt la 2100J/kgK; 4200J/kgK
Bai 7: e un soi mot am nc ngi ta dung mot bep ien
co hai day ien tr R1 va R2.Neu ch dung day R1 th thi gian un
la 10phut nc soi. Neu ch dung day R2 th thi gian un la 30
phut nc soi. Hoi thi gian un la bao nhieu neu:
a) Mac noi tiep hai ien tr e un.
b) Mac song song hai ien tr e un.Biet hieu ien the nguon
khong thay oi, bo ra s toa nhiet cua am ra moi trng
ngoai.
Bai 8: e un soi mot am nc ngi ta dung mot bep ien
co hai day ien tr R1 va R2. Khi mac noi tiep hai ien tr thi
gian un la 15 phut va khi mac song song th thi gian un la 3 phut
20giay. Hoi dung rieng moi ien tr un th thi gian la bao
nhieu? Biet hieu ien the nguon khong thay oi, bo ra s toa
nhiet cua am ra moi trng ngoai.
Bai 9: Dung mot bep loai 200V- 1000W hoat ong hieu ien
the U = 150V e un soi mot am nc. Bep co hieu suat la 80%.
S toa nhiet ra moi trng nh sau: Neu th ngat mach ien th c
sau 1 phut nc ha xuong 0,5 0C. Am co khoi lng la m1= 100g ;
C1= 600J/kgK, nc co khoi lng la m= 500g ; C 1= 4200J/kgK, nhiet o
ban au la 200C .Tnh thi gian can thiet e un.
( S : t = 400s)
Bai 10: Ngi ta un nc bang mot am co hieu suat 100%.
Am toa nhiet ra khong kh, trong o nhiet lng hao ph toa ra
khong kh t le vi thi gian un. Khi hieu ien the dung la U 1
=200V th sau 5 phut nc soi, khi U2 =100V th sau 25 phut nc soi.
Hoi neu khi U3 =100V th sau bao lau nc soi?
Hng dan
Cong suat toa nhiet ra moi trng ph = Q/t trong cac trng
hp khong oi.
Qtp = Qn + Qh Qtp= Qn + Pht
S: t3=18,75 phut.
Bai 11: Khi mac mot bep ien vao hieu ien the U 1= 120V th
thi gian un la t1= 10ph, neu mac vao hieu ien the U2= 110V th
thi gian un la t2= 15ph, Tnh thi gian un t3 khi mac mac vao hieu
ien the U3= 100V .Biet lng nc trong am va nhiet o ban au
cua nc la nh nhau va nhiet lng bep toa ra moi trng t le
vi thi gian un.
Bai 12: Khi dong ien co cng o dong ien I 1= 1A i qua
day dan th trong mot khoang thi gian th day nong en nhiet o
t1= 400C, Khi dong ien co cng o dong ien I2= 2A i qua day
dan th trong mot khoang thi gian th day nong en nhiet o t 2=
1000C. Hoi khi dong ien co cng o dong ien I3= 4A i qua day
dan th trong mot khoang thi gian th day nong en nhiet o t 3 la
bao nhieu. Coi nhiet o xung quanh day la khong oi. Biet nhiet o
toa ra moi trng t le thuan vi o chenh lech nhiet o gia
day dan va moi trng xung quanh.
Hng dan
Cong suat toa nhiet tren day dan P = I2R
Cong suat toa nhiet ra moi trng Ph= k( t- t0)
Khi can bang nhiet P= Ph
S: t3 = 5t2- 4t1=3400C
CHU E 5: BAI TOAN VE TRUYEN TAI IEN NANG
I XA
r toan bo dng
day
Ni truyen tai U- P Ni tieu
thu U1
I Cng o dong ien
1-Cong suat hao ph tren ng
tren day day :
Php= (P .r )/U2 hoac Php= I2r
2

2-o sut the ( sut ap) tren ng day:

