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Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
Contents
Chapter 1 Linear Relations and Functions ............................................. 1
Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities ...................... 30
Chapter 3 The Nature of Graphs ............................................................ 64
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions ....................................... 101
Chapter 5 The Trigonometric Functions................................................. 137
Chapter 6 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions................................. 172
Chapter 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations................................. 205
Chapter 8 Vectors and Parametric Equations ......................................... 245
Chapter 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers ............................ 274
Chapter 10 Conics .................................................................................... 306
Chapter 11 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions................................ 375
Chapter 12 Sequences and Series............................................................. 403
Chapter 13 Combinatorics and Probability .............................................. 438
Chapter 14 Statistics and Data Analysis................................................... 457
Chapter 15 Introduction to Calculus ........................................................ 475
Extra Practice .............................................................................................. 495
Chapter Tests ............................................................................................... 543
iii
Chapter 1 Linear Relations and Functions
8.
1-1 Relations and Functions x y y
4 7
12
Pages 89 Check for Understanding 3 4
1. 2 1 8
x y y 1 2 4
4 2 4 0 5
6 1 1 8 4 O 2 4x
2
0 5 2 11 4
8 4 8 4 O 4 8x 3 14
2 2 2 4 17
4 0 4 9.
x y y
2. Sample answer:
1 5
y
2 5
3 5 O x
4 5
5 5
O x 6 5
7 5
8 5
3. Determine whether a vertical line can be drawn 10. {3, 0, 1, 2}; {6, 0, 2, 4}; yes; Each member of the
through the graph so that it passes through more domain is matched with exactly one member of
than one point on the graph. the range.
4. Keisha is correct. Since a function can be 11. {3, 3, 6}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; no; 6 is matched with
expressed as a set of ordered pairs, a function is two members of the range.
always a relation. However, in a function, there is
12a. domain: all reals; range: all reals
exactly one y-value for each x-value. Not all
relations have this constraint. 12b. Yes; the graph passes vertical line test.
5. Table: Graph: 13. f(3) 4(3)3 (3)2 5(3)
108 9 15 or 84
x y y
14. g(m 1) 2(m 1)2 4(m 1) 2
1 3
2(m2 2m 1) 4m 4 2
2 2 2m2 4m 2 4m 4 2
3 1 O x 2m2
4 0 15. x 1 0
5 1 x 1
6 2 The domain excludes numbers less than 1.
7 3 The domain is {xx 1}.
16a. {(83, 240), (81, 220), (82, 245), (78, 200),
Equation: y x 4
(83, 255), (73, 200), (80, 215), (77, 210), (78, 190),
6. {(3, 4), (0, 0), (3,4), (6, 8)}; D {3, 0, 3, 6}; (73, 180), (86, 300), (77, 220), (82, 260)}; {73, 77,
R {8, 4, 0, 4} 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86}; {180, 190, 200, 210, 215,
7. {(6, 1), (4, 0), (2, 4), (1, 3), (4, 3)}; 220, 240, 245, 255, 260, 300}
D {6, 4, 2, 1, 4}; R {4, 0, 1, 3}
1 Chapter 1
16b. 22. {(4, 0), (5, 1), (8, 0), (13, 1)};
300
D {4, 5, 8, 13}; R {0, 1}
280 23. {(3, 2), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)};
260 D {3, 1, 0, 1}; R {2, 0, 1}
Weight 240 24. {(5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 1), (2, 2), (4, 4)};
(lb) D {5, 3, 1, 2, 4}; R {4, 2, 1, 3, 5}
220
25. {(3, 4), (3, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 3)}; D {3};
200 R {4, 2, 0, 1, 3}
180 26. y
x y O x
O 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
4 9
Height (in.)
3 8
16c. No; a vertical line at x 77, x 78, x 82, or 2 7
x 83 would pass through two points.
1 6
0 5
Pages 1012 Exercises 1 4
17. Table Graph: 27.
x y y x y y
1 3 24 1 1
2 6 2 2 O x
18
3 9 3 3
4 12 12 4 4
5 15 5 5
6
6 18 6 6
7 21 O 2 4 6 8 10 x 28.
8 24 x y y
9 27 5 5
Equation: y 3x 4 4
18. Table: 3 3
y 2 2
x y
O x
6 11 1 1
O x
5 10 0 0
4 9 1 1
3 8 29.
2 7 x y y
1 6 1 0
Equation: y x 5 2 3
19. Table: Graph: 3 6
y 4 9
x y
4 4 5 12
3 5
2 6
1 7
0 8
O x
1 9
30.
2 10
3 11 x y y
4
4 12 O x 11 3
3 2
Equation: y 8 x 11
20. {(5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 1), (1, 1)};
O 4 8 12 x
D {5, 3, 1, 1}; R {5, 3, 1, 1}
2
21. {(10, 0), (5, 0), {0, 0), (5, 0)};
D {10, 5, 0, 5}; R {0} 4
Chapter 1 2
31. x y y 51a. x
1
4 2
4 2
O x
51b. x
5
32. {4, 5, 6}; {4}; yes; Each x-value is paired with
exactly one y-value.
33. {1}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; no; The x-value 1 is paired with
more than one y-value.
34. {0, 1, 4); {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}; no; The x-values 1 and 4
are paired with more than one y-value.
35. {0, 2, 5}; {8, 2, 0, 2, 8}; no; The x-values 2 and 5
are paired with more than one y-value. 51c. x
2, 2
36. {1.1, 0.4, 0.1}; {2, 1}; yes; Each x-value is
paired with exactly one y-value.
37. {9, 2, 8, 9}; {3, 0, 8}; yes; Each x-value is paired
with exactly one y-value.
38. domain: all reals; range: all reals; Not a function
because it fails the vertical line test.
39. domain: {3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3}; range: {1, 1, 2, 3};
52a. {(9244, 3166), (18,584, 3697), (18,140, 5805),
A function because each x-value is paired with
(16,182, 3999), (13,589, 2136), (18,912, 5950),
exactly one y-value.
(13,877, 6233)}; {9244, 13,589, 13,877, 16,182,
40. domain: {x8 x 8}; range: {y8 y 8}; 18,140, 18,584, 18,912}; {2136, 3166, 3697, 3999,
Not a function because it fails the vertical line 5805, 5950, 6233}
test.
52b.
41. f(3) 2(3) 3 7
6 3 or 9 6
42. g(2) 5(2)2 3(2) 2
Number 5
20 6 2 or 12 Attending
1 (thousands) 4
43. h(0.5)
0.5
2 3
3 Chapter 1
54e. t(30,000) 95 0.005(30,000) 3.
55F
55a. d(0.05) 299,792,458(0.05)
14,989,622.9 m
d(0.02) 299,792,458(0.2)
59,958,491.6 m
d(1.4) 299,792,458(1.4)
419,709,441.2 m
d(5.9) 299,792,458(5.9)
1,768,775,502 m
55b. d(0.008) 299,792,458(0.08)
23,983,396.64 m
(1)(2) 1
56. P(4) 3 1
(2)(3) 1
P(5) 1 7
(3)(1) 1 4 4. Sample answer: The (sum/difference/product/
P(6) 7 7
quotient) of the function values is the function
57. 32 42 9 16 or 25 values of the (sum/difference/product/quotient)
72 49 of the functions.
The correct choice is B. 5. Sample answer: For functions f(x) and g(x),
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x); (f g)(x) f(x) g(x);
f f(x)
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x); and g(x)
g(x) , g(x)
0
Chapter 1 4
7. [f g](x) f(g(x)) f(x) g(x)
x
x 1 (x 1)
2
f(x2 2x) x (x2 1)(x 1)
2(x2 2x) 3
x1
x1
2x2 4x 3 x x3 x2 x 1
x1
x1
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x3 x2 2x 1
g(2x 3) ,
x1 x
1
(2x 3)2 2(2x 3) f(x) g(x)
x
(x2 1)
x1
(4x2 12x 9) 4x 6 x(x 1)(x 1)
4x2 16x 15
x1
8. Domain of f(x): x
1 x x, x
1
2
x
Domain of g(x): all reals
x1
f
(x)
g(x) 1 g x2 1
x 1
x31 x
1 x2 1
x 2
x
x3 x2 x 1 , x
1 or 1
Domain of [f g](x) is x
2. 3
13. f(x) g(x) x 7 x 5x
2
9. x1 f(x0) f(2)
3 (x2 5x)(x 7)
2(2) 1 or 5 x7
x7
x2 f(x1) f(5) x7
3 x3 7x2 5x2 35x
x7
2(5) 1 or 11
x3 2x2 35x 3
x3 f(x2) f(11) x7 ,x
7
2(11) 1 or 23 f(x) g(x)
3
x 7 (x 5x)
2
5, 11, 23 3 (x2 5x)(x 7)
10a. [K C](F) K(C(F)) x7
x7
K9(F 32)
5 3 x3 7x2 5x2 35x
x7
x7
5
9(F 32) 273.15 x3 2x2 35x 3
5 x7 ,x
7
10b. K(40) 9(40 32) 273.15 3
40 273.15 or 233.15 f(x) g(x) x 7 (x 5x)
2
5 3x 15x
2
K(12) 9(12 32) 273.15 x7 , x
7
3
24.44 273.15 or 248.71
x7
(x)
5 f
K(0) 9(0 32) 273.15 g x2 5x
3 1
17.78 273.15 or 255.37
x 7 x2 5x
5
K(32) 9(32 32) 273.15
3
, x
5, 0, 7
x3 2x2 35x
0 273.15 or 273.15 2x
14. f(x) g(x) x 3 x5
5
K(212) 9(212 32) 273.15 (x 3)(x 5) 2x
x5
x5
100 273.15 or 373.15 x2 2x 15 2x
x5
x5
x2 15
x5 , x
5
Pages 1719 Exercises
2x
f(x) g(x) x 3 x5
11. f(x) g(x) x2 2x x 9
(x 3)(x 5) 2x
x2 x 9 x5
x5
f(x) g(x) x2 2x (x 9) x2 2x 15 2x
x5
x5
x2 3x 9
x2 4x 15
f(x) g(x) (x2 2x)(x 9) x5
, x
5
x3 7x2 18x
2x
f(x) g(x) (x 3) x5
x2 2x
g(x)
f
x9 , x
9
2x 6x
2
x5 , x
5
x
12. f(x) g(x)
x1 x 1
2
x3
g(x)
f
x (x2 1)(x 1) 2x
x1 x1
x5
x x3 x2 x 1 x5
x1 x1 x 3 2
x
x3 x2 1 x2 2x 15
, x
1
x1 2
x , x
0 or 5
5 Chapter 1
15. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 21. [f g](x) f (g(x))
f(x 4) f
x 1
1
(x 4)2 9 1
x2 8x 16 9
x1 1
x2 8x 7 1 x1
x1 x1
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x
g(x2 9)
x 1, x
1
x2 9 4 [g f ](x) g(f(x))
x2 5 g(x 1)
16. [f g](x) f(g(x))
1
x11
f(x 6) 1
1 x, x
0
2(x 6) 7
1 22. Domain of f(x): all reals
2x 3 7
Domain of g(x): all reals
1
2x 4 Domain of [f g](x): all reals
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) 23. Domain of f(x): x
0
1
g(2x 7) Domain of g(x): all reals
1 g(x) 0
2x 7 6
1
7x0
2x 1 7x
17. [f g](x) f(g(x)) Domain of [f g](x) is x
7.
f(3x2) 24. Domain of f(x): x 2
3x2 4
Domain of g(x): x
0
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(x) 2
g(x 4) 1
3(x 4)2 x
4 2
3(x2 8x 16) 1 8x
3x2 24x 48 1
8 x
18. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 1
f(5x2) Domain of [f g](x) is x 8, x
0.
