C-Nav Worksheets Steps

Celestial Navigation
Breaking Down the Worksheets Step-By-Step

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Contents
3. Sunline by H.O. 229
7. Azimuth of the Sun by H.O. 229
9. L.A.N.
11. Star Time (Civil & Nautical Twilight; Sunrise & Sunset)
13.Azimuth of a Star by H.O. 229
15.Azimuth of a Planet by H.O. 229
17.Amplitude of the Sun by H.O. 229
18.Star by H.O. 229
22.Planet by H.O. 229
26.Polaris by H.O. 229
28.Starfinder
29.Moon by H.O. 229

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Sunline by H.O. 229
1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).
2. Enter Hs, Dip, and Index C. (box in Dip and Index C.). Round latitude to the
nearest degree and enter it in LAT.
3. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

subtract if in east longitude.
4. Look up day in Nautical Almanac. Find hour on left side to get GHA of sun.
Immediately to the right is DEC.
Follow Dec column for sun all the way to the bottom to d. Box it in. Note if
numbers are ascending or descending going down the column. If descending, this
value is negative. If ascending, then it is positive.
5. Turn to Increments and Corrections for m-s correction of GMT. Minutes are at
top corners of page in big numbers; seconds are in left column directly below. Next
to the seconds is the m-s correction; add to correct GHA.
6. Also in Increments and Corrections, find the original d in the v or d column.

The number to its right in the Corr-n column is the d correction; enter it in the d
space and correct Dec.
7. Solve for LHA using the thirty-minute rule. Remember: add east; subtract west.
If in west longitude, minutes will have to be adjusted so that LHA minutes equal 0
when Long E/W is subtracted from GHA:
a) In open space at bottom of page, write DR longitude.

b) Add 30' to DR Longitude, and write it on the left or right according to longitude.
c) Subtract 30' from DR Longitude and write it on the other side.
d) Compare the 30-minute figures to GHA minutes. Find where the GHA minutes
would fall if prefixed by the DR longitude degrees, and if they would be closer to the
higher or lower longitude. If the minutes value goes outside of the 30-minute bracket,
that is a great tip-off that its the wrong side! Use the other one.
e) Enter the new longitude, with the closer degrees and GHA minutes into LONG
E/W.
f) Subtract to solve for LHA. If Long (E/W) degrees are greater than GHA degrees,
add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting.
If in east longitude, minutes should be adjusted so that LHA minutes equal 60 (00.0)
when Long E/W is added to GHA:
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a) Subtract GHA minutes from 60. Enter the difference below, in the minutes column
for LONG E/W.
b) Continue with steps a) e) as listed above.
c) Add to solve for LHA. Dont forget to carry the one from the 60 minutes, or LHA
will be one degree too low! If LHA is greater than 360, subtract 360 from it to find
the actual LHA.
8. On DIP column of yellow card, find Ht of Eye in feet or meters. Enter the
correction from the middle column in Dip. Add/subtract all three to find Ha.
9. Again on yellow card, find the column for the correct half of the year. Then find
Ha in App Alt. column and take the nearest value for Lower Limb, unless Upper
Limb is used. This is the Body correction. Use it with minutes to solve for Ho.
10. In Pub. No. 229, find degrees LHA at top corner of page. If DEC and LAT are
the same N/S, use the Same pages on the left. If one is N and the other is S, use
Contrary pages on right.
Use whole degrees Dec on left and whole degrees LAT at top to find Hc. From very
next column, take d and box it. Be careful to note if the number is signed positive or
negative at the top of that block of the d column.
Find the difference between the Z value and the one directly below it in its column,
and box it in the right side of the top Z on the worksheet. If column is ascending, this
number is positive; if descending, then negative.
11. Go back up to Hc and interpolate d. If using a calculator, divide declination

minutes by 60. Then multiply the quotient by d to find the d correction for Hc.
If using tables to interpolate, find them inside the front or back cover. Start by
finding exact DEC increments in the Dec Inc column at left. Follow the row right to
the matching Tens column for the boxed value. Write it down.
Follow the same row right to the Decimals column, and go up or down in the same
block to find the decimal value from the box. Follow that row to the matching Units
column for the ones value of the number in the box (1 if 1.7, 2 if 2.7, etc.). Add this
number to the one from the Tens column to find the d correction for Hc.
12. Find the Hc/d difference and enter it in the next Hc space. Then bring down Ho
from the above Ho entry. The difference between corrected Hc and Ho will be the
value for a'CGA.
Apply Ho Mo To. If Ho is more than Hc, it is toward. Write a T on the left. If Ho is

