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Luoc Su Thoi Gian.106 PDF
Luoc Su Thoi Gian.106 PDF
Luoc Su Thoi Gian.106 PDF
MC LC
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Stephen Hawking 2
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LC S THI GIAN 3
[...] Chng ta ang sng cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta m hu nh khng hiu c
th gii xung quanh. [...] Ngoi tr tr em (v chng cn bit qu t khng ngn ngi
t ra nhng cu hi quan trng), cn t ai trong chng ta tn thi gian bn khon, ti
sao t nhin li nh th ny m khng nh th khc, v tr ra i t u, [...]
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Stephen Hawking 4
Peter Guzzardi
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LC S THI GIAN 5
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Stephen Hawking 6
Minh Hy
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LC S THI GIAN 7
Phn 1
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Stephen Hawking 8
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LC S THI GIAN 9
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Stephen Hawking 10
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LC S THI GIAN 11
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Stephen Hawking 12
Phn 2
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LC S THI GIAN 13
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Stephen Hawking 14
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LC S THI GIAN 15
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Stephen Hawking 16
Phn 3
[...] Ngay t bui bnh minh ca nn vn minh, loi ngi khng bng lng nhn
nhng s kin nh nhng th ri rc v khng gii thch c. H khao kht hiu bit
ci trt t nm su kn trong th gii. Ngy hm nay chng ta cng vn trn tr mun
bit ti sao chng ta li y v chng ta t u ti. [...]
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LC S THI GIAN 17
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Stephen Hawking 18
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LC S THI GIAN 19
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Stephen Hawking 20
Phn 4
[...] C Aristotle ln Newton u tin vo thi gian tuyt i. Ngha l, h tin rng ngi
ta c th o chnh xc khong thi gian gia hai s kin, rng thi gian hon ton
nh nhau d bt k ai tin hnh o n, min l h dng mt chic ng h tt. [...] Tuy
nhin, n lc chng ta phi thay i nhng nim ca chng ta v khng gian v thi
gian. [...]
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LC S THI GIAN 21
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Stephen Hawking 22
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LC S THI GIAN 23
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Stephen Hawking 24
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LC S THI GIAN 25
Phn 5
[...] L thuyt tng i buc chng ta phi thay i mt cch cn bn nhng nim ca
chng ta v khng gian v thi gian. Chng ta buc phi chp nhn rng thi gian khng
hon ton tch ri v c lp vi thi gian m kt hp vi n thnh mt i tng gi l
khng - thi gian [...]
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Stephen Hawking 26
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LC S THI GIAN 27
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Stephen Hawking 28
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LC S THI GIAN 29
Phn 6
[...] Chng ta khng th tng tng ni mt khng gian 4 chiu. Ring bn thn ti hnh
dung mt khng gian 3 chiu cng vt v lm ri. Tuy nhin v mt s v khng
gian 2 chiu th li kh d dng, chng hn nh v b mt ca tri t. [...]
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Stephen Hawking 30
dng ta thi gian mi l thi gian c (tnh bng giy) cng vi khong
cch (tnh bng giy - nh sng) theo hng bc ca Piccadilly.
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LC S THI GIAN 31
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Stephen Hawking 32
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LC S THI GIAN 33
Phn 7
[...] i vi ngi trn cao mi chuyn pha di xy ra chm chp hn. iu tin
on ny c kim chng vo nm 1962 bng cch dng hai ng h rt chnh xc:
mt t nh v mt t chn mt thp nc. ng h chn thp, gn tri t hn,
chy chm hn - hon ton ph hp vi thuyt tng i rng. [...]
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Stephen Hawking 34
Khi lng ca mt tri lm cong khng-thi gian theo cch sao cho mc d
tri t chuyn ng theo ng thng trong khng-thi gian 4 chiu, nhng
n li th hin i vi chng ta l chuyn ng theo qu o trn trong
khng gian ba chiu. V thc t, qu o ca cc hnh tinh c tin on
bi l thuyt tng i rng cng chnh xc nh c tin on bi l
thuyt hp dn ca Newton. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp i vi sao Thy,
hnh tinh gn mt tri nht, do cm thy hiu ng hp dn mnh nht v
c qu o thun di hn, th thuyt tng i rng tin on rng trc di
ca elip qu o quay quanh mt tri vi vn tc 1 trong 10 ngn nm.
Mc d hiu ng l rt nh, nhng n c ghi nhn t trc nm 1915
v c dng nh mt bng chng u tin khng nh l thuyt ca
Einstein. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng lch thm ch cn nh hn
na ca qu o cc hnh tinh khc so vi nhng tin on ca l thuyt
Newton cng c o bng rada v cho thy chng ph hp vi nhng
tin on ca thuyt tng i rng.
Nhng tia sng cng cn phi i theo nhng ng trc a trong khng-thi
gian. Cng li do khng gian b cong nn nh sng khng cn th hin l
truyn theo ng thng trong khng gian na. Nh vy thuyt tng i
rng tin on rng anh sng c th b b cong bi cc trng hp dn. V
d, l thuyt ny tin on rng nn nh sng ca nhng im gn mt tri
s hi b un hng vo pha trong do tc dng ca khi lng mt tri.
iu ny c ngha l nh sng t mt ngi sao xa khi i qua gn mt tri c
th b lch i mt gc nh, khin cho i vi nhng ngi quan st trn mt
t, ngi
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LC S THI GIAN 35
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Stephen Hawking 36
Tuy nhin, tnh hnh hon ton khc trong thuyt tng i rng. By gi
khng gian v thi gian l nhng i lng ng lc: khi mt vt chuyn
ng, hoc mt lc tc dng, chng u nh hng ti cong ca khng
gian v thi gian v p li, cu trc ca khng - thi gian s nh hng ti
cch thc m cc vt chuyn ng v cc lc tc dng. Khng gian v thi
gian khng ch c tc ng m cn b tc ng bi mi iu xy ra trong
v tr. Chnh v ngi ta khng th ni v cc s kin trong v tr m
khng c khi nim v khng gian v thi gian, nn trong thuyt tng i
rng s tr nn v ngha nu ni v khng gian v thi gian ngoi gii hn
ca v tr. Trong nhng thp k tip sau, s nhn thc mi ny v khng
gian v thi gian lm cch mng quan nim ca chng ta v v tr.
