Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

I. Nguyn liu lm mi trng ln me n ru Rum:

1. Gii thiu v ru Rum:

Rum l loi ru c nng cao v c mi thm gy n tng mnh nht. Mi thm
va c trng cho nguyn liu u, va l tp hp nhng este thm t nhng acid hu c
nh acid axetic, acid butilic, acid caproic, acid valeric, acid heptylic
Rum c thu nhn bng cch chng ct dch ln men t dch ng ma hoc mt
ng ma.
Lch s ca ru rum bt u cng vi cc cuc phiu lu xm chim thuc a ca
quc Ty ban nha,ti vng o West Indies (tc vng bin Caribbean, nm gia Trung v
Bc M). Nguyn nhn: ma l loi nng sn u tin h khm ph ra vng ny.
Gii ung rum u tin l cc nh phiu lu mo him, nht l hi tc. V th, thi
ngi ta thng gi ru rum l ru ca hi tc. V sau rum tr thnh thc ung ph
bin trn th gii.

2. Nguyn liu sn xut rum:

Rum thng c sn xut t mt r ng ma.
Mt r ng ma : l mt hn hp kh phc tp cha ng nhiu ng khng kt
tinh, cha cc hp cht Nit, vitamin, cc hp cht v c, cht kch thch sinh trng, cht
km hm s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt ( SO 2 , hydro oxymethylfurfurol), vi sinh vt tp
nhim
Mt r ng c mu nu sm, mu ny rt kh b ph hu trong qu trnh ln men. Mu
bm vo sinh khi v sn phm do vic tch mu kh khn v tn km. Tuy nhin y
li l mi trng giu ngun Cacbon, cung cp ngun dinh dng cho vi sinh vt pht trin
v l loi nguyn liu r tin v d kim.

Thnh phn ho hc ca mt r ng ma:

Cht kh (%khi lng mt r) 80-85
ng tng (%khi lng cht kh) 48-56
Cht hu c khc (%khi lng cht kh) 9-12
Sucrose (%khi lng cht kh) 32-45
Glucose (%khi lng cht kh) 5-11
Frutose (%khi lng cht kh) 6-15
Nit tng (%khi lng cht kh) 0.3-0.5
Tro (%khi lng cht kh) 7-11
pH 4.5-6.0
Thnh phn tro r ng ma (% tng khi lng tro) : K 2 O 30-50; Na2O 0.3-9.0; CaO
7-15; MgO 2-14; P2 O5 0.5-2.5; SiO 2 1-7 v cc khong khc.
Ngoi ra trong r ng cn c mt s vitamin (tnh theo microgam trn mt gam r
ng) nh sau:
Thiamine : 8.3 Folic acid : 0.038
Riboflavin : 2.5 Pyridoxine : 6.5
Nicotimic acid: 21.0 Biotin : 12.0
Pantothenic acid : 21.4
Nhng u im ca mt r ng ma:
Gi r
Khi lng ln, di do
S dng tin li
Ngun cung cp kh ph bin

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

c bit nc ta khng phm n chnh sch lng thc

Cng ngh sau thu hoch ma:

Cy ma Thu hoch Vn chuyn X lBo qun.

X l cy ma sau khi thu hoch:

Ma

1
Lm sch

2 Hnh 1. Cy
Cht
ma

3
p
4 Tch b
Lc

5
C c

ng
mt
Mt r
ng

(1) Lm sch s b cy ma.

- Ma dng cy, khi thu mua t cc rung ma cn
c cht b phn ngn v phn r. Thn cy thng
dnh bn t bn nn cn tut s thn ma v ra bng
nc lm tri i bi bn.
Mc ch cng ngh:
Chun b cho qu trnh qu trnh p .
Bo qun: lm sch s b s lm ra tri i lp
bi bn, gim lng vi sinh vt bm trn cy
ma, tng thi gian bo qun ma trong kho.
Thit b : c th s dng b ra hoc thit b xi nc
trc tip ln cy ma.
(2) Cht ma thnh tng khc va phi ng thi c th
chut bt lp v cng bn ngoi lm Hnh2. Mt
r ng ma
cc t bo cha nc ng l ra.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Mc ch : chun b cho qu trnh p.

(3) p : l tc ng lc c hc vo vt liu lm vt liu b bin dng trn vt cn nhm phn
chia pha lng - rn trong vt liu.
Mc ch ca qu trnh:
Khai thc : dng lc p lm cho cc t bo cha nc ng trong thn ma b ph
thng, nc ng chy ra ngoi.
Bo qun: do khng cn hng khng kh, khi bo qun t b thay i, ko di thi
gian bo qun.
Cc bin i:
Vt l: bin i v cu trc, gim xp,
Ha l; c s bin i pha c thnh pha lng.
Ha hc: tn tht vitamin, c kh nng oxi ha mnh hn.
Trong p ma vi sinh vt d tc ng lm hng khi sn phm sau khi p. Trong trng hp
ny thng cho vi vo nc ma sau khi p. Ngoi ra trong dung dch sau khi p c th cn
li x, b, xc t bo gy nh hng khng tt n cc qu trnh cng ngh sau.
Sau qu trnh p ta c dch nc ma c mu sm v c cha khong 5,5% ng
saccharose, 2,5% ng nghch o v 2,6% cc cht khng ng. pH 5,4 - 5,6. Cc
cht khng ng gm phn hu c v phn khong.
Cc hp cht hu c ho tan cha albumin v cc sn phm thu phn nh pepton,
axit amin v amid. Cc axit hu c nh malic, xitric, oxalic, fumaric, gluconic, cc
cht tanin, pectin, xilan v caramen.
Phn cht khong c cc mui phosphate, sulphate, silicat, cloride. Cht tro ch yu
K, P, Ca, Na, Fe...
Phng php v thit b:
C th thc hin theo phng php sau:

Ma water
B

Nc ma hn hp

Hnh 3. S p t (p ma c p li v thm thu )

