www.Deriszadeh.

Com

2 :
:
: 1

2 :

) ( . . .

3 )

-6 ) ( ) (

2
www.Deriszadeh.Com

(1 : :

(2 : :

(3 :

(4

(5

(6

(7

(8

1) Bowles, J,E,1999. "Foundation Analysis and Design" McGraw-Hill Co.

"2) Budhu, M. 2000." Soil Mechanics and Foundation
3) Kramer, S. L., 1996." Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering" Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs

8 ) 1/5 6/5 (

10 ) 1/5 8/5 (

3
www.Deriszadeh.Com
) (

Subsur face Exploration

.
:
(1 .
(2
(3
(4 . . .
(5
(6
(7
(8 ) (
:1 ) (
.
:2
) (
.
. .

:
(
(
(

( : :

...
( :
:
.1
...

4
 .2
.3
.4
.5
.6

( :
) ( Borehole .
.
.

.

(1 -
5
.

.
.

10-30 250-500 250-500 40-80 20-60
)(

5
 (2 :
:

(1-2 )(ASCE
) = min( D1 , D2
: D1 %10
.
= %10 q
: D2 %5 .
= %5 'v 'v = hi 'i

(2-2 Sower&Sower
)Sower
(&Sower :

D = 3S 0.7 + D f
D = 6 S 0.7 + D f

: D f : S : D
3
.
(3-2 1/5
.

6
 (4-2 ) ( 10 30
.
(5-2 0.5 2
(6-2
(7-2

-1 (T.P) Test Pit

15 20
. .

-2 ) ( Auger Boring
.
. 3 5 .

. 60
70 . .
.
.

.

.

7
 -3 )(Rotary Drilling

.
.
.
.
50 200 .

:
.
- Percussion Drilling) ( -4

. .

8
 Sampleing method
:
:
). (
... .

.

) (

. .
. 62.2 Kg 75 Cm .
3 15 .
15 ) Standard
(penetration Number ).N (SPT
.
1/5 .

9
 ): N (SPT
.

N KN / m 2
02 0 25
25 25 50
5 10 50 100
10 20 100 200
20 30 200 - 400
> 30 > 400

) ( N ' v . N
' v .

N cor = C N .N f
: N f : C N : N cor
C N
(1986) .
1
C N = 9.78
) ' v ( KN / m 2

10

.
N Dr %

0-5 0-5 26-30
5-10 5-30 28-35
10-30 30-60 35-42
30-50 60-95 38-46

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4 :
( 15 50 .
( 100100) . 30 (
( 10 .

)( :
.
50/8 76/2 .
. .
.
. .

11
 - 2

:
. .

D f < B

- : Spread Footing .

-2 : combined footing

12
 -3 : strip or continuous footing
.

-4 raft or mat footing

: .

:
. shallow foundation
:

13
 -1 .

-2 .

(1 general shear failure

qu
qu .

) (

(2 local shear failure

14
 (3 ) ( punching shear failure

) ( 1973
.
)(
.

4 10 B .

15 25

B .

15
 :

) ( :

(1 :

) . (

(1 (2 .
q = D f .

(3 ) (ADC (4 .

DF (5 DE (6 CEG AFH
). 45 / 2 (

(7 .

(8 HI GL ) . (

1
qu = cN c + qN q + BN
2

.

16
 N c , N q , N ) (

3
2 tan
2 3 tan
4 2 e 4 2
= Nq
e

N c = cot [ ]
1 = cot N q 1
2 cos +
2 2 cos 2 +

4 2 4 2

1 K p
= N 1 tan : K p
2 cos
2

) . (

L >> B

.
:

qu = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.4BN

qu = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.3BN

local shear Failure

.

2 1
= qu cN c + qN q + BN
3 2
qu = 0.867cN c + qN q + 0.4BN

qu = 0.867cN c + qN q + 0.3BN

: N 'c , N ' , N 'q

2
= tan 1 tan
3

17
 *****************************************************

. .

18
 0 D1 < D f q (1

) q = D1 + D2 ( sat w

' = sat w .

(2 0 d < B q

q = D f :

d
= '+ ) ' ( :
B

(3 d B

)) ((

19
 (2

(2 . (1

(3 .

= 45 + . (4
2

r = r0 e ton
1
qult = CN c Sc d cic + qN q Sq d qiq + BN S d i
2
S c , S q , S ) d c , d q , d ( Shape Factor ) ic , iq , i ( Depth Factor
) (Inclination Factor .

N c = (N q 1)cot ) N = (N q 1) tan(1.4

N q = e tan tan 2 45 +
2

B
S c = 1 + 0.2 K p L Any

B
( S q = S = 1 + 0.1K p ) 0 < < 10o S q , S 10 o
L
S q = S = 1 = 0o

) K p = tan 2 (45 +
2

20
 D
d c = 1 + 0.2 K p B Any

D
( d q = d = 1 + 0.1 K p ) 0 < < 10o d q , d 10 o
B
d q = d = 1 =0

ic = iq = 1 Any
90
2

i = 1 >0



i = 0 )( > 0 =0

= 0 ) V ( i .

(3 Hansen(1970)

(.

1
qult = cN c S c d cic g c bc + qN q S q d q iq g q bq + > 0 BN S d i g b
2

qult = 5.14cu (1 + Sc + d c ic bc g c ) + q = 0

: d )(depth factor : S )( shape factor

: g )(ground factor : i )(inclination factor

: b ) ( ) (base factor

21


H max = V tan + Ca Af

A f = BL 0.5

C a = (0.6 to 1) c

N c = (N q 1)cot

, N q = e tan tan 2 45 + N c , N q
2

N = 1.5( N q 1) tan

B
S c = 0.2 ( = 0)
L

N q B
S =1+ d c = 0.4k ( = 0)
c N c L d
c = 1 + 0.4k
S c =1 for Strip footing
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin ) k
2
B d q
S q = 1+ sin d =1 for all
L
B
S = 1 0.4 0.6
L

D D
B 1
B
k=
tan 1 D D
>1
B B

Hi
ic = 0.5 0.5 1 ( = 0)
A f C a
1 iq
i c = i q ( > 0)
Nq 1


2.5
0.5H i
iq = 1
V + A f C a cot


3.5
0.7 H i
i = 1 ( = 0)
V + A f C a cot
3.5
o
(0.7 o
)H i
i = 1
450 ( > 0)
V + A f C a cot

22
 o o
g c = ( = 0) gc = 1 ( > 0)
147 o 147 o
g = g = (1 0.5 tan )5
q

o o
cb = o
( = 0) bc = 1 ( > 0)
147 147 o

bq = exp( 2 tan )

b = exp( 2.7 tan ) = radian

( H B , H L )
:

H B , H L ic , iq , i (

i c , B , ic , L , iq , B , iq , L , i , B , i , L
.(

B L
S 'c , B = 0.2 L ic , B for = 0 S 'c , L = 0.2 B ic , L for = 0

S = 1 + N q B i for > 0 S = 1 + N q L i for > 0
c,B c,B c,L c,L
Nc L Nc B
for H B = for H L =
S q , B = 1 + sin B iq , B S q , L = 1 + sin L iq , L
L B

S , B = 1 0.4 B' , B S , L = 1 0.4 L' , L
i i
L' i , L B' i , B

1
qult ,B = cNc Sc ,B d c ,B ic ,B + qN q S q ,B d q ,Biq ,B + BN S ,B d ,Bi ,B
2
1
qult ,L = cN c Sc ,L d c ,Lic ,L + qN q S q ,L d q ,Liq ,L + L' N S ,L d ,Li ,L
2
qult = Min(qult ,B , qult ,L )

:
) ( plain strain )
:) ( (

L L
If 2 = tri and if > 2 = ps = 1.5tri 17 o (( if tr 34o ps = tri ))
B B

23
 (4 Vesic

N c , N q N .

