หลักปฎิบัติเทคโนโลยีการผลิตที่สะอาด PDF

()
CLEANER TECHNOLOGY CODES OF PRACTICE

:
ISBN : 978-974-16-9038-1
:
99/36 . . . . 50300
. 053 892 132 053 892 132
:
50/10 . . . . 50300
. 053 218 976 053 404 372
: 2551

. 02 202 4154 02 202 4170
E-mail: ctu@diw.go.th Website: http://www2.diw.go.th/ctu

1
15
1 17
1.1 22
1.1.1 22
1.1.2 22
1.1.3 23
1.1.4 23
1.1.5 24
1.1.6 25
1.2 28
1.2.1 29
1.2.2 31
1.2.3 33
1.2.4 35
1.2.5 37

2 41
2.1 43
2.1.1 43
2.1.2 43
2.1.3 58

2.2 80
2.2.1 80
2.2.2 82
2.2.3 99

2.3 104
2.3.1 104
2.3.2 106
2.3.3 108

2.4 113
2.4.1 113
2.4.2 113
2.4.3 125

3 139

149
157
171
179
183
187
191

Frozen Seafood Industry

EXECUTIVE PART

2547 2550 80,000
60%

(Cleaner Technology/CT)
() 2546 2551
20

Department of Industrial Works
()

(Cleaner Technology/CT)

(Cleaner Technology Codes of Practice/COP)

(Key Factors)

(Cleaner Technology Options)

(Industrial Sector Committee)
( )


EXECUTIVE PART

6
(%Yield)
(-, kWh/ton)
(, m3/ton)
(, ton/ton)
(, kg/ton)
( , kg/ton)
( , kg/ton)

6 1 2

1.2 1
( 20)


1 - 2551

% 41.62 73.58 46.29 55.82 47.54 53.02 51.49 91.52 23.15 36.65
kWh/ton 862.34 1,511.30 1,017.98 1,546.12 682.92 1,051.43 827.49 1,220.60 727.36 1,114.28
m3/ton 28.51 51.06 25.78 29.27 16.49 28.28 25.45 40.09 26.18 53.50
ton/ton 0.86 3.56 0.64 3.33 0.00 1.92 0.95 3.04 1.28 3.33
kg/ton 0.20 0.91 0.20 1.24 0.79 0.95 0.14 - 0.42 0.02 0.51
kg/ton 47.46 172.23 47.51 105.73 2.69 4.71 23.46 92.11 69.05 216.97
()
kg/ton 56.89 - 246.04 82.55 134.92 11.04 21.50 39.10 129.95 144.97 280.56
5 2 2 5 4
: 2551
2 1 2 2551

a a

kWh/ton 1,315.61b 1,302.59 b - - 952.13 916.38 925.87 930.92
m3/ton 44.46 48.62 - - 31.05 30.75 41.07 42.30
ton/ton 2.46 2.35 - - 1.99 2.16 2.17 2.04
kg/ton 0.73 c 0.66c - - 0.30 0.34 - d - d
kg/ton 76.17 51.34 - - 64.50 70.67 127.11 111.21
kg/ton 115.04 94.03 - - 87.29 86.70 193.24 173.72
5 2 2 5 4
1
(Arithmetic mean, )
2
(Median) 2


EXECUTIVE PART

: 2551,
a

b
() 3
()

3

d


()

EXECUTIVE PART

2551
2546
3
2551 2546
2551 4

3 - 2546
-

kWh/ton 1,324.1 2,491.0 1,203.6 1,793.2 610 777.5

m3/ton 30.6 128.6 27.0 31.8 32.6 96.3

ton/ton 2.1 11.1 3.5 1.0 7.1

10
4

(kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton) (kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton) (kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton)

2551 1,315 44 2.4 952 31 1.9 925 41 2.1
2551 1,132.95 28.51 0.86 827.49 25.45 0.95 727.36 26.18 1.28
2546 1,324.08 30.6 2.1 - - - 610.0 32.6 1.0
2546

1,132 28 0.8 827 25 0.9 610 26 1.0
2551

5 5 4
2551
()
6 3
2546

57 22 18
(, 2550)

: 2546 1

EXECUTIVE PART
11

4
1.
2.
3.
4. Ante room
Contact plate
freezer

6 2

5

-
-
-

-
-
-
-
- (Countercurrent)
- /
-
-
-

12 ()

-
- (Food additive)

- Ante room
-
-

- (Inverter)

-
-
-

-

-
-
- Contact plate freezer


EXECUTIVE PART
13
6

() (/)
34,240 370,906 1.1

217,137 157,872 1.4

95,201 15,483 6.2

17,635 20,342 10
- 68,796
Contact 205,411 132,696 1.5

plate freezer Hot gas

: 1.

2.

14 ()

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


16

1
KEY FACTORS
17
1

(Key Factors)

20

1.1 6
()

18 ()
1.1

* ()*
1 - 499 1 4 2 2
500 - 999 2 1 1 1
1000 3 - 2 1
() 6 5 5 4
* : , http://www.thai-frozen.or.th

6

1.2

1
KEY FACTORS
19

20
1.2

(/)

F1 23.85 42.111

F2 17.43 24.32

F3 9.79 9.661
F4 6.14 13.332 ()
F5 6.36 10.111
F6* 5.31 36.711
F7 14.14 19.041
F8 3.61 1.672
F9 4.26 8.41
F10 6.56 7.221
F11* 34.79 35.161
F12 11.62 17.801
F13 1.67 1.791
F14 26.79 27.641
()
F15 59.69 20.561

F16 1.43 3.421

(/)

F17 42.93 54.241
F18 22.14 31.381
F19 4.59 25.832
F20 13.36 16.161
1
: 2550
2
2550
*


KEY FACTORS
1
21
22 ()

1.1
1.1.1 (%Yield)
(%Yield)

()
= x 100
()
(%Yield)
1.1.2 (- /)

( - )
=
()

(NH3)
(CO2) (N2)

1
KEY FACTORS
23

1.1.3 (/)

= ()
()

1.1.4 (/)

24 ()

()
=
()

1.1.5 (/)

()
=
()
/

(Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl)
10%
NaOCl Cl 74.5 35.5

() x 10% x 35.5
=
74.5
(Chlorine Dioxide, ClO2)
7.5% Sodium Chlorite (NaClO 2 ) 9%
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 1:1

5NaClO2 + 4HCl 5NaCl + 4ClO2 + 2H2O
(Cl) ClO2 NaClO2
1 NaClO2 4 HCl NaCl

NaClO2 Cl 90.5 35.5
NaClO2 () x 7.5% x 4 x 35.5
=
5 x 90.5

1
KEY FACTORS
25
x (Concentration x Time, ppm x
min) 3 4 E. coli 99.99%
1.2 (Schleupen, 1996)

1.1.6

(BOD loading) (COD loading)

( )

(/) x (/)
=
1000

(/) x (/)
=
1000

20 1.3

26
1.3 20

(/) (% Yield) (kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton) (kg/ton) (kg/ton) (kg/ton)
F1 23.85 58.46% 1511.30 49.01 2.174 0.201 48.89 56.89

F2 17.43 41.62% 1132.95 51.06 2.356 0.912 51.34 94.03

F3 9.79 56.34% 862.34 48.62 0.865 0.612 60.92 114.88
F4 6.14 69.87% 1302.59 28.51 3.34 0.213 47.46 63.34
F5 6.36 73.58% 1391.92 45.11 3.564 0.662 172.23 246.04
F6 5.31 65.44% 869.98 25.58 3.894 1.022 3.9 10.04
F7 14.14 55.82% 1017.98 25.78 0.644 0.202 47.51 82.55