Thng bm dung dch v nc vo ngay khi nguyn liu va ra khi my p. Khi p

t cn ch n cc iu kin nh nhit cn khong 40-600 C tng hiu sut tch
dch lng v trnh cc phn ng xy ra nhit cao dn n gim cht lng dung dch.
(4) Lc : l phn ring hn hp khng ng nht qua lp lc, dch nc ma p qua lc
tch cn b th, b c gi trn lp lc,dung dch chui qua lp lc di p sut d so vi
p sut bn di vt ngn. p sut ny c to ra do p sut thy tnh ca lp cht lng
trn vt ngn hoc do bm.
Mc ch ca qu trnh: lm sch, nng cao cht lng sn phm.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

- Chnh lch p sut (P) l ng lc ca qu trnh lc :

S chnh lch p sut tng tc lc tng nhng c gii hn.
Nu s chnh lch p sut l ln nht th b b nn cht,cc ng mao qun b thu
hp li, lc tc lc tng chm sau s gim i,cht lng khng chui qua
c lp lc. Mc khc khi s chnh lch p sut tng qu cao c th lm rch
vi lc v ph v lp vt ngn gy bt li.
Ty theo phng php lc ta khng ch gi tr chnh lch p sut khc nhau.
- Tnh cht ca cn lc :
Loi b khng nn c
Loi b nn c
Nu cn xp nht gim, lc nhanh. Khi cn nh, do, nht cao th kh lc.
C th gim nht ca dung dch bng cch tng nhit trc khi lc hoc c
th s dng cht tr lc (diatomite)
- Tnh cht lp vt ngn v b dy ca n cng nh hng n tc lc.Thng s
dng lp vt ngn xp, mng v d thay th ( vi lc, mng xp, t nhn to, ct si ..)

Thit b:
S h thng lc huyn ph:
Cht tr lc P t/c lp lc
T0

VL X l LC
Dung dch

t/c cn
lc
Ra b

Nc ra b B

Hnh 4. S h thng lc huyn ph

(5) C c nc ma : l qu trnh nng cao nng cht kh nc ma bng phng php

bay hi.
- Nu ln men dch nc ma p vi nng 9-11% (S) khng c hiu qu v chng ct tn
nhiu hi. Trong sn xut ru Rum cn dng dch ng c ng 14-160 (S).
Ngoi ra ch ng trong sn xut v bo qun c lu 6-9 thng ngi ta c c dch
ng n 60-65% (S).
Mc ch :
chun b cho nhng qu trnh ln men.
bo qun do tng nng dung dch nn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v
ko di thi gian bo qun.
- Sau qu trnh ny ta c mt dung dch sn sch gi l syrup, gm 95% ng mt v
5% bt ma nm pha trn. ng mt dng lm cc loi ng, cn bt ma (cn gi
l mt r t ng ma) c tch ra v dng cho ln men, sau khi ct nu s cho ru
rum.

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 Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

- x l mt r ng ma ta c th dng :
acid sulfuric m c (3.5kg/tn mt r), khuy u, nhit d thng: 24h x l.
acid sulfuric m c (3.5kg/tn mt r), khuy u, 850 C,ly tm: 6h x l.
acid sulfuric m c (3.5kg/tn mt r), khuy u, 120-1250 C, pH=4, ly tm: rt
nhanh.
- B sung ngun N cng cc cht khng khun, khuy u. Ngun Nit l ur hoc amoni
sulfate.
- Trong r ng lun c mt vi sinh vt vi nng rt ln, thng gp nht l nhng vi
sinh vt gy mng v gy chua, dn ti lm gim cht lng ca r ng. V vy, trong sn
xut ta hay dng fluosilicate natri 20 /000 so vi trng lng mt r bo qun.

Ch tiu cht lng mt r ng:

Dch ng ln men Rum cn tho mn:
Ch tiu ha hc : ng : 14-160 (S), cht kh khng t hn 75% khi lng, hm
lng saccharose t 31- 50%, pH 4.5- 6.0 , hm lng Nit tng khng t hn 1.4%, s
lng vi sinh vt khng qu 15000 VSV/ 1g nguyn liu
Ch tiu ha l : pha rn trong dch mt r gim ng k.
Ch tiu sinh hc: lng vi sinh vt : t tt
Ch tiu cm quan: st, mu vng.

3. Chng vi sinh vt ln men Rum:

Trong sn xut ru Rum, ngi ta dng nm men c phn lp t ma. Thng s
dng: Schizosaccharomyces v Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ngoi ra, loi nm men chm
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cng thng c s dng kt hp vi vi khun butyric
ln men rum.
Ru Rum nng thng c sn xut t nm men Schizosaccharomyces. Loi nm
men ny thng ln men trong dch ng <10%, ngoi ru etylic, cn to c nhiu
axit hu c, este, aldehide v ru bc cao.

Gii: Nm
Ngnh: Ascomycota
Di ngnh: Taphrinomycotina
Lp: Schizosaccharomycetes
B: Schizosaccharomycetales
H: Schizosaccharomycetaceae
Ging: Schizosaccharomyces
Loi: S. pombe

Hnh 5. Schizosaccharomyces

Nhm nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae ln men nhanh v cho hng v nh (dng

Rum Cuba). Vi khun thuc ging Saccharomyces, chng c kh nng hp th cc cht
dinh dng trong mi trng nc mch nha nh cc loi ng ho tan, cc hp cht nit
(cc acid amin, peptit), vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lngqua mng t bo. Sau , hng
lot cc phn ng sinh ha m c trng l qu trnh trao i cht chuyn ho cc cht
ny thnh nhng dng cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin v ln men ca nm men c tin

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

hnh. S. cerevisiae khng cha enzyme melibiase do khng chuyn ho c ng

melibioza, ln men c 1/3 lng ng Raffinose do c enzyme invertase.
Raffinoza Galactoza - Glucoza + Fructoza
Nm men s dng trong sn xut l nm men thun khit v c nui cy trong mi
trng dch ng 10%, b sung 0,2% (NH4 )2 SO4 .