less, put an A for away. Find the difference to solve.
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13. Interpolate Z correction. If using a calculator, again start by dividing declination

minutes by 60. Multiply the quotient by the boxed Z value to find the Z correction.
Solve for Z.
If using the Interpolation Tables, again find the Declination Increments on the left.
Follow that row right to Decimals column and find the Z correction in the correct
Units column. Solve for Z.
14. If latitude is north, use the rule at the top right of the LHA pages to find Zn. If
latitude is south, use the rule at the bottom.
15. Plot the sunline. Start by drawing labeling lines of latitude, with LAT value in
the middle. Next count off degrees LAT on compass rose in four locations: up and
down from 0 according to the corresponding degrees LAT, as well as up and down
from 270. Make one mark at each of the four places.
On each side, use a triangle to draw a vertical line through the four marks which were
just made on the compass rose. These, along with the line printed in the middle, are
parallels of longitude. Label them, with the interpolated Long (E/W) degree value in
the middle. Do not use DR Longitude.
16. Use a triangle to draw a horizontal line on the MID-LATITUDE scale to mark
degrees LAT. With dividers, measure out Long E/W minutes. Hold the left divider
arm where the LAT line intersects the tens value. Stretch the right arm to the right
along the LAT line across 0, and stop where it reaches the ones value.
Take the dividers up to the compass rose. Hold one point in the very middle, and use
the other to scratch the measured Long E/W minutes on the LAT line. Before laying
the dividers back down, use the latitude scale in the middle of the plotting sheet to
measure out a CGA.
17. Using the center parallel of longitude and a triangle, measure out Zn. Using a
second triangle, slide the first one to where it intersects the mark on the LAT line
made by the dividers. Hold the triangle in place and check whether a CGA is
designated T or A.
Use the dividers to mark off the a CGA value from the original mark, following the
triangle edge (Zn). If a CGA is T, make the second mark towards the direction of
Zns value on the compass rose. If a CGA is A, then measure in the opposite
direction, away from Zn. Use the divider point to make a hole.
18. Put the dividers down again and use the second triangle to make an angle 90
degrees to Zn, and which intersects the a CGA mark. Use the first triangle to draw a
long line parallel to Zn.
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18. Draw a small perpendicular arrow at the very end of the line that points in the
direction of Zn. Just above the line, write the local time of the sunline. Below the
line, draw the symbol for the sun. Designate Upper Limb or Lower Limb with a
horizontal line above or below the symbol.
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Azimuth of the Sun by H.O. 229
2. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add from E for GMT.
3. Look up day in Nautical Almanac. Find hour on left side to get GHA of sun.
Immediately to the right is DEC.
Follow Dec column for sun all the way to the bottom to d. Box it in. Note if
numbers are ascending or descending going down the column. If descending, this
value is negative; if ascending it is positive.
top corners of page in big numbers; seconds are in left column directly below. Next
to the seconds is the m-s correction; add to correct GHA.
Back in the Sun/Planets column of Increments and Corrections, follow m-s

correction right to v or d column, then up or down to the original d, then right to
Corr for Dec correction. Solve.
5. For azimuths, enter exact longitude in Long E/W. Add E or subtract W. If

longitude is greater, add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting for W. If when
adding for E sum is greater than 360 degrees, then subtract 360 from it.
7. Fill in LHA, DEC, and LAT, using minutes only.
8. In Pub. No. 229, find degrees LHA at top corner of page. If DEC and DR
Latitude are the same N/S, use the Same pages on the left. If one is N and the other
is S, use Contrary pages on right.
Use whole degrees Dec on left and whole degrees LAT at top to find Z. Enter Z
across all four columns for Base Z. For azimuths, do not round degrees latitude to
find Z!
9. Find Z again in Pub. No. 229 and get the Next Higher #'s:
LAT: Z of adjacent degree, whichever is higher.