F8 3.61 53.02% 682.92 16.49 1.925 0.792 2.69 11.04
F9 4.26 47.54% 1051.43 28.28 0.00 0.952 4.71 21.50
F10 6.56 46.29% 1546.12 29.27 3.334 1.241 105.73 134.92
F11 34.79 68.76% 822.24 22.18 0.554 0.172 19.13 26.96
F12 11.62 77.31% 866.62 31.27 1.344 0.342 23.46 39.10
()
F13 1.67 79.49% 827.49 30.75 3.045 0.382 58.01 82.88

F14 26.79 80.00% 929.56 40.09 2.454 0.422 78.25 97.81
F15 59.69 51.49% 916.38 25.45 0.956 0.242 70.67 86.70
F16 1.43 91.52% 1220.60 27.68 2.166 0.142 92.11 129.95

(/) (% Yield) (kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton) (kg/ton) (kg/ton) (kg/ton)
F17 42.93 30.56% 999.33 26.18 2.004 0.023 107.23 172.13
F18 22.14 36.65% 727.36 35.01 1.284 0.512 115.19 175.31
F19 4.59 23.15% 1114.28 53.50 2.076 0.122 69.05 144.97
F20 13.36 29.99% 862.51 49.59 3.334 0.072 216.97 280.56

1
:
2

3

4

5

6


KEY FACTORS
1
27
28 ()
1.2

1.2
4

- 1 2

1
(Arithmetic mean, )

2
(Median)

1
KEY FACTORS
29
1.2.1

5 F1 F5 F6
1.4 1.1
1.2

1.4

% 41.62 73.58 -a -a
kWh/ton 862.34 1,511.30 1,315.61b 1,302.59b
m3/ton 28.51 51.06 44.46 48.62
ton/ton 0.86 3.56 2.46 2.35
kg/ton 0.20 0.91 0.73c 0.66c
kg/ton 47.46 172.23 76.17 51.34
kg/ton 56.89 - 246.04 115.04 94.03
5

: 2551
a

b
()
3 (
)

c
3

30 ()
5 100% ( F6)
F3 -
(CO 2 ) (NH 3 )

F4

F5
BOD/COD 0.68
1.1

1
KEY FACTORS
31
1.2
1.2.2

4 F7 F10
F11 1.5 1.3 1.4
1.5

a a

% 46.29 55.82 47.54 53.02
kWh/ton 1,017.98 1,546.12 682.92 1,051.43
m3/ton 25.78 29.27 16.49 28.28
ton/ton 0.64 3.33 0.00 1.92
kg/ton 0.20 1.24 0.79 0.95
kg/ton 47.51 105.73 2.69 4.71
kg/ton 82.55 134.92 11.04 21.50
2 2

: 2551
a

32 ()
4 F10

F9
15C

( F8 F9)
BOD/COD 0.23 BOD/COD (

F7 F10) 0.68
1.3

1
KEY FACTORS
33
1.4

1.2.3

5 F12 F16
1.6 1.5 1.6

1.6

% 51.49 91.52 -a -a
kWh/ton 827.49 1220.60 952.13 916.38
m3/ton 25.45 40.09 31.05 30.75
ton/ton 0.95 3.04 1.99 2.16
kg/ton 0.14 - 0.42 0.30 0.34
kg/ton 23.46 92.11 64.50 70.67
kg/ton 39.10 129.95 87.29 86.70
5

: 2551
a

34 ()
5 F14
F13
F16

F12
BOD/COD
0.74

1.5

1
KEY FACTORS
35
1.6

1.2.4

4 F17 F20 1.7

1.7 1.8

1.7

% 23.15 36.65 -a -a
kWh/ton 727.36 1,114.28 925.87 930.92
m3/ton 26.18 53.50 41.07 42.30
ton/ton 1.28 3.33 2.17 2.04
kg/ton 0.02 0.51 - b - b
kg/ton 69.05 216.97 127.11 111.21
kg/ton 144.97 280.56 193.24 173.72
4

: 2551
a

b

36 ()
4 F18
F17

F20
BOD/COD 0.63

1.7

1
KEY FACTORS
37
1.8

1.2.5

()

1.8

38
1.8 2551

a a

kWh/ton 1,315.61b 1,302.59 b - - 952.13 916.38 925.87 930.92
m3/ton 44.46 48.62 - - 31.05 30.75 41.07 42.30
ton/ton 2.46 2.35 - - 1.99 2.16 2.17 2.04
kg/ton 0.73 c 0.66c - - 0.30 0.34 -d - d
kg/ton 76.17 51.34 - - 64.50 70.67 127.11 111.21

kg/ton 115.04 94.03 - - 87.29 86.70 193.24 173.72
5 2 2 5 4

: 2551,
a

()
b
() 3
()

c
3

d

1
KEY FACTORS
39
2551
2546
1.9 2551
2546 2551 1.10

1.9 - 2546
-

kWh/ton 1,324.1 2,491.0 1,203.6 1,793.2 610 777.5
m3/ton 30.6 128.6 27.0 31.8 32.6 96.3
ton/ton 2.1 11.1 3.5 1.0 7.1

40
1.10

(kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton) (kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton) (kWh/ton) (m3/ton) (ton/ton)

2551 1,315 44 2.4 952 31 1.9 925 41 2.1
2551 1,132.95 28.51 0.86 827.49 25.45 0.95 727.36 26.18 1.28
2546 1,324.08 30.6 2.1 - - - 610.0 32.6 1.0
2546

2551 1,132 28 0.8 827 25 0.9 610 26 1.0

2551 5 5 4

2546 6 3
()

(, 2550) 57 22 18

: 2546 1

2
CLEANER TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
41
2

(Cleaner Technology Options)

(Cleaner Technology Options/CT
Options)
4
1.
2.
3.
4. Ante room
Contact plate
freezer

42 ()
/
GMP HACCP TQM ISO 14001
(Good housekeeping)
(Good working practice)

4 2 United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP)
50%

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

2
43
2.1
2.1.1

2.1.2

(, 2548)
2.1

44 ()
2.1

1. -
-

-

-

-

-

-
-

-

-
-
1%

- Ice bank
Water chiller

2
45

- -
- Ante room Air lock

-
-
Off-peak

2.
-

-

-
-
(Grazing)
3.
- -
-
-

46 ()

- -
-

1. (Inverter)

-

-
- -
58
2.
-
-
66
-
- 47
Plate heat exchanger
3.

- Booster
- 52
hi-stage Two-stage
4.
- -
75

2
47
1 Plate heat exchanger
(PHE)

15oC 25oC
2.2
2.2

( C ) 35 C 35 C
5 0.1 10
15 0.4 2.5
25 0.8 1.2
35 1.0 1.0
: McCarty, 1966
/
20oC
4oC (35 40 oC)
(18 21oC)

Plate
heat exchanger (PHE) Countercurrent
Shell and Tube PHE
PHE

48 ()

: 50 m3/h
+35oC
+20oC
: 20 m3/h
+20oC
+30oC

Qo = moCp T
Qo = (kWr)
mo = (m3/s)
Cp = 4.2 kJ/(kg.K)
T = K oC

2.1

Qo = 20 m3/h x 4.2 kJ/(kg.K) x (30-20)oC x (1000/3600)
= 233.3 kWr
Qo = 50 m3/h x 4.2 kJ/(kg.K) x (35-T)C x (1000/3600)
Qo = Qo
T = 31C ( 4C)

2
49
+20C

( +35C)
Qo = moCp T
Qo = 50 m3/h x 4.2 kJ/(kg.K) x (35-20)oC x (1000/3600)
= 875 kWr
( +31C)
Qo = moCp T
Qo = 50 m3/h x 4.2 kJ/(kg.K) x (31-20)oC x (1000/3600)
= 642 kWr
233 kWr 27%
kWe (kW electricity) COP (Coefficient of Performance) 2 4
2.3
2.3