Gii: Nm
Ngnh: Ascomycota
Di ngnh: Saccharomycotina
Lp: Saccharomycetes
B : Saccharomycetales
H: Saccharomycetaceae
Ging: Saccharomyces
Loi: S. cerevisiae

Hnh 6. Men Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

iu kin nui cy nm men ging nhit 30-320 C, thi gian ln men l 48 gi.
Kt thc qu trnh ln men khi ng gim xung 5-60 (S) v axit 1,50 . Lng nm
men ging thng c dng l 10%.

Loi nm men chm S. carlsbergensis cng thng c s dng trong sn xut rum
truyn thng. loi S. carlsbergensis c cha cc gen MEL. Cc gen ny to ra enzym
ngoi bo l a- galactosidaza (hay cn gi l melibiaza) c kh nng chuyn ho ng
melibioza. Do chng c kh nng ln men ton b lng ng raffinose.
Nm men chm thng ln men nhit t 7 150 C. Khi kt thc qu trnh ln men
chng kt lng xung y thit b, do d tch sinh khi nm men ti s dng cho
nhng m tip theo.

Gii:: Fungi
Ngnh: Ascomycota
Di ngnh: Saccharomycotina
Lp: Saccharomycetes
B : Saccharomycetales
H: Saccharomycetaceae
Ging: Saccharomyces
Loi: S. carlsbergensis
Hnh 7. Men Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

Vi khun ln men butyric cng c coi l vi sinh vt thun khit. Axit butyric c vai
tr to este butyrat etylic l mt trong nhng thnh phn to hng c trng ca Rum.
Vi khun thng c dng ln men butyric l loi granulobacter saccharobutylic. Loi

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

vi khun ny c hnh que, bo t c hnh bu dc. Vi khun ln men butyric thuc loi k
kh bt buc.
Mi trng nui vi khun: nng 7-80 (Saccharomet), axit 0,250 . Kt thc khi t
5-60 (Saccharomet) v axit l 10 . Nhit ln men 35-37 0C, thi gian 48 gi. Lng vi
khun ging b sung l 2-3% khi hm lng ng gim xung 5,5-6g/100ml.

Hnh 8.Vi khun granulobacter saccharobutylic

Tiu ch chn ging :

Khng c kh nng sinh tng hp c t.
C kh nng sinh tng hp sn phm chnh cao.
C kh nng thch nghi cao.Tc sinh trng cng nhanh cng tt, rt ngn
thi gian ln men, cho hiu qu kinh t cao.
iu kin nui cy n gin, d dng thch ng vi mi trng nguyn liu
mt r.

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 Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

II. Quy trnh cng ngh

Ma t r ng m a 1

2
Pha long, lc

3
Nm
Nmmenmen
Pha che dch ln men
S.cerevisiae
S.cerevisiae

4
tch xc
Le n men nm men
(at 6-7 % V )

5
Sn phm u
Vi khun
Vi khun Chng ca t pha n oa n
Chng ca t SP u
butyric
butyric pha n oa n SP cui
(granulobacter)
San pham cui

Sn phm gia

6
Nc

7
Pho i che O2

8
Lo c trong u
caramel

9
Lc trong

10
Chit rt

Sa n pha m
rum

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 Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

III. Giai thch quy trnh cong nghe:

1. Nguyn liu:
Nguyen lieu thch hp nhat e san xuat ru rum la dung mat r ng ma, chat lng
mat r lai tuy thuoc rat nhieu cong nghe san xuat ng ma. V vay viec s dung
ng ma cua moi nha san xuat khong giong nhau, cung co nhng nha san xuat lai
phoi tron mat r cung vi nc ma theo nhng ty le thch hp e cho ra nhng san
pham rum khac nhau.
2. Loc:
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Chuan b : Lam cho moi trng mat r sach hn, o thuan khiet cao hn, co the loai
bo mot phan ln vi sinh vat co san trong mat r.
- Qua trnh nay se giup cho qua trnh pha che va len men dien ra tot hn.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Vt ly: th tch v t trng mt r gim, mu sc, cht lng tng.
- Ha l: thu c pha lng t dng huyn ph ban u.
- Ha hc: sau khi lc dung dch hu nh khng thay i v thnh phn ha hc tuy nhin
c th tn tht mt t cc cht c ch theo cn nh protein, vitamin,cht mu v.v...
- Sinh hoc: loai bo mot mt s vi sinh vat khng c li theo cn.
Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh :
- Cht lng mt r, nht hay kch thc v tnh cht ca tp cht mun loi b u nh
hng n tc x l nguyn liu.
- Phng php s dng v thit b x l nh cht tr lng,cht tr lc,vi lc ,mng
xp
Tthit b s dng: loc ly tam

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 Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

- Thit b ly tm lc hot ng theo nguyn tc: khi h thng quay vi tc cao

to ra lc ly tm mnh v y cc thnh phn pha lng v rn ra st thnh thit b
nh hnh v, thnh thit b c gn vi lc cc cu t cht ho tan i qua v gi li
cc thnh phn pha rn.

3 .Pha che dch len men:

Muc ch cong nghe :
- Chuan b : giup cho nam men phat trien va len men manh m bc len men rum tiep
theo.
- Lam cho moi trng mat r giau chat dinh dng hn bang cach bo sung cac chat ma
moi trng mat r con thieu.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Vat ly: khoi lng rieng cua mat r thay oi, o mem thay oi
- Hoa ly : iu chnh pH cua dch len men ve khoang 5,5 - 5,8.
- Ha hc:
Dch ln men at nong o 15 - 18% chat kho hoa tan, trong o phai co t 12 - 14%
la chat ng len men c.
Bo sung nit,can xi di dng cc mui v c cho mi trng mt r.
Cac yeu to anh hng ti qua trnh :
- Thanh phan va tnh chat cac cau t trong dch mat r. Neu mat r co cha tng oi
ay u cac thanh phan can thiet cho s len men th lng chat cho vao e pha che dch
len men t va tien hanh qua trnh nhanh.
Phng php thc hin :
- B sung ngun Nit di dng cc mui v c nh DAP-diaminophotphat, SA-
sulfatamino,ur ... vi ham lng t 1 - 3 g/l dch len men (mat r thng ngheo chat
dinh dng co nguon goc nit). Ur l ngun thc n trung tnh v mt sinh l. Khi b
phn gii bi enzym urease, ur s c phn gii thnh NH3 v CO 2 . Phn NH3 c
vi sinh vt s dng m khng lm chua mi trng nh cc loi mui amon khc :
urease
NH2 CO NH2 + H2 O 2 NH3 + CO 2
- B sung ngun canxi: Canxi ng vai tr l cht m trong qu trnh ln men. Ngun
cung cp Canxi thng s dng l CaCO 3.
Thit b :
- S dng thng c cnh khuy nhm mc ch o trn c hn hp ng nht.
- Tc cnh khuy l 150 200 rpm (vng/pht).
- Mt r c b sung cc thnh phn v khuy trn to hn hp ng nht.

4. Len men rum :

Muc ch cong nghe :
- Che bien : Chuyen hoa dch len men thanh ru ,tao hng ac trng cua ru rum (
hng thm rat manh,ac trng hay hng thm em du, hai hoa va sau lang hn).
- Qua trnh len men quyet nh chat lng san pham rum.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

- Sinh hoc : vi sinh vat (nam men va vi khuan ) sinh trng, dien ra qua trnh trao oi
chat cua nam men va vi khuan.
- Hoa hoc va hoa sinh:
Chuyen hoa ng thanh ethanol theo chu trnh ng phan (chu trnh EMP) :
Thu c axit pyruvic sau 10 phan ng hoa hoc va hoa sinh.
Thu c ethanol sau 2 phan ng tiep theo .
Cac san pham phu va san pham trung gian:
Aldehyde va keton
Axit hu c
Ru cao phan t
Ester
Xay ra phan ng este hoa (tao nhng san pham t axit hu c va ru). Nhieu
ester c tao thanh nhat la axetat etyl (CH 3 COOC 2H5 ) .
- Hoa ly:
Trong qua trnh len men co sinh kh CO 2 , hoa tan vao pha long khien pH thay oi,
lam protein b bien tnh ong tu.
- Vat ly : Nhiet o len men tang do sinh kh trong qua trnh len men.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
- Len men nhiet o : 25 - 27o C.
- Thi gian len men : 4 - 5 ngay .
- Vi sinh vat dung e len men :
Nam men S.cerevisiae ket hp vi vi khuan butyric-granulobacter cung
phat trien cong sinh trong dch len men. Trong rum thanh pham thng co hng
thm rat manh, phong phu va rat ac trng.
Nam men chm S.carlsbergensis ket hp vi vi khuan butyric e len men rum,
cho ra nhng loai rum co hng thm em du, hai hoa va sau lang hn.
- ieu kien k kh : nam men chuyen CO 2 thanh con va nc.
- Khi ket thuc len men thng phai co t 6_7%V etanol trong dch a len men.
- Khi a ket thuc len men, ta can phan tach het xac nam men ra roi mi a i chng
cat
Thiet b va cac yeu t thong so cong nghe :
S dng thit b thng ln men c cnh khuy . Trn np bnh c ng ng cp
lng ging,c ca knh quan st. Thn thit b c gn b phn d nhit , pH ni
vi my tnh.

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 Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

5 . Chng cat phan oan :

- Dch sau len men rum se c a i chng cat phan oan lam hai lan; lan th nhat, ta
thu lay san pham gia( con rum), san pham au va san pham cuoi tron lan e co ch
ru khoang 20%V etanol. Tiep tuc chng cat phan oan lan hai, lai thu lay san pham
gia roi a ve nhap chung vi san pham gia lan th nhat e c con rum co 55 -
62%V. San pham au va cuoi lan hai phai bo.
- Chng ct l phng php tch hn hp cht lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo s
khc nhau v bay hi ca chng ( to si ) bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln qu trnh
bay hi v ngng t.
- Trong qu trnh chng ct, cc cu t c un n nhit si, chng bay hi sau
li c ngng t t ta nhn c cht lng. cc nhit si khc nhau ta
tch c cc cu t ring bit.

Muc ch cong nghe :

- Lam sach ethanol t dung dch dam chn (dung dch a len men ).
- Khai thac: tach ru va cac chat de bay hi khi dam chn,tach bo tap chat,nang cao
o con.Chng cat thu c con rum co 55_62%V etanol.

Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :

- Hoa ly :
Dien ra qua trnh chng cat phan oan ru rum,c s thay i pha.
Dung dch ng ln men c un nng tch ru nh hin tng ru
bay hi nhit thp hn nc
- Hoa hoc: Sau 2 lan chng cat phan oan , thu c con rum co ch ru 55_62%V.
Trong con nay thng co cha cac thanh phan:
Axit: 235_250 mg/l con tuyet oi

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Ester: 450_500 ma/l con tuyet oi

Aldehyde: 20_25mg/l con tuyet oi
Fufurol:1_1.5 mg/l con tuyet oi
- Vt l: nhit tng, thay i t trng, khi lng, th tch.

Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :

_Thanh phan ( nong o ) cua mot so cau t trong dch len men .
_Nhiet o : chu y nhiet do soi cua mot so cau t cua dch len men.

Thiet b va cac yeu to thong so cong nghe

C hai phng php chng ct:

Dng ni chng ct
Dng ct chng ct lin tc
S khc bit gia ru chng ct bng ni v ct l :

Chng ct bng ni : ru cn mi v ca cc cht i km to hng thm nhng hi gt,

cn du hn. Thi gian ti thiu thng hai nm trong nhng thng g si. Cc thng
ny kh t v phi lm bng th cng c h la mt trong. Ru s ngm mi v mu ca
g si h la to v thm ngon.

