: how much stuff is moving and how fast
the stuff is moving. Momentum depends upon
the variables mass and velocity. In terms of an
equation, the momentum of an object is equal
to the mass of the object times the velocity
of the object.
In physics, the symbol for the quantity
momentum is the lower case p. Thus, the above
equation can be rewritten as
p = m v
where m is the mass and v is the velocity. The
equation illustrates that momentum is directly
proportional to an object's mass and directly
proportional to the object's velocity.
The units for momentum would be mass units
times velocity units. The standard metric unit
of momentum is the kgm/s. While the kgm/s
is the standard metric unit of momentum,
there are a variety of other units that are
acceptable (though not conventional) units of
momentum. Examples include kgmi/hr,
kgkm/hr, and gcm/s. In each of these
uam
Under special circumstances, we can
examples, a mass unit is multiplied byuse
a a series of
three equations to describe or predict movement Vf = Vi
velocity unit to provide a momentum unit. This
+ at d = Vi t +with
1/2at2
is consistent theVf 2 = Vi 2for
equation + 2ad Most often,
momentum.
these equations are used to describe either horizontal or
vertical motio
Projectile Motion: a special case of
uniformly accelerated motion
Horizontal acceleration is zero No
horizontal forces (neglecting air resistance) Therefore,
horizontal velocity does not change Vertical
acceleration is equal to the acceleration due to
gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2) Constant attractive force
(Newtons Law of Gravitation) Therefore, vertical
velocity changes (specifically, it decreases) at a constant
rate (9.8 m/s every sec)
Momentum is a commonly used term in sports. A team
that has the momentum is on the move and is going to
take some effort to stop. A team that has a lot of
momentum is really on the move and is going to be hard
to stop. Momentum is a physics term; it refers to the
quantity of motion that an object has. A sports team
that is on the move has the momentum. If an object is in
motion (on the move) then it has momentum. Momentum
can be defined as "mass in motion." All objects have mass; so
If you've ever kicked a ball, hit a punching
bag, or played sports that involved any kind of
ball, you have been using the concept of
impulse without even knowing it. So what
exactly is impulse, and what does it have to do
with any of those situations?
In this formula, Momentum (p) equals Mass
(m) times Velocity (v). Momentum is a vector
which is equal to the product of mass and
velocity (which is also a vector).

Before we can define impulse, we need to talk

about the concept of momentum. Momentum is But how is momentum related to impulse?
a measure of strength and a measure of how When a force acts on an object for a short
difficult it is to stop an object. An object that amount of time, impulse is the measure of how
is not moving has zero momentum. A slow- much the force changes the momentum of an
moving, large object has a large momentum. A object.
fast-moving, small object also has a large
The formula for impulse looks like this:
momentum. For example, if a ping-pong ball
and a bowling ball have the same velocity, then
the bowling ball has a greater momentum
because it is more massive than the ping-pong
ball.

This is the formula for momentum:

Because impulse is a measure of how much the
momentum changes as a result of force acting
on it for a period of time, an alternative
formula for impulse looks like this:
 "collision" implies nothing about the magnitude of the
force.
This formula relates impulse to the change in
the momentum of the object. Impulse has two
different units, either kilogram times meters
per second (kg m/s) or Newton times seconds
(Ns).
Example
In this first example, we'll look at the impulse for an
object that collides with a wall and stops after the
collision. If the 2.0 kg object travels with a velocity
of 10 m/s before it hits the wall, then the impulse can
be calculated using the formula.
A collision or crash is an event in which two or more
bodies exert forces on each other for a relatively
short time. Although the most common colloquial use
of the word "collision" refers to incidents in which two
or more objects collide, the scientific use of the word
Some examples of physical interactions that
scientists would consider collisions:
An insect touches its antenna to the leaf of
a plant. The antenna is said to collide with
leaf.
A cat walks delicately through the grass.
Each contact that its paws make with the
ground is a collision. Each brush of its fur
against a blade of grass is a collision.
When a boxer throws a punch, his fist is
said to collide with the opponent's face.
Collision is short-duration interaction between
two bodies or more than two bodies
simultaneously causing change in motion of
bodies involved due to internal forces acted
between them during this. Collisions involve
forces (there is a change in velocity). The
magnitude of the velocity difference just
before impact is called the closing speed. All
collisions conserve momentum. What
distinguishes different types of collisions is
whether they also conserve kinetic energy.
The Line of impact is the line which is collinear
to the common normal of the surfaces that
are closest or in contact during impact. This is
the line along which internal force of collision
acts during impact, and Newton's coefficient
of restitution is defined only along this line.
Specifically, collisions can either
be elastic, meaning they conserve both
momentum and kinetic energy,
or inelastic, meaning they conserve momentum
but not kinetic energy. An inelastic collision is
sometimes also called a plastic collision.
A perfectly inelastic collision (also called a
"perfectly plastic" collision) is a limiting
case of inelastic collision in which the two
bodies stick together after impact.
The degree to which a collision is elastic or
inelastic is quantified by the coefficient of
restitution, a value that generally ranges
between zero and one. A perfectly elastic
collision has a coefficient of restitution of
one; a perfectly inelastic collision has a
coefficient of restitution of zero.
There are two types of collisions between two
bodies - 1) Head-on collisions or one-
dimensional collisions - where the velocity of
each body just before impact is along the line
of impact, and 2) Non-head-on collisions,
oblique collisions or two-dimensional collisions
- where the velocity of each body just before
impact is not along the line of impact.
According to the coefficient of restitution, there
are two special cases of any collision as written
below:
1. A perfectly elastic collision is defined as
one in which there is no loss of kinetic
energy in the collision. In reality, any
macroscopic collision between objects
will convert some kinetic energy
to internal energy and other forms of
energy, so no large-scale impacts are
perfectly elastic. However, some
problems are sufficiently close to
 perfectly elastic that they can be
approximated as such. In this case, the
coefficient of restitution equals one.
2. An inelastic collision is one in which part
of the kinetic energy is changed to some
other form of energy in the
collision. Momentum is conserved in
inelastic collisions (as it is for elastic
collisions), but one cannot track the
kinetic energy through the collision
since some of it is converted to other
forms of energy. In this case,
coefficient of restitution does not equal
one.
In any type of collision there is a phase when
for a moment colliding bodies have the same
velocity along the line of impact.Then the
kinetic energy of bodies reduces to its
minimum during this phase and may be called a
maximum deformation phase for which
momentarily the coefficient of restitution
becomes one.
Collisions in ideal gases approach perfectly
elastic collisions, as do scattering interactions
of sub-atomic particles which are deflected
by the electromagnetic force. Some large-
scale interactions like the slingshot type
gravitational interactions between satellites
and planets are perfectly elastic.
Collisions between hard spheres may be nearly
elastic, so it is useful to calculate the limiting
case of an elastic collision. The assumption of
conservation of momentum as well as the
conservation of kinetic energy makes possible
the calculation of the final velocities in two-
body collisions.
Enelastic colliosion
Elastic collisions only occur when there is no
form of energy conversion. Kinetic energy
exchanged between the colliding bodies or
imparted by the moving body to the stationary
one, without any other forms, are produced.
Colliding billiard balls lose energy to friction
with the surface on approach and to sound,
heat and compression at impact. The
magnitudes of energy relative to the total
kinetic energy are extremely small and can be
ignored in principle, allowing the approximation
of the collision between the balls to tend to
the perfectly elastic case for simplicity.
For extremely small colliding particles, these
exchange energies cannot be ignored. On
approach, the kinetic energy of two colliding
gas molecules is converted into repulsive,
potential energy resulting from their
dispersional and columbic interactions. This
repulsion is then converted back into kinetic
energy, with some loss of linear momentum in
the form of angular momentum. Collisions
between atoms or subatomic particles are
perfectly elastic, because the linear and
angular energies are conserved in each
collision.
definition
Collision is a free event which takes place
between the two or more than molecules. This
is completed within a short time period. The
concept of collision is based on the
conservation of momentum and change in the
kinetic energy. These laws imply that there is
no change in the total momentum and kinetic
energy of the system when the collision takes
places. It is classified in two types,
Elastic collision
Inelastic collision.
The elastic collision involves conservation of
momentum and kinetic energy without
dissipative force. The collision between hard
steel balls or swinging balls, ideal gases
collision and also the collision of atomic or
nuclear scattering is elastic in nature.
The inelastic collision is the collision which
involves only change in kinetic energy. All
ordinary collisions are inelastic in nature
because in this collision, the kinetic energy is
changed into internal energy; for examples,
collision between car, trucks or airlines etc.
A type of collision in which 2 Laws are
followed viz.
1. The Law of Conservation of Momentum
and
2. The Law of Conservation of Kinetic
Energy
A type of collision in which there is no net
conversion of kinetic energy in any other form
before or after the collision is called Elastic
Collision.
If we consider the collision between two small
objects then during the collision the kinetic
energy first gets converted into potential
energy and finally this potential energy again
gets converted into kinetic energy. In this way
the kinetic energy is conserved.
Examples:
A particle of mass 4.0 kg, initially moving with
a velocity of 2.0 m/s collides elastically with a
particle of mass 6.0 kg. initially moving with a
velocity of -4.0 m/s. What are the velocities
of the two particles after the collision?
m1 = 4.0 kg
m2 = 6.0 kg
v1_before = 2.0 m/s
v2_before = -4.0 m/s
v1_after = ?
v2_after = ?
momentum
in classical mechanics, linear momentum,
translational momentum, or simply momentum
(pl. momenta; SI unit kg. m/s) is the product
of the mass and velocity of an object,
quantified in kilogram-meters per second. It is
dimensionally equivalent to impulse, the
product of force and time, quantified
in newton-seconds.