COP 2 3 4
kWe 437.5 291.7 218.8
kWe 321 214 160.5
kWe kWe 116.5 77.7 58.3
() 8 8 8
(kWh/) 932 621.6 466.4
(/kWh) 3 3 3

50 ()
COP 2 3 4
(/) 2,796 1,865 1,400
(/) 69,900 46,625 35,000
- 25 /
(/) 838,800 559,550 420,000
: Coefficient of Performance (COP) = Heat absorbed (kWr)

Electricity input (kWe)

2.4

2.4 PHE

Emission COP = 2 COP = 3 COP = 4

factor*
kWh / 279,600 186,480 139,920
(CO2)
0.715 199,914
133,333
100,043
kg/kWh / / /
(SO2)
0.0006 168
112
84
kg/kWh / / /
* : Japan Environmental Management Association for
Industry (JEMAI), 2546

2
51

:
Plate heat exchanger 450,000
60,000 / ( 20%
Plate heat exchanger)

2.5 PHE
(COP = 4) (COP = 2)
(/) 420,000 838,800
(/) 60,000 60,000
(/) 360,000 778,800
() 450,000 450,000
() 1.3 0.6
/
-

o

o PHE
o PHE
-
- /

52 ()
2 Booster hi-stage
Two-stage

Booster/Hi-stage Two-stage
Single-stage 2 Booster Hi-stage
Two-stage Booster/Hi-stage
Booster Hi-stage

Booster 1
/
Two-stage Booster hi-stage
(Contact plate freezer
Air blast freezer) (Cold storage)
Booster 130 kW
1
Booster 130 kW
1
Hi-stage 45 kW 3
2.2 Booster hi-stage

2
53

-25 34,096 / (34.1 /) 68,192

(68.2 ) ( 2.4) Two-stage
75 (Nominal power ) 1

2.3

54 ()

2
18 x 20 x 6 ( x x )
-25

25,000 /
-15
-18
20
() 34,096
R-717 ()

2
55
2.4

56 ()

- 1,023,840 /

: 130 + 45
(
92 kW + 32 kW 124 kW)

= 124 kW x 12 h x 30 day
= 44,640 kWh/
= 44,640 kWh x 3 /kWh
= 133,920 /

: 75
( Nominal power 75 kW
45 kW)

= 45 kW x 12 h x 30 day
= 16,200 kWh/
= 16,200 kWh x 3 /kWh
= 48,600 /

133,920 - 48,600 /
= 85,320 /
= 1,023,840 /

:
(12 / )
(8 /)

2
57

- 244,015 /
- 205 /

2.6
2.6
Emission Factor

*
kWh / 341,280
(CO2) 0.715 kg/kWh 244,015 /
(SO2) 0.0006 kg/kWh 205 /
* : Japan Environmental Management Association
for Industry (JEMAI), 2546

2.5 (
)

1,023,840 /
2,500,000
= 2,500,000/1,023,840
= 2.4

/
-
Two stage

58 ()
2.1.3
1

34,240
370,906 /
1.1

()
(Inverter)
(1)

n = 120f/P (1)

n =
f =
P =

(Motor speed, n) (Flow rate, Q)

(Torque Pressure, P) (Power, PWR) (2) (4)
Affinity laws

2
59
Q1/Q2 = n1/n2 (2)
P1/P2 = (n1/n2) 2
(3)
PWR1/PWR2 = (n1/n2)3 (4)

(2) (4)
0 100% 2.7
90% 90% 81%
72.9%

2.7

(n) (Flowrate) (Pressure) (Power)
100% 100% 100% 100%

90% 90% 81% 72.9%
80% 80% 64% 51.2%
70% 70% 49% 34.3%
60% 60% 36% 21.6%
50% 50% 25% 12.5%
40% 40% 16% 6.4%
30% 30% 9% 2.7%
20% 20% 4% 0.8%
10% 10% 1% 0.1%
0% 0% 0% 0.0%

60 ()
()

Calpeda MXV 80-4802 5.5 kW
5.5 kW 20 /
3 2.8 2.9
5.5 kW x 20 / = 110 kWh/d
76.2 kWh/d

2.8

Affinity laws

%
%
%
%
Power

(Bar)* Pressure Speed Power (kW)
(Bar)**
30 3.5 3.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.50
20 4.5 3.5 77.8 88.2 68.6 3.77
50 5.5 3.5 63.6 79.8 50.8 2.79
: *
**

2.9

(kWh/d)
% kW
100% 5.5 6 (30%) 5.5 x 6
68.6% 3.8 4 (20%) 3.8 x 4
50.8% 2.8 10 (50%) 2.8 x 10
76.2

2
61

Commander SKD3400550
(Pressure transducer) 2.5 2.6

(a) (b) (c)

2.5 (a)
(b)
(c)

62 ()

2.6
: () , 2551

2
63

3.0

3.2 kW
2.7

2.7

- 43,056 /
- 327,850 /

20 /
26 /
312 /
46 -/
14,352 -/

64 ()
3 /-
43,056 /
20 /
6,240 /
1.42 /
8,861 /

37 /
327,850 /

= 43,056 + 327,850
= 370,906 /

.
- 10,262 /
- 8.6 /
-

2.10

2.10

Emission factor
*
kWh / 14,352
0.715 kg/kWh 10,262 /
(CO2)
0.0006 kg/kWh 8.6 /
(SO2)

2
65

-

2.11

2.11

1 Inverter Commander SK & Filter Ea 1 23,000
Model: SKD3400550 5.5 kW
(7.5 hp) 380V

2 Pressure transducer Nagato 6 Bars Ea 1 9,000
32,000
7% 2,240
34,240

370,906 /
1.1

66 ()

217,137
157,872 /
1.4

15 / 20 ../
7 - 8C 400 ../

(Plate heat exchanger, PHE) PHE
15 ../
100 ../
PHE 22C

PHE

7-8C 400 ../
( 10C)
(PHE)
300 .. PHE
22C

2
67

2.8 PHE

2.9 PHE

68 ()

3/4 9 (1 14 ) 3 ( 2.10)
22.6
60 60 13 ( 2.11)

2.10

2.11

2
69

( 2.12)
3
2.12

2.12

2.12
20 ../

31.2
28.0
22.3
23.6
3.2

70 ()

20 ../
= 20 x 1000 /
3600

= 5.56 /
Qt = mCp T
= 5.56(4.2)(3.2)
= 74.7 kW

COP (Qt/Qe) = 3.5
Qe = 74.7/ 3.5
= 21.3 kW
8
21.3 x 8 = 170 kWh
Qt = (kW)
Qe
=
m = (kg/s)
Cp = (kJ/kg.K)
T = (K)

3/4 = D2/4

3.14159(3/4*0.025)2
=
4

= 0.000276 m2

(L) = 27 m
14 = 0.000276 x 14
= 0.00386 m2

( ) = 20
3600 x 0.00386
= 1.4 m/s
Re =

2
71
1,000 x 1.4 x 0.019
=
9.49 x 10-4

= 27737
,
= (kg/m3)
= (m/s)
= (m)
= (kg/m/s)

e 0.0015 x 10-3
=
D 0.019
= 0.00037
Moody diagram f = 0.017
fLv2
h = D2g
27 1.42
= 0.017 ( )( )
0.019 2 x 9.81
= 2.41 m
= 0.3 m
h = 2.71 m
= 0.8
= 1,000 x 9.81 x (20/3600) x 2.71

0.8
= 0.18 kW
h = (m)
f =
v = (m/s)
L = (m)

72 ()
D = (m)
g = 9.81 m/s2
=
: Lyderson, 1979
= 21.3 0.18 kW
= 21.1 kW
8 /
= 21.1 x 8
= 168.8 kWh/