Chng ct bng ct : ru rt tinh khit c th v chai ngay khng cn nhng thiu mi

v c trng. Phng php ny rt kinh t v c dng sn xut quy m ln. ( 1 gam
cn khi t sinh ra 7 calori)

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

H.13. Thit b chng ct

* c im my:

My dng chng ct ruu v c c chn khng cc nguyn liu di dng dch th dng
trong ng dc v cng nghip thc phm.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Ton my uc ch to bng thp trng, c h thng phun ra t ng, t ng a nguyn

liu va, t ng a nguyn liu va, tit kim thi gian, nhn cng, cht lung tt, ph
hp tiu chun GMP, ngoi hnh bng p, m quan.

* Thng s k thut:

- Th tch bnh cha: 100 l

- Lung hi nuc s dng: 100kg/h

- Lung nuc lnh tun hon s dng: Khong 3 tn/h

- Kch thuc ngoi hnh: 2500 x 2500 x 800 mm

6. chin Rum trong thng g si:

Muc ch cong nghe :
- Hoan thien :sau khi chng ct, ru cn mi v ca cc cht i km to hng thm
nhng hi gt, chn rum hng thm du hn,lam rum chn ky hn,tang chat
lng ru rum.

Qu trnh tr ru l mt qu trnh trao icht gia g, ru v mi trng chung

quanh. Trong thi gian ny khng kh thm nhp thng g v ru cng nh ru hp
th cc cht t g v tr nn m, du, thm ...

Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :

- Bien oi ve hoa ly :
dien ra s bay hi lam ton that mot so chat de bay hi.
s ket tua cua can, nhng cht kh tan s lng xung lm Rum n nh
hn v tnh cht ha l.
S trch ly mt s cht t g si vo Rum.
- Cc bin i ha sinh.

- Cm quan :
+ Thay i v mu sc, mi v, trong , bn keo
- +lam hng thm ca rum du hn.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
_ Nhiet o 20_30oC.
_ Thi gian u keo dai t 4_5 nam.
_ Cac bien ong ve hoa ly trong con rum; nhng bien ong nay xay ra rat cham, t t, va
cang lau th chat lng con rum cang tot, chn ky hn.
_Thiet b : thung go soi va loai go soi s dung.
Thiet b va cac yeu to thong so cong nghe :
- Bon go soi.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

H.15. Thng g dng ru

G si Php v M - hai loi g si thng c dng lm thng ru

+ G si Php c v ngt v mnh hng vanilla r rt.
+ Trong khi g si M c v gt hn do lng acid lactic trong thn cy cao gp 3-4
ln.
Cu trc g ca hai ging cy si cng khc nhau:Si Php c th g chc v rt d
ch dc theo th m khng cn phi ca cch ny lm cho ru tip xc dc theo th g
v nh m c mi vanilla mnh hn. Si M c th g lng hn v v tatin nht. Khi x
l si M, ngi ta thng ca thnh tng thanh nh - cch ny lm cho ru c tip xc
nhiu hn vi acid lactic trong g v nh m c nhiu mi sa da.
Cy si ca Php ch yu trng rng min Trung v Ty nam nh Allier,
Limousin, Nevers, Troncais v Vosges. G t mi vng ny li c nhng c tnh ring
khc nhau, v th ty theo loi ru nh lm m ngi ta s quyt nh dng thng ng t
g vng no, hun g ra saoCy si M c trng ch yu vng pha bc
nh Missouri, Minnesota v Wisconsin.
Hin nay, tham gia vo th trng si th gii cn c g si n t Canada (trung
ho cc c tnh ca hai kiu g M v Php). Bn thn ngi Php by gi cng dng g
si ca vng rng Adygey gn bin en ca Nga v gi r hn. Cn ngi th li chung
nhng thng ng g si n t Slovenia bi chng c th g chc, v nng thp v tanin
va phi.
Mt thng g si tt trc tin phi c lm t mt cy si tt. Thng th mt cy
si ng mt thng ru dung tch 200 lt. Thi v thu hoch g l vo ma
ng. tui cy si tt nht khai thc l phi t 80 n 120 nm, khi cc th g
chc.
duy tr v g si trong ru theo mun, cc nh lm ru thng thay th mt
s lng nht nh thng g si hng nm, c th t 5% n 100%. Nu nh nh sn xut
ni l h dng ti 200% thng g si mi, hy hiu cu nghe c v phi l ny l h thay
tt c thng g si hai lt trong sut thi gian ru.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Cch lm thng g si :
- Do nhng c tnh khc nhau nn cch ng thng g si Php v M cng khc
nhau. Cch lm truyn thng ca Php v chu u l x dc g thnh cc thanh di
theo th ) thanh g cng di th cng lm lm cho ru c mm hn v gi thnh
ca thng cng s cao u , cc thanh g c kh ngoi tri hay tm kh trong
khong t 10 -36 thng, cho cht nha cht gt thot ra khi th g. Ngc li,
M, g si thng c sy kh trong l rt ngn thi gian. Chnh s khc bit ny
cng lm cho g si Php bin i nh nhng hn, gi c nhiu mi vanilla trong
khi g si M li mang n s kho khon hn.
- Sau khi cc thanh g sn sng, chng c un cong thnh cc tang thng v
vo ai. Khi thng thnh hnh, khu quan trng tip theo l nng b mt trong ca
n. Tu theo tng loi ru m thng g si s c nng mc nh, va hay k.
Thng g sau khi c nng s c thm v vanilla, v khi sy v v cay m ca gia
v.

- Dng thng g si ru.Cc thng si dng phi c chn lc k.