(5x2)2 1 25. x1 f(x0) f(2)
25x4 1 9 2 or 7
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x2 f(x1) f(7)
g(x2 1) 9 7 or 2
5(x2 1)2
x3 f(x2) f(2)
5(x4 2x2 1)
9 2 or 7
5x4 10x2 5
7, 2, 7
19. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x3 x2 1) 26. x1 f(x0) f(1)
2(x3 x2 1) (1)2 1 or 2
2x3 2x2 2 x2 f(x1) f(2)
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) (2)2 1 or 5
g(2x) x3 f(x2) f(5)
(2x)3 (2x)2 1 (5)2 1 or 26
8x3 4x2 1 2, 5, 26
20. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 27. x1 f(x0) f(1)
f(x2 5x 6) 1(3 1) or 2
1 x2 5x 6 x2 f(x1) f(2)
x2 5x 7 2(3 2) or 2
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x3 f(x2) f(2)
g(1 x) 2(3 2) or 2
(x 1)2 5(x 1) 6 2, 2, 2
x2 2x 1 5x 5 6
x2 7x 12
Chapter 1 6
28. $43.98 $38.59 $31.99 $114.56 34a. I prt
Let x the original price of the clothes, or 5000(0.08)(1)
$114.56. 400
Let T(x) 1.0825x. (The cost with 8.25% tax rate) I prt
5400(0.08)(1)
Let S(x) 0.75x. (The cost with 25% discount)
432
The cost of clothes is [T S](x).
I prt
[T S](x) T(S(x)) 5832(0.08)(1)
T(0.75x) 466.56
T(0.75(114.56))
I prt
T(85.92)
6298.56(0.08)(1)
1.0825(85.92)
503.88
93.0084
I prt
Yes; the total with the discount and tax is $93.01.
6802.44(0.08)(1)
29. Yes; If f(x) and g(x) are both lines, they can be 544.20
represented as f(x) m1x b1 and g(x)
(year, interest): (1, $400), (2,$432), (3, $466.56),
m2x b2. Then [f g](x) m1(m2x b2) b1
(4, $503.88), (5, $544.20)
m1m2x m1b2 b1
34b. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; {$400, $432, $466.56, $503.89,
Since m1 and m2 are constants, m1m2 is a
$544.20}
constant. Similarly, m1, b2, and b1 are constants,
so m1b2 b1 is a constant. Thus, [f g](x) is a 34c. Yes; for each element of the domain there is
linear function if f(x) and g(x) are both linear. exactly one corresponding element of the range.
30a. Wn Wp Wf 35. {(1, 8), (0, 4), (2, 6), (5, 9)}; D {1, 0, 2, 5};
R {9, 6, 4, 8}
Fpd Ff d
d(Fp Ff) 36. D {1, 2, 3, 4}; R {5, 6, 7, 8}; Yes, every element
in the domain is paired with exactly one element
30b. Wn d(Fp Ff)
of the range.
50(95 55) (4)3 5
2000 J 37. g(4)
4(4)
64 5
31a. h[f(x)], because you must subtract before
16
figuring the bonus 59 11
16 or 3 16
31b. h[f(x)] h[f(400,000)] y
h(400,000 275,000) 38.
x y
h(125,000)
2 6
0.03(125,000)
$3750 1 3
32. (f g)(x) f(g(x)) 0 0
f(1 x2) 1 3
x2(x2 1) 2 6
1 x2
3 9 x
x2 O
(1 x2) 1
So, f(x) x 1 and f 2 2 1 2.
1 1 1 39. f(n 1) 2(n 1)2 (n 1) 9
7p 2(n2 2n 1) n 1 9
33a. v(p) 4
7 33b. r(v) 0.84v 2n2 5n 12
33c. r(p) r(v(p)) The correct choice is C.
7p
r4
7
7p
0.844
7
5.88p
4
14 7p 1-3 Graphing Linear Equations
7 or 1175
147(4 23.18)
33d. r(423.18)
1175
$52.94 Page 23 Check for Understanding
147(2 25.64) 1. m represents the slope of the graph and b
r(225.64)
1175 represents the y-intercept
$28.23 2. 7; the line intercepts the x-axis at (7, 0)
147(7 97.05)
r(797.05)
1175
3. Sample answer: Graph the y-intercept at (0, 2).
Then move down 4 units and right 1 unit to graph
$99.72
a second point. Draw a line to connect the points.
7 Chapter 1
4. Sample answer: Both graphs are lines. Both lines 1
9. 2x 6 0
have a y-intercept of 8. The graph of y 5x 8
1
slopes upward as you move from left to right on x
2 6
the graph and the graph of y 5y 8 slopes x 12
downward as you move from left to right on the
y
graph. 12
5. 3x 4(0) 2 0 3(0) 4y 2 0
3x 2 0 4y 2 0 8
3x 2 4y 2 4
2 1
x 3 y 2
12 8 4 O x
y
4
O x y
24
16
6. x 2(0) 5 0 0 2y 5 0
8
x50 2y 5 0
x5 2y 5 4 2 O 2 4x
5
y 2
11a. (38.500, 173), (44.125, 188)
y
188 173
11b. m
44.125 38.500
(0, 52 )
15
5.625 or about 2.667
y 4x 9
O x
8. The y-intercept is 5. Graph (0, 5).
The slope is 0.
13. The y-intercept is 3. The slope is 0.
y y
y3
(0, 5)
O x
O x
Chapter 1 8
14. 2x 3y 15 0 19. 2x y 0
3y 2x 15 y 2x
2
y 3x 5 The y-intercept is 0. The slope is 2.
2
The y-intercept is 5. The slope is 3. y
y
O x
2x 3y 15 0
2x y 0
2
O x 20. The y-intercept is 4. The slope is 3.
15. x 4 0 y
x4
There is no slope. The x-intercept is 4. O x
y
y 23 x 4
x40
O x
21. The y-intercept is 150. The slope is 25.
y
y 25x 150
100
16. The y-intercept is 1. The slope is 6.
y 50
6 4 2 O 2x
y 6x 1
50
O x 22. 2x 5y 8
5y 2x 8
2 8
y 5x 5
8 2
17. The y-intercept is 5. The slope is 2. The y-intercept is 5. The slope is 5.
y y
y 5 2x 2x 5y 8
x
O
O x
18. y 8 0 23. 3x y 7
y 8 y 3x 7
The y-intercept is 8. The slope is 0. y 3x 7
y The y-intercept is 7. The slope is 3.
O x y
O x
3x y 7
y80
9 Chapter 1
24. 9x 5 0 f (x ) 33a. (1.0, 12.0), (10.0, 8.4)
8.4 12.0
9x 5 m
f (x ) 9x 5 10.0 1.0
5
x 9 3.6
9 or 0.4
The y-intercept is 5. (0.4) 0.4 ohms
( 59 , 0) 12 v
O x 33b. 0.4
1.0 25.0
12 v
25. 4x 12 0 f (x ) 0.4
24
4x 12 9.6 12 v
f (x ) 4x 12
x3 v 2.4 volts
97 2 19
The y-intercept is 12. 34. m
4 3 7
a (4)
(3, 0) 2 2 8
7
7
a4
O x
2(a 4) 56
26. 3x 1 0 f (x ) 2a 8 56
3x 1 2a 48
1
f (x ) 3x 1
x 3 a 24
The y-intercept is 1. ( 13 ,0) 35a. (40, 90), (80, 100)
100 90
O x m
80 40
10 1
40 or 4
27. 14x 0 f (x )
35b. For each 1 degree increase in the temperature,
x0 28 1
The slope is 14. there is a 4-pascal increase in the pressure.
14 f (x ) 14x 35c. 100 P
(0, 0)
O x 80
Chapter 1 10
38. A function with a slope of 0 has no zeros if its
y-intercept is not 0; a function with a slope of 0 1-3B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
has an infinite number of zeros if its y-intercept is Analyzing Families of Linear
0; a function with any slope other than 0 has Graphs
exactly 1 zero.
39a. (56, 50), (76, 67.2)
67.2 50 Page 26
m
76 56 1. See students graphs. All of the graphs are lines
17.2
2
0 or 0.86 with y-intercept at (0, 2). Each line has a
39b. 1805(0.86) $1552.30 different slope.
39c. 1 MPC 1 0.86 2. A line parallel to the ones graphed in the Example
0.14 and passing through (0, 2).
39d. 1805(0.14) $252.70 3. See students sketches. Sample answer: The
graphs of lines with the same value of m are
40. (f g)(x) 2x x2 4 or x2 2x 4
parallel. The graphs of lines with the same value
(f g)(x) 2x (x2 4) for b have the same y-intercept.
x2 2x 4
41a. 1 0.12 0.88
d(p) 0.88p
41b. r(d) d 100 1-4 Writing Linear Equations
41c. r(d(p)) r(0.88p)
0.88p 100
Page 29 Check for Understanding
41d. r(799.99) 0.88(799.99) 100
1. slope and y-intercept; slope and any point; two
603.9912 or about $603.99
points
r(999.99) 0.88(999.99) 100
2. Sample answer:
779.9912 or about $779.99
Use point-slope Use slope-intercept
r(1499.99) 0.88(1499.99) 100
form: form.
1219.9912 or about $1219.99
y y1 m(x x1) y mx b
42. [f g](3) f(g(3)) 1 1
f(3 2) y (4) 4(x 3) 4 4(3) b
f(5) 1 3
y 4 4x 4
19
4 b
(5)2 4(5) 5
25 20 5 or 50 x 4y 19 0 Substitute the slope
and intercept into the
[g f ](3) g( f(3))
general form.
g((3)2 4(3) 5) 1 19
g(9 12 5) y 4x 4
g(26) Write in standard form.
26 2 or 24
x 4y 19 0
43. f(9) 4 6(9) (9)3
3. 55 represents the hourly rate and 49 represents
4 54 729 or 671 the fee for coming to the house.
44. No; the graph fails the vertical line test. 3 0 1
4. m
06 y 2x 3
45. 3
x y
1
6 or 2
3 14
5. Sample answer: When given the slope and the
2 13 y-intercept, use slope-intercept form. When given
1 12 {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12), the slope and a point, use point-slope form. When
0 11 (0, 11)}, yes given two points, find the slope, then use point-
slope form.