- 157,872 /

168.8 kWh/
3 /kWh
506 /
26 /
13,156 /
157,872 /

-
- 37,656 /
- 31.6 /
2.13

2
73
2.13

Emission factor

*
kWh / 52,666
0.715 kg/kWh 37,656 /
(CO2)
0.0006 kg/kWh 31.6 /
(SO2)

2.14

2.14

1 3/4
42 168,224.30
9 (1 14 )
3
2 34,707.48

202,931.78
7% 14,205.22
217,137.00
157,872 /
1.4

74 ()
/
-
-

-
- /

2
75
3

95,201
15,483 /
6.2

0.9

160 kVA 1
1 123 kW
140 kW 0.75
0.73
(kVAR) 400-500

1. Power logger
2. 75 kVAR
3. Power logger

75 kVAR
0.95 67.84 kW 116.74 kVA
29 kVA 208.53 A 116.74 A
3,038.34 kWh/

76 ()

- 15,483 /

kVA kVAtr 160
kW Lac 110.9
cos1 0.76
cos2 0.95

kVAR C 58.39
C = Lac*(tan1 - tan2)

kW Lac 67.84
V Vac 404
cos1 0.72
cos2 0.95
Copper loss kW CL 2.35
h/d H 24
d/y D 365
/kWh Pr 3.13
Copper Loss
kVA kVA kVAp 94.22
kVAp = Lac / cos1

2
77

kVA kVA kVAn 71.41
kVAn = Lac / cos2
Copper Loss kWh/y Sc 3,038.34
Sc = CL*((kVAp / kVAtr)2 - (kVAn / kVAtr)2)*H*D
kWh/y ST 3,038.34
/y SC 9,509.99
SC = ST * Pr
(.. 49 .. 50) /y 5,972.52
/y SCT 15,482.51

-
- 2,127 /
- 1.8 /

2.15

2.15

Emission factor

*
kWh / 3,038.34
(CO2) 0.715 kg/kWh 2,172 /
(SO2) 0.0006 kg/kWh 1.8 /

78 ()

2.16

2.16

1 AUTO CAP BANK 75 KVAR Ea 1 42,523.36

- Power capacitor 3P400V 15 KVAR
Ea 1

MERLIN GERIN : VARPLUS2-15KVAR
- Contactor 3P for 15 KVAR
Ea 1
MERLIN GERIN : LC1DGK11M7
- Contactor 3P for 30 KVAR
Ea 2
MERLIN GERIN : LC1DPK12M7

- Main CB 3P 280AT/400AF
Ea 1
MERIN GERIN : NS400N-STR23SE-160-400A
- Wiring + Fitting & Labour Ea 1
2 1.0 x 1.2 x 0.4 m Ea 1 17,757.01
3 Power Factor Controller 6 Step
Ea 1 10,747.66
MERLIN GERIN : VARLOGIC NR6
4 CAP BANK - - 17,944.86
88,972.89
7% 6,228.11
95,201.00
15,483 /
6.2

2
79
:
1. 75 kVAR
2550

2.
67.84 kW
67.84 kW

80 ()
2.2
2.2.1

2.13

2.13

1.

2
81

2.

3.

4.

(Countercurrent) / (Short circuit)
/

5.

82 ()
2.2.2

2.17

2.17

1. -

2.
- (Spray nozzle)

2
83

-

-
- (

- - (Spray gun)
-
-
3.
-

- (Thawing)
-
-

- Flow regulator
-

84 ()

-
-

-
-
- -
4.
-

-
- (
-
) 50%
99
5. (Countercurrent)
- ()
- Countercurrent

2
85

6. / - /
Plate heat exchanger

-
-
7. - 87

-

86 ()

1.
- 94

-
-
-

2
87
1

2.18

2.18

(Total dissolved solids, TDS) TDS TDS
(Total hardness)
TDS
TDS TDS

/
(Food additive)
TDS
TDS TDS

88 ()
15 26 2551 2.19 (
2.21)

2.19

15 26
2551 2551

/m3 3.00 - 3.00 -

/ m3 - 1.26 - 1.26
/ m3 - 0.52 - 0.52
/ m3 - 0.89 - 0.41
/ m3 0.33 - 0.81 -
/ 47,520 116,640

15 2551 26
2551

TDS

2
89
2.20 TDS

15 26
2551 2551

TDS mg/l - 255 - 175

TDS mg/l - 288 - 132

TDS mg/l 543 307

TDS
2.14 ( 2.14
500 / TDS 2
TDS 1.7 - )

2.14 TDS 100%
100-300 /

90 ()
250 mg/l
16,000 / TDS
800 mg/l TDS
) TDS
( TDS )
( )
10%
250 mg/l

- TDS

- TDS

-

/
- ( Residual
chlorine)

2
91

92
2.21

15 .. 51 26 .. 51


mg/l 100.00 300.00 125.00 217.00

THB/m3 20.00 17.00 20.00 17.00
THB/m3 3.00 - 3.00 -
THB/kWh 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
1 THB/m3 - 0.90 - 0.90

1 2 THB/m3 - 0.36 - 0.36

() THB/m3 - 0.85 - 0.85
() THB/m3 0.33 - 0.33 -

()

THB/kg 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.10
THB/m3 0.45 1.34 0.56 0.97
THB/m3 - 0.89 - 0.41
ClO2
15 .. 51 26 .. 51

THB/m3 3.33 3.00 3.33 2.52
THB/m3 0.33 - 0.81 -
THB/day 165.00 - 405.00 -
THB/month 3,960.00 - 9,720.00 -
THB/yr 47,520.00 - 116,640.00 -
THB/yr 47,520.00 - 116,640.00 -
TDS mg/l 235.00 490.00 200.00 375.00
TDS kg/day 72.00 216.00 90.00 156.24
TDS mg/l 144.00 432.00 180.00 312.48
TDS mg/l 379.00 922.00 380.00 687.48
TDS mg/l - 543.00 - 307.48

: 500 m3/day 80% 1.8 /


2

93
94 ()
2

(-Surimi)
100 150 mg/l as CaCO3
(Ion exchange) Ca2+ Mg2+
Na+

) Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+

(NaCl) Na+
10%
(Regeneration level)
110 150 (
)
(HCl) 7 8%

() =
(./) x (..)
()

50

2
95

1.16
7,585
3.17 ( 20 ) 1.90 (
31 )

() =
() X 103

(./) X (..)
2

)

/

10 mg/l as CaCO3
( Double softening) 2.15
0 mg/l as CaCO 3 )

96 ()
(..)
(./.) X (..)
=
(./.)

120 mg/l
() 170 mg/l
70% 30%
2.15
2.15

1.
2.
3.
4.

1. 120 /
240 2,000
2. 10%
( Hand refractometer)
3. 2.22

2
97
2.22
/
1. -
2. 50 80%
15 20 ./.
10 20
3.
5

4.
2 8 bv/h

30

120 /

10% 1.074
5.
1 2 bv

6. 4 8 bv
(

)
7. 5 40 bv/h
: bv =
: , 2545

98 ()

-
-
-

- (Total dissolve solids, TDS)

-

-

2
99
2.2.3

1

17,635
20,342 /
10

Contact plate freezer 5
Air blast 2 Plate
Contact plate freezer ( 2.16A)
1.5 ( 2.16B) 1,300 52
15 plate 3 875 35 10 plate 2

100 ()
2.23 Contact plate freezer

()
(/) () () (/)
15 plate 3 1.2 1300 52 1500
10 plate 2 0.8 875 35 1500

(A) (B)

2.16 Contact plate freezer (A) (B)

1.
Contact plate freezer

2. 2.17
2.24

2
101

2.17

2.24

VIP130
(Bar/psi) 130/1900
(l/h) 500
(kW) 2.2
2800
(V/Hz) 230/50
(C) 50
(kg) 18
(cm) 24 x 34 x 50

3.