tng xa c cho rng mt v tr cn bn khng thay i c th tn ti v
c th cn tip tc tn ti vnh vin c thay th bng khi nim mt v
tr ng, ang gin n, mt v tr dng nh bt u mt thi im
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LC S THI GIAN 37
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Stephen Hawking 38
Phn 8
Chng 3: V tr gin n
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LC S THI GIAN 39
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Stephen Hawking 40
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LC S THI GIAN 41
v pha chng ta. Khi ngun pht mt nh sng tip theo th n gn chng
ta hn, v vy thi gian nh sng ti c chng ta s t hn so vi
khi ngun sng ng yn. iu ny c ngha l thi gian gia hai nh sng
ti chng ta l nh hn v do s sng m chng ta nhn c trong mt
giy (tc l tn s) s ln hn so vi khi ngun sng ng im. Tng ng,
nu ngun sng i ra xa chng ta th tn s m chng ta nhn c s thp
hn. Do , trong trng hp nh sng iu ny c ngha l nhng ngi sao
chuyn ng ra xa chng ta s c quang ph dch v pha ca quang ph
(hin tng dch v pha ) v nhng ngi sao chuyn ng v pha chng
ta s c quang ph dch v pha tm. Mi quan h ny gia tn s v vn tc
- c gi l hiu ng Doppler - l mt kinh nghim hng ngy. Hy lng
nghe mt chic xe t chy trn ng: khi chic xe tin li gn, ting ng
c ca n nghe bng hn (tc l tn s sng m cao hn), cn khi n i ra xa
m ca n nghe trm hn. i vi cc sng v tuyn cng tng t nh vy.
Thc t cnh st dng hiu ng Doppler xc nh vn tc ca cc xe
t bng cch o tn s ca cc xung sng v tuyn phn x t cc xe .
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Stephen Hawking 42
Phn 9
[...] Thm ch ngay c Einstein, khi xy dng thuyt tng i rng vo nm 1915, cng
inh ninh rng v tr cn phi l tnh. V th ng phi sa i l thuyt ca mnh
iu c th xy ra, bng cch a vo nhng phng trnh ca mnh ci c gi l
"hng s v tr". [...]
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LC S THI GIAN 43
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Stephen Hawking 44
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LC S THI GIAN 45
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Stephen Hawking 46
Phn 10
[...] Nhiu ngi khng thch tng xem rng thi gian c im bt u, c l bi v n
dy da vi s can thip ca thn thnh. (Nh th Thin Cha gio, tri li, nm
ngay ly m hnh v n ln v vo nm 1951, v chnh thc tuyn b n hon ton ph
hp vi Kinh thnh). [...]
Mt c im ni bt ca m hnh u tin ca
Hnh 3.4: S tch bit gia
hai thin h cng bt u t
0 v tng ln mi mi.Friedmann l v tr khng phi l v hn trong
khng gian, nhng khng gian li khng c bin.
Lc hp dn mnh ti mc khng gian b cun trn li v lm cho n na
n nh b mt ca tri t. Nu ngi ta ch i theo mt hng trn b mt
ca tri t, ngi ra s khng bao gi gp mt ro chn khng th qua c
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LC S THI GIAN 47
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Stephen Hawking 48
cc ngi sao nhn thy trong thin h ca chng ta v cc thin h khc li,
th tng s cn nh hn mt phn trm khi lng cn thit hm s gin
n ca v tr li, thm ch c trong trng hp nh gi thp nht tc
gin n. Tuy nhin, thin h ca chng ta v cc thin h khc cn cn phi
cha mt lng ln vt cht ti m chng ta khng th thy c trc
tip, nhng chng ta bit n phi c v nh hng sc ht hp dn ca n ln
qu o ca cc ngi sao trong cc thin h. Hn na, a s cc thin h
c tm thy nm thnh tng cm, v tng t nh trn, chng ta c th
suy ra s c mt ca mt lng vt cht ti cn ln hn na trong khong
gia cc thin h thuc mt cm bi tc ng ca n ln chuyn ng ca
cc thin h. Khi cng tt c lng vt cht ti li, chng ta cng ch mi
nhn c khong mt phn mi khi lng cn thit hm s gin n
li. Tuy nhin, chng ta khng th loi tr kh nng c th c mt dng vt
cht khc c phn b ng u trong ton v tr m chng ta cn cha
pht hin c v n c th s nng mt trung bnh ca v tr ln ti gi
tr ti hn hm s gin n li. Do vy, bng chng m hin nay chng ta
c gi rng v tr c l s gin n vnh vin, nhng iu m chng ta thc
s tin chc, l nu thm ch cui cng v tr c co li i na, th iu
cng cha xy ra t nht trong vng mi ngn triu nm na, bi v n vn
cn gin n t nht cng tng y thi gian. iu ny chc khng khin
chng ta phi lo lng: ti thi gian nu chng ta khng nh c c
ngoi h mt tri, th loi ngi cng dit vong t lu cng vi mt tri
ca chng ta!
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LC S THI GIAN 49
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Stephen Hawking 50
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LC S THI GIAN 51
Phn 11
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Stephen Hawking 52
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LC S THI GIAN 53
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Stephen Hawking 54
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LC S THI GIAN 55
Phn 12
Chng 4: Nguyn l bt nh
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Stephen Hawking 56
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LC S THI GIAN 57
cht tt nh: ngi ta chc chn khng th tin on nhng s kin tng
lai mt cch chnh xc nu nh ngi ta khng th d ch l o trng thi
hin thi ca v tr mt cch chnh xc! Chng ta vn cn c th cho rng
c mt tp hp cc nh lut hon ton quyt nh cc s kin dnh ring
cho mt ng siu nhin no , ngi c th quan st trng thi hin thi
ca v tr m khng lm nhiu ng n. Tuy nhin, nhng m hnh nh th
khng li lc bao nhiu i vi nhng ngi trn th chng ta. Tt hn l
hy s dng nguyn l tit kim c bit nh li dao co ca Occam v
ct b i tt c nhng nt c bit ca l thuyt m ta khng th quan st
c. Cch tip cn ny dn Heisenberg, Edwin Schrodinger v Paul
Dirac vo nhng nm 20 xy dng li c hc trn c s ca nguyn l bt
nh thnh mt l thuyt mi gi l c hc lng t. Trong l thuyt ny,
cc ht khng c v tr, khng c vn tc tch bch v khng hon ton xc
nh. Thay v th chng c mt trng thi lng t l t hp ca v tr v vn
tc.