46. Let s sum. 1
s 6. y mx b y 4x 10
4 15 92
7. y 2 4(x 3) 8. m
75
s 60
y 2 4x 12 2
7
The correct choice is D.
y 4x 10 7
y 2 2(x 5)
7 35
y 2 2x 2
7 31
y 2x 2
9. y 2 0(x (9)) 10a. y 5.9x 2
y20
y2
11 Chapter 1
10b. y 5.9(7) 2 27b. Using sample answer from part a,
41.3 2 or 43.3 in. 9
y 7(19) 7
16
10c. Sample answer: No; the grass could not support 171 16 187
it own weight if it grew that tall. 7 7 or 7 or about 26.7 mpg
27c. Sample answer: The estimate is close but not
exact since only two points were used to write
Pages 3031 Exercises the equation.
11. y mx b y 5x 2 28a. See students work.
12. y 5 8(x (7)) 28b. Sample answer: Only two points were used to
y 5 8x 56 make the prediction equation, so many points lie
off of the line.
y 8x 61
3 29. Yes; the slope of the line through (5, 9) and (3, 3)
13. y mx b y 4x 39 3
1
is
3 5 or 4 . The slope of the line through
14. y mx b y 12x
2 63 3
(3, 3), and (1, 6) is
1 (3) or 4 . Since these two
15. y 5 6(x 4) 16. x 12
lines would have the same slope and would share
y 5 6x 24
a point, their equations would be the same. Thus,
y 6x 19 they are the same line and all three points are
95 4
17. m
8 1 y 5 9(x 1) collinear.
4 4 4
y 5 9x 9 30. 3x 2y 5 0 y
9
4 49 2y 3x 5
y 9x 9 3x 2y 5 0
3 5
5 y 2x 2
18. (8, 0), (0, 5) y 0 8(x (8))
50 5 O x
m
0 (8) y 8x 5
5
8
11
19. m
3 8 y 1 0(x 8)
0 y10 31a. (1995, 70,583), (1997, 82,805)
11 or 0 y1 82,805 70,583
m
19971999
20. x 4 21. x 0 12,222
22. y 0 0.25(x 24) 2 or 6111; $6111 billion
y 0.25x 6 31b. The rate is the slope.
23. y (4)
1
2(x (2)) 32. g[f(2)] g(f(2))
1
g((2)3)
y4 2x 1 g(8)
1
x y50 3(8) or 24
2
33. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
x 2y 10 0
x3(x2 3x 7)
3 0
24. m
1 (2) x5 3x4 7x3
g(x)
f 3
3 x
, where g(x)
0
3 x 3x 7
2
1 34. x y
y 0 1(x 2) 4 16
y x 2 3 9
xy20 2 4
x 7000
{(4, 16), (3, 9), (2, 4)}, yes
25a. t 2
2000 y2 1
14,494 7000 y
y
25b. t 2 1 y1
2000 35. x
y
y
2
2 3.747 or 5.747; about 5.7 weeks y2 1
26. Ax By C 0 y
By Ax C 2
A C A y2 1 1
y Bx B; m B y 2
27a. Sample answer: using (20, 28) and (27, 37), y2 1
2
y
37 28 9
m
27 20 y 28 (x 20)
7 The correct choice is A.
9 9 180
7 y 28 x
7 7
9 16
y x
7 7
Chapter 1 12
Page 31 Mid-Chapter Quiz 10b. y 6,506,416 139,975(x 1990)
1. {2, 2, 4}, {8, 3, 3, 7}; No, 2 in the domain is y 6,506,416 139,975x 278,550,250
paired with more than one element of the range. y 139,975x 272,043,834
3
2. f(4) 7 42 3. g(n 2)
n21
7 16 or 9 3
n1
4. Let x original price of jacket 1-5 Writing Equations of Parallel and
Let T(x) 1.055x. (The cost with 5.5% tax rate) Perpendicular Lines
Let S(x) 0.67x. (The cost with 33% discount)
The cost of the jacket is [T S](x).
[T S](x) T(S(x)) Pages 3536 Check for Understanding
T(0.67x) 1. If A, B, and C are the same or the ratios of the As
1.055(0.67x) and the Bs and the Cs are proportional, then the
The amount paid was $49.95. lines are coinciding. If A and B are the same and
C is different, or the ratios of the As and the Bs
45.95 1.055(0.67x)
are proportional, but the ratio of the Cs is not,
43.55 0.67x then the lines are parallel.
65 x; $65 2. They have no slope.
5. [f g)(x) f(g(x) 3. 4x 3y 19 0
f(x 1) 4 19
1 y 3x 3
x11 4 3
1 3; 4
, x
0
x 4. All vertical lines have undefined slope and only
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) horizontal lines are perpendicular to them. The
1
g(
x 1)
slope of a horizontal line is 0.
1 5. none of these 6. perpendicular
x1 1
1 x1
7. y x 6 xy80
x1 x1
yx8
x
x 1, x
1
parallel
6. 2x 4y 8 y 8. y 2x 8 4x 2y 16 0
4y 2x 8 y 2x 8
1 coinciding
y 2x 2 O x
9. y 9 5(x 5)
2x 4y 8 y 9 5x 25
5x y 16 0
10. 6x 5y 24
6 24
y 5x 5
7. 3x 2y y
5
3 y (5) 6(x (10))
x
2 y
5 25
y 5 6x 3
O 6y 30 5x 50
x 5x 6y 80 0
3x 2y 84 24
11. m of EF: m
43 m of EH: m
63
4 2
1 or 4 3
8. 5x 3 0 26 68
m of GH: m
67 m of FG: m
74
5x 3
4 2
3
1 or 4 3
x 5
85 3 parallelogram
9. m
72 y 5 5(x 2)
3 3 6
5 y 5 5x 5
3 19
5x y 5 0 Pages 3637 Exercises
12. y 5x 18 2x 10y 10 0
3x 5y 19 0 1
y 5x 1
10a. (1990, 6,506,416), (1997, 7,486,242)
7,486,242 6,506,416 slopes are opposite reciprocals; perpendicular
m
19971990
979,826
or about 139,975
7
13 Chapter 1
13. y 7x 5 0 y 7x 9 0 28a. 5y 4x 10
4 4
y 7x 5 y 7x 9 4x 5y 10 0 m
(5) or 5
same slopes, different y-intercepts; parallel 4
y 8 5(x (15))
14. different slopes, not reciprocals; none of these 4
15. horizontal line, vertical line; perpendicular y 8 5x 12
16. y 4x 3 4.8x 1.2y 3.6 5y 40 4x 60
y 4x 3 4x 5y 100 0
5
same slopes, same y-intercepts; coinciding 28b. perpendicular slope: 4
17. 4x 6y 11 3x 2y 9 5
2 11 3 9
y 8 4(x (15))
y x
3
6 y 2x
2 5 75
y 8 4x 4
Slopes are opposite reciprocals; perpendicular.
4y 32 5x 75
18. y 3x 2 3x y 2
5x 4y 43 0
y 3x 2 29a. 8x 14y 3 0 kx 7y 10 0
different slopes, not reciprocals; none of these 8 4 k k
5 14
m
(14) or 7 m
(7) or 7
19. 5x 9y 14 y 9x 4 k
5 14
9
7 7 k 4
y 9x
9 k 7
29b.
7 4
same slopes, same y-intercepts; coinciding
4k 49
20. y 4x 2 0 y 4x 1 0 49
k 4
y 4x 2 y 4x 1
30a. Sample answer: y 1 0, x 1 0
same slopes, different y-intercepts; parallel
30b. Sample answer: x 7 0, x 9 0
21. None of these; the slopes are not the same nor
opposite reciprocals. 31. altitude from A to BC:
5 (5)
22. y (8) 2(x 0) m of BC
10 4
0
y 8 2x 6 or 0
2x y 8 0 m of altitude is undefined; x 7
4 4
23. m
(9) or 9 altitude from B to AC:
4 5 10
y (15) 9(x 12) m of AC
47
4 16 15
y 15 9x 3
3 or 5
1
9y 135 4x 48 m of altitude 5
4x 9y 183 0 1
y (5) 5(x 10)
24. y (11) 0(x 4) 1
y 11 0 y 5 5x 2
25. y (3) 5(x 0)
1 5y 25 x 10
1 x 5y 15 0
y3 5x
altitude from C to AB:
5y 15 x 5 10
m of AB
10 7
x 5y 15 0
15
6 1 3 or 5
26. m
(1) or 6; perpendicular slope is 6
1
1 m of altitude 5
y (2) 6(x 7)
1
y 2 6x 6
1 7 y (5) 5(x 4)
1 4
6y 12 x 7 y 5 5x 5
x 6y 5 0 5y 25 x 4
27. x 12 is a vertical line; perpendicular slope is 0. x 5y 29 0
y (13) 0(x 6) 32. We are given y m1x b1 and y m2x b2 with
y 13 0 m1 m2 and b1
b2. Assume that the lines
intersect at point (x1, y1). Then y1 m1x1 b1
and y1 m2x1 b2. Substitute m1x1 b1 for y1 in
y1 m2x1 b2. Then m1x1 b1 m2x1 b2.
Since m1 m2, substitute m1 for m2. The result is
m1x1 b1 m1x1 b2. Subtract m1x1 from each
side to find b1 b2. However, this contradicts the
given information that b1
b2. Thus, the
Chapter 1 14
assumption is incorrect and the lines do not share 36a. (40, 295), (80, 565)
any points. 565 295
m
80 40
33a. Let x regular espressos. 270
4
0 or 6.75
Let y large espressos.
216x 162y 783 248x 186y 914 y 565 6.75(x 80)
4 29 4 457 y 565 6.75x 540
y 3x
6 y 3x
93
y 6.75x 25
No; the lines that represent the situation do not
36b. $6.75 36c. $25
coincide.
37. 3x 2y 6 0 y
33b. Let x regular espressos. 3
y x 3 3x 2y 6 0
Let y large espressos. 2
15 Chapter 1
4b. Sample answer: using (1991, 1800) and 7a. Personal Income
(1994, 2266) 30
2266 1800
m
1994 1991 25
466
3 or 155.3 20
Dollars
y 2266 155.3(x 1994) (thousands) 15
y 155.3x 307,402.2
10
4c. y 98.3x 193,819.4; r 0.95
4d. y 98.3(2010) 193,819.4 0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
3763.6
Year
$3763.60; yes, the correlation value shows a
strong correlation. 7b. Sample answer: using (1991, 19,100) and (1995,
23,333)
5a. Computers in Schools
23,333 19,100
140 m
1995 1991
120 4233
4 or 1058.25
100
y 19,100 1058.25(x 1991)
80
Average y 1058.25x 2,087,875.75
60
40 7c. y 1099.64x 2170630.54; r 0.97
20 7d. y 1099.64(2005) 2170630.54
34147.66
0
84 86 88 90 92 94 96 $34,147.66; yes, r shows a strong relationship.