Contact plate
freezer 15 plate
75

102 ()
250 38 1,300
52 14 1,050
Contact plate freezer 1 5
5,250 5 ../

()
() (/)
1,300 52 1,500

250 38 396
75 bar
: 15 plate

- 20,342 /

17,415
220
(3 /) 6.6 kWh/
171.6 kWh/
2,059.20 kWh/
( 3 ) 19.80 /
6,177.60 /

5 ../
( 17 ) 85 /
2,210 /
26,520 /
20,342.40 /

2
103

-

2.26

2.26

1 1 16,275.70
2 1 182.24
3 2 23.36
16,481.30
7% 1,153.70
17,635.00

20,342 /
10

/
-

-

104 ()
2.3
2.3.1
100

Combined chlorine residual Free chlorine residual
Free chlorine residual Free chlorine residual
pH
6.5 7.0

DBPs (Disinfection by products)
Trihalomethane (THMs cancer group B carcinogen)
3
(ClO2) (NaClO, 10%) (Ca(ClO)2, 70%)
ClO2

(Concentration)
(Time) Concentration x Time (ppm x min)

Concentration x Time 3 - 4
E. coli 99.99% 1.2 (Schleupen, 1996)

2
105

1. (Continuous, Uniform rate of flow)
-

2. (Intermittent, Uniform rate of flow)
(-)
Start Stop
3. (Variable rate)

4. (Variable demand)

5. (Variable rate and variable demand)
3 4
50 200 ppm 200 ppm
()

(Water balance diagram)

1.
2.
(Chlorine demand)

(

106 ()

(EU)

2.3.2

2.27

2.27

1.
-
( Oxidation
reduction potential, ORP)

2.
-
108

2
107

-
-

1.
- -

108 ()
2.3.3

1

68,796

Trihalomethane (THMs)

(10% Sodium hypochlorite)
( 2.18) 100 ppm 700 45
8 2
100 ppm

2.18 100 ppm 700

2
109

50 ppm 100 ppm Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli 109 50
100 ppm 37 0 1 3 6 8 16 24
Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

2.19 Escherichia coli 50 100 ppm

110 ()
Escherichia coli 109

50 100 ppm 24
2.9 x104 1.4 x104
50 ppm
100 ppm
700

1 50 100 ppm

1. 50 100 ppm 700 ( 10%
Sodium hypochlorite 350 700 :
Work instruction 50 100 ppm 59 127 ppm
)
2. 30
3. 16
4. 16

2.28 50 100 ppm 0 16

()
50 ppm 100 ppm
(0 .) (16 .) (0 .) (16 .)
1 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10
2 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10

2 16
( 2.29) 16
59 ppm 55.8 ppm
127 ppm 115 ppm

2
111
2.29 16

(ppm)

50 ppm 100 ppm
0 59.0 127
16 55.8 115
: Work instruction 50
100 ppm 59 127 ppm

50 100 ppm
10
16 16
50 ppm
100 ppm

100 ppm 50 ppm

( 50 ppm
)

- 68,796 /

100 ppm = 63 /
50 ppm

112 ()
= 31.5 /
= 819 /
= 9,828 /
( 7 )
= 68,796 /

-
-

68,796 /

2
113
2.4
2.4.1

2.4.2

2.30

2.30

1.

- (Yield)
-

-
-
()
(Trend)

114 ()

2.
- ( )
- 117

-
-
()

- /
-

- -

-
-

-
-

-
-

- -

2
115

-
-
-
GG220 Low-cost Process
Control in Food and Drink
Processing (Environmental
Technology Best Practice
Programme, 1999)

-
-

3. (Food additive)

-
-

116 ()

4.

-
-

5. Ante room
- 119

-
- - -

-
- Air lock Ante room
-
-

-
6. - 121
-
-
-
-
-
7.

1.
- -

2
117

2. Contact plate freezer
-
Hot gas 125

1

/
()

(Washer)

2.20

118 ()

2.20

-
-

-

-
-

/
-

2
119
2 Ante room

Ante room
Ante room
Ante room (
)
Ante room (-)
(0 +)
GMP (Good manufacturing practice)

/ Ante room
Ante room) Ante room

/
Ante room -2C
(-4) (-7)C

- -5 +5C
Ante room

- - -
Ante room
Ante room

120 ()
- Air lock Ante room
Ante room Air lock Ante room

Ante room Air lock

-

-
-

-
o Ante room 1C
0.5 1 % (
Single-stage
Semi-hermetic 30 50 hp)
o Air lock Ante room
Ante room
-

-

-
-
- Ante room

/
- Air lock
o 3,000 /
o 2.5 3.0
50,000 /

2
121
o Air lock 1,250 /
( 2.5 3 ) 20,000
- Air lock

3

(Condensation)
(Dew point)
(Psychrometric chart) 2.21 ( SI) 2.22 ( I-P) 1
(Food safety)
( )

/

Air blast
freezer Contact plate freezer
www.nauticadehumid.com ( SI I-P) www.linric.com ()

122 ()
( )

-
- GMP
-

/
-

2
123
2.21 (Psychrometric chart) SI

124 ()
2.22 (Psychrometric chart) I-P

2
125
2.4.3

1 Contact plate freezer
Hot gas

205,411
132,696 /
1.5

(Contact plate freezing)

1
2.5
0.5
() 0.5

10%

1.
2.
3. Hot gas

Hot gas (
) 50%

Contact plate freezer Hot gas

2.23

126 ()
2.23 Hot gas

2
127

Contact plate freezer JACKSTONE 900
3 2.31

2.31

1 2 3
(/) 820 792 863 825
(/) 24 24 24 24
(//) 3 3 3 3
(/) 30 30 30 30
(/) 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66
(/) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
(/) 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
(/ 3 ) 2 2 2 2
(/) 194 194 194 194
(/) 30 30 30 30
Hot gas (/) - - - -
3,000,000
0.9 ()
() 20
Contact plate Model : JACKSTONE ,
freezer Capacity : 900 kg /

( /) 1 1 1 1
( /) 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
(/) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
: 1

128 ()
2,475 //
59.4 //
30 / 21,384 //
1.63 //
587 //
0.45 //
1.87 //
674 //
2 x 194 = 388 // 3
139,680 // 3
139,680/3 = 46,560 //
Hot gas 20 //
10 //
30 //
150,000 /
0.29 /
8.7 //
3,125 //

Hot gas

11
30%
2.5
-25
0.165
165 /
495 / /

= miCi T + miL

mi = ()
Ci = 2.1 kJ/(kg.K)

2
129
T = K C
L = 333 kJ/kg

kJ
= {495 x 2.1 kgkJ K x (273-248)K} + {495 x 333 kg }

= 25,987.5 + 164,835
= 190,822.5 kJ

1 kWh = 3,600 kJ
190,822.5 kJ 53 kWh
COP = 2
26.5 kWh
3 / kWh
79.5 //
28,620 //

= (21,384 + 587 + 674 + 46,560 + 3,125) - 28,620
= 43,710 //

43,710 x 3 = 131,130 /

Hot gas
2.24 2.26

130 ()
2.24

2
131
2.25

132 ()
(a)
(b)
2.26 (a) (b)

2
133

2.32

2.32

1 2 3
(/) - - - -
(/) 24 24 24 24
(//) 3 3 3 3
(/) 30 30 30 30
(/) 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66
(/) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
(/) - - - -
(/ 3 ) - - - -
(/) 194 194 194 194
(/) - - - -
Hot gas (/) 20 17 18 18.33
Contact plate freezer 0.9 () 3,000,000
() 20
Model : JACKSTONE ,
Capacity : 900 kg /
(/) 1 1 1 1
(/) 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
(/) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
: 1

134 ()
2.33

2.33

( 3 ) ( 3 )
(/) 891 - 891
(/) 891 - 891
(/) 162 - 162
(/) 45 - 45
(/) 30 18.33 11.67
: 1