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Stephen Hawking 58
Hin tng giao thoa gia cc ht l hin tng c tnh cht quyt nh
i vi s tm hiu ca chng ta v cu trc nguyn t - phn t c bn
ca ha hc, sinh hc v cc n nguyn to nn bn thn chng ta v
cc vt xung quanh chng ta. u th k ny, ngi ta ngh rng nguyn
t kh ging vi h mt tri, trong cc electron (mang in m) quay
xung quanh mt ht nhn trung tm mang in dng, tng t nh cc
hnh tinh quay xung quanh mt tri. Lc ht gia in m v in dng
c xem l lc gi cc electron trn qu o ca chng ht nh lc ht
hp dn gia mt tri v cc hnh tinh gi cho cc hnh tinh trn qu o
ca chng. Nhng y c mt kh khn, l cc nh lut ca c hc v
in hc (trc c hc lng t), li tin on rng cc electron s mt dn
nng lng v v th s chuyn ng theo ng xoy trn c i vo cho ti
khi ri vo ht nhn. iu c ngha l nguyn t, v thc t l ton b vt
cht, s suy sp rt nhanh v trng thi c mt rt cao. Li gii mt phn
ca bi ton ny c nh khoa hc an Mch Niels Bohr tm ra vo
nm 1913. ng cho rng cc electron khng th chuyn ng theo nhng
qu o cch ht nhn mt khong ty m ch theo nhng qu o c
khong cch xc nh. V nu cn gi thit thm rng trn mt qu o nh
th ch c th c mt hoc hai electron th bi ton v s suy sp ca nguyn
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Stephen Hawking 60
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LC S THI GIAN 61
Phn 13
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Stephen Hawking 62
Aristotle cng tin rng vt cht l lin tc, tc l ngi ta c th phn chia
mt mu vt cht ngy cng nh m khng c mt gii hn no: ngi ta
khng bao gi i ti mt ht vt cht m khng th phn chia c na. Tuy
nhin mt s t ngi Hy Lp, chng hn nh Democritus, li cho rng
vt cht vn c dng ht v vn vt c to thnh t mt s ln cc
loi nguyn t (atom) khc nhau (atom theo ting Hy Lp c ngha l
khng th phn chia c na). Cuc tranh ci ko di hng th k m
khng bn no c mt bng chng thc t no. Mi ti nm 1830, John
Dalton - nh vt l v ha hc ngi Anh - ch ra rng vic cc hp cht
ha hc lun lun c ha hp theo nhng t l nht nh c th c gii
thch l do cc nguyn t cm li vi nhau to nn nhng n nguyn gi
l phn t. Tuy nhin, cho ti tn nhng nm u th k ny, cuc tranh lun
gia hai trng phi t tng mi ng ng vi phn thng thuc v nhng
ngi theo nguyn t lun. Einstein l ngi a ra c mt bng
chng vt l quan trng. Trong mt bi bo vit nm 1905, ch t tun trc
bi bo ni ting v thuyt tng i hp, Einstein ch ra rng ci c
gi l chuyn ng Brown - tc l chuyn ng khng u n, ngu nhin
ca cc ht bi l lng trong mt cht lng - c th c gii thch nh l
kt qu ca s va chm ca cc nguyn t cht lng vi cc ht bi.
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LC S THI GIAN 63
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Stephen Hawking 64
Phn 14
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Stephen Hawking 66
mt vng, mun nhn n ging nh trc phi quay trn ng hai vng.
Nhng ht nh vy ngi ta ni l n c spin 1/2.
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LC S THI GIAN 67
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Stephen Hawking 68
Phn 15
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LC S THI GIAN 69
nhn to, n ch thun tin cho vic xy dng cc l thuyt ring phn
m thi, ch khng tng ng vi mt iu g su sc hn. Xt n cng,
phn ng cc nh vt l u hy vng tm c mt l thuyt thng nht c
kh nng gii thch bn loi lc ni trn ch l nhng mt khc nhau ca mt
lc duy nht. Thc t, nhiu ngi cn ni rng l mc tiu hng u ca
vt l hc ngy nay. Mi y, ngi ta thnh cng trong vic thng nht
c 3 trong s 4 loi lc trn v ti s cp n vn ny cui
chng. Vn thng nht nt lc cn li l hp dn ta s cp n sau.
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Stephen Hawking 70
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LC S THI GIAN 71
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Stephen Hawking 72
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LC S THI GIAN 73
Phn 16
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Stephen Hawking 74
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LC S THI GIAN 75
Chng ta khng c bng chng trc tip cho thy vt cht cc thin h
khc, bi cc proton v neutron, hay bi cc phn-proton v phn-neutron,
nhng n phi ch l loi ny hoc loi kia: khng th c s hn hp trong
mt thin h, bi v nu khng nh vy, chng ta li s phi quan st c
mt lng ln ba x sinh ra do s hy. Do , chng ta tin rng tt c
cc thin h u c to bi cc quark hn l cc phn-quark, cn kh
nng mt s thin h l vt cht v mt s thin h khc l phn-vt
cht thun ty l iu rt ng ng.
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Stephen Hawking 76
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LC S THI GIAN 77
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Stephen Hawking 78
Phn 17
Chng 6: L en
Hin nay ta bit rng c hai l thuyt trn u ng. Theo quan im nh
nguyn sng/ht ca c hc lng t, th nh sng c th xem nh va l
sng va l ht. Theo l thuyt sng v nh sng th khng r n s phn
ng th no i vi hp dn. Nhng nu nh sng c to thnh t cc ht
th ngi ta c th ngh rng n s b tc ng bi hp dn ht nh cc vin
n i bc, tn la v cc hnh tinh. Ban u ngi ta tng rng nh sng
truyn vi vn tc ln v hn v nh th th hp dn khng th no lm cho
n chm li c, nhng pht minh ca Roemer cho thy nh sng truyn
vi vn tc hu hn, iu c ngha l hp dn c th c tc ng quan
trng.