Year 8a. Car Weight and Mileage
Chapter 1 16
9b. Sample answer: using (0.3, 233) and (3.4, 7900) 12b. Sample answer: a medication that proves to help
7900 233 delay the progress of a disease; because any
m
3.4 0.3
7667
positive correlation is better than none or a
or 2473.23
3.1 negative correlation.
y 7900 2473.23(x 3.4) 12c. Sample answer: comparing a dosage of medicine
y 2473.23x 508.97 to the growth factor of cancer cells; because the
greater the dosage the fewer cells that are
9c. y 885.82 6973.14; r 0.38
produced.
9d. The correlation value does not show a strong or
13. Mens Median Salary Womens Median Salary
moderate relationship.
LinReg LinReg
10a. Working Women
y ax b y ax b
35 a 601.9405594 a 485.8076923
30 b 1178125.434 b 956971.2949
25 r .9797652343 r .9935825069
Percent in 20 The rate of growth, which is the slope of the
Management graphs of the regression equations, for the women
15
is less than that of the mens rate of growth. If
10 that trend continues, the mens median salary will
5 always be more than the womens.
0 14a. Let x computers.
86 88 90 92 94 96 98 Let y printers.
Year 24x 40y 38,736
10b. Sample answer: using (1988, 25.2) and y 0.6x 968.4
(1997, 30.8) 30x 50y 51,470
30.8 25.2
m
1997 1988 y 0.6x 1029.4
5.6
9 or 0.62 No; the lines do not coincide.
14b. Let x computers.
y 25.2 0.62(x 1988)
Let y printers.
y 0.62x 1207.36 24x 40y 38,736
10c. y 0.64x 1246.71; r 0.998 y 0.6x 968.4
10d. y 0.64(2008) 1246.71 30x 50y 48,420
38.41 y 0.6x 968.4
38.41%; yes, r is extremely close to 1. Yes; the lines coincide.
11a. World Population 15. y (4) 6(x (3))
7000 y 4 6x 18
6000 6x y 22 0
5000 y
16a.
Millions 4000
of People 25
3000
20 y 0.82x 24
2000 15
1000 10
0 5
0 1000 2000
Year
O 1 2 3 4 5x
11b. Sample answer: using (1, 200) and (1998, 5900) 16b. $24 billion
5900 200 16c. If the nation had no disposable income, personal
m
1998 1 consumption expenditures would be $24 billion.
5700
or 2.85
1997
For each 1 billion increase in disposable income,
there is a 0.82 billion dollar increase in personal
y 5900 2.85(x 1998)
consumption expenditures.
y 2.85x 197.15
17. [f g](x) f(g(x))
11c. y 1.62x 277.53; r 0.56 f(x 1)
11d. y 1.62(2010) 277.53 (x 1)3
2978.67 x3 3x2 3x 1
2979 million; no, the correlation value is not [g f ](x) g(f(x))
showing a very strong relationship. g(x3)
12a. Sample answer: the space shuttle; because x3 1
anything less than perfect could endanger the 18. Yes; each domain value is paired with exactly one
lives of the astronauts. range value.
17 Chapter 1
19. The y-intercept is 1. 8. y
x f(x)
The slope is 3 (move down 3 and right 1).
1 4
The correct choice is C.
0 3
1 2
2 1 O x
1-7 Piecewise Functions 3 0
4 1
Pages 4849 Check for Understanding 9. greatest integer function; h is hours, c(h) is the
1. f(x) x if x 0
x if x 0 cost, c(h)
50h if [[h]] h
50[[h 1]] if [[h]] h
2. reals, even integers
x 2 if x 0 x f(x) y
3. f(x) x if 0 x 4 0x1 50
400
x 2 if x 4 1x2 100
4. Alex is correct because he is applying the 2x3 150 300
definition of a function. 3x4 200 200
5. y
100
x
O 2 4 6 8 10
10. long term lot:
2(6) 3(1) 12 3 or 15
shuttle facility:
O x 4(3) 12
6. y shuttle facility
O x
7. O x
x f(x)
3 x 2 3
2 x 1 2
1 x 0 1
0x1 0 12. y
1x2 1 x f(x)
2x3 2 1 4
3x4 3 3 2
4x5 4 5 0
7 2
y 9 4
O x
13. y
O x x f(x)
2 x 1 0
1 x 0 1
0x1 2
1x2 3 O x
2x3 4
Chapter 1 18
14. y 18.
x f(x) x f(x)
5 7 1 x
2
3 3
3 3
2 1
1.5 0 3 x 3 2
0 3 1
3 x0 1
2 7
1
O x 0x
3 0
1 2
15.
x f(x)
3 x
3 1
2 x 1 3 2
x1 2
3
1 x 0 2
0x1 1 y
1x2 0 4
2x3 1 2
y
1 O 1 x
2
4
O x
19. 20. y
y
16. ART y
O x
O x
21.
x f(x)
2
O x 5 x 4 5
1
17. 4 x 3 2
x f(x)
2
0 6 3 x 2 3
1 4
2 x 1 1
2 2
1 x 0 2
3 0
1x2 2
4 2
2x3 1
y 2
3x4
3
1
4x5
2
2
5x6
5
y
2
O x
1
O x
1
2
19 Chapter 1
22. y 26c.
x f(x)
5 6
3 0
1 6 Shipping
(dollars)
0 9
1 6
3 0
5 6 O 25 50 75 100 125 150
O x Value of Order
23. Step; t is the time in hours, c(t) is (dollars)
the cost in dollars, 27. If n is any integer, then all ordered pairs (x, y)
6 if t 1 where x and y are both in the interval [n, n 1)
2
1
t 1
are solutions.
c(t) 10 if 2 28a. absolute value 28b. d(t) 65 t
16 if 1 t 2
28c. d (t )
24 if 2 t 24
80
d(t)
24 60
d (t ) |65 t |
16 40
8 20
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 t O 20 40 60 80 t
24. Greatest integer; w is the weight in ounces, c(w) is
the cost in dollars, 28d. d(63) 65 63 or 2
0.33 0.22(w 1) if [[w]] w d(28) 65 28 or 37
c(w)
0.33 0.22[[w]] if [[w]] w
2 37
2 19.5 heating degree days
c(w) 29a. step
x f(x)
0.8 6% if x $10,000
0x1 0.33
29b. t(x) 8% if $10,000 x $20,000
1 0.33 0.6
1x2 0.55 9.5% if x $20,000
0.4 29c. y
2 0.55
2x3 0.77 0.2
10
3 0.77
O 2 4 w
Tax
25. Absolute value; w is the weight in pounds, d(w) is Rate
the discrepancy, d(w) 1 w (percent)
5
d(w)
x f(x)
0 1
1 0
O 10 20 x
2 1
Income
3 2 (thousands of dollars)
29d. 9.5%
O w 30. No; the functions are the same if x is positive.
26a. step However, if x is negative, the functions yield
different values. For example, [g f ](1.5) 1
26b. v is the value of the order, s(v) is the shipping, and [f g](1.5) 1; [g f ](1.5) 2 and
3.50 if 0.00 v 25.00 [f g](1.5) 1.
5.95 if 25.01 v 75.00
s(v)
7.95 if 75.01 v 125.00
9.95 if 125.01 v
Chapter 1 20
31a. Public Transport
60
1-8 Graphing Linear Inequalities
50
Percent who use 40 Pages 5455 Check for Understanding
public transportation 30 1. y 2x 6
20 2. Graph the lines 3 2x y and 2x y 7. The
10 graph of 3 2x y is solid and the graph of
0
2x y 7 is dashed. Test points to determine
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 which region(s) should be shaded. Then shade the
Working Population correct region(s).
(hundreds of thousands) 3. Sample answer: The boundaries separate the
31b. Sample answer: using (3,183,088, 53.4) and plane into regions. Each point in a region either
(362,777, 3.3) does or does not satisfy the inequality. Using a
3.3 53.4 test point allows you to determine whether all of
m
362,777 3,183,088 the points in a region satisfy the inequality.
50.1
or 0.0000178
2,820,311 4. y
y 53.4 0.0000178(x 3,183,088)
y 0.0000178x 3.26
31c. y 0.0000136x 4.55, r 0.68
31d. y 0.0000136(307,679) 4.55
y 8.73
8.73%; No, the actual value is 22%. O x
32. y 2 2(x 4) xy!4
y 2 2x 8
2x y 6 0 5. ART y
15 29
33a. (39, 29), (32, 15) 33b. m
32 39
14
O x
7 or 2
33c. The average number of points scored each 3x y ^ 6
minute.
34. p(x) (r c)(x)
(400x 0.2x2) (0.1x 200)
399.9x 0.2x2 200
35. Let x the original price, or $59.99.
Let T(x) 1.065x. (The cost with 6.5% tax rate) 6. y
Let S(x) 0.75x. (The cost with 25% discount)
[T S](x) (T(S(x))
(T(0.75x)) 7!xy^9
(T(0.75(59.99))
(T(44.9925)
1.065(44.9925)
$47.92
36. {7, 2, 0, 4, 9}; {2, 0, 2, 3, 11}; Yes; no element O x
of the domain is paired with more than one
element of the range. 7. y
37. 5
612 10,883,911,680
6
512 1,464,843,750
The correct choice is A.
O x
y ! |x 3|
21 Chapter 1
8a. c(m) 45 0.4m 14. y
8b. c(m)
70
60
c (m) ^ 45 0.4m
O x
50
4 ^ x y ^ 5
40
30
20 15. y 16. y
y 6 |x | 2 ^ x 2y ^ 4
10
x
O 20 40 60 80 100 m
O
8c. Sample answer: (0, 45), (10, 49), (20, 50) O x
y<3
O x
O x
10. 18. y
y
y ! |2x 3|
O x
xy>5
O x
11. 19. y
y
8 ^ 2x y ! 6
2x 4y 6 7
O x
O x
O x
O x
O x
Chapter 1 22
21. y 26b. y
4.252
x60
y60 4.25
4.248
O 7.998 8 8.002 x
O x
1
y (2) 3(x 0)
1
y 2 3x
3y 6 x
25a. points in the first and third quadrants
x 3y 6 0
25b. If x and y satisfy the inequality, then either 74 3
x 0 and y 0 or x 0 and y 0. If x 0 and 30. m
51 y 7 4(x 5)
y 0, then x x and y y. Thus, 3
4
3 1
y 4x 34
x y x y. Since x y is positive,
x y x y. 31a. (0, 23), (16, 48);
48 23
If x 0 and y 0, then x x and y y. m
16 0
Then x y x (y) or (x y). Since 25
16 or 1.5625
both x and y are negative, (x y) is negative,
and x y (x y). 31b. the average change in the temperature per hour
1 1 1 95 94 59,049 6561
26a. 8 x ; 44 y 32.