- 21,384 //
- 587 //
- 674 //
- 46,560 //
- 3,647 //

Hot gas
28,620 //

= (21,384 + 587 + 674 + 46,560 + 3,647) - 28,620
= 44,232 //

44,232 x 3 = 132,696 /

-

2
135


2.34
2.34 Contact plate freezer 3

1 DANFOSS CHECK VALVES NRVA-25 1 3 21,516.00

2 DANFOSS REGULATING VALVES REG-15 1/2 3 12,404.70

3 DANFOSS OVERFLOW VALVES OVF-20 3/4 3 24,878.70
4 DANFOSS SOLENOI VALVES EVRA-15

3 40,609.80
/FA/COIL10W

5 DANFOSS STOP VALVES SVA-20 3/4 3 9,129.45

6 DANFOSS STOP VALVES SVA-15 1/2 3 8,576.70

7 SCH 40 3/4 3 1,995.00

8 PU 3/4 2 12 2,040.00

9 PVC 4 () 6 1,080.00
10 / 1 LOT 22,000.00
11 3 54,000.00
6,257.80
191,972.55
7% 13,438.07
205,410.62

136 ()
3 132,696 /
1.5

: 550,000 /Contact plate freezer 3
630,000 /Contact plate freezer 3 Contact plate freezer
100

/
- 2.23 2.25 2.23 By-pass valve
Contact plate freezer Contact plate freezer Pressure
regulator 2.25 By-pass valve (Suction line)
Hot gas Hammering
- Check valve Pump down
( Check valve (Liquid Line)
Contact plate freezer )

- Pump down Contact plate freezer
(Return line) Overflow valve Contact plate freezer

- Hot gas Hot gas Liquid Suction
Accumulator Free volume

Hot gas /
Pump down
Accumulator

- Hot gas 1 1 ( 1 1 )
Hot gas
- Hot gas Hot gas Condensing
pressure ( 150 psi) Liquid pressure
(Discharge
pressure) Discharge pressure regulator

2
137
Hot gas Contact plate
freezer


1.
2. Hot gas

Hot gas Contact plate
freezer 2.35


Hot gas

984.4** 187.5** 825 0
()*
()* 39.4** 28.5** 30 18.33

-
- 1
Hot gas

: * 0.9 (1 )
**

138 ()

3
CLEANER TECHNOLOGY SUCCESS FACTORS
139
3

(CLEANER TECHNOLOGY SUCCESS FACTORS)

(Leader)

/

(Staff participation)

(Incentive)

140 ()
(Knowledge)

5
UNEP (1996) 3.1

3
141

3.1

142 ()
1:

10%

1

/

2:

3.2 3.3

:

-
-
-
-
-
:
(

)

3
143
/

:

-
-
-
-

3.2

144 ()

3.3

3:

:

3
145
:

(Input) (Output)

:

2

- (Good housekeeping)
(Good working practice)

-
- /
:

( )

4:

:

:

146 ()

(Payback period)
:

5:

:
-
- ()
-
-
:

-
-
-


148 ()


APPENDIX A
149

8

3 4
3
15 30 1,000 3
250,000 - 4
15 1,000 3
250,000 -

(Demand charge) /

Capacity cost 15
(Energy charge) / -

Energy cost
(Power factor charge) /

Capacitor
30 0.85

15 61.97
15 0.5

0.5 1
(Service charge)
Customer cost
(Minimum charge) 70%
12

(FT) /-

150 ()

(VAT) 7

3 4 3 (1) (2)
TOD (3) TOU
3

3.1
(/) (/)
3.1.1 69 kV 175.70 1.6660
3.1.2 22-33 kV 12-33 kV 196.26 1.7034
3.1.3 22 kV 12 kV 221.50 1.7314

3.2

(Time of use rate: TOU) (/) (/) (/)
Peak Peak Off peak
3.2.1 69 kV 74.14 2.6136 1.1726 228.17
3.2.2 22-33 kV 12-33 kV 132.93 2.6950 1.1914 228.17
3.2.3 22 kV 12 kV 210.00 2.8408 1.2246 228.17

Peak 09.00 - 22.00 .
22.00 - 09.00 .
Off peak 00.00 - 24.00 .
()

4

4.1
(Time of day rate: TOD) (/) (/)
Peak Partial Off peak
4.1.1 69 kV 224.30 29.91 0 1.6660
4.1.2 22-33 kV 12-33 kV 285.05 58.88 0 1.7034
4.1.3 22 kV 12 kV 332.71 68.22 0 1.7314


APPENDIX A
151
Peak 18.30 21.30 .
Partial peak 8.00 18.30 . ( Peak)
Off peak 21.30 8.00 .

4.2 3.2

3.1
121
43,559 -
106
(FT) 66.11 /

1
1. = (120.56 x 196.26) 23,661.11
2. = (43558.59 x 1.7034) 74,197.70
3. = kVAR 61.97 kW
= 105.8 (120.56 x 0.6197) 31
= 31 x 14.02 434.62

= 23661.11 + 74197.7 + 434.62 98,293.43
2 ( FT )
x FT = 43558.59 x 0.6611 28,796.58
3 7%
( + FT) x 7/100 = (98293.43 + 28796.58) x 7/100 8,896.30
= 98293.43+28796.58+8896.3 135,986.31
3.2 4.2 TOU

On peak 121
Off peak 94
43,559
On peak 18,041 -
Off peak 25,517 -
106
(FT) 66.11 /

152 ()
1
1. = On Peak x
On peak
= (120.56 x 132.93) 16,026.04
2. = ( On Peak x

On peak) + ( Off peak
x Off peak)
= (18041.25 x 2.6950)+(25517.34 x 1.1914)
79,022.53
3. = kVAR 61.97 kW
= 105.8 (120.56 x 0.6197) 31
= 31 x 14.02 435.00
4. 228.17
= 16026.04 + 79022.53 + 435 + 228.17
95,711.74
2 ( FT )
x FT = 43558.59 x 0.6611 28,796.58
3 7%
( + FT) x 7/100 = (95711.74 + 28796.58) x 7/100
8,715.58

= 95711.74+28796.58+8715.58
133,223.90
4.1 TOD
On peak 1,161
Partial peak 1,368
Off peak 1,230
414,870 -
1,044
(FT) 66.11 /

1
1. = ( On peak x

On peak) + (


APPENDIX A
153
Partial peak On Peak x

Partial peak)
= (1161 x 285.05)+((1368-1161) x 58.88)
343,131
2. = x
= (414870 x 1.7034) 706,689.56
3. = kVAR 61.97 kW
= 1044 (1368 x 0.6197) 196
= 196 x 14.02 2,748.00
= 343131 + 706689.56 + 2748
1,052,568.56
2 ( FT )
x FT = 414870 x 0.6611 274,270.56
3 7%
( + FT) x 7/100 = (1052568.56 + 274270.56) x 7/100
92,878.74
= 1052568.56+274270.56+92878.74
1,419,717.86
50 60 12 24

20

(1)

-

(2)

15
TOU TOD

(Load factor, LF)

154 ()
kWh
%LF = x 100
kW x h
kWh kW h

(-)
2
1.
2.

-1 45

1,125 -

75%

100%

2,000

1,500

-1 45


APPENDIX A
155

2 3

1 196.26
VAT 7% (210 )

TOD

(1) Peak (2) Partial peak (3) Off peak Peak

Off peak

Peak Partial peak
Partial peak Off peak
1 Peak
285.05 VAT 7% (305 )

TOU

Peak
Off peak
Peak Peak

156 ()


APPENDIX B
157

-1

-1

158 ()

1. (Compressor) (1)
(2)
(Reciprocating compressor) (Screw compressor)

2. (Condenser)

(Air cooled condenser) (Water cooled condenser)
(Evaporative condenser)
3. (Expansion device)
4. (Evaporator)

5. (Accessories)
4
5.1 (Liquid receiver)

5.2 (Filter & Drier)

5.3 (Oil separator)

5.4 (Accumulator)
50%
5.5 (Muffler)

5.6 (Heat exchanger)
(Liquid line)
(Suction line) 2
(Subcooled liquid)


APPENDIX B
159
(Superheated vapor)

5.7 (Suction line filter)

5.8 (Cooling tower)
Rated Ton (R.T.)