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LC S THI GIAN 79
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Stephen Hawking 80
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LC S THI GIAN 81
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Stephen Hawking 82
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LC S THI GIAN 83
Phn 18
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Stephen Hawking 84
Thc ra, kch bn ny khng phi hon ton l hin thc v vn sau: Lc
hp dn cng yu khi bn cng xa ngi sao, v vy lc hp dn tc dng
ln chn nh du hnh v tr qu cm ca chng ta s lun lun ln hn lc
tc dng ln u ca anh ta. S khc bit v lc s ko di nh du hnh
v tr ca chng ta ging nh mt si m hoc x t anh ta ra trc khi
ngi sao co ti bn knh ti hn, ti chn tri s c c hnh thnh! Tuy
nhin, chng ta tin rng trong v tr c nhng vt th ln hn rt nhiu,
chng hn nh nhng vng trung tm ca cc thin h, cng c th co li do
hp dn to thnh cc l en; mt nh du hnh v tr trn mt trong cc
vt th s khng b x t trc khi l en c to thnh. Thc t, anh
ta s chng cm thy g c bit khi t ti bn knh ti hn, v c th vt
im-khng-ng-quay-li m khng nhn thy. Tuy nhin, ch mt t gi
sau, khi vng tip tc co li, s khc bit v lc hp dn tc dng ln
chn v u s li tr nn mnh ti mc n s x t ngi anh ta.
Cng trnh m Roger Penrose v ti tin hnh gia nm 1965 v 1970 chng
t, rng theo thuyt tng i rng, th cn phi c mt k d vi mt v
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LC S THI GIAN 85
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Stephen Hawking 86
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LC S THI GIAN 87
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Stephen Hawking 88
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LC S THI GIAN 89
Phn 19
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Stephen Hawking 90
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LC S THI GIAN 91
Cng c nhng m hnh khc gii thch rng Cygnus X-1 khng bao
gm l en, nhng tt c nhng m hnh u rt gng go. L en
l cch gii thch thc s t nhin duy nht nhng quan trc . Mc d
vy, ti nh cuc vi Kip Thorne Vin k thut California, rng thc
t Cygnus X-1 khng cha l en! y chng qua ch l sch lc bo him
cho ti. Ti tn bit bao cng sc cho nhng l en v tt c s tr nn v
ch, nu ha ra l cc l en khng tn ti. Nhng khi ti s c an i l
mnh thng cuc v iu s mang li cho ti bn nm lin tp ch Private
Eye. Nu l en tn ti th Kip c 1 nm tp ch Penthouse. Khi chng ti
nh cuc vo nm 1975 th chng ti chc ti 80% rng Cygnus l l
en. V by gi ti c th ni rng chng ti bit chc ti 95%, nhng
cuc nh cuc vn cha th xem l ng ng.
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Stephen Hawking 92
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LC S THI GIAN 93
Phn 20
[...] Thng 9 nm 1973, trong thi gian n thm Matxcva, ti tho lun v cc l
en vi hai chuyn gia hng u ca Lin X l Yakov Zedovich v Alexander
Starobinsky. H khng nh vi ti rng, theo nguyn l bt ng ca c hc lng t th
cc l en quay cn phi sinh v pht ra cc ht. Ti tin c s vt l trong l l ca h,
nhng... [...]
Chng 7: L en khng qu en
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Stephen Hawking 94
s c phi lun lun song song hoc i ra xa nhau. Mt cch khc thy
iu ny l chn tri s c - bin gii ca l en - ging nh mp ca mt
ci bng - bng ca s phn treo l lng. Nu bn nhn ci bng to bi mt
ngun sng rt xa, chng hn nh mt tri, bn s thy rng cc tia sng
mp ca n khng h tin ti gn nhau.
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LC S THI GIAN 95
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Stephen Hawking 96
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LC S THI GIAN 97
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Stephen Hawking 98
ngn, v cc ht thc lun lun c nng lng dng trong cc tnh hung
thng thng. Do ht o ny phi i tm thnh vin cng cp hy cng
vi n. Tuy nhin, mt ht thc gn mt vt nng s c nng lng nh
hn so vi khi n xa, bi v khi a n ra xa cn phi tn nng lng
chng li lc ht hp dn ca vt . Thng thng, nng lng ca ht
vn cn l dng, nhng trng hp hp dn trong l en mnh ti mc
thm ch mt ht thc cng c nng lng m. Do , khi c mt l
en, ht o vi nng lng m khi ri vo l en cng c th tr thnh
ht thc hoc phn ht thc. Trong trng hp , n khng cn cn phi
hy vi bn cng cp ca n na. Ngi bn b b ri
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Phn 21
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Stephen Hawking 100
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Phn 22
L thuyt tng i rng ca Einstein, tin on rng khng gian, thi gian
bt u t k d ca v n ln, s kt thc hoc ti mt k d cui cng
(trng hp ton v tr co li) hoc ti mt k d nm bn trong mt l en
(trng hp mt vng nh x, v d mt sao co li). Mi vt cht ri vo l
en, s b ph hy ti im k d, ch cn li hiu ng hp dn ca khi
lng l cn c cm nhn t pha bn ngoi. Mt khc, khi cc hiu ng
lng t c tnh n th dng nh khi lng v nng lng ca vt cht
cui cng s tr v vi phn cn li ca v tr, v l en cng vi mi k d
bn trong s bay hi v bin mt. Liu c hc lng t c gy mt hiu ng
bi kch nh th i vi v n ln v k d chung cuc hay khng? iu g
thc t v s xy ra vo cc giai on rt sm v mun hn ca v tr,
khi cc trng hp hp dn mnh n mc m cc hiu ng lng t khng
th no b qua c? Thc t v tr c mt im bt u v mt im kt
thc hay khng? V nu c, th phi hnh dung chng ra sao?
