Multipin Waveguide Ports

(Optional)

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 Multipin Waveguide Ports
A multipin waveguide port is characterized by having more than
two conductors in the port region (incl. shielding).
The main application is given by homogeneous multiple coaxial or
connector ports.
The multipin port can also be applied to inhomogeneous ports if
the propagation constants of the modes differ only slightly.

Shielding

Conductors

Coax with multiple inner conductors Multiple microstrip lines

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Multipin Waveguide Ports
Definition, e.g. two differential pairs

Pick face.

Press OK, and

double-click pin

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Multipin Waveguide Ports
Definition, e.g. two differential pairs

Repeat with other pins

Set number = 2

...

Press Close to finish.

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Multipin Waveguide Ports
Labeling of Multipin ports

Set= mode number

1(2,+) = port number (mode number, potential)

A Set corresponds to a particular definition of a mode via the

potential distribution for the conductors.
Therefore, a Set represents a given superposition of the ports
eigenmodes.
Pins without a potential definition are treated as a ground
conductor, and potential definitions on pins for another Set are
set to zero.
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Multipin Waveguide Ports
Homogeneous multipin modes
The occurring TEM modes are degenerated (having the same
propagation constant).
The TEM modes are orthogonal to each other, so that they can
be superimposed to new (desired) mode patterns.
The definition of multipin modes allows you to define exactly
the mode pattern that you want to excite.

Mode 1 Mode 2
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 Example: Differential / Common Mode
Port number (mode number, potential)

Set=mode number

Resulting Modes

Mode 1 Mode 2

odd mode / differential mode even mode / common mode

Ethernet standards nomenclature
S2(1)1(1) = SDD21 (Differential transmission from port 1 to port 2)
S1(2)1(1) = SCD11 (Reflected differential to common mode at port 1)
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Multipin Waveguide Ports
Inhomogeneous multipin modes
The occurring QTEM modes are not degenerated and cannot
simply be superimposed.
However, for slightly inhomogeneous ports it might be suitable
to superpose the resulting QTEM modes using a Multipin port.
When the inhomogenity error is not negligible all ports should
be defined as single-ended. After the simulation the single-
ended S-parameters are calculated as a post-processing step
and can be recombined in CST DESIGN STUDIO.

Example for inhomogeneous multipin port defined as single-ended

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Multipin Waveguide Ports
Single-ended multipin ports
The ports are described with respect to
every single pin, taking into account
individual conductor to ground voltages &
currents.
The modes describe the coupling of one pin
with the other and are non-orthogonal.
Single-ended results can be used in CST
DESIGN STUDIO to obtain arbitrary common
or differential S-parameters.
Mode 1 Mode 2

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Single Ended (SE) vs. Mixed Mode (MM)
Mixed-mode 2-port
Single-ended 4-port
(Common & Differential)

3
4

1
2

Transformation using
MM Converter in
CST DESIGN STUDIO
a1 a3
b1 b3

Single-Ended
4-Port
a2 a4
b2 b4

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SE from / to MM Conversion

MM

SE

Converter MWS blocks Converter

Converter can be described

by a transformer circuit:

Impedance: ZD = 2 ZSE ZC = ZSE

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 Port Definition on Component Pins
Pins cannot always be excited using a waveguide Horizontal Discrete Port
port. In such cases, discrete ports need to be used.

GND or
SIG
Vertical Discrete Port

Consider the current return path.

Choose the one closest to measurement setup.
Can be easily created within the EDA imports.

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 Port Definition on Component Pins
If you need to use a waveguide port because of a special kind of
excitation:
Vertical Waveguide Port Horizontal Waveguide Port

1+ 1- 1-
1- 1- 1+

Extra metal can be de-embedded.

Note:
Mesh needs to be homogeneous for 3 mesh steps in the transient solver.
Trace to pad and pad to component mount discontinuity taken into account.

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