7.Phoi che : T con rum a c u chn, ta thc hien viec phoi che cung vi nc mem,
caramel (neu can thiet ) e a ve 40_45%V ch ru. e giup cho ru mi phoi che
soc, nong, ta co the suc O2 sach vao e oxy hoa bt mot phan aldehyt.Qua trnh suc O2
trong cong nghe goi la s lao hoa oi vi rum. e yen sau phoi che va suc O 2 khoang
2_3 ngay.
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Hoan thien : giup cho ru mi phoi che soc, nong(gim xung cn 40_45%V
ethanol, sc oxy).
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
-Cm quan: Con rum c phoi che cung vi nc mem, caramel (neu can thiet ) e
a ve 40_45%V ch ru, sau sc oxy vo nn sc nng, thay i mu sc
- Hoa hoc : Sau khi suc O 2 sach vao , xay ra phan ng oxy hoa aldehyt.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
- e yen sau phoi che va suc O2 khoang 2_3 ngay.
Thiet b va cac thong so cong nghe :

Phng php gin on

u im: t tn thit b, vn hnh n gin.

Nhc im:

- Sn phm c th khng c ng nht bng phng php lin tc.

- Kh t ng ha

- Khng thch hp cho nh my c nng sut ln.

Ngi ta phn bit hai khi nim: cn biu kin v cn thc. Nu chng ta ly
mu sau qu trnh phi trn v em xc nh ngay cn bng dng c cn k, gi tr thu
c gi l cn biu kin. Cn nu chng ta ly mu em chng ct, sau tin hnh
nh mc dch ct n th tch ca mu ban u trc khi chng ct ri em xc nh cn

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

bng cn k th gi tr thu c gi l cn thc. Do trong mu phn tch c cha mt t

ng v cc hp cht ha tan khc nn gi tr cn nh kin c khc bit i cht so vi
cn thc.
Sau khi tin hnh kim tra cn hn hp trong thit b phi trn, nu gi tr nm
trong khong cho php th qu trnh phi trn c xem l kt thc. Trong trng hp
ngc li, ngi ta cn b sung thm nc hoc cn hiu chnh. Thng thng, tng thi
gian cho 1 m phi trn trong phng php gin on ti nh my ko di khng qu 2 gi.
Ngoi phng php s dng cnh khuy v bm hi lu, mt s thit b phi trn trong
cng ngh sn xut vodka c thit k vi h thng sc kh. l h thng ng ng c
l c b tr nm trn mt y ca thit b phi trn. Theo Popov v cng s (1983) th
vic s dng khng kh phi trn hn hp cn tinh luyn, nc v cc nguyn liu ph
khc s t c ng nht cao v nh hng n vodka thnh phm. Tuy nhin, cc nh
sn xut cn lu n nhng vn sau y:
- S dng khng kh sch sc vo thit b phi trn. Thng thng, khng k h phi
c my nn kh a qua h thng lc gm nhiu lp vt liu lc c ng knh mao qun
khc nhau. Mng lc cui cng ca h thng c mao qun vi ng knh 0,2 m. Khi ,
vic sc kh s khng gy nh hng xu n cc ch tiu cht lng ca s n phm nh ch
tiu cm quan, vi sinh

tn tht cn trong qu trnh phi trn s dng phng php sc kh s tng cao.
hn ch hin tng ny, cc nh sn xut c th lp t by ru ti phn nh ca thit b
khuy trn.
Thng thng, thi gian sc kh khuy trn khng qu 10 ph. Lu lng kh vo thit
b s thay i ty thuc vo th tch s dng ca thit b v xc nh bng phng php thc
nghim.

Vt liu: thp khng r

Cnh khuy trn hay di y
Loi cnh khuy: chn vt
Cc b phn khc: cc ca cho nguyn liu vo, ca
tho sn phm, l sc kh, thit b o mc cht
lng,h thng iu khin mc cht lng, nhit k, h
thng lm sch, knh thy tinh quan st.

Phng php lin tc

nhng nh my sn xut vodka vi nng sut ln, ngi ta s dng thit b hot ng
theo phng php lin tc phi trn cn vi nc.
u im:

- Gim chi ph vn hnh v khng cn khi ng h thng nhiu ln

- Khng chim nhiu din tch nh my.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

- Khng cn thit s theo di ca cng nhn khi phi trn , d dng iu khin h
thng

- Nng cn trong sn phm c thit lp trc trn h thng, h thng s t diu

khin t l phi trn sao cho t chnh xc cao. H thng c th t c chnh
n 0.03% th tch.

- Sn phm t c ng nht cao

- Nng sut cao, c th t ng ha hon ton

- Thit b linh ng

- Tt c cc thnh phn nh bm , b iu khin, nh lng gi gn trong mt h

thng.

- H thng o chnh xc

- C h thng t lm sch (CIP-Clean in- place)

- H thng kn, hn ch nguy c nhim vi sinh vt

- Tnh an ton cao, c th hot ng khng cn s theo di ca con ngi.

- H thng s t ng dng li khi nu c thnh phn no ht hay p sut ca qu trnh

lc vt mc quy nh

- Sn phm ng nht

- Nhiu sn phm khc nhau c th sn xut vi mt h thng.

Nhc i m

- Gi thnh thit b cao

- H thng phc tp hn so vi phi trn gi n on trong thng

Vt liu : thp khng r

Cc b phn: 2 bm nh lng, 2 bn
trung gian, thit b o mu, thit b o
t trng

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

8.Loc trong:
Muc ch cong nghe :
_Hoan thien: Loc trong tang gia tr cam quan cua san pham.
_Bao quan : giup cho san pham rum se keo dai thi gian bao quan hn.
Cac bien oi cua nguyen lieu :
- Cm quan :
loc trong: loai bo dc nhng can, tap chat lam ru tr nen trong hn.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
- Nhiet o khi loc: Neu loc nhiet o cao se giam o nht dung dch, tang toc o loc
va ngc lai.
- Thiet b dung e loc.
Thiet b va cac yeu to thong so cong nghe :

Trong qu trnh phi trn cn tinh luyn vi nc v cc nguyn liu ph, hn hp c

th b ln mt t tp cht dng l lng. Cc nh sn xut s s dng phng php lc
tch b chng. Thit b lc s dng vt liu lc gm ct v si, hot ng theo
nguyn tc mt dng hoc hai dng.