N c = (N q 1)cot N = 2(N q + 1)tan

N q = e tan tan 2 45 +
2

Nq B
Sc = 1 + . S c = 1
Nc L

B B
Sq = 1 + tan S = 1 0.4 0.6
L L

mH i 1 iq
ic = 1 )( = 0 ic = i q )( > 0
A f .C a .N c Nq 1

m m +1
Hi Hi
iq = 1 i = 1
V + A f C a cot V + A f C a cot

B
2+
= m = mB L B
B
1+
L

L
2+
= m = mL B L
L
1+
B

m = mB2 + mL2 B L

) (

1 iq
= g c )( = radian ) ( = 0 g c = iq ) ( > 0
5.14 5.14 tan

) g q = g = (1 tan
2

24


2
bc = g c )( = 0 bc = 1 )( > 0
5.14 tan

) bq = b = (1 tan
2

) (

full- scale


.
.
) (
)
(
.
.

D
qult < 1
B

.
.

) (.

. qult

25
 :

qu
= qall F.S :
F .S
.

qu q
= qnet
F .S

= q = qu = qnet

) (c ,
. F.S Shear .

(c , ) ( 1

c tan
= cd , d = tan 1
FS Shear FS Shear

F .S Shear = 1.4 1.6 3-4 .

( 2 ) (cd , d .

qnet = qu q ( 3 qnet

**************************************************************

( .

P 3 ) . (

= 17.3 KN
m3

120 cm = 20 o C = 20 kpa

1
qult = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.8 BN
2

26
N c = 17.7 N q = 7.4 N = 5.0 ( )

qult = (1.3 20 17.7 ) + (1.2 17.3) 7.4 + 0.5 B 5 0.8 = (613.8 + 34.6 B )kpa

qult 613.8 + 34.6 B

= qa = = 205 + 11.5B Fs = 3
F .S 3
B 1.5 3 .
B = 1.5 qa = 205 + 11.5(1.5) = 220kpa

B=3 qa = 205 + 11.5(3) = 240kpa q a = 200 220 kpa

( 150 .

0.7m 20 . B) .

Q =150 KN
C =0
= 30 o
20 0 = 18 KN
m3

0.7 m

1
c = 0 qult = cN c .Sc .d c .ic + qN q .S q .d q .iq + BN S .d .i
2

tan
N q = e tan 2 (45 + ) = 18.40
2

N c = (N q 1)cot = (18.4 1) cot 30 = 30.13

N = (N q 1) tan(1.4 ) = (18.4 1) tan(1.4 30) = 15.67

S q = S = 1 + 0.1(K p ) = 1 + 0.1 tan 2 (45 + )(1) = 1.3
B
L 2

D
(
0.7
d q = d = 1 + 0.1 K p = 1 + 0.1 tan 2 60 = 1+)0.12
L B B

2 2 2 2
20 20
iq = 1 = 1 = 0.605 i = 1 = 1 = 0.11
90 90 30

27
 0.12 1 0.12
qult = (18 0.7 ) 18.4 1.3 1 + 0.605 + (18)B 15.67 1.3 1 + = 0.11
B 2 B

0.12 0.12 0.12

qult = 182.31 + + 20.17 B1 + = 1 + ) (182.3 + 20.17 B
B B B

q ult 0.12
= qa q a = 1 + ) (60.77 + 6.72 B
3 B
150 0.12
) (60.77 + 6.72 B
Q
q a = 2 q a = 2 = 1 +
B B B

( )
) 150 = B 2 + 0.12 B (60.77 + 6.72 B B 1.4m

**********************************************************************************
: 2m 2m .
.

kN
= 17.5 = 25o C = 25kpa F .S = 3
m3

1
qu = C.N C + q.N q + BN :
2
qu = 1.3C.N C + q.N q + 0.4BN :
3
2 tan

N C = cot (N q 1) = 25.1
4 2
e
= Nq = 12.7

2 cos +
2

4 2
1 K P
= N 1 = 9.7
2 cos
2

N C N q N
.

28
q ult = 1.3(25)(
. 25.1) + (0.3 17.5)(
. 12.7 ) + 0.4(17.5)(2 )(9.7 )
1018
q ult = 1018 kpa q all = = 339.3 P = 339.3 4 = 1357.3 > 600 (OK )
3

. :

1
qult = c.N C .S C .d C .iC + q.N q .S q .d q .iq + BN .S .d .i
2

N q = e tan tan 2 45 + = 10.7 :
2

N C = (N q 1)cot = 20.7

N = (N q 1)tan(1.4 ) = 6.8

25
K P = tan 2 45 + = tan 2 45 + = 2.46
2 2
2
S C = 1 + 0.2 K P . = 1 + (0.2 )(2.46 ) = 1.5
B
L 2

2
S q = 1 + 0.1K P . = 1 + (0.1)(2.46 ) = 1.25
B
L 2
2
= 1 + (0.1)(2.46 ) = 1.25
B
S = S q = 1 + 0.1K P .
L 2

0.3
= 1 + 0.2(1.57 )
D
d C = 1 + 0.2 K P . = 1.05
B 2
0.3
= 1 + 0.1(1.57 )
D
d q = 1 + 0.1 K P . = 1.02 :
B 2
d = d q = 1.02

200
= tan 1 = 18.4
o

600
2 2
18.4
iC = iq = 1 = 1 = 0.633 :
90 90
2 2
18.4
i = 1 = 1 = 0.07
25

29
) qult = 25(20.7 )(1.5)(1.05)(0.633) + (0.3 17.5)(10.7 )(1.25)(1.02
1
) + 17.5 2 (6.8)(1.25 1.02 0.07
2
571.9
) P = 190 4 = 762 > 600 (OK
kN kN
qult = 571.9 2
= q all = 190
m 3 m2
:
= -
Ca = C -
D = 0.3m -
:
L = L = 2m B = B = 2m