U = Ir hoac U = U- U1
3-Hieu suat truyen tai:
H = (P1/ P).100%
4- May bien the: hieu ien the tren moi cuon day t le
thuan vi so vong day moi cuon
U1/U2= n1/n2
Bo qua nang lng mat mat lam nong loi sat ta co
P1=P2 hay U1I1= U2I2
U1/U2= I2/I1
Suy ra: I2/I1= n1/n2
Cng o dong ien qua cac cuon day t le nghch vi so
vong day tren moi cuon.
I-1 . CAC BAI TOAN C BAN
Bai 1: T mot nguon ien co hieu ien the U1= 2500V, ien
nang c truyen tai en ni tieu thu . Biet ien tr day dan R =
10 va cong suat cua nguon la P = 100kw. Hay tnh:
a) Cong suat tieu thu tren ng day.
b) Hieu ien the ni tieu thu va hieu suat cua s tai tai
ien.
 Bai 2: Ngi ta dan ien t ni phat en ni tieu thu cach
nhau 5km bang day dan ien co ien tr suat 1,57. 10 -8m, day co
ng knh 4mm. Ni tieu thu can mot cong suat 10kW vi hieu
ien the 200V . Tnh hieu ien the ni phat va ni s dung?
Bai 3: Mot thac nc lu lng 3m3/s. Thac nc cao 20m . Cho
biet trong lng rieng cua nc 104N/m3. Tnh:
a) Cong suat cua thac nc.
b) Thac nc dung e van hanh mot nha may thuy ien
vi hieu suat 56%. Tnh cong suat cua nha may thuy ien
co the cung cap.
c) ien nang san xuat c truyen tai en ni tieu thu xa
nha may 2km vi hieu ien the hai au day truyen tai
la 10kV, mat mat tren ng day tai ien la 10%. Biet
day dan ien bang ong, tiet dien 1mm 2, khoi lng rieng
cua ong la 8900kg/m3. Tnh khoi lng ong dung e lam
day dan.
II-2 . CAC BAI TAP NANG CAO
Bai 1: T mot nguon ien co hieu ien the U= 6200V, ien
nang c truyen tai en ni tieu thu. Biet ien tr tong cong
cua day dan R = 10 va cong suat cua ni tieu thu Pt = 100kw.
Hay tnh o giam the tren ng day va cong suat hao ph tren
ng day?
Bai 2: Khi tai ien i xa ngi ta dung may bien the e tang
hieu ien the en 6kV va co kha nang chu tai nh mc la
1000kW. Khi o hieu so cac so ch cua cong t ien tram bien
the va ni tieu thu tang len moi ngay em la 216kW. Hoi can
nang hieu ien the len en bao nhieu, e khi tai ien i ton hao
ien nang khong vt qua 0,1%.
Bai 3: Can nang hieu ien the cua mach len bao nhieu lan
e ha thap ton hao cong suat tren ng day 100 lan trong viec
tai ien en vat tieu thu ien cung mot cong suat, biet rang
trc o o sut the tren ng day la U= nU1( trong o U1la
hieu ien the tren vat tieu thu ien )
Bai 4: Mot tram may phat ien can truyen tai ien nang
en mot thanh pho (A) cach nha may bang mot day cap ien.
Biet hieu ien the ni truyen tai la 220V, o sut ap tren ng
day khong vt qua 12V , cong suat may phat la 15kW. Day cap
dan ien bang ong. Hoi day cap dan ien nay co tiet dien
toi thieu la bao nhieu?
Bai 5:Co hai tram dan c cung su dung mot tram ien va
cung dung chung mot ng day noi ti tram. Hieu ien the tai
tram khong oi va bang 220V . Tong cong suat tieu thu hieu
ien the nh mc 220V cua cac o dung ien hai cum la nh
nhau va bang P0=55Kw. Khi ch co cum 1 dung ien th cong suat
tieu thu thc te cua cum nay ch la P2= 50,688Kw.
1. Tnh cong suat hao ph tren ng day tai t tram en cum
1.
 2. Khi ca hai cum dung ien (cau dao K ong) th cong suat
tieu thu thc te cum hai la P2 = 44,55Kw. Hoi khi o , hieu ien
the thc te cum 1 la bao nhieu? biet ien tr cua cac dung
ien va day noi khong phu thuoc vao cong suat s dung.

Cum 1 Cum 1 K
TRAM
IEN

CHU E 6: BAI TOAN VE MACH IEN CO AMPEKE

I-1 . CAC BAI TOAN C BAN
Bai1:Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Ampe ke co ien tr khong
ang ke Biet R1= R3 = 30 . R2 = 5, R4= 15 va U= 90V . Xac nh so
ch cua ampeke.

