FULLTIDE Design and O&M Techniques in ETP, STP, WTP & WWTP The article gives an overview of the Design and O&M Techniques in ETP, STP, WTP & WWTP. By Dr. N.R. Wimkar uterisa precious resourcesithas tobeused judicious! In designing water treatment plant there are many ‘considerations requized few ate listed below 1. Quantity to be treated 2. Quality of ouput required, depending. on regulation 3. Sources of pollution 4. Source elimination Space availability 6. Manpower availability Pharmaccutical and chemical industries use Effluent ‘Treatment Plants or (EPs) to treat water and remove any toxie and non rials or chemicals from i, These plants are mandatory for companies under State Pollution Control Botd regulation For environment protection. Thus treatment of industrial effluents an waste waters is done in E'TP plants During the mannfactusing process of drugs, varied effluents and contaminants are produced. The treatment of effluents is essential to prevent pollution of the receiving water ‘The removal of high amount of onganies, debris, dirt, grit, pollution, toxic, non toxic materials, polymers ete. is performed in the effluent treatment plants, The effluent water treatment plants re insalled to reduce the possibility of pollution; biodegradable organics if lefe unsolved, the levels of contsmination in the process of purification could damage bacterial treatment beds and lead to pollution of controlled waters The FTPs can be established in the industrial sectors like Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals and Leather industry and tanneries. {2 Water Today - The Magazine | Septemt The ETP plants use evaporation and drying method, and other ausiliary techniques such as centsifuging, filtration, incineration for chemical processing and effluent rreatment. Domestic wastewater treatment is called Sewage creatment, or the process of decontamination ftom wastewater and household both runoff (effluents) and domestic, Ie ineludes physial, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants, Objective oF STP is to produce a treated effluent and a sold ‘waste of sludge suitable for discharge or rouse back into the environment. This output of STP is essentially contaminated ‘with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds, Pre-treatment clarifies components that can be easily collected from the raw ‘wastewater before they damage or e he pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers, for example, trash, tree limbs, leaves, ete. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landil, compost or incinerated Pre-treatment may include Grit removal in which, a sand or get channel or chamber where the velocity of the incoming ‘wastewater is carefully contzolled to allow sand, get and stones Primary Treatment: In the primary sedimentation stage “primary sedimentation tanks” are used. ‘The tanks are large enough that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can tise 10 the surface and being separated off. ‘The output of the primary cedimentation stage is generally homogeneous liquid capable of boeing treated biologically and sludge that ean be separately treated cor processed, wnwwatertocayorgFULLIIDE Primary Setting Tank Wastewater aie Settled wastewater outlet Sludge discharge to treatment Primary setting tanks are provided with mechanically driven scrapers that continually. / spirally drive the collected sludge rowatds a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge treatment stages, Grease and oil rom the floating material are recovered Secondary Treatment: Secondary teatment is designed to substantially deginde the biologically treatable content of che sewage / effluent, which is derived from human waste food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of municipal plants « “at the settled sewage liquor using, aerobic biological processes. For this to be effective, the biota requires both oxygen by Aeration and a Sludge on which There smbination /selections available for this process. In all these options, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (ey, sugars, fats, “onganic short-chain eathon molecules, te) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into tow. Secondary treatment systems are In fixed surface system trickling filter and rotating biological contactors where the flora and fauna grows on media and the | sewwage/ effluent passes over its surface. In suspended systems, such as activated sludge, the flora and fauna is well mixed with effluent and this system has advani the seway age of operation in a smaller space than fixed sutface systems that treat the same amount of water, However, fixed-surface systems are having advantage in drastic changes in the amount of biological material al rates for material and and can allow higher rem anic ‘mother liquor suspended solids (MISS) than suspended system. In the secondary treatment oxygen is required, which is provided through diffused air or bubbling or surface aerator Activated Sludge: Activated sludge plants use variety’ of mechanisms and processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of The process traps particulate material and can, under ideal conditions, convert ammonia to aitrite and nitrate and Thus water can have many poll ana] some inomganic, depending on type er: Sewage water has always high organic load and easy to treat. Only problem, is Hora and fauna associated with i. If population of anaerobic bacteria increases, the foul smell starts with generation of lot lof methane, H28, NHB. IF proper aeration is treated it osidises ‘onganie matter. Industrial effluents, typically facing problems ‘of high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) solide (TDS), due to various processes and chemicals The various techniques available for treatment are 8) Classical chemical This treatment involves removal TDS by precipitation. Further fenton reaction is used to reduceorganic substances degradation, Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst that iS used 10 oxidizecontaminants or waste waters 18 tichloroethylene (TCH) and polychloroethylene (PCE) by Ozonation: zonation is used for oxidation of NH3 10 Ammonium Nitrate NOx are converted to Nitrates. Sulfides ane converted to Sulphates, Higher molecules are broken «» smaller molecule by vn watertoday org Water Pretreatment || Primary || Secondary Settling | Sees [>| discharge isolation through sand and charcoal Water Today -The Maganine | September 2017 83FULLTIDE ers Crs ee) bes fas fee eos Ht 5590 55.00 5590 BOD [ 3days at 27°C] 30 100 100) Oil & Grease 0 0 2» Shall not exceed 40°C in any section ofthe steam within 1S eters down stam fom the cfflucnt outlet “Temperate 45-Carthe point of discharge, () Foe process wastewster- 100, (©) For cooling watereuent 10 ‘Suspended Solids 100 200 percent above total suspended ‘mater of eluent cooling watet Dissold Solids (inorganic) 2100 2100 - “Total esida Choine 10 g 10 Ammonicl Nimogen(A8 N) 50 E 0 “atl Kjell Nitrogen fs N) 100 3 100 ‘Chemical Oxygen Demand 250 5 20 Arsenic (8 8) 02 2 o2 Mere (0s He) oot = ot Lend (25 Pa) wi - 10 Coarivm (5 10 g 20 Total Cadmium (a Ce) 20 3 20 Copperas C0) so a 30 Zines 25) so 2 1s Selenium (a 2) 0s 2 ous Nicks (asi so S 30 oon (as B) 2a 20 ~ Pernt Sodium - « 7 Cynite(as oN) a a o2 Chierdetas CH) so on pe Forde F) 20 a 5 Supe (as 50.) 100 1000 “2 Supe (8) as a so Pts bent Ase Absent Phenaic Compounds C,H,08) 10 z 50 6) Ultasoneation and ozonation «) Biological treatment with bacterial culture ©) Biological with different varieties of plant species: 1) Sand and charcoal filtration: Some of the weeds like Hichhorniacrassipes, Lotus, Canna Indica, ‘watellly ete. ae absorbing heavy metals Sand and charcoal fer is removal of suspended particles 84 Water Today - The Magarne [September 2017 wuw.watertoday.orgFULLTIDE Multi Storeyed Classical i 2) Reverse Osmosis RO membrane is useful for nanofiltration, Also used for 95 jection of TDS. Yields are typically 60%, 40% is being the reject bh) Utralteration: This technique s usefulia removalof micron size macromolecules, Multiple effect evaporator \ multiple-cffect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to ‘evaporate water. In a muktiple-effect evaporator, water is boiled in 1 sequence of vessels, each held ata lower pressure than the last Because the boiling temperature of water decteases as pressur decreases, the vapor boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (atthe highest pressure) requires an sternal source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be boule with an arbiteaily large number of stages, evaporators with ‘more than four stages are rately practical except in systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery systems where up to seven effects are used, Space is major constraint int ing effluent: ‘The above picwure shows multi-storeyed classical treatment plant. ‘The ww. watertoday.org is allowed to settle for long time. Supernatant solution is pumped to ovethead tank called primary collection and equalization tank, vsed for treatment, ‘The surface aerator is provided for satisfying oxygen requirement, The primary equilisation tank ousput is The second floor has filters and primary eguilisation tank, where Aftertheaeratinn through surface ateator, the overtowis collected and sent to plate settler, whereby the liquid passes through eo ‘equidistant plates. ‘The MLSS gets settled on the walls of plate and clean liquid comes out, which is sent to sand and charcoal filters for finishing, touch to treated water ‘Thus for achieving above quality of water, proper plant designing, is required. The operation and maintenance will be effective hhen proper manpower and proper preventive maintenance is A PhD in Organic Chemistry from UDCT, Dt. Nitin Nimkar is GM - ‘Technical with Trans Thane Creck | Waste management Associaton, He has over 33 years cexperiencein providing Environmental Management Services, and works dlosely with Major Indan and Multinational Corporadions Completed ISO 14001 and OSHAS 18001 courses, He can be reached at crbe@vsnlnet, dnitinnimkar@gmaiLeom ) Water Today The Magazine | September 2017 85