A f = B L = 2 2 = 4m 2
( :
) ) (V = P ) ( = (
H max = V tan + Ca . A f = 600 tan 25 + 25 4 = 379.8 kN
379.8
H max = 379.8 > H = 200kN = F .S = 1.90 ) (OK
200
(
1
q ult = C.N C .S C .d C .iC .g C .bC + q.N q .S q .d q .i q .g q .bq + BN .S .d .i .g .b
2

N q = e tan tan 2 45 + = 10.7 N C = (N q 1)cot = 20.7
2
N = 1.5(N q 1) tan = 6.80

D
1 D 0.3
dC = 1 + 0.4k B
dC = 1 + 0.4 = 1 + 0.4 = 1.06
B 2
2 0.3
)d q = 1 + 2 tan (1 Sin ) k = 1 + 2 tan 25(1 Sin 25
2
= 1.05 :
2
d = 1 For all

30
 Nq B 10.7 2
SC = 1 + = 1+ = 1.51
NC L 20.7 2
B 2
Sq = 1 + Sin = 1 + Sin 25 = 1.43 :
L 2
B 2
S = 1 0.4 = 1 0.4 = 0.60 0.60 ) (Ok
L 2

***************

2 .5 2 .5
0 .5 H B 0.5 200
iq = 1 = 1 = 0.72
V + A f .C a . cot ) 600 + (4 25 cot 25
1 iq 1 0.72
iC = i q = 0.72 = 0.69
N q 1 10 .7 1 :
3 .5 3 .5
10
0.7 450 H B 0.7 200
450
i = 1 = 1 = 0.52
V + A f .C a . cot ) 600 + (4 25 cot 25

***************

: :

gc = g = g q = 1
***************
10
bC = 1 = 1 = 0.93
147 147
bq = exp( 2 tan ) = exp( 2 0.175 tan 25) = 0.85 :
= 10 = 0.175 Radian
o

b = exp( 2.7 tan ) = exp( 2.7 0.175 tan 25) = 0.802

***************

H L > 0 B L .

)qult = 25(20.7 )(1.51)(1.06)(0.69 )(1)(0.93 :

)+ (0.3 17.5)(10.7 )(1.43)(1.05)(0.72 )(1)(0.85 :

1
) + 17.5 2 (6.8)(0.6 )(1)(0.52 )(1)(0.802 :
2

31
 612.92
qult = 612.92
kN
(kpa ) qall =
qult
= = 204 Kpa
m2 F .S 3

qall = 204 Kpa P = (2 2 ) 204 = 816 > 60

.
*************************

:
1
q ult = c.N C .S C .d C .iC .bC + q.N q .S q .d q .i q .bq + BN .S .d .i .b
2
:
N C = 20.7 N q = 10.7 N = 2(N q + 1)tan = 10.9
***************
d C = 1.06 d q = 1.05 d = 1 For all () :
Nq B 2
SC = 1 + = 1 + 0.514 = 1.514
NC L 2
B 2
Sq = 1+ tan = 1 + tan 25 = 1.47 :
L 2
B 2
S = 1 0.4 = 1 0.4 = 0.60
L 2
***************
B 2
2+ 2+
mB = L = 2 = 15 : m
B 2
1+ 1+
L 2
m 1.5
0.5H B 200
iq = 1 = 1 = 0.66
V + A f .C a . cot 600 + (4 25 cot 25)

1 iq 1 0.66
iC = iq = 0.66 = 0.619
N q 1 10.7 1

m +1

0.7 450 H B 200
2.5

i = 1 = 1 = 0.49

V + A f .Ca . cot 600 + (4 25 cot 25)

32
bq = b = (1 tan ) = (1 (0.175) tan 25) = 0.846
2 2

2 20 :
bC = 1 = 1 =1
5.14 tan 5.14 tan 25

***************

)qult = 25(20.7 )(1.514 )(1.06 )(0.619 )(1) + (0.3 17.5)(10.7 )(1.47 )(1.05)(0.66 )(0.843
1
)+ 17.5 2 (10.9 )(0.6 )(1)(0.49 )(0.843
2
609.59
) P = 203.2 4 = 812.8 > 600 (OK
kN kN
qult = 609.59 q = = 203 . 2
m2 m2
all
3

*************************

qall qall

204 339.3

203.2 190

33
 )) ((

.
.

B L :
L = L 2ex B = B 2e y
My Mx
= ex = ey
P P
qult
:
(I :
( BN B B .

( B L .

( B L .

qult
. qall

34
 ( II
Re .

qult = qult ( comp ) Re

) : q ult ( comp

.
Re :
2e
R e = 1
B
e
Re = 1 0 < e < 0.3B
B
B
= e
2
B
> e . .
6
: L B ReB
Re = ReL ReB ReL :
***********************************************************

: 1.8m 1.8m 0.4m 0.4m

P = 1800kN M X ) M Y (
. = 36o C = 20kpa .
= 18 kN 5m .
m3
) . 3 (.

35
 :

450
= 0.25m B = B 2e = 1.8 2(0.25) = 1.3m
MX
= eY =
P 1800

360
= 0.20m L = L 2e = 1.8 2(0.2) = 1.4m
MY
= eX =
P 1800

N q = e tan tan 2 45 + = 37.7 38 :
2

N C = (N q 1)cot = 50.9 51 N = 1.5(N q 1)tan = 40.32 40

Nq B 38 1.3
SC = 1 + = 1+ = 1.69
NC L 51 1.4
B 1.3
S q = 1 + Sin = 1 + Sin36 = 1.55
L 1.4
1.3
S = 1 0.4 ) = 0.62 > 0.6 (Ok
1.4
***************
D
d C = 1 + 0.4k = 1 + 0.4 = 1.4
B
d q = 1 + 2 tan (1 Sin ) k = 1.25
2
:
d = 1
***************
: :

gc = g = g q = 1
***************
: :

i c = i = i q = 1
***************
: :

bc = b = bq = 1
:
1
qult = C.N C .S C .d C .iC .g C .bC + q.N q .S q .d q .iq .g q .bq + B N .S .d .i .g .b
2
1
q ult = [(20 )(51)(1.69)(1.4)] + [(1.8 18)(38 1.55 1.25)] + ])[(18)(1.3)(40)(0.62)(1
2

36
 5088
= = q = 5088 kpa q 1696 kpa 1700 kpa
ult all
3
:
P 1800
= qexist = = 989 kpa < qall
)B L (1.3)(1.4
kgf
100 qall = 1700 kpa : kpa
cm 2
kg
qall = 17 2
cm
500kpa 5 kg 2 .
cm
: :

N q = e tan tan 2 45 + = 38 , N C = (N q 1)cot = 51 , N = (N q 1)tan(1.4 ) = 44.7