R1

U R2 R3
A
R4 1
Bai2: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Ampe ke co ien tr khong
ang ke Biet R2= R3 = 6 ;
R4= 8, R1= 9 va U= 12V . Xac nh so ch cua ampeke. ( HSGT
nam 2008) U
R1 R2

R3
R4
A
Bai 3: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Cac
1 ampe ke co ien tr
khong ang ke Biet R1= 30 , R2 = 5, R3= 15 va hieu ien the
gia ahi iem M, N khong oi U= 30V . Xac nh so ch cua
ampeke khi: K1
A1
- K1m , K2 ong. R3
M + N-
- K2m , K1 ong.
- K1, K2 eu ong. R1 R2
A2
K2
II-2 . CAC BAI TAP NANG CAO
Bai 1: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: R1= 5, R2 = 10, R3= 6, R4 la
mot bien tr, hieu ien the U= 18V khong oi. Tnh:
a)Gia tr bien tr R4 e khong co cng o dong ien qua
ampeke.
b)Gia tr R4 e cng o dong ien qua ampeke la 0,2 A.(H1)
 R1 C R2

A -
+ A B
R3 R4
D
( H1)
Bai 2 : Cho mach ien nh hnh ve. Trong o hieu ien the hai
au oan mach khong oi U= 7V, cac ien tr R 1 = 3, R2 = 6, AB U
la mot day dan co chieu dai l= 1,5 m , tiet dien
khong oi S= 0,1 mm2 ien tr suat = 4.10-7m,
ien tr cac day noi va ampeke A khong ang+ke.U -
d) Tnh ien tr day AB. D
R1
e) Con chay v tr C ma chieu dai AC = CB. R2
Xac nh so ch ampeke. R21
f) Xac nh v tr con chay C/ e cng o dong A
ien qua ampeke t D en C co cng o I a/ = 1/3 A A
A B

Bai 3 :Cho s o mach ien nh hnh ve. Nguon C ien co hieu

ien the U =1V ; ien tr R= 1; cac ampke A1 , A2 co ien tr
bang khong va dong ien qua chung co the b thay oi khi thay
oi gia tr cua bien tr r. Khi ieu chnh gia tr cua bien tr r e
cho ampeke A2 ch gia tr 1A th ampeke A1 ch 3,5A. Neu oi v tr
gia R1 va R2 va chnh lai bien tr e cho A2 ch lai 1A th A1 ch
+ U -
2,333A (7/3 A). Hay tnh cac gia tr cua cac ien tr R 1 va R2.

A1
R1
R2
R
r
( hnh 4) A2

Bai 4: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve: Biet R1 = 5 , R2 = 10 , R4 = 15 va

R4 la mot bien tr
a) Khi R4= 20 tnh so ch am peke.
b) ieu chnh R4 e ampeke ch gia tr bang 0
c) Khi ampeke ch 1,866A( 28/5A) th R4 la bao nhieu?(hnh 4)

R1 R3 K2
C R2
R3
A -
+ A R1
R2 R4 B
D K1

( hnh 4) ( hnh 5) A
+ U -
 Bai 5:Cho mach ien nh hnh ve , ampeke , day noi va khoa
K co ien tr khong dang ke , hieu ien the cua oan mach
khong thay oi U. Biet rang khi ca hai khoa K1va K2 eu m th
ampeke ch gia tr I0, khi ca hai khoa K1 ong va K2 m th
ampeke ch gia tr I1, khi ca hai khoa K1 m va K2 ong th
ampeke ch gia tr I2, Hoi khi ca hai khoa K1va K2 eu ong th
ampeke ch gia tr gia tr bao nhieu?(hnh 5)
Bai 6: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve , hieu ien the U=6V khong
oi ; en co ien tr R=2,5, co hieu ien the nh mc U=
4,5V; MN la mot day ong chat tiet dien eu. Bo qua ien tr
cac day noi va ampeke. (hnh 6)
a) en sang bnh thng th ampeke ch 2A . Xac nhg t so
MC/NC
b) Khi dch chuyen con chay en v tr C/ sao cho NC/= 4 MC/