8 8
500 500
52,488
8 or 6561 or 94
The correct choice is E.
23 Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Study Guide and Assessment 20. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
4 x2 3x or 4 3x x2
Page 57 Understanding the Vocabulary (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
1. c 2. f 4 x2 (3x)
4 3x x2
3. d 4. g
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
5. i 6. a
(4 x2)(3x)
7. h 8. j 12x 3x3
(x)
9. e 10. b f
f(x)
g g ( x)
4 x2
,
3x x0
Pages 5860 Skills and Concepts 21. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
11. f(4) 5(4) 10 x2 7x 12 x 4
20 10 or 10 x2 8x 16
12. g(2) 7 (2)2 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
7 4 or 3 x2 7x 12 (x 4)
13. f(3) 4(3)2 4(3) 9 x2 6x 8
36 12 9 or 57 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
14. h(0.2) 6 2(0.2)3 (x2 7x 12)(x 4)
6 0.016 or 5.984 x3 11x2 40x 48
(x)
f f(x)
2
15. g
1 g g ( x)
3
1
5 3 x2 7x 12
x4
2 (x 4)(x 3)
6
5
or
5
x4
3
x 3, x 4
16. k(4c) (4c)2 2(4c) 4 22. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
16c2 8c 4 x2 1 x 1
17. f(m 1) (m 1)2 3(m 1) x2 x
m2 2m 1 3m 3 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
m2 5m 4 x2 1 (x 1)
18. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x) x2 x 2
6x 4 2 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
6x 2 (x2 1)(x 1)
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x) x3 x2 x 1
6x 4 (2)
(x)
f f(x)
g g ( x)
6x 6 x2 1
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
x1
(6x 4)(2) (x 1)(x 1)
x1
12x 8
x 1, x 1
(x)
f f(x)
g g(x) 23. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
6x 4
2 x2 4x
4
x4
3x 2 x3 8x2 16x 4
x4
19. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x) 4
x2 4x x 2 x2 4x
x 4, x4
x2 5x 2 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
4
x2 4x
x4
x2 4x (x 2)
x2 3x 2
x3 8x2 16x 4
x4
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x) 4
(x2 4x)(x 2) x 4x
2
x 4, x4
x3 2x2 8x (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
f f(x)
(x)
4
g g(x ) (x2 4x)
x4
x2 4x
,
x2 x2 4x, x 4
(x)
f f(x)
g g ( x)
x2
4x x3 8x2 16x
4 or , x 4
4
x4
Chapter 1 24
24. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 31. The y-intercept is 6. The slope is 3.
f(2x) y
(2x)2 4 18
4x2 4
12
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
y 3x 6
g(x2 4) 6
2(x2 4)
2x2 8 6 O 6 12 x
25. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 32. The y-intercept is 8. The slope is 5.
f(3x2)
y
0.5(3x2) 5
1.5x2 5 y = 8 5x
8
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(0.5x 5) 4
3(0.5x 5)2
0.75x2 15x 75 x
4 O 4
26. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(3x) 33. y 15 0
2(3x)2 6 y 15
18x2 6 The y-intercept is 15. The slope is 0.
[g f ](x) g( f(x)) y
g(2x2 6)
3(2x2 6) 20 y 15 0
6x2 18 10
27. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x2 x 1) x
10 O 10
6 (x2 x 1)
x2 x 7
34. 0 2x y 7
[g f ](x) g( f(x))
g(6 x) y 2x 7
(6 x)2 (6 x) 1 The y-intercept is 7. The slope is 2.
x2 11x 31 y
28. [f g](x) f(g(x)) O x
f(x 1)
(x 1)2 5
x2 2x 4
[g f ](x) g( f(x))
y 2x 7
g(x2 5)
x2 5 1
x2 4
29. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 35. The y-intercept is 0. The slope is 2.
f(2x2 10) y
3 (2x2 10)
2x2 7 y 2x
[g f ](x) g( f(x)) O x
g(3 x)
2(3 x)2 10
2x2 12x 28
30. Domain of f(x): x 16 36. The y-intercept is 2. The slope is 8.
Domain of g(x): all reals y
g(x) 16 O x
5 x 16 y 8x 2
x 11
Domain of [f g](x) is x 11.
25 Chapter 1
37. 7x 2y 5 1
50. y (8) 2(x 4)
7 5
y 2x 1
2 y 8 2x 2
5 7
The y-intercept is 2. The slope is 2. 2y 16 x 4
y x 2y 20 0
4 1
7x 2y 5 51. m
(2) or 2, perpendicular slope is 2
1
y 4 2(x 1)
O x
1 1
y 4 2x 2
2y 8 x 1
1 x 2y 9 0
38. The y-intercept is 6. The slope is .
4
52. x 8 is a vertical line; perpendicular slope is 0.
y
y (6) 0(x 4)
4 O 2 4 x
y60
53a. Overseas Visitors
y 1x 6 16
4
12
39. y 2x 3 40. y x 1
1 Visitors
41. y 2 2(x (5)) 8
(millions)
1 5
y 2 2x 2 4
1 9
y 2x 2
52
42. m
2 (4)
0
0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
3 1
6 or 2 Year
1
y 5 2(x 2) 53b. Sample answer: using (1987, 10,434) and
1 (1996, 12,909)
y 5 2x 1 12,909 10,434
1 m
1996 1987
y 2x 4 2475
43. (1, 0), (0, 4) 9 or 275
4 0 y 12,909 275(x 1996)
m
01
4 y 275x 535,991
1 or 4 53c. y 147.8x 282,157.4; r 0.6121926398
y (4) 4(x 0) 53d. y 147.8(2005) 282,157.4
y 4 4x 14181.6
y 4x 4 14,181,600 visitors; Sample answer: This is not a
44. y 1 45. y 0 good prediction, because the r value does not
46. y 0 0.1(x 1) indicate a strong relationship.
y 0.1x 0.1 54. f (x )
47. y 1 1(x 1)
y1x1
xy0
1
48. y 6 3(x (1))
1 1 O x
y 6 3x 3
3y 18 x 1
x 3y 19 0
2
49. m 1 or 2
y 2 2(x (3))
y 2 2x 6
2x y 4 0
Chapter 1 26
55. h (x ) 60. ART y
x^5
O x
O x
61. y
56.
x f(x)
O x
2 x 1 1
1 x 0 0 xy^1
0x1 1
1x2 2
62. y
2x3 3
f (x ) 2y x ^ 4
O x
f (x ) x 1
O x
63. y 64. y
y 3x 1 2
O x
O x
57. g (x ) y ^ |x |
x f(x)
2 8
65. y
1 4 y ! |x| 2
g (x ) |4x |
0 0
1 4
O x
2 8 O
x
58. k (x )
x f(x) 66. y
2 6
1 4
0 2
1 4
O x
2 6 y ! |x 2|
O x
59. y
y14
O x
27 Chapter 1
Page 61 Applications and Problem Solving 2. Since this is a multiple-choice question, you can
67a. d
1
(20)(1)2 try each choice. Choice A, 16, is not divisible by 12,
2
so eliminate it. Choice B, 24, is divisible by both 8
10 and 12. Choice C, 48, is also divisible by both 8
1
d 2(20)(2)2 and 12. Choice D, 96, is also divisible by both 8
40 and 12. It cannot be determined from the
1 information given. The correct choice is E.
d 2(20)(3)2
3. Write the mixed numbers as fractions.
90 1 13 3 13
1
43 3 25 5
d (20)(4)2
2 Remember that dividing by a fraction is
160 equivalent to multiplying by its reciprocal
1
d 2(20)(5)2 1
43 13
3
3 13 5
3
1
5
250 3 3
13
25
5
10 m, 40 m, 90 m, 160 m, 250 m
The correct choice is B.
67b. Yes; each element of the domain is paired with
exactly one element of the range. 4. Since this is a multiple-choice question, try each
choice to see if it answers the question. Start with
68a. (1994, 463), (1996, 529)
529 463
10, because it is easy to calculate with tens. If 10
m
1996 1994 adult tickets are sold, then 20 student tickets
66 must be sold. Check to see if the total sales
2 or 33; about $33 billion
exceeds $90.
68b. y 529 33(x 1996) Students sales Adult sales $90
y 33x 65,339
20($2.00) 10($5.00) 40 50 $90
69. y 0.284x 12.964; The correlation is
So 10 is too low a number for adult tickets. This
moderately negative, so the regression line is
eliminates answer choices A, B, C, and D. Check
somewhat representative of the data.
choice E. Eleven is the minimum number of adult
tickets.
19($2.00) 11($5.00) 38 55 $93
Page 61 Open-Ended Assessment
The correct choice is E.
1. Possible answer: f(x) 4x 4, g(x) x2;
[f g](x) f(g(x)) 4(x2) 4 4x2 4 5. Recall the definition of absolute value: the number
of units a number is from zero on the number line.
2a. No; Possible explanation: If the lines have the
Simplify the expression by writing it without the
same x-intercept, then they either intersect on
absolute value symbols.
the x-axis or they are the same line. In either
case, they cannot be parallel. 7 7
2b. Yes; Possible explanation: If the lines have the 7 7
same x-intercept, they can intersect on the 7534 7 5 12 24
x-axis. If they have slopes that are negative The correct choice is A.
reciprocals, then they are perpendicular. 6. Write each part of the expression without
4 if x 4 exponents.
3a. y
2x 4 if x 4 (4)2 16
x 1 if x 1 1
(2)4 24 1
1
3b. y 6
3x 1 if x 1 1 3 13 13
16 1
6 4 16 16 16 16
Chapter 1 28
8. First combine the numbers inside the square root So 30 has 3 distinct prime factors and 60 also has
symbol. Then find the square root of the result. 3 distinct prime factors. The two quantities are
64
36 100 10 equal. The correct choice is C.
The correct choice is A. 10. First find the number of fish that are not tetras.
9. Dont jump to the conclusion that since 60 30 18(24) or 3 are tetras. 24 3 or 21 are not
that the quantity in Column A is greater. The 2
tetras. Then 3 of these are guppies.
question asks about the number of distinct prime
factors. Write the prime factorization of each 23(21) 14
number. Count the distinct (different) prime The answer is 14.
factors.
30 2
3
5
60 2
2
3
5
29 Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
6. y no solution
2-1 Solving Systems of Equations in yx2
Two Variables
O
4y 2
Page 70 Check for Understanding
3, 2
1 1 1
1. Sample answer: y 2
1 3
4x 7x 21 9. 30 3x 2y 30(4) 10x 45y 120
y 2x 1
2(5x 4y) 2(14) 10x 8y 28
The substitution method is usually easier to use 37y 148
whenever one or both of the equations are already
y4
solved for one variable in terms of the other.
5x 4y 14
2. Sample answer: Madison might consider whether
5x 4(4) 14
the large down-payment would strap her
5x 30
financially; if she wants to buy the car at the end
x6 (6, 4)
of the lease, then she might also consider which
lease would offer the best buyout. 10. Let b represent the number of baseball racks and
k represent the number of karate-belt racks.