2

***************
:
36
K P = tan 2 45 + = tan 2 45 + = 3.85
2 2
1.8
SC = 1 + 0.2 K P . = 1 + 3.85(0.2) = 1.77
B
L 1.8
1.8
= 1 + (0.1)(3.85) = 1.39
B
S q = 1 + 0.1K P .
L 1.8
S = S q = 1.39
***************
:
1.8
= 1 + 0.2(1.96) = 1.39
D
d C = 1 + 0.2 K P .
B 1.8
1.8
= 1 + 0.1(1.96) = 1.2
D
d q = 1 + 0.1 K P .
B 1.8
d = d q = 1.39
***************
ic = i = iq = 1 :

:
1
qult = C.N C .S C .d C .iC + q.N q .S q .d q .iq + BN .S .d .i
2

37
) q ult = 20(51)(1.77 )(1.39 ) + (1.8 1.8)(38)(1.39 )(1.2 ) + 0.5(18)(1.8)(44.7 )(1.39 )(1.2

qult = 3922.7 kpa

***************

ReB ReL
:
eY 0.25
ReB = 1 = 1 = 1 0.37 = 0.63
B 1.8
eX 0.2
ReL = 1 = 1 = 1 0.33 = 0.67
L 1.8
qult = 3922.7 ReB ReL = 1655.78 kpa
qult
= qall = 551.92 kpa
3
*************************

38


:
( : S e .

(2 : S c .

(1
Bq0
= Se (1 s ) av
Es
Bq
S e = 0 (1 s ) r
Es
= E s = s = B = q0

av , r
.

39
 (2 :

- -

) s = 0.5 ( .

q0 B
S e = A1 A2
Es

A2 , A1

40


(3 :

) ( 1978 .

) S e = C1 .C 2 .(q D f
z2
Iz
Z
0 Es
= I z
]) C1 = 1 0.5[q / (q q = C1
) time( year
C2 = 1 + 0.2 log = C 2
0.1
= q
. :
Z = 0 Iz = 0.1

Z = Z1 = 0.5B Iz = 0.5
Z = Z = 2B Iz = 0
2

41
 Z = 0 Iz = 0.2
L
Z = Z1 = B 10 Iz = 0.5
B Z = Z = 4B
2 Iz = 0

Es z SPT
L
< 1 I z . < 10
B
10-3 197

Es s

(
Es KN
m2
) = 766N - ) N ( E s :

Es = 2qc ) (CPT
qc , E s

500CEs = 250C ) (

1000C Es = 750C

s , E s

E s MN( m2
) s
Loose sand 10.35 24.15 0.2 0.4

Medium dense sand 17.25 27.60 0.25 0.4

Dense Sand 34.50 55.20 0.3 0.45

42
 Silty sand 10.35 17.25 0.2 0.4

Sand & gravel 69.0 172.5 0.15 0.35

Soft clay 2.07 5.18

Medium clay 5.18 10.35 0.2 0.5

Stiff clay 10.35 24.15

= P0

= Pav

= e0 = Pc

= H c = C s = Cc

= Pt
= Pm
= Pb
*********************************************************************************

) ( .1
. .2
. .3
2 1 .4

43
 )) ((

1956

B 1.22m, S = 25.4mm qnet ,all = 11.98 N

2
3.28 B + 1
B > 1.22m, S = 25.4mm q net ,all = 7.99 N
3.28B

= N . = B
kN
= qnet ,all 2 = S
m
) (Bowles
S :

S
B 1.22m, q net ,all = 19.16 NFd
25.4
2
B > 1.22m, 3.28 B + 1 S
q net ,all = 11.98 N Fd
3.28B 25.4

Df
Fd = 1 + 0.33 1.33
B

= S mm
) N ( 2 B 3B
.

**************************************************************

) (1974 qnet , all

Df
) . ( B
B

44
45
 :(PLT) Plate Load Test

.
)( 25mm
77.2-150mm 30.5cm

. 25mm
- .

) qu ( P ) = qu ( F :

) : qu ( F ) : qu ( P )(

: .

B
qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) F :
BP
: B F : B P
*************************
) q0
(
B
S ( F ) = S ( P ) F :
BP

2 2
B 3.28 B P + 1
S F = S P F :
BP 3.28 B F + 1

46
 :
. 0.305 0.305 m .
2500 KN 25 mm

3.1 3.1 m

47
 )) ((

(1
(2
(3
(4
(5
(6
(7

.
:
(
(
(
(
(
(
.

) ( .
:
( :
:
: AB AB
:
( ) (:
AB
= AB
L AB
: AB :

48
49


) (

 )(

.

. :
-2 -1
: .
: ....
.

) (S
) (L . ) ( , f
.

S fL

: f
. )(1
: .
.
)(2
.
) ( ) S u S r) ( (

M u M r Vu Vr Tu Tr
Pu Pr . Pr , Tr , Vr , M r

. Pu , Tu , Vu , M u

.

50
 ) (1 )(

1.25D+1.5L + D L 1

D+1.2L + 1.2W + D + L W 2

0.85D + 1.2W 2 3

D+1.2L + 1.2E + D + L E 4

0.85D + 1.2E 4 5

1.25D+1.5L+1.5H + D + L H 6

6 7
0.85D + 1.5H

1.25D+1.5L+1.25F + D + L F 8

0.85D+1.25F 8 9

- 10

- 11

D+1.2L + T 12

1.25D + 1.25T 12 13 13

)(1.

c = 0.6

s = 0.85

51
 :

.
.

s , c 0.6 0.85.
if f ' c 30 Mpa 1 = 0.85
1 :
if f ' c > 30 Mpa )1 = 0.85 0.008( f ' c 30
:
C = 0.85c f 'c .a.b
) T = As ( s f s
a
) M r = T (d
2
:

)( fs =fy
c f c 600
b = 0.85 1
s f s 600 + f y
b
As max = As b , max = b

52
 ) ( r <rb .

C = 0.85c f 'c .a.b

) T = As ( s f s

As s f y
= F = 0 C = T a
0.85 c f 'c b

) M = 0 M = T .( d a ) = A f ( d a
r
2
s s y
2

) As ( s f s
M r = As ( s f s )(d
)1.7c f 'c b

b=30 cm d = 45 cm .
Mu = 240 KN.m .
( f 'c = 30 Mpa , ) f y = 400 Mpa

: m R
.

s f y
=m = 22.22
0.85 c f c

Mu 240 *10 6
=R = = 3.95
bd 2 300 * (450) 2

1 2mR
= 1 1 = 0.0137
m s f y

As req = .b.d = 0.0137 * 450 * 300 = 1850mm2 USE 6 20

53
 :

) (
.
) (
.
) ( .
.
.
)( .


.

.
qult
:
(
( SPT
:
qult
= qall F .S = 3 4
F .S

, c .

54
 )(
.

qmax qall

( ) (:

P P
=q = L , B
A B.L

B
<e (
6

p Mc P M ( B 2) P 6e
= qmax + = + = ) (1 +
A I BL 1
LB 3 LB B
12

p Mc P M ( B 2) P 6e
= qmin = = ) (1 M = P.e
A I BL 1
LB 3 LB B
12

qmin = 0 .

