4

Mechanics of Fluid(4/e)
Merle C. Potter/David C. Wiggert
 4.

2
4.1 4.

: = =

: = =

: = =

: = =
2 2 2
: = 2 =
2 2

(5)

3
4.2 4.

, 1, 2

(system) : ( )

:
:
+
( )

4
4.2 4.

: =

: = =
sys sys

= const. = 0
sys

1
=
sys
= =
sys

: (++) sys
= 2 2 + +

5
4.2 4.

2
=

: =

: = ()

sys
= =
sys =

( 2 )
= -

sys
= =
sys

6
4.2 4.

extensive property ( , ) : , ,

intensive property ( , ) , ,

sys :
sys
sys : = 0 =0
sys
sys
1 sys : =


sys
2 sys : =

sys
sys : =

7
4.2 4.

sys =
sys

sys =
: = 1
sys =1
sys =
1 : sys =
sys
=
sys =
2 : sys =
sys =
sys =
: sys =
sys =

8
4.2 4.

(control volume)
/ ()
()
( ) :
( + )

sys ( )
( )

9
4.3 4.

Flux() : ( )
() (mass flux)



cos
= cos =

(
- )

flux across =

> 0

< 0

= 0

net flux =

cs

10
4.3 4.

() : +
( ) : + (CV )
( + ) : +
CV 1 , 3

sys sys + sys
= lim
0
3 + + 2 + 2 + 1
= lim
0
2 + + 1 + 2 + 1 3 + 1( + )
= lim +
0
c.v. + c.v. () 3 + 1 ( + )
= lim + lim
0 0

11
4.3 4.

sys c.v. + c.v. () 3 + 1 ( + )
= lim + lim
0 0
c.v. 3 + 1 ( + )
= + lim
0
( )

3 + =
3
3
3
1 + =
1
1 1
(1 + 3 = control surface)
3 + 1 +
=

c.s.

12
4.3 4.

(Reynolds transport theorem) :

sys c.v. 3 + 1 ( + )
= + lim
0

sys
= +
c.v. c.s.

(1) =
(2) =

sys
= +
c.v. c.s.

13
4.3 4.

4.3.1
(steady flow)
sys
= 0 =
c.s.

1
1 = 1

2
2 = 2
sys
= 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1

sys
= 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

14
4.3 4.

( )

sys

=

=1

( )
sys
= c.v. + 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

15
4.4 4.

: () Reynolds transport theorem

sys sys
= = 0 = +
sys c.v. c.s.

( )
sys = sys
+ = 0
=1 cv cs continuity eqn.

( : = 0)
&

= 0
cs 2 2 2 = 1 1 1

( : = const. = 0)
2 2 = 1 1
= 0

cs

16
4.4 4.

( : )

1 1 = 2 2
1 2

1
1 1 1 = 2 2 2

(mass flux) :

kgs
=

(flow rate - discharge) :

m3 s
=

17
4.4 4.

[ 4.1] 10 cm 2 cm 3 m/s
. .
:
:
1 : (1 )

2 : (2 )

(, : )
1 1 = 2 2
1 0.12 /4
2 = 1 =3 = 75 m/s
2 0.022 /4
()
0.12
= 1 1 = 3 = 0.0236 m3 /s
4

18
4.4 4.

[ 4.2] .
() .
:
1 : (1 )
CV :
2, 3 : (2 , 3 )

( & : , )

+ = 0
cv cs

1 1 + 2 + 3 = 0

2
3.75
= 1000 9 4.4 1000 0.0083 = 27.1 kg/s
100

19
4.4 4.

[ 4.3] .
.
2
= 1.25 + 1 < < 1
4
ms m.
. , = 1.23 kgm3 .
:
CV : ( : )

: ,
: = 0
: ,
: =?
1 = 1.5 ms =
1 < < : = = 1m

20
4.4 4.

( , : )

= 0
cs

+
+ = 0


1
+ 1 = 0
0
1
2
= 1.23 1.25 + + 1.23 1.5 1
0 4
= 0.205 kgs per meter
()

21
4.4 4.

[ 4.4] 0.6 m3 s . = 0.5 m

.
1:
CV : = 0.5 m
1 1 = 0.6 m3 s

=

( & : )

+ = 0
cv cs
1 + = 0
1 0.6
= = = 2
= 0.191 m/s
4 0.5

22
4.4 4.

[ 4.4] 0.6 m3 s . = 0.5 m

.
2:
CV : > 0.5 m
1
CV

CV
( & : , )

+ = 0
cv cs

43
1 = 0
3

2
1 0.6
4 = 1 = 2
= 2
= 0.191 ms
4 4 0.5

23
4.4 4.

[ 4.5] 0.10 m2 0.5 ms

0.2 m3 s
? (: = 0.5 m )
1:
CV :
1
CV
2

( & : , )

+ = 0
cv cs

2
1 1 + 2 = 0
4
4 1 1 2
= 2
= 0.764 ms

24
4.4 4.

2:
CV :
1
2 CV

( & : , )

+ = 0
cv cs

2
1 1 + 2 = 0
4
4 1 1 2
= = 0.764 ms
2

25