Cu to

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Thit b dng hnh tr vi np y pha trn v y bn di hnh cu , c ch to

bng thp khng r. Bn trong thit b c tm c nhng u lc cho nc i qua (
filtration nozzles). Pha trn tm l ba lp vt liu lc c xp chng ln nhau gm : lp
di cng l ht si, k n l ht ct v trn cng l lp ct c ng knh b hn lp gia.
1.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Thit b hot ng nh sau: nc cn lc s c a vo ca trn ( water inlet), sau
chy qua lp vt liu lc. Nhng tp cht s c gi li trong lp vt liu. Nc sch s
chy qua cc u lc ( filtration nozzles) chy ra ngoi qua ca di (water outlet).
v sinh thit b: ta cho nc ra chy t di ln qua cc u lc ( filtration nozzles)
.Tp cht s theo dng nc c y ra ngoi qua backwash valve.

p sut lm vic cao nht: 10 bar

Nhit cao nht : 60o C
Bn v chi tit

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Ta c th s dng thit b vi nhiu kch thc khc nhau hoc ghp cc thit b li
thnh h thng tng hiu qu ca qu trnh lc. Di y l hnh nh ca mt s thit b
lc ct si.
1. Bung lc
2. Van vo ca nguyn liu
3. ng ng phn phi dch trc
khi lc
4. van ra
5. ng ng ra
6. ng ng phn phi dch sau
khi lc

1. Vt liu lc dy 36
2. Van tho cht lng
3. Van thy lc
4. Van
5. Van thi kh

9. Chiet rot:
Muc ch cong nghe :
- Bao quan: keo dai thi gian bao quan san pham.
- Hoan thien : quy trnh cong nghe san xuat rum e a en ngi tieu dung.
Cac yeu to anh hng en qua trnh :
- ieu kien moi trng chiet rot phai am bao an toan ve sinh, tranh lam ru rum b
nhiem vi sinh vat la.
- Bao b : Chiet rot san pham rum vao nhng bao b thuy tinh vi nhng hnh dang, dung
tch khac nhau.
Thiet b va cac thong so cong nghe :

Mt s dng my chit rt

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Hnh 19:thit b rt chai

Thit b gm mt bn cha dch rt bn trong c phao ni gip duy tr mc
dch rt trong bn khng i. Dch rt thng qua b phn van iu khin s
chy vo ng phn phi dch rt . Trn ng phn phi dch rt c gn u rt
c inh vt iu chnh v cn kha t ng. H thy tinh s c y theo h
thng bng chuyn vng quanh thit b rt dch. Thit b hot ng nh h
thng truyn ng gm motor, vnh ai, bnh rng, a quay.

Phng rt v trng

MY CHIT RT CHAI

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III. Sn phm:

Sn phm ru Rum rt a dng ,c nhiu loi sn phm rum,tuy nhin ta c th phn

loi theo cc cch sau:
a/ Theo ru:

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

o Loi nh l rum nguyn cht, thng trong sut, dng pha cc loi cc-tai
lnh gii kht. Cc o sn xut rum nh ni ting l Cuba, Puerto Rico v nht l o
Martinique (thuc a ca Php).
C hng trm cch khc nhau pha ch cc-tai bng ru rum nh. Cng thc
cn bn: one of sour, two of sweet, three of strong, four of weak (mt chua, hai ngt, ba
m, bn lt).
Mt chua l mt lt chanh v xanh (lime), hai ngt l hai phn xi-r (syrup: nc
ng c mi v tri cy), ba m l ba phn rum, bn lt l bn phn nc lnh( bo)
o Loi nng c mu m (v c pha mu ng caramel) v c mi thm rt
bt ,thng c dn Anh v cc x lnh pha ch thnh cc thc ung nng. Rum sn
xut cc o Jamaica, Haiti, Barbados thng l rum nng.
Rum nng cng c nhiu cch pha ch, m ph bin v n gin nht l pha vi
coca-cola ( p lnh hoc b thm cc). Ngoi ra Rum nng cn c s dng tng
hng v cho cc loi bnh ngt hoc ko cao cp, p x- g, thuc ng v (pipe
tobacco).

b/ Theo cch ch bin: gm c

Rum nhn to: c hnh thnh t cn c ngun gc t mt r, phi ch vi nc
mm, hng rum v nhng cht ph gia khc. Sn phm ny kh r tin.
Rum hn hp: c phi trn gia ng rum t nc ma v cn rum t mt r. sn
phm ny c cht lng tt hn loi trn, gi thnh cao hn.
Rum chnh thng: c sn xut t mt r ca ng ma. y l sn phm rum chnh
hiu, c cht lng tt nht, c xp ngang hang vi cc loi cognac hoc hisky ho
hng.
c/ Theo mu sc:
Light (white) rum: trong sut, khng mu, c sn xut ti cc quc o ni ting
TBN nh Cuba, Panama, Dominique, Puerto Rico, Colombia v Vene zuela.
Golden rum: trong sut, c mu vng nht, c v mnh hn v cn li nhiu v ng
mt . Tiu biu l rum t Barbados, Bermuda, Belize, v Jamaica.
Dark rum: trong sut, c mu vng sm, rum ny thng c lu nm hn trong
cc thng c t thnh than. Rum sm mu c mi v mnh hn hai loi rum trn. Rum
ny l loi thng c dng nu n. Tiu biu l rum t Hati, Guadeloupe, Marie-
Galante v Martinique (cc o ca Php).
Flavoured rum: c th c mu v mi v c kt hp vi cc loi tri cy, l nh
xoi,cam,chanh dy,da nn cn c gim hn so vi tiu chun. Loi ny t c
dng trong pha ch cocktail, c th ung ring l vi chanh, mui.
Overproof Rum : l loi c nng cn cao hn 40%. Hu ht loi ny c nng
hn 75%.
Premium Rum: cng nh cc loi ru mnh cao cp khc nh Cognac v Whisky,
rum cng c loi rum cao cp. l nhng loi c chng ct rt k lng v lu nm

Cc nhn thng dng dng Rum: Bacardi, Captain Morgan , Saint James, Chauvet.