1
13 / 37C 32C 27C
)
5.8.1 (Counter
flow) (Cross flow)
(Drift loss)
5.8.2
(Induced draft)
(Forced draft)

(Natural draft)

5.8.3 (Film type)
(Splash type)

5.8.4 (Open type)

160 ()
(Closed type)

(Performance)
(twi (C)) (t wo (C))
(t wb (C)) (l/min) Range = t wi t wo

-1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
H2SO4 , HNO3, H2CO3


APPENDIX B
161

(.. - ..)

Coefficient of Performance
(COP) -1
COP COP

COP
-2

-2 (Carnot cycle)

Td = (Discharge temperature, C)
Ts = (Suction temperature, C)
Sc = (Compressed entropy)
Se = (Expanded entropy)
R.E. =
W =

162 ()
COP = R.E./W

= Ts (Sc -Se)
(Td - Ts)(Sc -Se)

= Ts
(Td - Ts)

COP ()

1.
( Ts)
2.
( Ts)
3.
( Td)
4. ( Ts)
5.

6.

(Compressor)

(Control valves)


APPENDIX B
163
(Electrical controls)

(Temperature or pressure change)
(System log)
(Suction) (Discharge)
(Interstage) (Oil)
-2 (

164 ()
-2

D W M 3M 6M Y

(Lube oil) ( )

-
(Pressure tank
and heat
exchanger)

(Evaporative
condenser)

/

(Safety control)

(Pressure and
thermometer
gauge)

(Evaporator)


APPENDIX B
165

D W M 3M 6M Y

(Ammonia
pump)

(Filters)

(Electrical
control valves)
(Float
control and
level alarm)
/ Thermostatic
(Pressure relief

valve) Bulb Capillary tube

(Piping)

10%

: 5

166 ()

()

.. 1774
J.B. Preistley (, 2551)

-3


APPENDIX B
167
-3

NH3 R-134a R-404a R-22
ODP 0 0 0 0.05
GWP 0 1,300 3,300 1,700
COP 3.28 3.09 2.75 3.17
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) difference 1,330 212.5 184.4 220.5
: ODP = Ozone depletion potential
GWP = Global warming potential
COP Enthalpy difference Tc = +40oC , Te = -20oC

-
-
-
- 5 ppm
(Physical properties)
- : 17.0
- 760 . : -33.1oC
- 0oC : 0.77
- ( = 1) : 0.6
- : -77.7oC
- 30oC : 8,500 . ( 11.2 bar )
-
(Reactivity)
-
- Platinum, Mercury, Chlorine
Iodine

168 ()
- H2, N2
-
(Flammability)
- 1
- :
- 651oC
- : 16% (LFL) 25% (UFL)
- :
(Exposure limit)
- OSHA 35 ppm 15 (STEL)
- NIOSH 25 ppm 8 . (TWA)
35 ppm STEL
- ACGIH 25 ppm TWA 35 ppm STEL
- .. 2541 50 ppm TWA
(Health hazard information)
- (Toxicology)
o (Animal effect)
- 5,000 - 6,000 ppm 30 - 120
- LC50 : 9,900 ppm
- LC50 : 2,000 ppm/4 .
- LC50 : 350 mg/kg
o (Effect on human)
-
-
-
- 500 ppm 30

-4


APPENDIX B
169
-4

(ppm by volume)
5
25 8 .
50-100 2 .
400-700
0.5 -1 .

1,000-2,000

30

3,000-4,000
30

5,000-12,000

- (Sign and symptom)
o (Acute)

o (Chronic)

(First aid)
- 15
-
-
-
- 1

170 ()
(Medical monitoring)
-
- 3-5
- (Workplace monitoring)
-
(Respiratory protection)
-
-
- (Personal protection equipment, PPE)

-
-
-
-
-

-
- (Phenolphthalein)
- (Ammonia leak detector)
-
-
o
o

-
-
-
-
-
-


B
APPENDIX C
171

(Residual chlorine)
Trihalomethane (THMs)

(O3)
.. 2000
(FDA)
(Khadre et al., 2001)

20 - 30 20
5-20
(Board spectrum microbial agent)

(High voltage) Corona discharge (Oxygen
radical)

58,850
20,068 /
2.9

172 ()

(10% Sodium hypochlorite)
1 100 ppm
50 ppm ()
()
2
21

(Ozone generator) 2.5
( -1) -1

-1

-1

Ozone capacity 2.5 g/h
Ozone flow rate 25 l/min
Type of generator Corona discharge
Electrode Glass and stainless steel
Power consumption 120 watts, 220 Vac / 50 Hz
Dimension (WxHxD) 400 x 570 x 200 mm
Weight 10 kg
Case Iron
Color White
Timer 24 hour
Air compressor 25 l/min


APPENDIX CB
173

5 ( 2 ppm)
200 60
10 10 60
0.25 ppm ( DPD4 Color disc
Lovibond)

(Khadre et al., 2001)

50
10 5 5
2 :1
1 100 ppm 10
()
2 0.25 ppm 10
3 0.25 ppm 10
4 0.25 ppm 20
5 0.25 ppm 30

(Total plate count)
Coliform bacteria

174 ()

-2 ( )

-2

/ ()
(.)
(.)

Aa Bb Cc Ad Be

1 11 OK 1.848 1.77 7 3 - 8 2 OK 2.48
2 11 OK 1.846 1.72 6 4 - 8 2 OK 2.44
3 12 OK 1.854 1.75 1 10 - 9 2 OK 2.19
4 14 OK 1.846 1.75 - 10 3 10 3 OK 2.58
5 12 OK 1.842 1.72 - 11 - 6 5 OK 2.24

: a
A
b
B
c

d
A
e
B
f
2.3 2.6


APPENDIX BC
APPENDIX
175
2.9 x 104
100 ppm 0.25 ppm

1.1 x 10 4 ( -2)
0.25 ppm 10 20 30
10 2.7 x 103 3.9 x 103 2.4 x 103

Coliform bacteria 2 MPN/
0.25 ppm 100 ppm

1
-2
0.25 ppm A 7 6 B 3
4 10 - 30

(Manousaridis, 2005)
0.13 ppm 1
10 6-8 4
(, 2547) Manousadilis (2005) 1 ppm Shucked mussel
60 90 Aerobic plate count 0.7 log CFU/

8 12 K tter (1997)
Rockfish 0.7-1.5
log CFU/

0.25 ppm
100 ppm
6

176 ()

- 20,067.84 /

(0.12 kW 8 ) 0.96 kWh/
26 / 24.96 kWh/
299.52 kWh/
(3 /kWh) 898.56 /
200 /10
8 9.6 ../
(: 2:1)
4.8 /
2.0 /
9.6 /

( 7 /) 67.20 /
1,747.20 /
20,966.40 /
20,067.84 /

-


APPENDIX BC
177

-3

-3

1 1 52,000
2 - - 3,000
55,000
7% 3,850
58,850

20,067.84 /
2.9

:
-

6
- DPD4 Color disc Lovibond
6-12 /

178 ()


APPENDIX D
179

-1

(Internet)