3. Sample answer: consistent systems of equations
have at least one solution. A consistent, b 6k b 6k
independent system has exactly one solution; a 3b 5k 46,000 6(2000)
consistent, dependent system has an infinite 3(6k) 5k 46,000 12,000
number of solutions. An inconsistent system has 23k 46,000
no solution. See students work for examples and k 2000
solutions. 12,000 baseball, 2000 karate
3
4. 2y 3x 6 y 2x 3
3
4y 16 6x y 2x 4 Pages 7172 Exercises
1
inconsistent; Sample answer: The graphs of the 11. x 3y 18 y 3x 6
3
equations are lines with slope 2, but each x 2y 7
1
y 2x 2
7
y 5x 2 inconsistent
7 11
13. 35x 40y 55 y 8x 8
7 11
(1, 3) 7x 8y 11 y 8x 8
y 2x 5
consistent and dependent
O x
Chapter 2 30
14. y 15. y 25. 2(3x 10y 5) 6x 20y 10
x4
y 45 x 4 3(2x 7y 24) 6x 21y 72
41y 82
x5 2x 7y 24 y2
O x
2x 7(2) 24
y 3 (4, 3)
O (5, 0) x 2x 10
x5 (5, 2)
26. 2x y 7 x 2y 8
(5, 0) (4, 3) 2(2y 8) y 7 x 2(3) 8
16. y 17. y 3y 9 x 2
y3 (2, 3)
O x y 13 x 56
y 3x 10 27. 3(2x 5y) 3(4) 6x 15y 12
y x 2 O x 2(3x 6y) 2(5) 6x 12y 10
(2, 4) 3y 2
y 13 x 2
2x 5y 4 y 3
2x 53 4
2
6
4 4
3 5y 8
17x 51
320
x3 5y 4
3
5x y 16
5(3) y 16
64
y 4
3 463 , 6443
y 1 30. 2(3x y) 2(9) 6x 2y 18
4x 2y 8 4x 2y 8
y 1 (3, 1)
22. 3x 5y 8 3x 5y 8 2x 10
3(x 2y) 3(1) 3x 6y 3 3x y 9 x 5
11y 11 3(5) y 9
x 2y 1 y1 y 6
x 2(1) 1 y 6 (5, 6)
x 1 (1, 1) 31. Sample answer: Elimination could be considered
23. x 4.5 y y6x easiest since the first equation multiplied by 2
x 4.5 6 x y 6 5.25 added to the second equation eliminates b;
2x 10.5 y 0.75 substitution could also be considered easiest since
x 5.25 (5.25, 0.75) the first equation can be written as a b, making
substitution very easy.
24. 5(2x 3y) 5(3) 10x 15y 15
12x 15y 4 12x 15y 4 ab0 3a 2b 15
22x 11 ab 3(b) 2b 15
1 5b 15
2x 3y 3 x 2
b 3
22 3y 3
1
ab0
a (3) 0
3y 2
a 3 (3, 3)
2, 3
2 1 2
y 3 32a. B
31 Chapter 2
32b. S 4V 0 S V 30,000 38. Let x represent the number of people in line
S 4V 4V V 30,000 behind you. 200 x represents the number in
5V 30,000 front of you. Let represent the whole line.
V 6000 200 x 1 x
S 4V 0 3x
S 4(6000) 0 200 x 1 x 3x 3x
S 24,000 0 201 x 3(201)
S 24,000 603 people 603
Spartans: 24,000; visitors: 6000 39. y
33a. Let b represent the base and represent the leg.
Perimeter of first triangle: b 2 20
Perimeter of second triangle: 6 b 20
b 2 20
b 20 2 2x 7 y
6 b 20 b 2 20
6 20 2 20 b 2(6) 20 O x
6 b8
6
6, 6, 8; 6, 6, 8 40. f (x )
x f(x)
33b. isosceles 2 1
34. y (3) 4(x 4) 1 1
y 4x 19
1 0 3 O x
y (3) 4(x 4) 1 1
1 f (x) 2|x| 3
y 4x 2 2 1
35a. Let x represent the number of refills. Then,
x 1 number of drinks purchased. 41. y 6 2(x 0)
C 2.95 0.50x y 2x 6
C 0.85 0.85x 42. $12,500
C 2.95 0.50x 43. [f g](x) f(g(x))
0.85 0.85x 2.95 0.50x f(x 2)
0.35x 2.1 3(x 2) 5
x6 3x 1
x17 C 2.95 0.50x
44. {18}, {3, 3}; no, because there are two range
C 2.95 0.50(7) or 5.95
values paired with a single domain value.
(7, 5.95)
35b. If you drink 7 servings of soft drink, the price for 45.
25
5 5
5
each option is the same. If you drink fewer than
1
7 servings of soft drink during that week, the
disposable cup price is better. If you drink more 1
than 7 servings of soft drink, the refillable mug The correct choice is A.
price is better. See students choices.
35c. Over a years time, the refillable mug would be
more economical.
2-2 Solving Systems of Equations in
a d
36a.
b e
Three Variables
a d
36b. , c f
b e
a d
36c. , c f
b e Page 76 Check for Understanding
37. Let x represent the full incentive. 1. Solving a system of three equations involves
Let y represent the value of the computer. eliminating one variable to form two systems of
x 516 y two equations. Then solving is the same.
3.5
x
4 264 y
3.5
x
4 264 y
3.5
(516
4 y) 264 y
451.5 0.875y 264 y
y $1500
Chapter 2 32
2. The solution would be an equation in two 1
7. 75 2a(1)2 v0(1) s0
variables. Sample example: the system 2x 4y
0.5a v0 s0
6z 12, x 2y 3z 6, and 3x 5y 6z 1
27 has a solution of all values of x and y that 75 2a(2.5)2 v0(2.5) s0
satisfy 5x y 39. 3.125a 2.5v0 s0
1
2x 4y 6z 12 2(x 2y 3z) 2(6) 3 2a(4)2 v0(4) s0
3x 5y 6z 27 2x 4y 6z 12 8a 4v0 s0
5x y 39
2x 4y 6z 12 2.5(75) 2.5(0.5a v0 s0)
2x 4y 6z 12 75 3.125a 2.5v0 s0
0 0
all reals
187.5 1.25a 2.5v0 2.5s0
3. Sample answer: Use one equation to eliminate one 75 3.125a 2.5v0 s0
of the variables from the other two equations.
112.5 1.875a 1.5s0
Then eliminate one of the remaining variables
from the resulting equations. Solve for a variable
4(75) 4(0.5a v0 s0)
and substitute to find the values of the other
3 8a 4v0 s0
variables.
4. 4(4x 2y z) 4(7) 2(4x 2y z) 2(7)
2x 2y 4z 4 x 3y 2z 8 300 2a 4v0 4s0
3 8a 4v0 s0
16x 8y 4z 28 8x 4y 2z 14 297 6a 3s0
2x 2y 4z 4 x 3y 2z 8
18x 10y 24 9x 7y 6 2(112.5) 2(1.875a 1.5s0)
297 6a 3s0
18x 10y 24 18x 10y 24
2(9x 7y) 2(6) 18x 14y 12 225 3.75a 3s0
4y 12 297 6a 3s0
y 3 72 2.25a
9x 7y 6 4x 2y z 7 32 a
9x 7(3) 6 4(3) 2(3) z 7
x3 z1 297 6a 3s0 3 8a 4v0 s0
(3, 3, 1) 297 6(32) 3s0 3 8(32) 4v0 s0
5. 2(x y z) 2(7) x 2y 3z 12 35 s0 56 v0
x 2y 3z 12 3x 2y 7z 30 acceleration 32 ft/s2, initial velocity: 56 ft/s,
2x 4z 18 initial height: 35 ft
2x 2y 2z 14
x 2y 3z 12
x 5z 2
Pages 7677 Exercises
8. 3(5x 3y z) 3(11)
2(x 5z) 2(2) 2x 10z 4 x 2y 3z 5
2x 4z 18 2x 14z 18
14z 14
15x 9y 3z 33
z1
x 2y 3z 5
x 5z 2 xyz7
16x 11y 28
x 5(1) 2 7y17
x7 y 1 (7, 1, 1)
2(5x 3y z) 2(11)
6. 2(2x 2y 3z) 2(2x 3y 7z) 3x 2y 2z 13
2(6) 2(1)
4x 3y 2z 0 4x 3y 2z 0
10x 6y 2z 22
3x 2y 2z 13
4x 4y 6z 12 4x 6y 14z 2
7x 4y 9
4x 3y 2z 0 4x 3y 2z 0
y 4z 12 3y 12z 2
4(16x 11y) 4(28) 64x 44y 112
11(7x 4y) 11(9) 77x 44y 99
3(y 4z) 3(12) 3y 12z 36
13x 13
3y 12z 2 3y 12z 2
x1
0 38
16x 11y 28 x 2y 3z 5
no solution
16(1) 11y 28 1 2(4) 3z 5
y 4 z4
(1, 4, 4)
33 Chapter 2
9. 7(x 3y 2z) 7(16) x 3y 2z 16 13. 3(x y z) 3(3) 2(x y z) 2(3)
7x 5y z 0 x 6y 2z 18 4x 3y 2z 12 2x 2y 2z 5
3y 2z 2
7x 21y 14z 112 3x 3y 3z 9 2x 2y 2z 6
7x 5y z 0 4x 3y 2z 12 2x 2y 2z 5
26y 15z 112 7x z 21 0 11
no solution
15(3y z) 15(2) 45y 15z 30 14. 3(36x 15y 50z) 3(10)
26y 15z 112 26y 15z 112 5(54x 5y 30z) 5(160)
71y 142
y2 108x 45y 150z 30
3y z 2 x 6y z 18 270x 25y 150z 800
3(2) z 2 x 6(2) 4 18 162x 20y 770
z4 x 2
(2, 2, 4) 81(2x 25y) 81(40) 162x 2025y 3240
10. 2(2x y 2z) 2(11) 162x 20y 770 162x 20y 770
x 2y 9z 13 2005y 4010
y2
4x 2y 4z 22 2x 25y 40 36x 15y 50z 10
x 2y 9z 13 2x 25(2) 40 36(5) 15(2) 50z 10
3x 5z 35 x 5 z4
(5, 2, 4)
3(x 3z) 3(7) 3x 9z 21 15. 4(x 3y z) 4(54)
3x 5z 35 3x 5z 35 4x 2y 3z 32
14z 14
z1 4x 12y 4z 216
x 3z 7 2x y 2z 11 4x 2y 3z 32
x 3(1) 7 2(10) y 2(1) 11 10y 3z 184
x 10 y 7
(10, 7, 1) 5(2y 8z) 5(78) 10y 40z 390
11. 3(x 3y 2z) 3(8) 5(x 3y 2z) 10y z 184 10y z 184
5(8) 41z 574
3x 5y z 9 5x 6y 3z 15 z 14
2y 8z 78 x 3y z 54
3x 9y 6z 24 5x 15y 10z 40 2y 8(14) 78 x 3(17) 14 54
3x 5y z 9 5x 6y 3z 15 y 17 x 11
4y 7z 33 9y 13z 55 (11, 17, 14)
9(4y 7z) 9(33) 36y 63z 297
4(9y 13z) 4(55)
16. 1.8x 1.2y z 0.7
36y 52z 220
1.2y z 0.7
11z 77
1.8x 1.2y 0
z7
4y 7z 33 x 3y 2z 8
3(1.8x 1.2y) 3(0) 5.4x 3.6y 0
4y 7(7) 33 x 3(4) 2(7) 8
1.2(1.5x 3y) 1.2(3) 1.8x 3.6y 3.6
y 4 x 6
7.2x 3.6
(6, 4, 7)
x 0.5
12. 8x y z 4 1.5x 3y 3 1.8x z 0.7
yz5 1.5(0.5) 3y 3 1.8(0.5) z 0.7
8x y 9 y 0.75 z 0.2
(0.5, 0.75, 0.2)
1(8x y) 1(9) 8x y 9
11x y 15 11x y 15 17. y x 2z z 1 2x
3x 6 y (y 14) 2z 7 1 2x
x2 7z 4 x
8x z 4 yz5 x y 14
8(2) z 4 y 12 5 4 y 14
z 12 y 7 10 y (4, 10, 7)
(2, 7, 12)
Chapter 2 34
18.
