Airgap MMF from Double Layer

Lap Winding
Airgap MMF for a Full Pitch Winding (1)

Ni
2 Fa = Ni Fa =
2
Fa is the MMF of one half of the magnetic circuit.
Airgap MMF for a Full Pitch Winding (2)
 Airgap MMF for a Full Pitch Winding (3)

2 / 2 Ni 3 / 2 Ni
2 / 2 2 / 2 2
Fa1 = cos a d a + ( ) cos a d a

4N
= i
2
4N
Fa1 = i cos a
2
 Airgap MMF for a Full Pitch Winding (4)

Extended to multi-pole case

2 ( / 2 ) /( P / 2 ) Ni P ( 3 / 2 ) /( P / 2 ) Ni P
2 /( P / 2) ( / 2 ) /( P / 2 ) 2 ( / 2) /( P / 2) 2
Fa1 = cos( a ) d a + ( ) cos( a ) d a
2 2
2 / 2 Ni P
3 / 2 Ni ae = a
2 / 2 2 / 2 2
= cos( ae ) d ae + ( ) cos( ae ) d ae
Define 2

4N
= i
2

4N P
Fa1 = i cos a
2 2
 Harmonics of MMF for a Full Pitch Winding

Assume
P
Fa = Fah
h =1, 3, 5...
Fah = Fah cos(h ae ) = Fah cos(h
2
a )
2 /2 Ni 3 /2 Ni
2 /2 2 /2 2
Fah cos( h ae ) d ae + ( ) cos( h ae ) d ae


for h = 2, 4,6,8,...

0,
sin h
4N
= = 2 i = 4Ni

2 h , for h 1,5,9,13,17,...
2 h
4Ni
, for h = 3,7,11,15,19, ...

2 h
 Fractional Pitch Winding (1)
Full Pitch Fractional Pitch

a axis m a axis

N=2Nc turns N=2Nc turns

Nc turns per coil Nc turns per coil
 Fractional Pitch Winding (2)
Fa from conductors 2 and 3
N ci
3 4
2 +
2 2

N ci 2
ae
2 2 m
a axis

+
2 2
2
2
1 2
Fa from conductors 1 and 4
N ci N=2Nc turns

2 2 2 + Nc turns per coil
2

Ni
c 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 ae
+
2

Fa
N ci

+
2 2
2
+ ae
2 2 2 2 2
N ci 2
 Fractional Pitch Winding (3)

Fa
N ci
+
2 2
+
2
2 2 ae
N ci 2 2 2
Fa = F
h =1, 3, 5...
ah

P
Fah = Fah cos(h ae ) = Fah cos(h a )
2
2 /2 + / 2
Fah = N c i cos(h ae )d ae + ( N c i ) cos(h ae )d ae
2 / 2 / 2
pitch factor for the
sin h
=
4Nc 2 i hth harmonic
h

k ph = sin h
2
 Distributed Winding (1)
Full Pitch
 Distributed Winding (2)
Fractional Pitch
3 m (exaggerated end turns)
2
m
2 a
a axis

m
m

P
a axis = m
2

q=4 q=2
q coils per group
 Distributed Winding (3)
3 m q 1 q 1
2
m
Fa =

F = F

= 0 ,1...
a,
= 0 ,1... h =1, 3, 5...
ah ,

2 q 1
q 1
= ah ae 2
= 0 ,1... h =1, 3, 5...
F cos h ( + )

q 1
q 1
= Fah
h =1, 3, 5...
ae 2
= 0 ,1...
cos h ( + )
a
where
a axis 4Nc i
Fah = k
h ph

q 1
Let h = h ae + h
2
 Distributed Winding (4)
q 1 q 1
j h q 1 jh j h 1 e jqh
cos( h h ) = Re[e j ( h h )
] = Re e e = Re e 1 e jh
=0 =0 =0
qh
j ( h ae + 2 h ) e jqh / 2 (e jqh / 2 e jqh / 2 )
q 1
jh ae sin( )
= Re e = 2
jh / 2 jh / 2 jh / 2 Re e

e ( e e )
h
sin( )
2
qh
sin( )
= q cos(h ae ) 2 = qk cos(h )
h dh ae
q sin( )
2 qh
sin( )
The distribution factor for hth harmonic is defined as k dh = 2
h
q sin( )
2
 Distributed Winding (5)
q 1
q 1
=Fa
=
=
h 1,3,5...
Fah
0,1...
cos h ( ae +
2
)
4Nc i
= k ph qkdh cos ( h ae )
h =1,3,5... h
= F cos ( h ) ah ae
h =1,3,5...