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Cc ch tiu chung v sn phm Rum:

- Vt l: cht lng, trong
- Ha hc: cn 40 -50 %,sau moi nam u rum mat i t 2- 10% o con
- Sinh hc: lng vi sinh vat trong san pham rum
- Cm quan: sn phm rum c nhiu hng v khc nhau ty vo cc cng on ch
bin, mu sc trng,vng, ty loi.

Cc loi Rum

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

V Thnh tu cng ngh:

S dng phng php lc rum bng than g. Loi than dng lc c t t cc loi
g c la chn k c th to ra mt lp than lc c kh nng hp th tt c cc cht
lm gim cht lng ca ru. Ru c lc vi mc chnh xc rt cao trc khi a
vo thng tr.
Cc nh sn xut ch s dng than hot tnh c ngun gc t bch dng hoc d. G bch
dng hoc d u tin c x l carbon ha trong thit b khng c khng kh, sn phm
to thnh s c x l tip bng hi qu nhit. Khi , than s c hot ha. Cc tp cht
v c trong than s c loi b v nhng mao qun trong than s c bo ha bi oxy
khng kh.
Ngoi chc nng hp ph mt s tp cht nh hng xu n mi v ca sn phm, cc
nh nghin cu cn cho rng than hot tnh c kh nng xc tc phn ng chuyn ha
ethanol; v mt s tp cht khc c trong ru to thnh cc acid hu c. Nhng acid ny
s tc dng vi ru to nn mt s ester v nh hng tt n hng v.
Phng php thc hin

- Phng php th nht: b sung than hot tnh vo thit b cha sn hn hp cn,
nc v cc nguyn liu ph. Tin hnh khuy trn hn hp trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh, sau s dng thit b lc khung bn tch than. Do cc ht than hot
tnh c kch thc nh nn ngi ta thng s dng thm bt tr lc n bo thu
c dch lc trong sut.

- Phng php th hai: bm hn hp cn, nc v nguyn liu ph qua thit b dng ct

c cha than hot tnh bn trong. Cn tnh ton v chn lu lng dng qua ct cho
ph hp hn hp c thi gian tip xc vi than hot tnh v nhng bin i trong
qu trnh x l din ra t mc yu cu.

Thit b lc kt hp lc than hot tnh v lc si

-u im: Ch ph bo tr thp.
-S dng nhiu lp lc ( ct th, ct tinh, si ,than hot tnh) nn hiu qu lc cao
-D s dng v vn hnh.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

Than hot tnh

Ct tinh (0.6-1.2mm)

Ct tinh( 1.2-2.4mm)
Ct th (2.4-4.8mm)

Si

Thit b lc kt hp lc than hot tnh v lc si

Trong qu trnh ru trong thng g si, dng dng in cao tn gip qu trnh
trch ly cc cht t thng nhanh hn, rt ngn thi gian .

To ging nm me n mi:
Bng vic s dng nhng k thut hin i trong cng ngh sinh hc, tuyn chn
c chng nm men bia chm Saccharomyces carlsbergensis X25 vi nhng c im u
vit nh sau:

+ C tc pht trin nhanh v mnh, kh nng ln men > 74%, c th s dng rng r i
trong nhiu qui trnh cng ngh sn xut khc nhau .

+ C kh nng to hng thm c trng, v m , cho ra sn phm cht lng cao.

+ C kh nng kt lng tt hn cc chng nm men khc, to iu kin thun li cho qu

trnh lc tinh, nng cao cht lng v tng hiu sut thu hi sn phm.

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Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

+ C thun khit cao, kh nng b nhim tp thp, t b thoi ho, n nh trong qu trnh
sn xut; Qui trnh cng ngh nhn ging v s dng chng Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
X25 ti cc nh my n gin nn c th trin khai rng ri.

Phng php lai to ging nm men: phng php lai xa (LX)

Lai Xa cc ni nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae v S. carlsbergensis kt hp cc enzim

thu phn ng ca hai loi, ni lai thu c cho sn lng cao hn. Ni lai ny c duy
tr lu di n nh do sinh sn dinh dng, khng b phn li.

LX cc ni nm men Saccharomyces cerevisiae v S. carlsbergensis kt hp cc enzim

thu phn ng ca hai loi, ni lai thu c cho sn lng cao hn. Ni lai ny c duy
tr lu di n nh do sinh sn dinh dng, khng b phn li.

VI. Ti liu tham kho

1. Bi i
Cng ngh ln men ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm
NXB i hc Quc gia TP.HCM,2003
2. L Th Bch Tuyt v cng s
Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn sut thc phm
Nh xut bn gio dc _1994
3.Hong nh Hoa
Cng ngh sn xut malt v bia
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut_1997
4.L Vn Vit Mn
Bi ging Cng ngh ln men thc phm v Cng ngh ch bin thc phm.
5. Feffo P.J.
Food processing technology : principles and practice
2nd edition,CRC Press,Boca Raton,2000,575p
Cng cc trang web :
http://www.ipsi.gov.vn/tt-khcn/login_chitiet.asp?id=992

http://www.tivituansan.com.au/Details.asp?nID=673&scID=SCA080403212313I

http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rhumdemartinique.com/popup/fer
mentation.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.rhumdemartinique.com/popup/fabrication_en.asp&u
sg=__1JzdKxtG7r158ZAbuVP6O2AcVp0=&h=253&w=350&sz=20&hl=vi&start=3&tbni
d=PsYBGh8mtVaUrM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2527Rum%2BFe
rmentation%2527%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Dvi%26sa%3DG

http://www.ipsi.gov.vn/tt-khcn/login_chitiet.asp?id=992

http://www.tivituansan.com.au/Details.asp?nID=673&scID=SCA080403212313I

GVHD:PGS.TS.Le Van Viet Man Trang 31

Cong nghe len men Len men Rum

GVHD:PGS.TS.Le Van Viet Man Trang 32