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Abstract Algebra LET Review Aug 2015
Abstract Algebra LET Review Aug 2015
ABSTRACT
ALGEBRA
Name
CN:
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA
SETS
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA//iapuzonmiranda//Page 2 of 8
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BINARY OPERATIONS
Examples:
1. Our usual addition + and usual multiplication are binary operations on
any of the sets , , , + , or + .
2. Let () be the set of all matrices with real number entries. Matrix
addition is not a binary operation on () since it is not everywhere
defined.
3. Let = {2 | + }. Addition is not a binary operation on S since S is not
closed under +.
4. On , define = /. * is not a binary operation on since * is not
well-defined.
5. * is a binary operation on + .
6. * is not a binary operation on + since + is not closed under *.
7. Binary operations on a set can be defined by means of a table.
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA//iapuzonmiranda//Page 3 of 8
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GROUPS
Examples:
1. , , , are all abelian groups under addition.
2. = {| } = {0, , 2, 3, } is an abelian group under
addition.
3. + under addition is not a group.
4. + under multiplication is not a group.
5. + , + , , , are abelian groups under multiplication.
6. The set () of all matrices is an abelian group under matrix
addition.
7. The set () of all matrices under matrix multiplication is not a
group.
8. The subset of () consisting of all invertible matrices is a nonabelian
group under matrix multiplication, called the general linear group of
degree n, denoted by (, ).
9. The subset of () consisting of all invertible matrices with
determinant 1 is a group under matrix multiplication, called the special
linear group of degree n, denoted by (, ).
10. The set = {, , , } under the binary operation * defined in the
table is a group, called the Klein-4 group.
* e a b c
e e a b c
a a e c b
b b c e a
c c b a e
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA//iapuzonmiranda//Page 4 of 8
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13. Let n be a positive integer, and let () be the set of all positive
integers less than n and relatively prime to n. Define multiplication
modulo n by the rule: is the remainder when is divided by n,
for all , (). Then () is a group under .
Other binary structures with weaker axioms than those of the group are:
The semigroup which is a set together with an associative binary
operation;
The monoid which is a semigroup with an identity element for the
binary operation.
Thus a group is a monoid whose elements have an inverse under the binary
operation.
Examples:
1. , + < , + < , + < , +.
2. is a subgroup of under addition.
3. + , < + ,
4. , < , < ,
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA//iapuzonmiranda//Page 5 of 8
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Examples:
1. The group under addition is cyclic, with generators 1 and 1.
2. is also a cyclic group, whose generators are 1 and n 1 (there may
be more).
3. The Klein-4 group is not cyclic.
4. = is a cyclic subgroup of .
5. Enumerate the cyclic subgroups of (8) and (10).
6. Enumerate the generators and subgroups of 30 .
GROUPS OF PERMUTATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Examples: = ( ) and = ( ) are
4 5 2 6 3 1 3 1 2 6 4 5
permutations of the set {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
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The nth dihedral group , or the group of symmetries of the regular n-gon,
is also a permutation group, and contains 2n elements: n rotations and n
reflections.
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