R
A3
M C N
+ _ N
M A2
A
+ U -
A1 A47)
( hnh 6) ( hnh
Bai 7: Cho cac am pe ke giong nhau va co ien tr giong nhau r .
Ampeke A3 ch 4A va ampeke A4 ch 3A. ( hnh 7)
a) Tnh so ch cac ampeke con lai.
b) Biet U= 28V. Tm r va R .
Bai 8: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve . Biet U= 20V khong oi, R 1=3,
R3=1 va R5= 2. Khi khoa K ong hay m th ampeke eu ch 1A .
Tnh R2 va R4.( hnh 8)
Bai 9: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve, ampeke va day noi co ien
tr khong ang ke . Hieu ien the U = 12V khong oi. Biet R 1 =
12; R2= 6; R3= 4 va R4=4 . Tnh so ch cac ampeke khi K ong
hay khi K m.( hnh 9) + U -
A1 R4
R3
R1 R2 R5 R3
A2 R1 K
R4
R2
+ U - A
( hnh 9) ( hnh
8)
C
A
CHU E 7: MACH IEN HAI NGUON R2 HAY NGUON THAY OI.
Va ien nh
Bai 1: Cho mach R1 hnh ve . Neu
R3 at vao hai au cua
o Ra
mach ien mot hieu ien the U= 100V, th hieu ien the hai au
ra la 30V. Noi ampeke
B co ien tr khong ang ke vao hai au ra
D
ampeke ch 1A , neu at vao hai au ra mot hieu ien the
U=100V th hieu ien the hai au vao se la 15V . Xac nh cac
gia tr ien tr R1 , R2 va R3.

Bai 2: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve . Neu at vao hai au A va

B mot hieu ien the UAB= 120V th cng o dong ien qua R3 la I3 =
2A va hieu ien the o c hai au C va D la U CD = 30V . Neu
ngc lai at vao hai au C va D mot hieu ien the U / CD = 120V th
hieu ien the o c hai au A va B la U/ AB= 20V . Tm cac ien
tr R1 , R2, R3.
C
A
R2
Va R1 R2 R3
o Ra

B
D
Bai 3:Cho mach ien nh hnh ve . Mac vao hai iem A, B mot
hieu ien the UAB = 1,5V th von ke mac vao hai iem C, D ch gia
tr U1= 1V. Neu thay von ke bang ampeke cung mac vao hai iem
C, D th ampeke ch vgia tr I= 60mA. Neu bay gi oi lai, bo
ampeke i , mac vao hai iem C, D mot hieu ien the U CD= 1,5V,
con von ke mac vao hai iem vao A, B th von ke ch U 2= 1V. Cho
biet von ke co ien tr rat ln, ampeke co ien tr bo qua.
Hay xac nh cac ien tr R1, R2 va R3.
A C
R1 R3

R2
B
D
Bai 4:Mot hop kn, ben trong co hai linh kien mac noi tiep,
c noi ra ngoai bi hai chot M, N . Ngi ta mac them mot ien
tr R = 1, ampeke A co ien tr khong ang ke noi tiep vi
hop, roi mac toan bo he thong vao vao hai cc cua mot nguon
ien co hieu ien the U bien oi nhng khong thay oi cac cc
tnh . Lan au U= U1= 5V th so ch cua ampeke A la I 1= 1A, lan
sauU= U= 20V th so ch cua ampeke A la I2= 2A. Cho biet cac linh
kien trong hop en la nhng phan t trong mach ien a hoc
chng trnh SGK vat ly lp 9. Hay xac nh s o ben trong hop
nay.
Bai 5:Cho mach ien nh hnh ve hieu ien the U1=12V; R1=1 ;
R2=3
 a) Hieu ien the U2 phai bang bao nhieu e khong co cng
o dong ien qua bien tr R?
b) Gia s thay gia tr U2 = 6V khi o cng o dong ien qua R
se khac khong. Hay tnh cng o dong ien va hieu ien the
gia hai iem a, b cua mach.
c) HDt o se bang bao nhieu neu dch chuyen con chay e R=0
va R vo cung ln. a
- U1 +
+ _
U1 U2 R
_ + R1
R 3

b
Bai 6: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve R1=1 ; R2=2; R R2=3
3
R la mot bien tr co ien tr t 0 en vo cung ln;
- UU 1 =10V;
+
U2=5V. 2

a) Tnh cng o dong ien qua cac ien tr

vi bien tr co gia tr R .
b) Tnh hieu ien the gia hai iem A, B.