P 6e 6e B
qmin = 0 (1 ) = 0 1 =0 =e
LB B B 6

55
 B
= e :
6

B
>e
(
6
qmin < 0
.

M B
=e > .
P 6

P.

1 2P
(q max .3B ' ) L = P = q max
2 3B ' L

.
) ( e

T
.

56

M
= e . ) (
p

( :
.
.

My L Mx B
= ex , = ey
P 6 P 6

P M y cx M xc y P 6e 6e y
= qmax + + = (1 + x + )
A Iy Ix LB L B

P M y cx M x c y P 6e 6e y
= qmin = (1 x )
A Iy Ix LB L B

) (
.

57


(1 : :
( :
.
( .
(
45 .
.

m > zf

( )(
.

.
1 = z f + q0 :
= q0 z f = z f
:
3 = K 1 2c K = K (z f ) + Kq0 2c K

58
 3 = 0 .
2c q
= K (z f ) + Kq0 2c K = 0 z f 0
K
3 = 0 :
2c q0
= zf
( F .S ) K ( F .S )
) ( ) ( c = 0
z f = 0 ) (
) ( .

1
qu = cN c + qN q + BN qN q .
2

:
)( SoldierPile&lagging

) ( Tieback )(SoilNailing

59
 )( Diaphragmwall

) (Piling

60
 (Reciprocalsupport)

(SheetPiling)

61
 ) ( Trussconstruction

62
 ( : )
(
) (
. .
.

(

:
( ) (
(
( .
.
. :

.
.

63

:
.
qa
.
.
qnet = qall con h D soil
P + PL P + PL
qmax = D qnet A = D
A qnet
) :( 3-3-17
33 .
) p D + PL + ( PW or PE
= q net 1.33q net
A
)) P + PL + ( PW or PE ) 0.75( PD + PL + ( PW or PE
A D =
1.33qnet qnet
) (
)
( .
B P 6e M
if e = q max ) (1 + =e
6 BL B P
B 2P 2P
if = e > q max =
6 3BB B
)3 B ( e
2

33 .

:
.


.
PE , PL , PD PW
:
1.25PD + 1.5 L
= qu
A
) 1.0 PD + 1.2 PL 1.2( PE or PW
= qu
A

64
 ) 0.9 PD 1.2( PE or PW
= qu
A
qu
.

.
.

) - (:

.
d .
)( ):(1-4-4-17
( .
(
: d ). (

Vu VC Vu .

) (1-1-3-12
VC = 0.2 c f ' c bw d :
: VC ) ( ) ( N
: c 0.6
N : f c MPa
mm 2
: d mm : bw mm

65
 ) Vu ( :
Vu = pu qu A1 : 1
Vu = qu A2 : 2

) (:
d
.
2
d
Vu
2
d
.
2
.
) ( 4-2-7-12
:
2
(1 + )(0.2c f c )bo d
c

VC = min 2(0.2c f c )bo d
d
( s + 1)(0.2c f c )bo d
bo
:
N : f c MPa
mm 2
: c 0.6

66
 ) c1 , c2 ( : bo bo = 2(c1 + c2 + 2d ) mm
: d mm
c1
c = : c
c2
: c 2 ) ( : c1) (
: S = 40 = 30
=20

Vu VC
: Vu
: VC

67

d
.
2
:

. f
v

1
= f
2 b1
1+
3 b2
v = 1 f
: b1 .
: b2 b1.
b1 b2 .

b1 b2 :
f = 0.6 , v = 0.4
.

.

68
 Vu v M u
d
d .
2
.
Vu
Vu
Ac
. v M u
) .
(.
Vu v M u C
= Vu1 +
Ac jc
V M C
Vu 2 = u v u
Ac jc
: Ac
bo : d
Ac = bo .d
: j c .
Ac ) ( .
: C , C ) ( .

69
70
71

25cm
40cm .

:


.
)( 2-3-4-17
:
( )(
( ) (
(

d d 2
.

72
 :

.
) (
. ) ( 5-5-17
:
( .
( As
s As
. (1 s )As
:

73
 :
.

.

.
.

: l dh : l d
) :( As max , As min
) (
) (
.

.
1.4
: ) : ( min
F
y
.
) (
:

( h 100cm

min = 0.002 S350,S300,S220 :

min = 0.0018 S400 :
min = 0.0015 S500 :

74
 ( : h 200cm <100

) ( = 1.3 0.3h ) h (m

: h > 200cm (
) h = 200cm (
mm 2
Asmin = 2800 S350,S300,S220:
m
mm 2
Asmin = 2500 S400 :
m
mm 2
Asmin = 2100 S500 :
m

100cm
. 100cm
1
.
3
) ( 1-5-17 )
( .
% 0.15 :
0.0015

% 0.10 .
:
10 mm .
10 cm .
35 cm .

:

.
) ) (Bearing Stress (
) (
.

75
 )( 0.85c f cA1 .
: c 0.6 : A1 ) (
A2
A2
.
A1
A2 A2
2 , 0.85c f cA1 =
A A1
1
A2
)( 1 ) 2 63.4 o ( .
: A1 A2 .

:
(

.
) ( Pu .
:

76
 Pu Pb A2
= Asd , Pb = 0.85c f cA1
s f y A1

:
Asd min = 0.005 Ag - )( : Ag
- )( :
Asd min = 0.0012 Ag 9 16 : f y 420MPa
Asd min = 0.0015 Ag 9 :

(


.

.

.
(
ldc
.
.

.
(

ld ldh
.
(




.

77
 - 36
36 36 .

36 .
36 36 .
-

ldc ll


.

)( :

.
.
7-17 :
- 10
.
- 25 ). (
- 4 12
6 25 .
30 14
8 25
.
-
.
1-7-17 :
) (
.
.

78
 ) (

( 450 450 mm f 'c = 30 MPa 8 26

f y = 350MPa . 1000 KN
800 KN . ) 245 KN / m 2 (kpa.
1/5
.
c = 24 KNm3 soil = 17.5 KN m3
---------------------------------------------------------------
(1
q net = q all hc c hs soil
h = 60 cm :
q net = 245 0.6(24) 0.9(17.5) = 214.85 215 KN m 2

(2
.
.

PD + PL 1000 + 800
A f = B B B2 = 8.37 m 2
q net 215
3 3 = 9 m 2 .

(3

Pu = 1.25 PD + 1.5 PL = 1.25 (1000) + 1.5(800) = 2450 KN

2450
= qu = 272.2 KN
m2
9

(4
d
d / 2 .

L c
) Vu = qu A2 = qu B( d
2 2

79
 N mm
qu = 272.2 KN m 2 = 0.272 N mm 2
3000 450
(Vu = 0.272 3000 ) d ) = 816 (1275 d
2 2

Vu Vc Vu :

Vc
Vc = 0 .2 c f 'c .bw .d
Vc = 0.2 0.6 30 3000 d = 1971.8 d
) Vc = Vu 1971.8d = 816 (1275 d d = 373 .2 mm
.