Define:
N ph = PqN c number of turns per phase

ia = Ci C is the number of parallel circuits per phase

N ph
Na = number of turns connected in series per phase per circuit
C
4 N a k ph k dh ia
Fah =

P h
 Effect of Winding Skew (1)
When the winding skew exists, for the hth harmonic, cos(h ae )
becomes a function of z: cos h P + m z
a z
2 r m
r r
m mz q 1
m mz q 1
a axis a = + + m m
a = + + m m 2 r 2
2 r 2 = 0,1,2 ( q 1)

ia B m
l m
r a 0 sm
l
ia
r
z
ml
If we say that the stator is skewed n slots, then sm =
r
sm = n m
sm
 Effect of Winding Skew (2)
The average of the above along z:

ml 1 l/2 P m z
sm =
r l l / 2
cos h
2

a +
r
dz

P 1 m zP
s = sm = sin( h + h ae ) l/l2/ 2
2 l m P 2r
h
2r
l m
sm 1 s s
= sin( h ae + h ) sin( h ae h )
r
h 2 2
sin( h s / 2)
= cos(h ae ) = k sh cos(h ae )
h s / 2
where
sin( h s / 2) winding skew factor for the
k sh =
h s / 2 hth harmonic
 Summary Stator MMF of Phase A
for Double Layer Lap Winding
P
Fa = Fah
h =1, 3, 5...
Fah = Fh ia cos(h ae ) = Fh ia cos(h
2
a )

where
4 N a 1
Fh =
P h

N a = N a k wh effective number of turns connected

in series per phase per circuit

k wh = k ph k dh k sh winding factor

qh
sin( )
2 sin( h s / 2)
k ph = sin h k dh = k sh =
2 h h s / 2
q sin( )
2
Rotating MMF from Three
Phase Winding
 Stator MMF of Three Phases (1)

2
be = ae
3
c 2
ce = ae +
3
 Stator MMF of Three Phases (2)
P
Fa = Fah
h =1, 3, 5...
Fah = Fh ia cos(h ae ) = Fh ia cos(h
2
a )

2 P 2
Fb = Fbh Fbh = Fh ib cos h ae = F i
h b cos
2 a
h
h =1, 3, 5... 3 3
2 P 2
Fc = Fch Fch = Fh ic cos h ae + = Fh ic cos h a +
h =1, 3, 5... 3 2 3

Total MMF from stator winding:

2h P
Fstator = Fa + Fb + Fc = F
h ai + (ib + ic ) cos
3
cos( h a ) +
h =1, 3, 5... 2

(ib ic )sin 2h sin(h P a )

3 2
 Stator MMF of Three Phases (3)
For h = 1, 5, 7, 11
2 h 1
cos =
3 2
2h 3
For h = 1, 7, 13 sin =
3 2
2 h 3
For h = 5, 11, 17 sin =
3 2
For h = 3, 9,
2 h
cos =1
3
2 h
sin =0
3
For Y connected windings without neutral return: ia + ib + ic = 0
 Stator MMF of Three Phases (4)
3
Fstator
P
= Fh ia cos(h a ) +
3
(ib ic )sin(h a ) +
P
h =1, 7 ,13... 2 2 2 2
3
Fh ia cos( h
P
a )
3
(ib ic ) sin( h
P
)
a
h = 5 ,11,17... 2 2 2 2

Note that the third harmonic components have been eliminated

if the machine is Y connected without neutral return.
Consider balanced three phase sinusoidal currents:
=ia i pk cos(et + i )
3 3
2 =
(ib ic ) i pk sin(et + i )
=ib i pk cos(et + i ) 2 2
3
2
=ic i pk cos(et + i + )
3
Note: ipk may change with time. Its
a constant Ipk at steady state.
 Stator MMF of Three Phases (5)
3 P 3 P
Fstator
h
=
1,7,13... 2
F i
h pk cos(e t h
2
a + i ) +
h

5,11,17... 2
F i
h pk cos(e t + h
2
a + i )

wave rotating in forward wave rotating in backward

direction (counterclockwise) direction (clockwise)

From:
P a a
et h a =
= e t e t
2 2e / hP h

2
h =e angular velocity of the hth harmonic
hP
 Physical Understanding of Wave (1)
z
f (t ) z
vp z
f ( ) f (t )
vp vp
z v pt
= f ( )
vp

0 z1 = v p t z
z
f (t ) : stands for a wave propagating in + z direction with velocity v p .
vp
forward wave
Likewise:
z
g (t + ) : stands for a wave propagating in z direction with velocity v p .
vp
backward wave
 Physical Understanding of Wave (2)
Plot u + ( z , t ) = A cos(t kz )

0 z

-A
 Effective Airgap
g eff = k c g
where the Carters coefficient
k c = k cs k cr
For stator
s
kcs =
2bs g bs
2
bs
s atan ln 1 +
2 g bs 2 g


approximately
s
kcs
bs2
s
5 g + bs

For rotor
r
kcr =
2br g br
2
br
r atan ln 1 +
2 g br 2 g


approximately
r
kcr
br2
r
5 g + br
 Airgap Magnetic Field

When the airgap is small, we can assume

F H g g eff g

r
Since Bg = 0 H g ror
ror
geff ris
ris

0
Bg = F
g eff