DEC: Z directly below the original one.
LHA: Z of next higher degree LHA, same Dec and Lat (will be on page before or
after).
10. For Difference +/-, find the difference between Base Z and Next Higher # for
each column. If Base Z is less, the difference is positive. If more, the difference will
be negative.
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Go to the Interpolation Tables at the front or back. Start by finding exact LAT
increments in the Dec Inc column at left. Follow the row right to the Decimals
column and go up or down in same block to find the Difference +/- value. Go right
to the appropriate Units column (1 if 1.7, 2 if 2.7, etc.) and enter in Interpolated #.
Repeat for DEC column, and then LHA.
11. Add interpolated values to get final correction for Base Z. Add/subtract to find
Corr. Z.
12. Use the rule at the top right of the LHA pages to find if Zn will be the same as Z,
or if Z will be subtracted from 360 to find Zn. Zn is the true course; enter it in the
TRUE space.
13. To find Gyro error, subtract Gyro bearing from TRUE bearing. If Gyro is best,
error is west; if Gyro is least, error is east. To find deviation, use the Can Dead Men
Vote Twice (At Elections) table.
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L.A.N
A. Equation of Time Method
1. Start by writing 12:00 at the top for noon. Convert DR Longitude from Arc to
Time, using the Conversion of Arc to Time table in the back of the book.
Degree conversions are in six columns to the left of their hour/minute
conversions. Write the h m conversion below 12:00, being careful to line up
hours with hours, and minutes with minutes.
On the right side of the page, find longitude minutes in the column. If minutes
have increments, follow the minutes figure right to the matching column,
rounding as necessary. Write the minutes/seconds conversion below the h m
conversion. Be careful again to line up minutes with minutes, and seconds with
seconds. If in West longitude, add all three values. If East, subtract. This is
GAT.
2. Look up day in Nautical Almanac. Find the m s value for that day in the Eqn. of
Time table at the bottom right corner of the page. First find the difference
between the 12h value for the current day and the 00h value for the next day.
Mentally interpolate the seconds with GAT. For example: if GAT is 18:00 (half-
way between 12 and 00) and the m s values are 5 44 and 5 46, then use 5 45. If
the Mer. Pass. time in the next column of the daily page is greater than 12, add
the m s correction to GAT. If less than 12, subtract it. This is GMT. Add or
subtract the zone description to find LZT.
B. GHA Method
3. Start by writing the DR Longitude at the top. Look on the daily page of the
Nautical Almanac and find the GHA value closest to, but lower than the DR
Longitude. Make a note of the corresponding time (UT) at left, and then write
GHA below Longitude. Solve: add if East longitude; subtract if West. Convert
the answer from arc to time.
4. Take the UT value from the Daily page and add it to the converted arc to time
value. Always add. This is GMT. Add or subtract the zone description to find
LZT.
C. Latitude at LAN
5. Set up Hs, Dip, Index C., Body, and Ho exactly as on a sunline worksheet, and
solve for Ho. Then subtract Ho from 90 degrees.
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6. Find the GMT of LAN on the daily page. Write down the corresponding
declination and d correction. Use the Increments and Corrections tables to solve
just as with a sunline.
7. Take the 90 degrees/Ho solution. Add or subtract it from the corrected

declination as needed, in order to bring it closer to the DR Latitude. This value is
the Latitude at LAN.
8. Plot Latitude at LAN. Use dividers to measure out LAT north/south. Draw a
line straight across and label. Symbol is sun with line through the middle.
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Civil & Nautical Twilight / Sunrise & Sunset
1. In daily pages of Nautical Almanac, find latitude at top or bottom of right-hand