KET LUAN
1- Khai quat cac ket luan cuc bo cua sang kien
Vi sang kien nay th noi dung kien thc bao quat c toan
bo chng trnh kha chac che. He thong hoa c kien thc c
ban va kien thc nang cao bo sung kien thc phan ien hoc ma
chng trnh chnh khoa cha u thi gian e cung cap va ap ng
nhu cau nhan thc cua hoc sinh am me mon vat ly.
Trong qua trnh giang day va boi dng nang lc t duy hoc sinh
trong nhng k thi hoc sinh gioi hoac giup hoc sinh thi vao cac trng
chuyen toi thay viec giang day theo sang kien nay hoc sinh rat
hng thu tham gia hoc tap va mang lai hieu qua kha cao.
2- Li ch va kha nang ap dung.
He thong hoa c kien thc c ban va kien thc nang cao
bo sung kien thc phan ien hoc e ho tr hoc sinh tham gia giai
c cac bai tap kho.
Cung cap cho hoc sinh nhng phng tien toan va nhng thu
thuat rat can thiet trong qua trnh giai bai tap vat ly ( phng trnh
nghiem nguyen, tm cc ai, cc tieu, tam thc bac hai..) ma bnh
thng chng trnh hien hanh hoc sinh cha u kha nang lanh hoi
va cung cha c hoc.
Hoc sinh tiep thu kien thc theo trnh t tu duy kha logic, he
thong va toan dien .
Noibat trong sang kien la iem: phan dang bai tap c ban
va co he thong logic khoa hoc cua bo mon phan ien hoc, trong
sang kien toi thu thap t nhieu tai lieu co chon loc t nhieu tac
gia, t nhng cuoc thi tuyen chon hoc sinh gioi cua tnh cung nh
thi vao cac trng chuyen. Viec phan loai theo chu e nen trong
qua trnh giang day bai tap t b trung lap khi giang day trong thi
gian dai gay hng thu cho hoc sinh va hoc sinh tch cc hoc tap
trong trang thai luon t duy mi va tiep nhan kien thc mi.
Noi dung kien thc kha rong, bao quat c toan bo chng
trnh kha chac che. Bai tap vat ly rat a dang va phong phu, e
viet nen kinh nghiem nay toi ch viet trong pham vi chng trnh vat
ly phan ien hoc THCS va ap dung mot so k nang toan hoc c
ban nhat trong viec giai bai toan at hieu qua cao.
Tren ay la nhng kinh nghiem cua rieng ban than toi rut ra
c trong qua trnh giang day va boi dng hoc sinh gioi bon mon.
Tuy ay la nhng bai tap chon loc c ban, nhng du sao i na th
van con nhng han che nhat nh. Rat mong s ong gop cua
cac ban ong nghiep e toi bo sung va hoan thanh mot tai lieu
co gia tr thc tien va khoa hoc hn . Xin chan thanh cam n!
Hoai Hao, ngay 02 thang 03
nam 2008
NGI VIET SANG KIEN