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LC S THI GIAN 105
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Vo thi gian khi Alpher, Bethe, Gamow vit cng trnh trn, ngi ta cha
bit nhiu v cc phn ng ht nhn gia proton v neutron. Cc tnh ton
d bo v t s cc nguyn t trong tin s ca v tr v l trn khng c
chnh xc lm, song nhng tnh ton c thc hin li trn c s
nhng kin thc hin i v cho nhng kt qu trng hp tt vi cc quan
trc thc nghim. Kh m ct ngha theo mt cch no khc v sao trong v
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Stephen Hawking 108
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Phn 23
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Stephen Hawking 110
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Stephen Hawking 112
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Phn 24
Cc nh lut khoa hc, trong dng m chng ta nhn thc nh hin nay
cha nhiu hng s c bn v d in tch ca electron v t s khi lng
ca proton v ca electron. Chng ta khng th, t nht l trong iu kin
hin nay, tnh c gi tr ca nhng hng s t l thuyt - chng ta ch
thu c cc tr s bng thc nghim. C l mt ngy no chng ta s
tm c mt l thuyt thng nht hon chnh c kh nng tnh c mi
hng s, song cng rt c th rng mt s hoc tt c hng s li bin
thin t v tr ny sang v tr khc hoc ngay trong mt v tr. iu ng
ch l tr s ca nhng hng s dng nh c iu chnh mt
cch tinh t sao cho cuc sng c th ny sinh v pht trin c. V d
nu in tch electron ch khc i mt t th cc sao hoc khng th t
chy hydro v heli hoc khc i chng khng th n thnh siu sao. L
d nhin c th tn ti nhng dng sng khc, m thm ch cc nh vn vin
tng cng khng sng to ni, nhng dng sng khng cn n c nh sng
ca cc sao nh mt tri hoc cc nguyn t ha hc nng hn c to
thnh trong cc sao v b bn vo khng gian khi sao n.
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Stephen Hawking 116
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LC S THI GIAN 117
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Phn 25
[...] V tr hin nay khng gin n theo quy lut lm pht. Nh th phi tn ti mt c
ch c kh nng loi b hng s v tr hiu dng qu ln v nh vy bin vn tc gin
n t qu trnh gia tc v qu trnh chm dn v hp dn nh chng ta hin nay. [...]
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LC S THI GIAN 121
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Phn 26
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Stephen Hawking 124
Khi chng ta tm cch thc hin php cng , chng ta gp phi nhiu vn
k thut. Mt th thut gii quyt l dng phng thc sau: cng cc
sng lch s khng phi trong thi gian thc trong chng ta sng m
trong ci gi l thi gian o. Thi gian o mi nghe tng nh l
chuyn khoa hc vin tng nhng thc t thi gian o l mt khi nim
ton hc xc nh. Nu chng ta ly mt s thc v nhn cho chnh n th
kt qu l mt s dng (v d, 2 nhn vi 2 l 4, cng nh -2 nhn vi -2 l
4). Song ngoi s thc, tn ti nhng s c bit (gi l s o) khi nhn vi
chnh n, kt qu s l mt s m (S o i khi nhn vi chnh n s cho ta -1,
s o 2i khi nhn vi chnh n s cho ta -4, v v.v...).
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LC S THI GIAN 125
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Stephen Hawking 126
Phn 27
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Stephen Hawking 128
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LC S THI GIAN 129
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Phn 28
[...] Ngi ta thng gii thch hin tng v sao cc v di sn khng th tr thnh
cc lnh trn bn bng nh lut th hai ca nhit ng hc. nh lut ni rng trong
mt h thng kn th v trt t hay entropi, lun tng vi thi gian. Ni cch khc, y l
mt dng ca nh lut Murphy: mi vt lun tin trin theo chiu xu i! [...]
Chng 9
Mi tn ca thi gian
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LC S THI GIAN 133
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Phn 29
[...] Ti hiu rng ti nhm: iu kin khng c bin ng rng v trt t thc t vn
tip tc tng trong qu trnh co li. Cc mi tn nhit ng hc v tm l hc ca thi
gian s khng o hng c trong l en, ln khi v tr bt u co li. [...]
Song, thc hin s chuyn trng thi , cn phi tiu tn mt nng lng
( chuyn ng cc ht ca bn tnh hoc cung cp in nng cho my tnh
in t). Nng lng ny s khuch tn thnh nhit nng v lm tng v trt
t ca v tr. Ngi ta c th chng minh rng gia tng v trt t ny
lun lun ln hn gia tng trt t ca bn thn b nh. Nh th lng
nhit xua i bi ci qut lm mt my tnh l bng chng ni rng khi my
tnh ghi mt thng tin vo b nh th tng v trt t trong v tr tng ln.
Hng i ca thi gian theo mt my tnh ghi li qu kh trong b nh l
cng hng vi s gia tng v trt t.
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Stephen Hawking 136
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LC S THI GIAN 137
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LC S THI GIAN 139
Phn 30
[...] Tin b ca loi ngi trong qu trnh nhn thc thit lp nn mt gc nh trt
t trong ci v trt t ngy cng tng ca v tr. Nu bn nh mi ch trong quyn sch
ny, tr nh ca bn ghi nhn khong hai triu n v thng tin: trt t trong b no
ca bn tng ln chng hai triu n v. [...]
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Stephen Hawking 140
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LC S THI GIAN 141
Phn 31
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Stephen Hawking 142
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LC S THI GIAN 143
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Phn 32
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LC S THI GIAN 145
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Phn 33
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Phn 34
[...] Chng ta trong mt th gii ang lm chng ta phi trm t suy ngh. Chng ta
mun gn cho mi vt xung quanh chng ta mt ngha no v t hi bn cht ca v
tr l g? Chng ta ng vai tr g trong v tr v chng ta t u ti? Ti sao v tr li
nh th ny? [...]
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LC S THI GIAN 153
Ban u nhng hin tng bnh thng v nhng quy lut nh th ch quan
st c trong mt s lnh vc nh thin vn hc v trong mt s tnh hung
khc. Song lc vn minh loi ngi cng tin ha v c bit trong 300 nm
gn y, nhiu nh lut c pht hin. S thnh cng trong vic ng
dng nhng nh lut dn Laplace u th k 19 thit lp thuyt
quyt nh lun, vi ni dung khng nh rng da trn cc nh lut chng
ta c th xc nh c s tin trin ca v tr mt cch chnh xc khi bit
cu hnh ca v tr ti mt thi im.
Quyt nh lun ca Laplace khng hon chnh hai im. Lun thuyt
cha ni r phi chn cc nh lut nh th no v khng xc nh
c cu hnh ban u ca v tr. Cc im thuc phn ca Cha.
Cha s chn v tr bt u nh th no, nhng nh lut no m v tr phi
tun theo, nhng Cha khng can thip vo v tr na, mt khi v tr bt
u. Thc ra, Cha ch gii hn vo nhng lnh vc m khoa hc th k 19
cha hiu c.