page. Morning is on top; evening is on the bottom. Do not mix these up!
2. On scratch paper, reconstruct the two closest latitudes as they appear in the Lat.
Column, and find the difference in degrees between them. This is the tabular
interval; write it on the left.
3. Write the degrees and minutes of actual latitude in between the degrees from the
Lat. column. Find the difference between actual latitude and the bottom number,
and write it just below.
4. Find the two latitudes again in the Nautical Almanac. Follow each row across to
the Civil or Naut. Twilight corrections in the next two columns. On the scratch
sheet, write the time differences in a new column to the right of their
corresponding times.
Label the time columns hours and minutes to avoid confusion. At the right, write
down the difference between the two times. This is the difference between the
times for consecutive latitudes.
5. Take the degrees and minutes difference from the left, and interpolate for where
it will fall between the corresponding times at the right. If differences are too big
to mentally interpolate, turn to Tables for Interpolating Sunrise, Moonrise, Etc.
in back of Nautical Almanac. Table IFor Latitude is at the top:
Find the tabular interval in the 10-, 5-, or 2-degree column at the left. Estimate
where the interval falls between the two closest values, and follow that line right.
At the top find the difference between the times for consecutive latitudes.
Where they meet in the middle will be the value used to find the time correction
for current latitude. Numbers may need to be averaged or further interpolated.
6. Add or subtract minutes of time to or from the bottom number to find the time
correction for current latitude. Make sure the corrected time for current
latitude falls between the ones listed in the Nautical Almanac!
7. Convert longitude from arc to time:
In the Conversion of Arc to Time table in the back of the Nautical Almanac, find
degrees of longitude written in bold and write down the corresponding hours and
minutes. Then find the minutes of longitude at the right-hand side of the page.
Write down the minutes and seconds of time value, being careful to use the
correct decimal column. Add hours and minutes with minutes and seconds.
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8. Add the time correction for current latitude to the converted longitude to find
GMT.
9. Convert to LZT.
Azimuth of a Star by H.O. 229

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3. Mark the top GHA space with the symbol for Aries to avoid confusion with GHA
of the sun. Look up day in Nautical Almanac. Look in the ARIES column at the far
left side of the left page. Find GMT hour to get GHA of Aries.
top corners of page in big numbers; seconds are in left column directly below. Follow
the seconds row right into the ARIES column for the m-s correction.
5. Find the star in the STARS column at the far right side of the left page. Enter its
SHA in the SHA* or (v) space and add with GHA of Aries and m-s to correct
GHA*. Right next to the stars SHA is its Dec. Enter it in the lower of the two Dec
spaces. There is no d correction for stars.
6. For azimuths, enter exact longitude in Long E/W to find LHA. Add east;
subtract west. If longitude is greater, add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting for
W. If when adding for E sum is greater than 360 degrees, then subtract 360 from it.
7. Fill in the very tops of the LHA, DEC, and LAT columns with their
corresponding values.
find Z!

after).
be negative.
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Interpolate the differences. If using a calculator, divide minutes of LHA, DEC, or

LAT by 60. Then multiply the solution by Difference +/- and enter the solution in
Interpolated #.
If interpolating with tables, go to the Interpolation Tables inside the front or back
cover of HO 229. Start by finding exact LAT increments in the Dec Inc column at
left. Follow the row right to the Decimals column and go up or down in same block
to find the Difference +/- value. Go right to the appropriate Units column (1 if 1.7, 2
if 2.7, etc.) and enter in Interpolated #. Repeat for DEC column, and then LHA.
Corr. Z.
latitude is south, use the rule at the bottom. Zn is the true bearing; enter it in the
TRUE space.
13. Gyro + Error = True. To find Gyro error, subtract Gyro bearing from TRUE
bearing. If Gyro is best, error is west; if Gyro is least, error is east. To find
deviation, use the Can Dead Men Vote Twice (At Elections) table.
Azimuth of a Planet by H.O. 229

15

3. Mark the GHA spaces with the planets symbol or its name, to avoid confusion
with GHA of the sun. Look up day in Nautical Almanac and find the planets column
on the left page. Find GMT hour to get GHA of the planet. Right next to the planets
GHA is its declination. Write this down in Dec.
At the bottom of the planets column are its v and d corrections. Write v to the left of
the SHA* or (v) space. Write d to the left of the d space with Dec. If the values in
the GHA column descend, v is negative, and vice-versa. The sign of d is determined
by the Dec. column in the same way.
top corners of page in big numbers; seconds are in left column directly below. Take
m-s correction from SUN / PLANETS column immediately to the right of the
seconds.
Also in Increments and Corrections, find the original v in the v or d column. The
number to its right in the Corr-n column is the v correction; add it with GHA and m-
s to correct GHA. Find the d correction in the same manner. Enter it and correct
Dec.
5. For azimuths, enter exact longitude in Long E/W to find LHA. Add east;
subtract west. If longitude is greater, add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting for
W. If when adding for E sum is greater than 360 degrees, then subtract 360 from it.
6. Fill in the very tops of the LHA, DEC, and LAT columns with their
corresponding values.
find Z!