Le Hu Thanh

CHU E 8: BAI TOAN VE MACH IEN CO BONG EN

LY THUYET C BAN CAN NH
Bai toan dang nay chu yeu thuan tuy la khai thac so lieu
nh mc cua bong en
( Um va Pm)
T so lieu nay tren bong en ta suy c nhng ai lng
khac nh cng o dong ien nh mc va ien tr cua bong
en khi hoat ong bnh thng
Im= Pm/ Um va R = (Um)2/ Pm
oi vi mot bong en
+ Khi cha hoat ong th ien tr cua no rat nho( ien tr o
bang om ke) nho hn ien tr luc thap sang rat nhieu lan ( v
ien tr phu thuoc nhiet o va khi thap sang nhiet o cua day
toc tang en vai ngan o C nen ien tr kha ln )
+ Khi giai bai toan ve bong en vi hieu ien the nho ta
thng bo qua s phu thuoc cua ien tr vao nhiet o va coi nh
ien tr khong thay oi.
+ ien tr phu thuoc nhiet o c tnh theo cong thc: R =
R0( 1 + t) trong o = 1/273 goi la he so ien tr , R 0 la ien tr
vat dan 00C.
+ Thng khi giai bai toan khao sat mach ien thap sang
en hay tnh hieu suat ta dung cong thc sau
H= (P0/ P) . 100%
 + Phng trnh cong suat:
PTm= P0 + Ph
+ So sanh o sang cua bong en
-Ban than mot bong en th ta ch can so sanh 1 trong 3 gia
tr (U, I, P) thc te vi 1 trong 3 gia tr ( Um, Im, Pm) tng ng cua
en o. e i en 3 ket luan sau ( en sang bnh thng, sang
yeu hn bnh thng va sang qua mc bnh thng, co the b
chay)
- Hai en khac nhau th ch co so sanh cong suat thc te vi
nhau, en nao co cong suat thc te ln hn th sang hn.
- o sang thay oi nh the nao? Thng ta co cac ket luan
sau( o sang tang len, o sang giam xuong, o sang khong thay
oi)
BAI TAP C BAN
Bai 1: Cho hai bong en 1( 6V- 12W); 2(6V- 9W) va 1 bien tr
Rb. Biet nguon s dung vi hieu ien the U=12V . Hay thanh lap
cac s o mach ien e cho cac en sang bnh thng.
Bai 2: Cho hai bong en 1( 3V- 3W); 2(6V- 6W) va 1 bien tr Rb.
Biet nguon s dung vi hieu ien the U=12V . Hay thanh lap cac
s o mach ien e cho cac en sang bnh thng.
Bai 3: Gia hai iem co hieu ien the U=24V, co 34 bong
en thuoc hai loai 12V- 18W ; 8V-8W. Cong suat tieu thu tong cong
la 372 W. Hoi cac en phai mac nh the nao e sang bnh thng
va cng o dong ien tren mach chnh la bao nhieu?
Bai 4: Mot toa nha c thap sang bang 36 en thuoc 3 loai
cong suat 15W, 12W, 8W. Tong cong suat tieu thu la 370W. Biet cac
bong eu sang bnh thng. Tnh so bong moi loai.
BAI TOAN NANG CAO
Bai 1: Co hai loai bong en cung hieu ien the nh mc 6V
nhng cong suat 3W, 5W.
a) Hoi phai mac cac bong en nh the nao vao hieu ien
the U= 12V e chung sang bnh thng.
b) Cac bong sang bnh thng, neu tat bt 1 bong th o
sang cac en con lai thay oi nh the nao?
Bai 2: Co 6 bong en loai 6V- 3W. Mac thanh 2 cum noi tiep,
moi cum gom 3 en mac song song vao hai iem co hieu ien the
U = 12V .
a) Co the mac thanh 3 day , moi day gom 2 bong mac noi
tiep c khong. Theo hai s o cac en sang nh the nao?
b) Khi ang sang co mot bong b hong ( b t) th cac bong
khac anh hng nh the nao?( o sang tang hay giam )
c) Gia s rang neu dong ien qua en ln hn nh mc 20%
th en hong ( tc la b t toc) th trong hai cach mac tren, cach
mac nao an toan hn, khi co bong b hong.
Bai 3: Mot ngi nh dung mot nguon ien co hieu ien
the U= 150V e thap sang mot so bong en loai 120V- 180W.
Ngi o phai dung 1 bien tr ma ien tr bien tr bien thien
t 0 en 12 va chu c cng o dong ien toi a la 8A. Hoi
 a) Vi bien tr tren co the thap sang bnh thng t nhat bao
nhieu bong en, nhieu nhat bao nhieu bong en.
b) e thap sang 3 bong en th bien tr co gia tr la bao
nhieu?
Bai 4: Co n bong en loai 3V- 3W. Khi mac chung thanh 2 day
hoac 3 day song song eu nhau vao hieu ien the khong oi U, th
phai can 1 ien tr phu R= 36 mac noi tiep vi bo bong e
chung sang bnh thng. Xac nh so bong en toi a co the
thap sang bnh thngkhi ch mac 1 day vao hieu ien the U.
Bai 5:Mot can phong c thap sang bang cac bong en 6V-
12W mac thanh q day , moi day gom p bong mac noi tiep. Nguon
ien co hieu ien the 30V . e en sang bnh thng phai mac
them vao mach chnh mot ien tr r = 2. Hoi
a) Co may cach mac e en sang bnh thng? Vi moi cach
mac co bao nhieu bong. Cach mac nao nhieu bong nhat.
b) Nen chon cach nao ? Tai sao?
Bai 6: Cho mach ien nh hnh ve nh hnh ve. Cho ien tr
toan bo day dan R = 5/3 bo bong en thuoc loai 2,5V- 1,25W.
a) Cong suat ln nhat ma nguon nay cung cap cho bo bong
la bao nhieu?
b) Neu co 15 bong th ghep nh the nao e chung sang bnh
thng?
c) Neu cha biet so bong th phai dung bao nhieu bong va
ghep nh the nao e chung sang bnh thng va co hieu
suat cao nhat? ( ghep oi xng)