) (
d
Vu = Pu qu A0 = (2450103 ) 0.272(c + 2( ))2 = (2450103 ) 0.272(450 + d ) 2
2
2
(1 + )(0.2c f c )bo d
c

VC = min 2(0.2c f c )bo d
d
( s + 1)(0.2c f c )bo d
bo
450
= c =1 c = 0.6 f 'c = 30 MPa s = 40 :
450
2
( 1 + ) = 3
c
sd 40 373.2 sd
= = 4.5 d 373.2 mm
b0 )4(450 + 373.2 b0
.

80
Vc = 2(0.2c f 'c )b0 d = 2(0.2 0.6 30)(4(450+ d))d Vc = 5.26(450 + d )d
Vu = Vc 5.26(450+ d )d = 2450103 0.272(450+ d ) 2
d 2 + 472.3d 453103 = 0 d = 477.12 mm

) ( .
d d = 477 mm
.
75 mm
26 h :
) ( ) 1/2 ( d = h
) ( ) ( ) 1/2 ( d = h
) ( ) ( d = h

h = d +(75)+26=477+75+26=578 mm 600 mm
h=60 cm :

d = 60 7.5 2.6 d 50cm

( 5
: .

.

= [( B / 2 C / 2)] = (3000/ 2 450/ 2) = 1275mm

M u = [qu ( B / 2 C / 2) L ] ( B / 2 C / 2) 1/ 2

81
 [
M u = 0.272(1275)(3000) ] (1275) 1/ 2 = 663.2 106 N.mm
:
d = 50 cm = 500 mm
l = 300 cm = 3000 mm
f`c = 30 Mpa fy = 350 Mpa Mu = 663.210^6N.mm

Ass f y
=a = 6.48103 As
0.85c f `c .b
a
)) ( M u = As s f y (d
2

I II :
As = 4595 . 3 mm 2

) As(max )As(min
): As(min
100 S350
min = 0 . 002
As (min) = (b.d ) = 0.002(500 3000) = 3000 mm2
As ) As(min ( OK) .

): As(max
c f c 600
( b = 0 .85 1 () () )
) s f y ( 600 + fy

( f `c = 30 Mpa 1 = 0.85) b = 0.0276

As (max)= b (b.d ) = 0.0276(500 3000) = 41400 mm2

)( OK As ) As(max .
USE A s = 4595 . 3 15 20
.

82
 75mm .
:
= (3000-150)/14 = 203 mm 15 20 @ 20 cm

.
.

(6 ) (
Pu = 1.25 PD + 1.5 PL = 2450 KN
) (
:
A2
Pb = 0 . 85 c f `c A1
A1
A2 = (450 + 2(2 600))2 = 8.12 106 mm2
A1 = 450 450 = 0.2 106 mm 2

A2 A2
. = 2 2
A1 A1
Pb = 0.85.c . f 'c .A1.(2) = 0.85 0.6 30 (450 450) 2 = 6196500N = 6196.5KN
Pu < Pb

:
Asd (min) = 0.005 Ag = 0.005(450 450) = 1012.5 mm 2 USE 814

) + (

( 40 40cm PD = 650KN PL = 350 KN

PE = 70 KN M E = 400 KN.m .
245 KN m2
f y = 400 Mpa, f c = 25Mpa

qall (net ) = 215 KN m2

83
 (1
:

) PD + PL = 650 + 350 = 1000 KN M =0

) + PD + PL + PE = 650 + 350 + 70 = 1070 KN M = 400 KN.m

1.33 0.75
.
: 1000 KN
PD + PL 1000
=A = = 4.65 m 2 B B = 2.20 2.20 m
q net 215
M E :
M 400 KN .m B 2200
=e = = > = 0.373 m = 373 mm = 366 mm
P 1070 KN 6 6
240 240 cm
.
B 2400
< e = 373 mm = = 400 mm
6 6

P Mc 1070 10^3 400 10 ( 2400

6
) 2 N
= q max + = + 1 == 0.185 + 0.174 = 0.359 )( Mpa
A I 2400 2400 12 2400 2400 3
mm 2

KN
= 1.33 q net = 1.33 215 = 0.286 Mpa
m2

.

L
: = 2
B

84
 2B
( 400 10 6 )
1070 10 3
2 = q = 0.286 Mpa
= q max +
B 2B ) 12 B ( 2 B
3
1 net

0.175 B 3 535 10 3 B 6 108 = 0 B = 2158 B 2200 mm

L
= 2 L = 4400 mm USE L B = 4400 2200 mm
B
(2

Pu = 1.0 PD + 1.2 PL + 1.2 PE = 1 650 + 1.2 350 + 1.2 70 = 1154 KN
M u = 1.0 M D + 1.2 M L + 1.2 M E = 1 0 + 1.2 0 + 1.2 400 = 480 KN .m

p Mc P 6M
= qmax + = + :
A I BL BL2
P 6M 1154 103 ) 6(480 10 6
= qmax = + 2 + = 0.186 Mpa
BL BL 4400 2200 2200 4400 2
P 6M 1154 10 3 ) 6(480 10 6
= q min = = 0.052 Mpa
BL BL2 4400 2200 2200 4400 2

)(2000 + 400 + d )(0.186 0.052

qu ,d = 0.052 + ) = 0.052 + 3.04 10 5 (2400 + d
4400

)) (0.186 + (0.052 + 3.04 *10 5 (2400 + d

= Vu (4400 2400 d ) 2200
2

) = (261.8 + 0.033(2400 + d ) )(2000 d )(1

85
 d Vu Vc d
d
Vu Vc . d = 500 mm
Vu = 538164 N
Vc = 0.2c f 'c .bw .d = 0.2 0.6 25 2200 500 = 660,000 N
d

2
. .