16
after).
be negative.
Interpolate the differences. If using a calculator, divide minutes of LHA, DEC, or

LAT by 60. Then multiply the solution by Difference +/- and enter the solution in
Interpolated #.
If interpolating with tables, go to the Interpolation Tables inside the front or back
cover of HO 229. Start by finding exact LAT increments in the Dec Inc column at
left. Follow the row right to the Decimals column and go up or down in same block
to find the Difference +/- value. Go right to the appropriate Units column (1 if 1.7, 2
if 2.7, etc.) and enter in Interpolated #. Repeat for DEC column, and then LHA.
Corr. Z.
latitude is south, use the rule at the bottom. Zn is the true bearing; enter it in the
TRUE space.
12. Gyro + Error = True. To find Gyro error, subtract Gyro bearing from TRUE
bearing. If Gyro is best, error is west; if Gyro is least, error is east. To find
deviation, use the Can Dead Men Vote Twice (At Elections) table.
Amplitude of the Sun

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1. Compute GMT.
2. In Nautical Almanac, find declination of the sun for GMT. Convert to a

decimal by dividing minutes of declination by 60.
3. Convert latitude to a decimal by again dividing minutes by 60.
4. Enter the decimal values of declination and latitude into the amplitude formula:
sin amplitude = sin dec / cos lat. (After dividing, solve for sin-1 of the value to
find amplitude).
5. Convert to a course angle: for example, E 9.5 S. Use east for morning, and west
for evening (where the sun rises & sets). North / south is taken from declination.
6. Draw a diagram of the course angle, representing degrees north or south of east
or west.
7. Find the true bearing of the sun by adding or subtracting the course angle north
or south from 090 or 270.
8. If the amplitude was shot 2/3 the diameter of the sun above the horizon with a
gyro bearing, use the Gyro + Error = True table to find gyro error.
9. If the amplitude was shot on the visible horizon with a standard compass
bearing, go to Table 23 in Bowditch to find Correction of Amplitude as Observed
on the Visible Horizon. Use degrees declination at the top, with degrees latitude on
the left. Interpolate as needed.
Apply this number to the standard compass bearing (not the true bearing!), away
from the elevated pole (latitude). Use the course angle diagram as a visual aid. If
latitude is north, add or subtract so that the bearing is closer to the south and vice-
versa.
10. Use the Can Dead Men Vote Twice (At Elections) table to find the standard
compass deviation. Variation may be found on the local chart.
Star by H.O. 229

18

6. Find the star in the STARS column at the far right side of the left page. Enter its
SHA in the SHA* or (v) space and add with GHA of Aries and m-s to correct
GHA*. Right next to the stars SHA is its Dec. Enter it in the lower of the two Dec
spaces. There is no d correction for stars.
7. Solve for LHA* using the thirty-minute rule. Remember: add east; subtract
west.
If in west longitude, minutes will have to be adjusted so that LHA* minutes equal 0
when Long E/W is subtracted from GHA*:

d) Compare the 30-minute figures to GHA* minutes. Find where the GHA minutes
E/W.
f) Subtract to solve for LHA*. If Long (E/W) degrees are greater than GHA*
degrees, add 360 degrees to GHA* before subtracting.
If in east longitude, minutes should be adjusted so that LHA* minutes equal 60

(00.0) when Long E/W is added to GHA:
a) Subtract GHA* minutes from 60. Enter the difference below, in the minutes
column for LONG E/W.
19

c) Add to solve for LHA*. Dont forget to carry the one from the 60 minutes, or
LHA will be one degree too low! If LHA is greater than 360, subtract 360 from it to
find the actual LHA.
9. Again on yellow card, find the STARS AND PLANETS column. Then find Ha
in App Alt. column and take the nearest value for Corr-n. This is the Body
correction. Use it with minutes to solve for Ho.

value for a'CGA.