5 3 1 1
x y z
2 4 6 3 52(12) 20c. Sample answer: x y z 6;
1 2 5
x y z
2x y 2z 8; x 2y 3z 2
8 3 6 8 1
21. 124 2a(1)2 v0(1) s0
1
15
1
5 5 272 2a(3)2 v0(3) s0
2 y 6 z 30
x
8
1
1
x
2
y
5
6z 8 82 2a(8)2 v0(8) s0
8 3
1
2x y
4 38 1
124 a
2 v0 s 0
9
7 3
1 1
4 4x 6y 3z 7
4(12) 272 a
2 3v0 s0
3 5
x y z
7
25 82 32a 8v0 s0
16 8 12
1(124) 12a v0 s0
1
21 7 7
1
6 x 24 y 12 z
21
9
3 5 7 272 2a 3v0 s0
x
16 y
8 1
2 z 25
9 11
8x y
12 4 1
124 2a v0 s0
9
272 a 3v0 s0
9 1 9 9 9 171 2
2x 4y (38) x 64y 8 148 4a 2v0
16
9 11
16
8
9 11
8x 12y 4 8x 12y 4 1(124) 12a v0 s0
1
203 203
192 y 8 82 32a 8v0 s0
y 24
1
1 3 1 1 124 2a v0 s0
2x y
4 38 x
4 y
6 3z 12
1 3 1 1 82 32a 8v0 s0
2x 4(24) 38 (16)
4 6(24) 3z 12 42 31.5a 7v0
x 16 z 12
(16, 24, 12) 7(148) 7(4a 2v0)
2(42) 2(31.5a 7v0)
19. Let x represent amount in International Fund, y
represent amount in Fixed Assets Fund, and z
1036 28a 14v0
represent amount in company stock.
84 63a 14v0
x y z 2000 1120 35a
x 2z 32 a
1
0.045x 0.026y 0.002z 58 148 4a 2v0 124 2a v0 s0
1
148 4(32) 2v0 124 2(32) 138 s0
x y z 2000
2z y z 2000 138 v0 2 s0
y 3z 2000 (32, 138, 2)
y 2000 3z 22a. Sample answer: A system has no solution when
you reach a contradiction, such as 1 0, as you
0.045x 0.026y 0.002z 58 solve.
0.045(2z) 0.026y 0.002z 58 22b. Sample answer: A system has an infinite number
0.026y 0.088z 58 of solutions when you reduce the system to two
equivalent equations such as x y 1 and
0.026y 0.088z 58 2x 2y 2.
0.026(2000 3z) 0.088z 58
z 600
x 2z x y z 2000
x 2(600) 1200 y 600 2000
x 1200 y 200
International Fund $1200; Fixed Assets Fund
$200; company stock $600
20a. Sample answer: x y z 15;
2x z 1; 2y z 7
20b. Sample answer: 4x y z 12;
4x y z 10; 5y z 9
35 Chapter 2
23. x yz 2 26. y
D (3, 6)
y xz 2
z xy 2
x yz 2 x yz 2 (1, 3)
A
y xz 2 y xz 2 C (6, 2)
(x y) (yz xz) 0
(x y) z(x y) 0
(1 z)(x y) 0 O x
B (2, 1)
1 z 0 or x y 0
z1 xy AB: d
(1 3)2 (2
(1))2 5
y xz 2 y xz 2
BC: d
(2 (
1))
2 (6 2)2 5
z xy 2 z xy 2
( y z) (xz xy) 0 CD: d
(6 2
)2 (3 6)2 5
( y z) x(y z) 0 AD: d
(6 3
) (3
2 (1))2 5
1 3 2 (1)
(1 x)(y z) 0 AB: m C: m
B
2 (1) 62
1 x 0 or y z 0 4 3
x1 yz 3 4
If z 1 and x 1, 1 1y 2 and y 1. AB BC CD AD 5 units; ABCD is
If z 1 and y z, x 1 1 2 and x 1. 4 3
B
rhombus. Slope of A 3 and slope of B 4,
C
If x y and x 1, 1 1z 2 and z 1.
If x y and y z, x y z. B
so A B C
. A rhombus with a right angle is a
xxx2 square.
x x2 2 27a. (20, 3000), (60, 5000)
x x20
2
m
5000 3000
60 20
(x 2)(x 1) 0 2000
x 2 0 or x 1 0 40 or 50
x2 2 x1 y 5000 50(x 60)
If x 2, y 2 and z 2. y 50x 2000
The answers are (1, 1, 1) and (2, 2, 2). C(x) 50x 2000
24. 3x 4y 375 3x 4y 375 27b. $2000; $50
2(5x 2y) 2(345) 10x 4y 690
27c. c (x )
7x 315 4
x 45 3
5x 2y 345 Cost
5(45) 2y 345 2 c(x) 50x 2000
($1000)
y 60 (45, 60) 1
25. y
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
Televisions Produced
x 28. A s2 A r2
O 2 s2 (2 )2
y 13 x 2 2s 2
The correct choice is C.
Chapter 2 36
4. Anthony is correct. A third order matrix has 3 18. x 2y y 2(2y) 6
rows and 3 columns. This matrix has 4 rows and 3 y 2x 6 y2
columns.
5. 2y x 3 2y y 5 3 x 2y
xy5 y2 x 2(2)
xy5 x4 (4, 2)
x25 19. 27 3y 27 3y
x7 (7, 2) 8 5x 3y 9y
6. 18 4x y 24 12y
24 12y 2y 8 5x 3y
18 4x y 8 5x 3(9)
18 4x 2 7x (7, 9)
5x (5, 2) 20. 4x 3y 11
7. 16 4x 16 4x xy1
0y 4x
2x 8 y (4, 0) 4x 3y 11 4x 3y 11
3(x y) 1 3x 3y 3
8. X Z 4 (1) 13
2 0 6 (2) 7x 14
x2
3 4
xy1
2 4
2y1
9. impossible
y 1 (2, 1)
1 4 31
10. Z X
0 (2) 2 6 21. 2x 10
y 3x
2x 10
x 5
y 3x
y 3(5)
5
2
y 15 y 15
2 8
(5, 15)
11. 4X 4(4) 4(1) 22. 12 6x 12 6x 2y1
4(2) 4(6) 2y1 2 x 1y
16
8 24
4 12y 10 x (2, 1)
23. x y 0
12. impossible y y2
13. YX [0 3] 24 16 3 2y x
6 4 2x
[0(4) (3)(2) 0(1) (3)(6)]
6 4 2x xy0
or [6 18]
1 x 1 y 0
14. y1 (1, 1)
Budget Viewers 24. x2 1 2
($ million)
(million) xy5
soft-drink 40.1 78.6 5yx
package delivery 22.9 21.9 y42
telecommunications 154.9 88.9 y42 xy5
y6 x65
x 1 (1, 6)
Pages 8386 Exercises
x y 1
15 6
15. y 2x 1 y 2(y 5) 1 25. 3
4 3z 6z 3x y
xy5 y 11 3x 3y 3
15 6
12 9z 6z 3x y
xy5
x 11 5 3x 15
x6 (6, 11) 12 6z
3y 3 6
16. 9 x 2y 13 4x 1
9z 3x y
13 4x 1 3x
3x 15 12 6z 3y 3 6
9 x 2y
x5 2z y3
9 3 2y
(5, 3, 2)
3y (3, 3)
17. 4x 15 x 4x 15 x
5 2y x5
5 2y
2.5 y (5, 2.5)
37 Chapter 2
2 w 5 x z 16 4
5(6) 5(1)
5(5) 5(7)
26. 37. 5A
3y 8 6 2x 8z
2w 10 2x 2z 16 4
5
25 35
6y 16 6 2x 8z 30
2w 10 16 2w 10 16 6y 6
38. BA 3 5 5 7
6y 6 w3 y 1 1 8 6 1
2x 2z 4 3(7) 5(1)
1(5) 8(6) 1(7) 8(1)
3(5) 5(6)
16 2x 8z
15 26
or
2x 2z 4 2x 2z 4 53 1
2x 8z 16 2x 2(2) 4
39. impossible
10z 20 x0
4 2
z 2 (3, 0, 1, 2) 3
40. FC 6 1
0
5 0 1
53 75
1 4 0
27. AB 9 0 1
6 (1) 1 8
6(4) (1)(5) 0(9)
8 12
7 9
1(4) 4(5) 0(9)
3 3 1 0 1 2
8 4
13 4 1 41. ED
3 1 5
2
2 3
4 4 2
0
31. B A B (A)
8(0) (4)(2) 2(4)
3 5 5 7
1 8 6 1
3(0) 1(2) (5)(4)
8(1) (4)(3) 2(4)
3 (5) 5 (7) or 2 2
1 6 8 (1) 5 7 3(1) 1(3) (5)(4)
8(2) (4)(0) 2(2)
32. C D C (D)
4 2 0 1 2 3(2) 1(0) (5)(2)
3
5 0 1 2 3
16
0 4 12
9 0 1 4 4 2 22 14 16
4 0 2 (1) 3 (2)
42. AA
5 7 5 7
52 0 (3) 1 0 6 1 6 1
9 (4) 0 (4) 12 5(5) 7(6) 5(7) 7(1)
4 3
1 6(5) 1(6) 6(7) 1(1)
or 7 3 1
or 17
42
5 4 3 36 41
33. 4(0) 4(1) 4(2) 0 1 2
6 1 0
4D 4(2) 4(3) 4(0)
4(4) 4(4) 4(2)
43. FD 1 4 0 2 3
4 4 2
0
0 4 8
6(0) (1)(2) 0(4)
8 12 0 1(0) 4(2) 0(4)
16 16 8
6(1) (1)(3) 0(4)
34. 2F 2(6) 2(1) 2(0)
2(1) 2(4) 2(0) 1(1) 4(3) 0(4)
6(2) (1)(0) 0(2)
12
2 0
1(2) 4(0) 0(2)
2 8 0 9 12
2
35. F E F (E) 8 13 2
6 1 0 8 4 2
1
4 0
3 1
5 E FD 8
2
3 (8)
4 (9)
1 13
2 (12)
5 2
14 3 2
2 3 5 10
5
13
14
10
3
36. E F E (F)
8 4
2 6
1 0
3 1 5 1 4 0
14 3
2
2 3 5
Chapter 2 38
2 4
44. 3AB 3 65 71 13 58 47. 3XY 3 8 4
3 3
5 4 2
6
2
(3)(5) 3(7)
1 8
3 5 6
(3)(6) 3(1) 3(2) 3(4)
3 3
6
3(8) 3(4)
15 21
1 8
3 5 5 4 2
18 3 3(2) 3(6)
15(3) (21)(1)
6 12
3 3
6
18(3) (3)(1) 24 12
5 4 2
15(5) (21)(8) 6 18
18(5) (3)(8) 6(3) 12(5) 6(3) 12(4)
24
57
243
66
24(3) (12)(5) 24(3) (12)(4)
6(3) 18(5) 6(3) 18(4)
6(6) 12(2)
45. (BA)E 3 5 5 7 8 4
1 5
2
1 8 6 1 3 24(6) (12)(2)
6(6) 18(2)
3(5) 5(6) 3(7) 5(1)
1(5) 8(6) 1(7) 8(1)
78 30 12
12 120 168
83 41 5
2
72 90 72
48. 2K 3J 2 1 7 (3) 4
5
15 26 8 4
1 5
2
53 1 3 3 2 1 1
3(5)
15(8) 26(3) 15(4) 26(1)
53(8) 1(3) 53(4) 1(1) 2(3) 2(2)
2(1) 2(7) (3)(4)
(3)(1) 3(1)
2 14 12 15
15(2) 26(5)
53(2) 1(5) 6 4
3 3
14
2
42 86 160 12 (15)
421 213 111
6 (3) 43
29
14
46. F 2EC F (2EC)
3 7
4 2
3
2EC 2 8 4
2 49. Sample answer:
5 0 1
3 1 5 1996 2000 2006
9 0 1
2(8) 2(4) 2(2)
18 to 24 8485 8526 8695
2(3) 2(1) 2(5) 25 to 34 10,102 9316 9078
4 2 8766 9036 8433
3 35 to 44
5 0 1 45 to 54 6045 6921 7900
9 0 1 55 to 64 2444 2741 3521
4 2 65 and older 2381 2440 2572
3
16 8 4
0 1
5 25 31 24 25 20 22
6 2 10
9 0 1 21 28 21 18 18 20
50a.