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Stephen Hawking 154
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LC S THI GIAN 155
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Stephen Hawking 156
Phn 35
[...] Trong sut cuc i, cc hot ng cho chnh sch ha bnh ca Einstein t t kt
qu v c l cng khng gy c nhiu tnh cm trong bn b. Song cc hot ng cho
phong tro Zionnism (phc quc Do Thi) ca ng c n p mt cch xng ng
nm 1952, khi ng c c tng thng Israel [...]
ALBERT EINSTEIN
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Stephen Hawking 158
Phn 36
GALILEO GALILEI
Galileo tin vo l thuyt Copecnicus (cho rng cc hnh tinh quay xung
quanh mt tri) t lu, nhng ch khi tm ra c nhng iu hin nhin
chng minh cho l thuyt th ng mi pht biu cng khai. Galileo vit
v l thuyt ca Copecnicus bng ting Italy (khng phi bng ting Latinh
hm lm), v quan im ca ng c ng h rng ri ngoi cc trng i
hc. iu ny lm cc gio s phi Aristotle gin d, h lin minh chng li
Galileo v thuyt phc nh th Thin cha trit b l thuyt Copecnicus.
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LC S THI GIAN 159
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Phn 37
ISAAC NEWTON
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Stephen Hawking 162
Phn 38
Thut ng
3. Bc sng (Wave length): Khong cch gia hai nh hoc hai hm sng
k nhau.
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LC S THI GIAN 163
14. Giy nh sng (nm nh sng) (Light second (light year): Khong cch
nh sng i trong mt giy (mt nm).
19. Khi lng (Mass): Lng vt cht trong mt vt th; qun tnh i vi
gia tc.
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Stephen Hawking 164
32. Nng lng thng nht ln (Grand unification energy): Nng lng m
trn , tng tc in t, yu v mnh khng cn khc bit nhau.
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LC S THI GIAN 165
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Stephen Hawking 166
57. Thuyt thng nht ln (Grand unified theory - GUT): L thuyt thng
nht cc tng tc in t, mnh v yu.
59. Thuyt tng i rng hay tng qut (General relativity): L thuyt ca
Einstein da trn tng cho rng cc nh lut khoa hc phi l nh nhau
i vi mi quan st bt k h chuyn ng nh th no. L thuyt ny gii
thch lc hp dn bng cong ca khng - thi gian 4 chiu.
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LC S THI GIAN 167
63. Trng thi dng (Stationary State): Trng thi khng thay i vi thi
gian: Mt qu cu quay vi vn tc khng thay i l vo mt trng thi
dng bi v trng thi l nh nhau mi thi im, mc d khng l
mt trng thi tnh.
65. Trng (Field): Mt thc th tn ti rng trong khng - thi gian, ngc
li vi ht ch vn tn ti mt im v mt lc.
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Stephen Hawking 168
Phn 39
Lc s v mt lc s
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LC S THI GIAN 169
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Stephen Hawking 170
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LC S THI GIAN 171
Khng nghi ng g l kha cnh con ngi, lin quan n vic tuy b tn tt
nhng ti vn tr thnh mt nh vt l l thuyt, pht huy tc dng.
Nhng nhng ai v quan tm n iu y m mua cun sch c th tht
vng, v cun sch ch c i ch him hoi ng n tnh trng sc khe
ca ti; y l cun sch v lch s ca v tr, khng phi ca ti. iu
khng gip cho Bantam khi b buc ti rng khai thc th bo bnh tt
ca ti, v ti th hp tc bng cch cho in nh ca mnh ln trang ba.
Trn thc t th theo hp ng ti khng c quyn g i vi t ba. Tuy th
ti cng thuyt phc c Bantam dng mt tm nh tt hn cho t ba cun
sch xut bn Anh, thay cho hnh nh thm hi v c dng trang tr
cho cun xut bn M. Nhng h vn khng thay i t ba cho cun sch
xut bn M v h ni vi ti rng c gi M by gi ng nht tm
nh y vi cun sch.
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Stephen Hawking 172
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LC S THI GIAN 173
Phn 40
V TR TUN HON
Nicolaus Copernicus:
v tc phm De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
Ngay t thi tin s, con ngi b m hoc bi quang cnh bu tri hng
v: Mt tri, mt trng, cc hnh tinh, cc ngi sao v s tun hon khng
lc no ngng ca cc v tinh t y. Mt tri mc ri ln, mt trng trn ri
khuyt, bn ma thay i, cc hnh tinh xut hin ri bin i khng nhng
ch l nhng s kin c th quan st c m trn nhiu phng din cn
nh hng n i sng hng ngy ca nhn loi. V vy, khng l g c
hng vn chuyn hoang ng v ngay c v s tn ngng, tn gio pht
sinh t nhng hin tng ca bu tri y.
Khi trnh vn minh tin b, cc trit gia tm cch gii thch chuyn
ng tun hon ca bu tri bng nhng danh t hp l. Cc nh khoa hc
v t tng tin b hn ht v khoa thin vn thi xa l ngi Hy Lp, bt
u vi Pythagoras vo th k th nm v Aristotle vo th k th t trc
Cng nguyn. Mt ngi Ai Cp, Claudius Ptolemy sinh sng Alexandria
khong nm 150 sau Cng nguyn h thng li nhng hiu bit ca mnh
v ca cc i trc thnh mt s nhng l thuyt d hiu. Trong khong t
1.500 thuyt ca Ptolemy, nh c trnh by trong quyn The Almagest
ch ng tr c con ngi v c cng nhn nh l quan nim chnh xc
v v tr.
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Stephen Hawking 174
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Stephen Hawking 176
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LC S THI GIAN 177
Phn 41
L thuyt mang tnh cch mng m Copernicus c gng bin minh ng hay
sai qua nhng nghin cu lu di ngc hn vi thuyt ca Ptolemy m by
lu nay vn c tn sng. L thuyt ca Copernicus i khi l: tri t
khng ng yn m quay trn, ta nh trn mt trc, mi ngy mt vng.
Mt quan nim nh vy vo th k 16 qu l qu k d, n ni Copernicus
khng dm cng b sm, trc khi ng tin chc rng nhng iu ng a ra
khng th chi ci c. l l do khin Copernicus phi ch i 30 nm,
mi quyt nh cng b l thuyt ca mnh cho th gii.
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Stephen Hawking 178
Cho ti Copernicus vn kin quyt khng chu cho n hnh ton b cng
trnh ca ng. ng vn cu ton v cho rng mi iu quan st thy u phi
c thm tra nhiu ln. Nguyn bn vit tay tm thy c Praha vo
gia th k 19 sau khi b tht lc 300 nm chng t rng bn vn c
sa li t trn xung di su ln.