Solve for Z.
20
15. Plot the star. Start by drawing labeling lines of latitude, with LAT value in the
middle. Next count off degrees LAT on compass rose in four locations: up and down
from 0 according to the corresponding degrees LAT, as well as up and down from
270. Make one mark at each of the four places.
Take the dividers up to the base line of latitude. Hold one point in the very middle,
and use the other to scratch the measured Long E/W minutes on the latitude line.
Label the mark to distinguish it later. Before laying the dividers back down, use the
latitude scale in the middle of the plotting sheet to measure out a CGA, unless
advancing or retarding.
17. If shooting multiple stars or planets over a prolonged period of time, plots may
have to be advanced or retarded. Start by choosing a body whose time may be used
as a base for the others. Stars shot at times that reflect tenths of an hour are
preferable.
For each body other than the base, find the difference in minutes between the time at
which the body was shot and when the base was shot. Divide the difference by 60.
Multiply the resulting quotient by the ships average speed. This is the distance the
bodys plot will be advanced or retarded. Advance the plot if the body was shot
before the base was; retard if shot afterward. Fill in the Adv/Ret space at the
bottom of the worksheet to keep track.
Use the dividers to measure out Adv/Ret on the latitude scale in the middle of the
page. Plot the ships course and hold the triangle in place. Use a second triangle to
slide the first one over to the bodys mark along the latitude line. Hold the first one in
place.
21
Take the dividers again, and measure out Adv/Ret along the ships course. Advance
in the direction of the course; retard away from it. Make a new mark, to be used
instead of the original one on the latitude line.
second triangle, slide the first one to where it intersects the mark on the latitude line
(or the advanced or retarded one). Hold the triangle in place and check whether a
CGA is designated T or A.
Use the dividers to mark off the a CGA value from the mark, following the triangle
edge (Zn). If a CGA is T, make the second mark towards the direction of Zns
value on the compass rose. If a CGA is A, then measure in the opposite direction,
away from Zn. Use the divider point to make a hole.
direction of Zn. Just above the line, write the local time of the star bearing.
Below the line, write the stars name.
22
Planet by H.O. 229

4. Mark the GHA spaces with the planets symbol or its name, to avoid confusion
with GHA of the sun. Look up day in Nautical Almanac and find the planets column
on the left page. Find GMT hour to get GHA of the planet. Right next to the planets
GHA is its declination. Write this down in Dec.
At the bottom of the planets column are its v and d corrections. Write v to the left of
the SHA* or (v) space. Write d to the left of the d space with Dec. If the values in
the GHA column descend, v is negative, and vice-versa. The sign of d is determined
by the Dec. column in the same way.
top corners of page in big numbers; seconds are in left column directly below. Take
m-s correction from SUN / PLANETS column immediately to the right of the
seconds.
Dec.

E/W.
23
f) Subtract to solve for LHA. If Long (E/W) degrees are greater than GHA*
degrees, add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting.
for LONG E/W.
the actual LHA.
in App Alt. column and take the nearest value for Corr-n. If shooting Venus or
Mars, be sure and remember the seasonal corrections in the middle of the card in
addition to the previous correction. This is the Body correction. Use it with minutes
to solve for Ho.

24
value for a'CGA.