Pu = 1.25PD + 1.5 PL = 1.25 650 + 1.5 350 = 1337.5 KN
Pu 1337.5 10 3
= qult = = 0.138 Mpa
A 2200 4400
Vu = Pu qult (c1 + d )(c2 + d ) = 1337.5 10 3 0.138(400 + d ) 2

86
 2
(1 + )(0.2c f c )bo d
c

VC = min 2(0.2c f c )bo d
d
( s + 1)(0.2c f c )bo d
bo

c = 1 b0 = (400 + d ) 4 f 'c = 25 Mpa s = 40 c = 0.6

Vu Vc Vu = Vc

2(0.2 0.6 25 (400 + d )(4d )) = 1337.5 10 3 0.138(400 + d ) 2

d = 350 mm

:
.
. b1 = b2
v = 0.4 .
Vu :

Pu 1154 10 3
= qult = = 0.119 Mpa
B.L 2200 4400
Vu = 1154 10 3 0.119(400 + d ) 2

d = 500mm
:
Vu = 1154 103 0.119(400 + 500) 2 = 1057.6 10 3 N
Vu v M u C
= vu 1 +
Ac jc
Ac = 2(b1 + b2 ) d = 2( 2(c + d )) d = 4( 400 + 500 )500 = 1.8 10 6 mm 2

jc 1
C 3
[ 3
]
= b1 d (b1 + 3b2 ) + d = 5.817 10 mm
8 2

b1 = b2 = 400 + 500 = 900 mm

) 1057.6 10 3 0.4 (480 10 6
= v u1 + = 0.917 Mpa
1.8 10 6 5.817 10 8
V
Vc = 2(0.2c f ' c )b0 d vc = c = 2(0.2c f ' c ) = 2(0.2 * 0.6 * 25 ) = 1.2 Mpa
b0 d
vc >> vu1 O.K

87
 h = 600 mm d = 510 mm d = 500 mm

(3

2000 + 400
qu = 0.052 + (0.186 0.052) = 0.125 Mpa
4400

2000 2000 2
( M u = (0.125 2200 2000 )) + (0.186 0.125 ) 2200 ( 2000
2 2 3

M u = 728.93 10 6 N .mm

88
d = 510mm

bw = 2200mm As = 4437.8 mm 2

f 'c = 25 Mpa
f y = 400 Mpa

As min = 0.0018 2200 600 = 2376 mm 2

Use 15 20

)(qu max + q min ) (0.186 + 0.052

= q ave = = 0.119 Mpa
2 2
(q 900 4400) 900
M u = ave = 212.05 10 6 N .mm
2
d = 510 mm

bw = 4400 mm As = 1449.3 mm 2

f ' c = 25 Mpa
fy = 400 Mpa
As min = 0.0018 4400 600 = 4752 mm 2 USE 3214

(4 :
400 KN .m

(816) :

89
 Combined footing

.
:
(1 .
(2
.
:

.
) ( R = P1 + P2
.
P2 .c
M 1 =0 P2 c = R n =n
R
l R R
)= ( m + n ) l = 2( m + n , = lb =b
2 qa qa l

90
91
 :

.

d .

.
.

: A B
.
:

A: P D = 750 KN , P L = 500 KN , M D= 220 KN .m , M L= 160 KN .m

B: P D = 1600 KN , P L = 1100 KN

A ) 300*500 mm (
B 500*500mm . q net = 200 Kpa
f y = 400 Mpa f c = 25 Mpa . .

92
 ----------------------------

A m=250mm .
R ) (n :

PA = 750 + 500 = 1250 KN , M A = 220 + 160 = 380 KN

PB = 1600 + 1100 = 2700 KN
R = 1250 + 2700 = 3950 KN
2700 5 + 380
M A =0 R n = PB 5.0 + M A =n
3950
= 3.514 m

l = 2(m + n) = 2(250 + 3514) = 7528mm USE l = 7500mm

:
R R 3950
= = q net b = = 2.633m b = 2633mm
bl q net l 200 7.5
l b = 7.5 2.6m

.

PuA = (1.25 * 750) + (1.5 * 500) = 1687.5 KN

M uA = (1.25 * 220) + (1.5 *160) = 515KN .m
PuB = (1.25 * 1600) + (1.5 *1100) = 3650 KN

.
:

Ru = PuA + PuB = 1687.5 + 3650 = 5337.5KN

7.5 0.5 7.5

(M u = 1687.5 () + 515 + 3650 2.25) = 83.75KN .m
2 2 2

93
 M 83.75
=e = = 0.016 m : C.L.
P 5337.5

Ru 5337.5 10 3 N
= q ult = = 0.274 Mpa .
l b 7500 2600
.
N KN
Wu = qult b = 0.274 2600 = 712.4 ( )
mm m

94
 :
d
B d
B :

[
) Vu = 3650 712.4 (2.5 10 3 + d ]
Vc = 0.2c f c .bw .d = 0.2 0.6 25 2600 d = 1560d
Vu = Vc 3650 10 3 [712.4 (2.5 10 3 + d )] = 1560d
d = 823mm USE : d = 825mm, h = 900mm

:
.
: B
Vu = PuB qu (c1 + d )(c 2 + d ) = 3650 10 3 (0.274)(500 + 825) 2 = 3167 10 3 N
VC = 2(0.2C f C )b0 .d = 2(0.2 0.6 25 )(5300)(825) = 5247 10 3 N
b0 = 2(c1 + c 2 + 2d ) = 2(500 + 500 + 2(825)) = 5300mm
V u Vc 3167 10 3 5247 10 3 O.K.
: A
:
Vu = PuA q u (c1 + d )(c 2 + d ) = 1687.5 10 3 0.274(500 + 825 )(300 + 825) = 1406.2 10 3 N
2 2
V M .c
u,max = u + v u
Ac Jc
1 1
v = 1 f = 1 = 1 = 0.38
2 b1 2 912.5
1+ 1+
3 b2 3 1125
:

AC = (2b1 + b2 )d = (2 * 912.5 + 1125) 825 = 2433750 mm 2

95
JC
=
C 6b1
1
[
) 2b12 .d (b1 + 2b2 ) + d 3 (2b1 + b2 ]
=
1
)6(912.5
[ ]
2(912.5) 2 825(912.5 + 2 1125) + 8253 (2 912.5 + 1125) = 10961.4 *105 mm3

) 1406.2 *103 0.38 * (515 *106

vu , max = + = 1.05Mpa
2433750 10961.4 *105 :

2
(1 + )(0.2c f c ) = 1.32Mpa

vC = C = min 2(0.2c f c ) = 1.2Mpa O.K . :
C
V
b0 d sd
( + 1)(0.2 c f c ) = 5.28
b0

b0 = 2b1 + b2 = 2950 mm

vc > vu , max O.K

.

M max = 1077.7 KN .m bw = 2600mm d = 825mm f c = 25Mpa f y = 400 Mpa

Aseq :

s f y 0.85 * 400
=m = = 26.67
0.85c f c 0.85 * 0.6 * 25
Mu 1077 .7 *10 6
=R = = 0.61
bd 2 2600 * (825) 2
1 2mR 1 2(26.67) * 0.61
= 1 1 = 1 1 = 0.0018
m s f y 26.67 0.85 * 400
As = .b.d = 0.0018 * 2600 * 825 = 3945 mm 2

96
 As , min = 0.0018 * 2600 * 825 = 3945mm 2 O.K . S400

USE at the Top 16 18 @ 15cm C

C
+
M max = 1888.3KN .m bw = 2600mm d = 825mm f c = 25Mpa f y = 400 Mpa
s f y Mu 1888.3 *106
= m = 26.67 = R= 2 = 1.07
0.85 c f c bd 2600 * (825) 2

1 2mR
= 1 1 = 0.0033
m s f y

As = 0.0033 * 2600 * 825 = 7060 mm 2

AS , min = 0.0018 * 2600 * 825 = 3744 mm 2 O.K .