Cuc ci cch tn gio ca gio phi Tin lnh, s bng tnh tri thc ca thi
Phc hng lm cho cc gii tn gio nghi ngi cc l thuyt c tnh cht
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LC S THI GIAN 179
Trc khi vic n lot hon tt, Copernicus b bnh nng. Mt cu chuyn
ng tin cy k li trong on bi thm nht rng, mt s gi ti
Frauenburg, mang t Nuremberg bn in u tin cun sch kit tc ca
Copernicus v ch kp t vo tay ng vi gi trc khi ng cht. Hm l
ngy 24 thng 5 nm 1543. Quyn sch l De Revolutionibus Orbium
Celestium ngha l v s vn ng ca cc thin th. Cng nh cc tc
phm gio khoa hi , quyn sch c vit bng ting Latinh.
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Stephen Hawking 180
Phn 42
[...] Va v khn ngoan va v x giao, Copernicus tng tc phm cho Gio hong
Paul III. Qua li tng y, r rng Copernicus tin on mt s kh khn s gp
phi [...]
Con tin chc rng nhng ngi thng minh v hc rng s ng vi con
nu h thnh tht c thin ch tm hiu v cn nhc cc bng chng con a
ra trong quyn sch. Nhng c ngi thc gi ln ngi thng dn c
th thy rng con khng s s ph phn ca ngi i, con mun tng
quyn sch ny, kt qu nhng m di vt v ca con, cho c Thnh Cha
hn l bt c ai. D l mt ngi trong mt x xa xi ca a cu, con vn
coi c Thnh Cha l ngi v i nht v a v v tha thit nht vi khoa
hc v ton hc. Do vy c Thnh Cha nh a v v nhn xt ca ngi,
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LC S THI GIAN 181
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Stephen Hawking 182
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Phn 43
[...] Gi thuyt mi m lt nho c tiu chun trit hc, nim tin tn gio ca thi tn
ngng. Nu thuyt ca Copernicus m ng th con ngi s khng cn l trung tm v
tr na; con ngi b x khi i danh vng v qu t ca loi ngi s ch cn l
mt trong s nhng hnh tinh [...]
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Stephen Hawking 184
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LC S THI GIAN 185
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Stephen Hawking 186
Phn 44
a. Cc hnh tinh chy theo hnh bu dc, ch khng theo hnh trn, vi mt
tri lm tiu im.
Galileo l nh quan st u tin s dng knh vin vng trong ngnh thin
vn, v nhng khm ph qua knh vin vng ca ng lm cho thuyt ca
Copernicus thm vng chc. Galileo to dng nn mng cho mt khoa hc
mi khi a ra nhng nguyn tc c bn v ng lc, khoa hc ca chuyn
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LC S THI GIAN 187
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Stephen Hawking 188
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LC S THI GIAN 189
Phn 45
[...] Trong s nhng cun sch gy nh hng su rng n cuc sng, c l him c
cun no ni ting nhng li c t c gi bng tp Nguyn tc ton hc trong vn vt
hc (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica) ca Isaac Newton... [...]
V tr h
Isaac Newton v tc phm nguyn tc ton hc
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Stephen Hawking 190
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LC S THI GIAN 191
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Stephen Hawking 192
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LC S THI GIAN 193
Phn 46
[...] ''...Thot u ti dng ngn ng ph thng nhiu ngi c th hiu. Nhng v sau
ngh li, ti vit phn ny bng nhng cng thc ton hc.... S d ti vit kh khn nh
vy, nhng ai c nm vng nhng nguyn tc th mi c lng c tm quan
trng ca n, v do mi gt b c nhng nh kin v v tr m h quen thuc t
trc...''[...]
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Stephen Hawking 194
Nm 1687, sau khng bit bao nhiu tr ngi, cun sch Nguyn tc ton
hc in xong, kh nh, bn 10 hay 12 shillings mt cun. Trang in nhan
sch c ghi: giy php xut bn ca Samuel Pepys, Ch tch Hi khoa hc
Hong gia. C ngi nhn xt rng: rt c th Pepys khng hiu mt cu no
trong sch ca Newton.
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LC S THI GIAN 195
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LC S THI GIAN 197
Phn 47
[...] Chnh Newton cng nhn nhn rng: v tr h ca ng ch l tip tc cng trnh khi
u t Corpernicus c Tycho Brahe, Kepler v Galileo pht trin thm. ng vit:
nu ti nhn c xa hn nhng ngi khc, y l v ti ng trn vai cc v nhn [...]
Sau Newton gii thch s d tri t dp hai u v tri t quay trn mnh
n, v ng tnh c tri t dp u l bao nhiu. Cn c vo tri t dp
hai u v hi phnh ra khong xch o, Newton suy din ra rng: sc ht
xch o mnh hn hai u - chnh hin tng ny gii thch c b
mt sai bit v nin lch, gii thch c s chuyn ng hnh nn ca trc
tri t ging nh con quay. Hn na nghin cu nghin cu hnh th ca
mt t, Newton cn p dng nh lut vn vt hp dn gii thch hin
tng thu triu ln xung. Khi trng trn, nc trn mt t chu sc ht
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Stephen Hawking 198
Newton tin tng rng: s mng ca khoa hc l tm hiu, v hiu bit cng
su rng chng ta cng tin gn c ci l khi u ca s vt, d rng
chng ta khng th khm ph ra nhng nh lut Khi thu ca to vt.
Vit v Newton, Jean cng nhn nhn rng: Thi th gii ang cn mt
ngi c kh nng h thng ho, tng hp v trin khai nhng cng trnh
ton hc c tnh ton th, v ngi l thin ti Newton.
Tt c nhng cuc tranh lun din ra trong thi Newton l v thi s hot
ng khoa hc rt si ni. Cc l thuyt mi ua nhau ra i, m ng cho
nhng cng cuc nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc ti nng. Ngi ta khng
ly lm l c hai nh khoa hc mi ngi mt ni m ng thi c nhng
khm ph nh nhau. l trng hp xy ra trong cuc tranh lun gia
Newton vi Leibniz v vi Hooke, ra thuyt vn vt hp dn. Tuy thnh
cng mun hn Newton, nhng Leibniz v Hooke cng b cng trnh trc
Newton, v Newton vn khng thch s ph trng.