Solve for Z.
14. Plot the planet. Start by drawing labeling lines of latitude, with LAT value in
the middle. Next count off degrees LAT on compass rose in four locations: up and
down from 0 according to the corresponding degrees LAT, as well as up and down
from 270. Make one mark at each of the four places.
Take the dividers up to the base line of latitude. Hold one point in the very middle,
and use the other to scratch the measured Long E/W minutes on the latitude line.
Label the mark to distinguish it later. Before laying the dividers back down, use the
latitude scale in the middle of the plotting sheet to measure out a CGA, unless
advancing or retarding.
16. If shooting multiple stars or planets over a prolonged period of time, plots may
have to be advanced or retarded. Start by choosing a body whose time may be used
as a base for the others. Stars shot at times that reflect tenths of an hour are
preferable.
For each body other than the base, find the difference in minutes between the time at
which the body was shot and when the base was shot. Divide the difference by 60.
25
Multiply the resulting quotient by the ships average speed. This is the distance the
bodys plot will be advanced or retarded. Advance the plot if the body was shot
before the base was; retard if shot afterward. Fill in the Adv/Ret space at the
bottom of the worksheet to keep track.
Use the dividers to measure out Adv/Ret on the latitude scale in the middle of the
page. Plot the ships course and hold the triangle in place. Use a second triangle to
slide the first one over to the bodys mark along the latitude line. Hold the first one in
place.
Take the dividers again, and measure out Adv/Ret along the ships course. Advance
in the direction of the course; retard away from it. Make a new mark, to be used
instead of the original one on the latitude line.
second triangle, slide the first one to where it intersects the mark on the latitude line
(or the advanced or retarded one). Hold the triangle in place and check whether a
CGA is designated T or A.
Use the dividers to mark off the a CGA value from the mark, following the triangle
edge (Zn). If a CGA is T, make the second mark towards the direction of Zns
value on the compass rose. If a CGA is A, then measure in the opposite direction,
away from Zn. Use the divider point to make a hole.
direction of Zn. Just above the line, write the local time of the planet bearing. Below
the line, draw the planets symbol or write its name.
26
Polaris by H.O. 229


E/W.
f) Subtract to solve for LHA. If Long (E/W) degrees are greater than GHA degrees,
add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting.
for LONG E/W.
the actual LHA.
27
in App Alt. column and take the nearest value for Corr-n. This is the Body
correction. Use it with minutes to solve for Ho.
9. Find the POLARIS (POLE STAR) TABLES in the back of the Nautical
Almanac. Find the page and column with the matching ten-degree bracket of LHA of
Aries at the top. On the left side of the page find the exact degrees of LHA of Aries.
Use the two to find a0.
Use the ten-degree column for LHA of Aries with the Lat. column to find a1. Use
the ten-degree column with the month to find a2. Add a0, a1, and a2 to Ho to find
SUM. Then simply subtract one degree to find LAT.
10. Plot Polaris. Start by drawing labeling lines of latitude, with LAT value in the
11. Use the latitude scale in the middle of the plotting sheet to find minutes of
latitude. Use a triangle to draw a long, perfectly horizontal line there. At the far end
of the line, draw a short perpendicular arrow pointing to 000. Polaris will always
bear 000. Just above the line, write the local time of the bearing. Below the line,
label it Polaris.
28
Starfinder
1. Find GMT.
2. Look up day in Nautical Almanac. Look in the ARIES column at the far left side
of the left page. Find GMT hour to get GHA of Aries.
the seconds row right into the ARIES column for the m-s correction. Add to correct
GHA of Aries.
4. For precomping, enter exact longitude in Long E/W. Add E or subtract W to find
LHA. If longitude is greater, add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting for W. If
when adding for E sum is greater than 360 degrees, then subtract 360 from it.
5. Find the clear starfinder disc that is closest to DR latitude (round to nearest ten).
Place it on top of the white disc, making sure that both discs are the correct latitude
north or south.
6. Rotate the clear disc so that the arrow points to LHA. The horizontal rings
represent the stars Ho; the vertical lines intersecting them are the stars bearings.
29
Moon by H.O. 229

4. Mark the GHA spaces and LHA space with the symbol for the moon to avoid
confusion with GHA of the sun. Look up day in Nautical Almanac. Look in the
MOON column on the right-hand page. Find GMT hour to get GHA.
Right next to the moons GHA are its declination, v and d corrections, and HP.
Copy each one into its space. Write d to the left of the d space with Dec. If the
values in the GHA column descend, v is negative, and vice-versa. The sign of d is
determined by the Dec. column in the same way.
top corners of page in big numbers; seconds are in left column directly below. From
the seconds column, follow the matching value right to, to find the m-s correction in
the MOON column.
Dec.

E/W.
f) Subtract to solve for LHA. If Long (E/W) degrees are greater than GHA*
degrees, add 360 degrees to GHA before subtracting.
30
for LONG E/W.
the actual LHA.
8. In the very back of the Nautical Almanac, find the ALTITUDE CORRECTION
TABLES for the MOON. Then find the appropriate App Alt. degrees column for
Ha by looking at the top. Match it with the App Alt. minutes column at the left,
rounding as needed. The nearest value for Corr-n is the Body correction, and is
always added.
In the same column on the lower half of the same page, find HP. Lower limb
corrections are in the L column, Upper limb are under U. This correction will always
be added, too. If upper limb, subtract an additional 30 minutes (enter in UL/LL
space). Now solve for Ho.