USE at the BOTTOM : 23 20 @ 10 cm C

C

) ( } max{d ,12bb .

.
A B :

- : A

L = 500 + 825 = 1325mm

PuA 1687.5 *103

= quA = = 0.48Mpa
bL 2600 *1325
2
) (2600 300
2
M max )= (0.48 *1325 = 420.55 *106 N .mm
2

97
 M u = 420 * 10 6 N .mm

b w = 1325 mm

d = 825 mm
f = 25 Mpa
c
f y = 400 Mpa

= 0.0014 < min = 0.0015

As = 0.0015 *1325 * 825 = 1640 mm 2
USE : 8 16 @ 15Cm C
C
:B

LB = 500 + 2(825) = 2150mm

3650 *103
qu = = 0.65Mpa
2600 * 2150

2
( 2600 500)
2
M max = [0.65 * 2150 ]* = 770.3 *106 N .mm
2

M u max = 770 .3 *10 6 N .mm

bw = 2150 mm

d = 825 mm
f c = 25 Mpa

f y = 400 Mpa

= 0.0016
As = 0.0016 * 2150 * 825 = 2838mm 2

USE : 14 16 @ 15Cm C
C

( )
.

min = 0.0015
1237.5
As = 0.0015 *1000 * 825 = 1237.5mm 2 at each side = 618.75 mm 2 10 @15 cm
2

98
 ) ( :

.

.
) ( .
.
.


.

:


.
)(
.

:
1 . 75 :

.
Ks B
=4
4Es I
:
: B : Ks
: I B : Es
20 .

L :

> L . < L
4 4
:L

99
 :
.
.
r .

= r
E I i i
3
E B S

: B :Es
E i I i :

E I = EI + E.t h
W W
+ EI f
i i b
12
: EI f

: EI B b
3

h ,t : t h ) BW W
W W
12
(.

r K r 0.5 K r < 0.5 .

:
1 E C h
3

=K K .
12 E S L

: Ec : Es : L : h

K K 0.5 K < 0.5 .

100
 : K s

.

:
:1 )PlateLoadTest(PLT

- 3030
. -
PLT .

. K 1

Bp
K S
= K1
B
2
B + Bp
K = K 1
2B
S

: B P : K 1

: K S
: B

:2
K s 120 q a
: q ) (KN m
2

: K ) ( ) (KN m
a

3 S

:3

101
Ks ) (KN m
3 Ks ) (KN m
3
12000 24000 q a < 200 Kpa 4800 - 16000

24000 48000 200 Kpa < q a < 800 Kpa 9600 80000

48000 q a > 800 Kpa 64000 128000

- - 32000 80000

- - 24000 48000

.
EI
.
.

.


.

.

.

.
.
.

102
 ) (
-1
-2 ) (
-3
-4
:

= X
Px + Mi i i
=Y
P y + M i i i

P i P i

M i
P ) ( x y
i i i

.

.
.
-5
( .
.

=q
P i

A
( e x e y
:

=q
P i

Mxy M yx
=
P (1 6e
i x

6e y
)
A Ix Iy A B L
: e x y
: e y x

-6
.
.
.
.

103
 -7
5
. .
.

-8

) (5
.
.
.
.
-8(
-8(
-8(
-8(
-8(

)) ((

: 6 1219
.
. ) (4040 .
) . (q a = 80kpa
f y
= 400Mpa f
c
= 25Mpa .
.

104
 ------------------------------ ------------------------------
:
:
K s = 120q a = 120 80 = 9600 KN
m3
1.75 .
1.75
6 = =6 = 0.2917

Ks B 9600 10 3 B
=4 ) (0.2917 4
=
4 Ec I f
( )
4 4700 25 10 6
B h3
12
h = 0.553m USE h = 600mm

h = 600mm
E c = 4700 10 6 f c

.

-
P i = 15480 KN

) . (

105
= X
(1200 + 1600 + 860 ) 4 + (1200 + 1800 + 1000 ) 9 + (1200 + 1600 + 860 ) 14 + (650 + 1000 + 430 ) 18
15480

X = 9m = 9.5m ex = 0

= Y
(1000 + 1600 + 1800 + 1600 + 1000 ) 5 + (650 + 1200 + 1200 + 1200 + 650 ) 11 = 5.74m
15480
Y = 5.74 m = 6.24 e y = 0.24

q =
P 1 + 6e
i x
+
6e y

max B L L B
6 0.24
qmax = (19 12) 1 + 0 + 12 = 76 KN m 2 < qa = 80kpa
15480
OK

1.25 1.5 1.35
.
Ru = Pu = 1.35 15480 = 20898
1 2 3 .
Ru 12e x .x 12e y . y
= qu 1 + +
B.L L2 B2
X y
e x = 0

106
 Ru 12e y . y
= qu 1+
B.L B 2
20898 12 0.24 5.5
= qu 1 1 + = 101.74 Kpa
1
12 19 (12)2
)20898 12 0.24 ( 0.5
= qu 2 1+ = 90.74 Kpa
12 19
2
12 2
)20898 12 0.24 ( 5.5
= qu3 3 1+ = 81.58 Kpa
12 19 12 2

A1 B1
h = 600mm d = 510mm
A1
510
bo = 2 400 + + 300 = 1910mm
2
510 101.74
2

Vu = Pu qu . Ao Vu = 1.35 650 10 400 +

3
+ 300 Vu = 784.7 10 N
3

2 1000

(
Vc = 2 0.2C )
f C .bo d = 1168 10 3 N Vu < Vc OK

B1

510 510
bo = 2 400 + + 300 + 400 + 2 = 2820mm
2 2

107
 510 101.74
Vu = Pu qu Ao = 1.35 1200 10 3 400 + ) + 300 (400 + 510 = 1531.58 10 3 N
2 1000
( ( ) )
Vc = 2 0.2C f C bo d = 2 0.2 0.6 25 2820 510 = 1725.8 10 3 N
Vu < VC O.K

.

8 3 5

3 .

5
b = 0.5 + = 3.0m
2

108
 )20898 12 0.24(6 1.5
= qu ) ( 1 = 83.40 Kpa
12 19 (12)2
)1.35(430 + 860 + 1000 + 860 + 430
= qu = 84.79 Kpa
)(3.0 19
3

.
2 3
.
Vu = (84.79 83.40) (3 19) = 78.73KN
Vc = 0.2 c f C bw .d = 0.2 0.6 25 19000 510 = 5814 10 3 N = 5814 KN
Vu VC O.K

3 .
1 84.09
= q are (83.40 + 84.79) = 84.09 Kpa = Rc = 0.99
2 84.79
= (1.35 430 ) 0.99 = 574.7 KN E3 , A3
= (1.35 860 ) 0.99 = 1150 KN D3 , B3
= (1.35 1000 ) 0.99 = 1336.5 KN C 3
.
= 1.35 P

.
d .

109
110