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Stephen Hawking 200
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LC S THI GIAN 201
Phn 48
U TRANH SINH TN
Charles Darwin
V tc phm ngun gc cc chng loi
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Stephen Hawking 202
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LC S THI GIAN 203
Ngay sau khi v Anh, Darwin pht trin l thuyt ca ng v lut tin ha
ca vn vt, thu thp cc bin thi ca cc chng loi vit tp Ngun gc
cc chng loi. Bn tho u tin ca tp sch ny, c vit vo nm 1842
v ch gm ba mi lm trang, nhng n nm 1844, tp sch ln ti 230
trang. Khi u Darwin t vn ti sao cc chng loi pht sinh ri vi
thi gian li bin thi v phn chia ra lm nhiu ging khc nhau, v cui
cng mt s li c th b tuyt chng?
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Stephen Hawking 204
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LC S THI GIAN 205
Phn 49
[...] Darwin nhn thy rng: trong cc sinh vt, mt s c th sinh vt rt ln phi b
tiu dit, ch mt s no sng st. Nhiu loi sinh vt phi cht nui sng loi sinh vt
khc. Cuc chin u tip din khng bao gi ngng, v loi ra khi cuc u tranh
tn ti tt c nhng con vt, cy ci no khng iu kin tn ti...[...]
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Stephen Hawking 206
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LC S THI GIAN 207
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Stephen Hawking 208
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LC S THI GIAN 209
Phn 50
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Stephen Hawking 210
Hng ngy hng gi, nh lut o thi t nhin ch ng mun loi trn
mt t. Nhng con yu hn b tiu dit nhng s sng cho nhng con
cng trng. nh lut o thi t nhin din bin mt cch m thm v
khc lit. nh lut bin i nhng sinh vt cn bo tn c s sng,
nhng sinh vt ny c th thch nghi hn na vi cc iu kin sinh hot.
Nhng bin i din tin rt chm chp nn chng ta kh nhn thy.
Phi nghin cu nhng thi k a cht hc di ng ng, chng ta mi
thy rng sinh vt sng chung quanh ta ngy nay khc xa nhiu lm.
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LC S THI GIAN 211
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Stephen Hawking 212
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LC S THI GIAN 213
Phn 51
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Stephen Hawking 214
Sau khi sch Ngun gc cc chng loi xut bn, Darwin vit tip rt nhiu
sch khc cp n tng vn ring bit, nhng tu trung ng vn trin
khai l tuyt tin ha ca sinh vt bng quy lut o thi t nhin c
trnh by minh bch trong Ngun gc cc chng loi. Trc ht ng vit hai
tp l: Cn trng bin thnh cht bn cho ging lan, v Nghin cu v s
sng ca cc ging cy leo. Sau Darwin vit hai tc phm quan trng hn
nhan : Nhng bin th ng vt v thc vt nui trong nh, v S sinh sn
ca loi ngi v vn tnh dc o thi. Darwin cn vit rt nhiu sch
cp n cc vn nh so snh s th hin cm xc gia loi ngi v
loi vt, nhng sch ni v ging cy n su b, v tc dng ca vic lai
ging, kh nng di ng ca thc vt, hin tng cy bin thnh t.
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LC S THI GIAN 215
Nhn bao qut li, chng ta thy rng, trn mi a ht hc thut, nh hng
ca Darwin rt su m. V ngy nay cc nh sinh vt hc, a cht hc, ha
hc, vt l hc, cc nh nhn chng hc, tm l hc, cc nh gio dc hc,
trit hc, x hi hc v ngay c cc nh s hc, chnh tr hc v ngn ng
hc u chp nhn l thuyt tin ha ca ng. Charles Ellwood nh gi nh
sau:
Ngy nay kin thc khoa hc c ph bin rng ri, cng trnh ca Darwin
cng thm c gi tr v bao gm nhng quan st v cng tinh t. Cho d
nhng khm ph mi l ca khoa hc hin i c bin i phn no l thuyt
ca Darwin, nhng tu trung l thuyt tin ha vn ng vng trong di
truyn hc, c sinh vt hc v trong rt nhiu b mn khoa hc khc.
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Stephen Hawking 216
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LC S THI GIAN 217
Phn 52
[...] Einstein bt chng ta tin nhng iu kh tin th d nh: khng gian hnh cong,
ng ngn nht ni lin hai im khng phi l ng thng, v tr c hn nhng
khng c bin gii, hai ng song song cui cng s gp nhau, tia sng i theo ng
vng cung, thi gian c tnh cht tng i v mi ni phi do mt cch...[...]
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Stephen Hawking 218
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LC S THI GIAN 219
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Stephen Hawking 220
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Stephen Hawking 222
Nu chp nhn thuyt khng gian c hnh cong, phi ng nhin chp nhn
thuyt khng gian hu hn. V d, mt tia sng xut pht mt v sao, sau
hng triu nm ra i, vn s tr v ngun sng c, chng khc g nh du lch
i mt chuyn vng quanh th gii. V tr khng phi l din ra bt tn
trong khng gian, m c nhng gii hn tuy khng th xc nh c nhng
gii hn ny.
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LC S THI GIAN 223
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Stephen Hawking 224
Phn cui
Trong phng trnh ni ting E = mc2, Einstein chng minh nng lng
v khi lng ch l mt, hai trng thi khc nhau v khi lng chnh l
nng lng c li. Barnett nhn nh rt ng l phng trnh E = mc2
gii thch c rt nhiu im v vt l hc, t bao lu nay vn cn l
nhng im b mt. Phng trnh gii thch ti sao cht quang tuyn phn
x nh radium v uranium li c th lin tip trong hng triu nm bn ra
nhng tia li ti chy vi tc khng khip. Phng trnh cn gii thch ti
sao mt tri v cc v tinh t li c th tun nh sng v sc nng trong hng
t t nm, v nu mt tri ch c la theo li thng thng th tri t ca
chng ta phi cht trong ti tm u lnh t hng triu nm ri. Phng
trnh cn cho chng ta thy nng lng gh gm cha cht trong nhn
nguyn t v tin on ch cn mt lng rt nh cht uranium cng to
ra mt tri bom c sc cng ph c mt thnh ph.
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LC S THI GIAN 225
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Stephen Hawking 226
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