31
value for a'CGA.


Solve for Z.
14. Plot the moon. Start by drawing labeling lines of latitude, with LAT value in the
Take the dividers up to the compass rose. Hold one point in the very middle, and use
the other to scratch the measured Long E/W minutes on the LAT line. Before laying
the dividers back down, use the latitude scale in the middle of the plotting sheet to
measure out a CGA.
second triangle, slide the first one to where it intersects the mark on the LAT line
made by the dividers. Hold the triangle in place and check whether a CGA is
designated T or A.
32
Use the dividers to mark off the a CGA value from the original mark, following the
triangle edge (Zn). If a CGA is T, make the second mark towards the direction of
Zns value on the compass rose. If a CGA is A, then measure in the opposite
direction, away from Zn. Use the divider point to make a hole.
direction of Zn. Just above the line, write the local time of the bearing. Below the
line, draw the symbol for the moon.

C-Nav Worksheets Steps

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Celestial Navigation

Breaking Down the Worksheets Step-By-Step

7. Azimuth of the Sun by H.O. 229

13.Azimuth of a Star by H.O. 229

15.Azimuth of a Planet by H.O. 229

17.Amplitude of the Sun by H.O. 229

18.Star by H.O. 229

22.Planet by H.O. 229

26.Polaris by H.O. 229

29.Moon by H.O. 229

Sunline by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

3. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

6. Also in Increments and Corrections, find the original d in the v or d column.

a) In open space at bottom of page, write DR longitude.

11. Go back up to Hc and interpolate d. If using a calculator, divide declination

Apply Ho Mo To. If Ho is more than Hc, it is toward. Write a T on the left. If Ho is

13. Interpolate Z correction. If using a calculator, again start by dividing declination

Azimuth of the Sun by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

2. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add from E for GMT.

Back in the Sun/Planets column of Increments and Corrections, follow m-s

5. For azimuths, enter exact longitude in Long E/W. Add E or subtract W. If

7. Fill in LHA, DEC, and LAT, using minutes only.

LAT: Z of adjacent degree, whichever is higher.

A. Equation of Time Method

7. Take the 90 degrees/Ho solution. Add or subtract it from the corrected

Civil & Nautical Twilight / Sunrise & Sunset

1. In daily pages of Nautical Almanac, find latitude at top or bottom of right-hand

7. Convert longitude from arc to time:

Azimuth of a Star by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

2. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

LAT: Z of adjacent degree, whichever is higher.

Interpolate the differences. If using a calculator, divide minutes of LHA, DEC, or

Azimuth of a Planet by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

2. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

LAT: Z of adjacent degree, whichever is higher.

Interpolate the differences. If using a calculator, divide minutes of LHA, DEC, or

Amplitude of the Sun

2. In Nautical Almanac, find declination of the sun for GMT. Convert to a

3. Convert latitude to a decimal by again dividing minutes by 60.

Star by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

3. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

a) In open space at bottom of page, write DR longitude.

If in east longitude, minutes should be adjusted so that LHA* minutes equal 60

b) Continue with steps a) e) as listed above.

11. Go back up to Hc and interpolate d. If using a calculator, divide declination

Apply Ho Mo To. If Ho is more than Hc, it is toward. Write a T on the left. If Ho is

13. Interpolate Z correction. If using a calculator, again start by dividing declination

Planet by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

3. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

a) In open space at bottom of page, write DR longitude.

10. Go back up to Hc and interpolate d. If using a calculator, divide declination

Apply Ho Mo To. If Ho is more than Hc, it is toward. Write a T on the left. If Ho is

12. Interpolate Z correction. If using a calculator, again start by dividing declination

Polaris by H.O. 229

1. Enter DATE, DR position, and WT (LZT).

3. Divide longitude by 15 to find WE(ZD). Add in west longitude to find GMT;

a) In open space at bottom of page, write DR longitude.