U0 N _
M
+
R0 n
bong
m
A B da
y

CHU E 9: VON KE TRONG MACH IEN

A
 R2
R3
B
A
I5 I2 I3
I1
I4

AA B C
A C Rx
A1
1
+ U -

1 Rx R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R5
A
+ R1 R3
- C
C D A -
+ + A R B
R2 4
D
R1 R3
C
A
+ R2 R2
R4 B
U A
Va R1 R2 R3
- Ra
o
Rx
A B
A D
C C
A + U -

1 Rx R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
A
+ R1 C R2
-
C A
D -
+ + R3 R4 B
D
A Rx

+ U - K1 R2
1 Rx R1 R2 R3 R5 R5
A
+ R1 R3
- R1 R3 C
C D A -
+ + R2 + A R B
R4 R2 4
U A D
-
 C

Rx B
A
A
C
A + U -

1 Rx R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
A
+ R1 C R2
-
C A
D -
+ + R3 R4 B
D

I5 I2 I3
I1
A1 I4

A B C
A C Rx
1
+ U -

1 Rx R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R5
A
+ R1 R3
- C
C D A -
+ + A R B
R2 4
D
R1 R3

+ R2
R4 B
U A
-
Rx
A
A
C C
A + U -
 1 Rx R1 R3 R4 R5
A
+ R1 C R2
-
C A
D -
+ + R3 R4 B
D
CHU E 8: BAI TOAN VE MACH IEN CO BONG EN
CHU E 9: VON KE TRONG MACH IEN
CHU E 10: BAI TOAN THC NGHIEM
CHU E 11: TOAN THIEN VE SUY LUAN VA BIEN LUAN

3- Kha nang ap dung( pham vi va oi tng)

Sang kien nay chu yeu la boi dng nang lc t duy cua hoc
sinh kha gioi ap ng nhu cau hoc tap cua hoc sinh co nhng
nguyen vong thi vao cac trng chuyen co chat lng hoac trong
cac k thi hoc sinh gioi.
Moi giao vien co the lam tai lieu tham khao e co c hoi
giang day tot bo mon vat ly va co the ket hp vi kinh nghiem
ban than e hoan thien, bo sung, nang cap thng xuyen sang
kien nay thanh tai lieu cua rieng mnh.
Pham vi kien thc cua sang kien kha rong rai va co the ap
dung cho moi hoc sinh yeu thch mon vat ly, sang kien nay mang
lai cho hoc sinh nhieu k nang c ban rat can thiet va bo ch e
xac hoc sinh hoc tot bo mon.
4- Hieu qua kinh te xa hoi cua sang kien.
- Ve kinh te.
- Ve khoa hoc.
- Ve hieu qua s dung.
- Ve y ngha xa hoi.

Bai 5:
Bai 6:
Bai 7:
Bai 8:
Bai 9:
Bai 10:
Bai 11:
Bai 12:
Bai 13:
Bai 14:
Bai 15:
Bai 16:
Bai 17:
 CAU TRUC VIET MOT E TAI (CHUYEN E HAY SKKN)
A- Ten e tai:
B- Cau truc chung.
Phan I : M AU
( chiem t 5 10% e tai)
1- Ly do( Neu ngan gon s can thiet va tnh kha thi cua e
tai( ly luan va thc tien))
2- Nhiem vu cua e tai( giai quyet cai g )
3- Phng phap tien hanh
4- C s va thi gian nghien cu e tai 9 au , luc
nao)
Phan II: MO TA GIAI PHAP
( chiem t 85- 90 % e tai)
1- Ban chat cua giai phap.
2- Noi dung cua giai phap
2.1/ Tnh mi cua giai phap( tnh sang tao )
2.2/ Noi dung cua giai phap.
3- Kha nang ap dung( pham vi va oi tng)
4- Hieu qua kinh te xa hoi cua e tai
- Ve kinh te.
- Ve khoa hoc.
- Ve hieu qua s dung.
- Ve y ngha xa hoi.
Phan III: KET LUAN
( chiem t 2- 5 % e tai)
1- Khai quat cac ket luan cuc bo cua e tai e tm cau tra
li.
2- Li ch va kha nang ap dung.
3- e xuat, kien ngh.

Hoai Nhn, ngay .thang ..

nam .
Ngi viet e tai