180
-1

1. - CT 75/6 . 6 0 2202 4154

- 10400 0 2202 4170

www2.diw.go.th/ctu -
E-mail: ctu@diw.go.th -

2. - CT 16/151 . 0 2503 3333
- . . . 11120 0 2504 4826-8

www.tei.or.th/bed/th_index.html -
E-mail: bep@tei.or.th -
3. - CT
0 2345 1261-4
- C 4 0 2345 1266-7
http://ftiweb.off.fti.or.th/iei/ - 60 .
E-mail: iei@off.fti.or.th - 10110
()

4. - 92 . 7 .
0 2298 2000
http://www.pcd.go.th - 0 2298 2002
- 10400

5.
- 111 .
0 2564 7000
- . . 12120 1334-1336
http://www.nstda.or.th - 0 2564 7001-5
E-mail: info@nstda.or.th Call center 0 2564 8000
6. - 114 .
0 2564 6500
www.mtec.or.th - . . 12120 0 2564 6501
-
7. - 17 .1 0 2223 0021-9
www.dede.go.th - 10330 0 2225 3785

8. - 121/1-2 . 0 2612 1555

www.eppo.go.th - 10400 0 2612 1358
9. - 0 2354 4466
- . 6 621
http://www.ttc.most.go.th/expert/index.asp 10400 0 2354 3712
10. -
17 .1 0 2223 0021- 9
9 10330
http://www.eppo.go.th/encon/teenet/

member_thai.html
E-mail: teenet@teenet.info

APPENDIX D

181
182 ()


APPENDIXD E
APPENDIX
183

1. , .

. 2548.
2. .

. 2543.
3. , , .

( )
. 2546.
4. , . : .
Available online: http://www.sciencetech.nrru.ac.th/mathstat/, 2551.
5. . Penaeus monodon

. . . 2547.
6. () . 2551.
7. . . 9007-2548. 2548.
8. . . 1046-2534. 2534.
9. . . 2551
10. , .

. 2545.
11. Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry
(JEMAI). 2546.
12. . Available on line: http://www.thai-frozen.or.th/th/index.asp,

2551.
13. . .

2551

6 2551 4 2551.
.
14. Archer, M., Edmonds, M., and Martin G. Thawing seafood. Seafish Research &
Development Department, UK. 2008.

184 ()
15. Campos, C.A., Losada, V., Rodriguez, O., Anbourg, S.A. and Barros-Velzqueuz, J.
Evaluation of an ozone slurry ice combined refrigeration system for the storage of
farmed turbot (Psetta maxima). Available on line: 13 June 2005.
16. Chawla, A.S. Application of ozone water technology for improving quality and safety of
peeled shrimp meat. M.Sc. Thesis, Louisiana State University, US. 2006.
17. Chlorine Chemistry Council. Chlorine and Food Safety White Paper.
18. Chlorine Chemistry Council. Drinking Water Disinfection with Chlorine: An Effective Public
Health practice.
19. Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance and Division of Water
Resources of the North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources,
and Land-of-Sky Regional Council. Water Efficiency Manual for Commercial,
Industrial, and Institutional Facilities. 1998.
20. Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme. GG154 Reducing Cost of Cleaning
in the Food and Drink Industry. 1998.
21. _________. GG187 Reducing Water and Effluent Costs in Fish Processing. 1999.
22. _________. GG220 Low-cost Process Control in Food and Drink Processing. 1999.
23. Envirowise. GG523 Cost - effective water saving devices and practices for industrial
site. 1997.
24. _________. GG288 Cleaner technology: an essential guide for industry. 2001.
25. FAO. 6.Cleaning and Sanitation in Seafood Processing. 2007.
26. Flex Your Power. Industrial Energy Saving Tips. 2007.
27. Khadre, M.A., Yousef, A.E., and Kim, J-G. Microbiological Aspects of Ozone
Applications in Food : A Review. J. Food Sci. 2001.
28. K tters, J., Prahst, A., Skura, B., Rosenthal, H., Black, E.A. and Rodigues-Lopez, J.
Observations and Experiments on Extending Shelf-life of Rockfish (Sebastes spp.)
Products with Ozone. J. AppI. Ichthyol. 1997.
29. Lyderson, A.L. Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Son., Chichester. 1979. p. 357.


APPENDIX D E
APPENDIX
185
30. Manousaridis, G., Nerantzaki, A., Paleologos, E.K., Tsiotsias A., Savvaidis, I.N., and
Kontominas, M.G. Effect of Ozone on Microbial, Chemical and Sensory Attributes of
Shucked Mussels. Food Microbial. 2005.
31. McCarty, P. L. Kinetics of Waste Assimilation in Anaerobic Treatment. Developments
in Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 7. American Institute of Biological Sciences,
Washington, D.C. 1966. p. 144.
32. Schleupen, E. Cryptosporidium parvum und Giardia lamblia Literaturrecherche.
GWF Wasser/Abwasser, 137(2). 1996. p. 8393.
33. Seafood Industry Training Organisation. Learning Resource for Unit Standard 6203
Thaw seafood product. Wellington. 2000.
34. UNIDO. Audit and Reduction Manual for Industrial Emissions and Wastes.
35. United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics
UNEP-DTIE. Cleaner Production Assessment in Fish Processing.

186 ()


APPENDIX D
APPENDIX F
187

188 ()

1
1


APPENDIX D
APPENDIX F
189

1. .
2.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6.
7. .
8. .
9. .
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

190 ()


APPENDIX
APPENDIX D
G
191

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. ()
8. - ()


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CLEANER TECHNOLOGY CODES OF PRACTICE

Frozen Seafood Industry

Department of Industrial Works

Frozen Seafood Industry

Frozen Seafood Industry

2546 1,324.08 30.6 2.1 - - - 610.0 32.6 1.0

Contact 205,411 132,696 1.5

Frozen Seafood Industry

F15 59.69 20.561

Department of Industrial Works

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 1:1

1 NaClO2 4 HCl NaCl

(BOD loading) (COD loading)

Frozen Seafood Industry

F7 14.14 55.82% 1017.98 25.78 0.644 0.202 47.51 82.55

F13 1.67 79.49% 827.49 30.75 3.045 0.382 58.01 82.88

Department of Industrial Works

BOD/COD 0.23 BOD/COD (

4 F17 F20 1.7

Frozen Seafood Industry

kg/ton 76.17 51.34 - - 64.50 70.67 127.11 111.21

2546 2551 1.10

Frozen Seafood Industry

(Cleaner Technology Options)

(Good working practice)

- Ante room Air lock

4oC (35 40 oC)

heat exchanger (PHE) Countercurrent

Shell and Tube PHE

Qo = 50 m3/h x 4.2 kJ/(kg.K) x (35-T)C x (1000/3600)

kWe 321 214 160.5

kWe kWe 116.5 77.7 58.3

(kWh/) 932 621.6 466.4

: Coefficient of Performance (COP) = Heat absorbed (kWr)

Emission COP = 2 COP = 3 COP = 4

* : Japan Environmental Management Association for

Industry (JEMAI), 2546

Plate heat exchanger 450,000

2.2 Booster hi-stage

-25 34,096 / (34.1 /) 68,192

(SO2) 0.0006 kg/kWh 205 /

* : Japan Environmental Management Association

for Industry (JEMAI), 2546

(Motor speed, n) (Flow rate, Q)

100% 100% 100% 100%

5.5 kW x 20 / = 110 kWh/d

(Pressure transducer) 2.5 2.6

(7.5 hp) 380V

(Plate heat exchanger, PHE) PHE

= 1,000 x 9.81 x (20/3600) x 2.71

for Industry (JEMAI), 2546

1 AUTO CAP BANK 75 KVAR Ea 1 42,523.36

Plate heat exchanger

(Total dissolved solids, TDS) TDS TDS

/m3 3.00 - 3.00 -

TDS mg/l - 255 - 175

800 mg/l TDS

Frozen Seafood Industry

1 THB/m3 - 0.90 - 0.90

Department of Industrial Works

(Ion exchange) Ca2+ Mg2+

) Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+