16(4)
8(5) (4)(9) 12 9 7 12 7 8
6(4) (2)(5) 10(9) 15 4 6 21 4 8
25 31 24 25 20 22
16(2) 8(0) (4)(0) 21 28 21 18 18 20
6(2) (2)(0) 10(0) 12 9 7 12 7 8
16(3) 8(1) (4)(1)
6(3) (2)(1) 10(1) 15 4 6 21 4 8
25 (25) 31 (20) 24 (22)
60 32 60 21 (18) 28 (18) 21 (20)
56 12 6
12 (12) 9 (7) 7 (8)
6 1 32 0 (60) 15 (21) 4 (4) 6 (8)
(60)
F (2EC)
1 56 4 12 0 (6) 0 11 2
66 60
31 3 10 1
or
57 16 6 0 2 1
6 0 2
TV Radio Recording
Classical 0 11 2
Jazz 3 10 1
Opera 0 2 1
Musicals 6 0 2
50b. Classical radio and TV musicals
39 Chapter 2
24 2
3 a b 3 2x 6y 8z 5
51a. 55.
5 c d 4 5 2x 9y 12z 5
2(a) 3(c) 2(b) 3(d) 2
3 15y 20z 10
4(a) (5)(c) 4(b) (5)(d) 4 5
2(2x 9y 12z) 2(5) 4x 18y 24z 10
2a 3c 2 2b 3d 3 4x 6y 4z 3 4x 6y 4z 3
4a 5c 4 4b 5d 5 24y 20z 13
15y 20z 10 15y 20z 10
2(2a 3c) 2(2)
4a 6c 4 1(24y 20z) 1(13) 24y 20z 13
4a 5c 4 4a 5c 4
9y 3
c 0 1
4a 5c 4 y 3
4a 5(0) 4 15y 20z 10 2x 6y 8z 5
153 20z 10 2x 63 84 5
1 1 1
a1
2(2b 3d) 2(3)
4b 6d 6
1 1
z 4 x 2
4b 5d 5 4b 5d 5
d 1 12, 13, 14 7
4b 5d 5 56. 4x 2y 7 y 2x 2
7
4b 5(1) 5 12x 6y 21 y 2x 2
b0 consistent and dependent
51b. a matrix equal to the original matrix 57. y
52a. [42 59 21 18]
13 15 1
331 3016 27 4
52b.
6
6 3x y 12
151 131
3
16 4 8 4
[42 59 21 18] 7
54 54 461
6
1 11 3 O x
52 16 4416 348
58. f (x )
42331
6 59 16 21(54) 1852 16
13 1 1
x f(x)
2 8
42301
6 5913 4 21(54) 1844 16
15 1 11
1 5
42274 5984 21461
6 1834 8
1 3 7 3
0 2
1 5 f (x) |3x | 2
[4379.9375 4019.5 3254.6875]
July, $4379.94; Aug, $4019.50; Sep, $3254.69 2 8 O x
53. The numbers in the first row are the triangular
numbers. If you look at the diagonals in the 59. Sample answer: using (60, 83) and (10, 65),
matrix, the triangular numbers are the end 65 83
m
10 60
numbers. To find the diagonal that contains 2001, 18
find the smallest triangular number that is
50 or 0.36
greater than or equal to 2001. The formula for the y 65 0.36(x 10)
n(n 1) n(n 1)
nth triangular number is 2. Solve 2 y 0.36x 61.4
2001. The solution is 63. So the 63rd entry in the 74 3
63(63 1) 60. m
51 y 7 4(x 5)
first row is 2 2016. Since 2016 2001 3 3 1
15, we must count 15 places backward along the 4 y 4x 34
diagonal to locate 2001 in the matrix. This 61. f(x) 5x 3
movement takes us from the position (row, 0 5x 3
column) (1, 63) to (1 15, 63 15) (16, 48). 3
5 x
54a.
62. [f g](x) f(x) g(x)
A B C D
5x(40x 10)
2
A 0 1 0 0
B 1 0 1 1 16x2 4x
C 0 1 0 2 63. f(x) 4 6x x3
D 0 1 2 0 f(14) 4 6(14) (14)3
2656
54b. No; since the matrix shows the number of nodes
and the numbers of edges between each pair of
nodes, only equivalent graphs will have the
same matrix.
Chapter 2 40
64.
2x 3
2
x
2(2x 3) x(3 x)
3x
a21 a22
2d. Let A a11 a12 , B b11 b12 ,
b21 b22
c
and C c
c12 .
4x 6 3x x2 11
c22
x2 x 6 0 21
2a. Let A a11 a12 and B b11 b12 .
a21 a22 b21 b22 Therefore (AB)C A(BC).
3. All properties except the Commutative Property of
A B a11 a12 b11 b12
a21 a22
b21 b22 Multiplication will hold for square matrices. A
proof similar to the ones in Exercises 2a-2d can be
b11 a12 b12
a
a 11
21
b21 a22 b22
used to verify this conjecture.
a b a
b b a
b
11 11 12 12
a
21 21 22 22
2-4A Transformation Matrices
b
b
b a a
b
11 a 21a 11 12
21 12 21 22
a a , B b b ,
2b. Let A a a b b
11 12 11 12 Page 87
21 22 21 22 1. The new figure is a 90 counterclockwise rotation
c c
and C c c 11 12 of LMN.
21 22 2. The new figure is an 180 counterclockwise
a b a b
a b a b c c
c c rotation of LMN.
(A B) C 11 11 12 12 11 12
21 21 22 22 21 22
(a b ) c (a b ) c
(a b ) c (a b ) c
11
21
11
21
11
21
12
22
12
22
12
22
a (b c ) a (b c )
a (b c ) a (b c )
11
21
11
21
11
21
12
22
12
22
12
22
b c b c
a a b c b c
a a 11 12 11 11 12 12
21 22 21 21 22 22
41 Chapter 2
6. 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1
4. See students work for graphs. Multiplying a
0 1 results in a vertex 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2
vertex matrix by
1 0 2 2 2
matrix for a figure that is a 90 counterclockwise
1 1 3
2
3
rotation of the original figure. Multiplying a A(2, 1), B(2, 1), C(2, 3), D(2, 3)
vertex matrix by 1
0 1
0 results in a vertex
y
matrix for a figure that is a 180 counterclockwise A B
rotation of the original figure. Multiplying a B
A
0 1
vertex matrix by results in a vertex O
1 0 C x
matrix for a figure that is a 270 counterclockwise D
rotation of the original figure. D C
7. 1 0 1 4 3
0
2-4 Modeling Motion with Matrices 0 1 2 1 2 1
1 4
2 1 2 1
3 0
Pages 9293 Check for Understanding A(1, 2), B(4, 1), C(3, 2), D(0, 1)
1. Translation, reflection, rotation, dilation; y
translations do not affect the shape, size, or
orientation of figures; reflections and rotations do A A
not change the shape or size of figures; dilations B B
do not change the shape, but do change the size of
O x
figures.
D D
2. 90 counterclockwise (360 90) or 270 C C
clockwise; 180 counterclockwise (360 180) 0 1 3 1 2 4 2
or 180 clockwise; 270 counterclockwise
8.1 0 2
1
4 2
3 1 1
(360 270) or 90 clockwise.
P(2, 3), Q(4, 1), R(2, 1)
3. Sample answer: the first row of the reflection
matrix affects the x-coordinates and the second y
row affects the y-coordinates. A reflection over Q
the x-axis changes (x, y) 0 (x, y), so the first
row needs to be [1 0] so the x is unchanged P
and the second row needs to be [0 1] so the Q
O
y-coordinates are the opposite. Similar reasoning
R x
can be used for a reflection over the y-axis, which
R
changes (x, y) to (x, y) and a reflection over the line
P
y x, which interchanges the values for x and y.
4a. 6 4b. 2 4c. 3 4d. 4
9. 1 0 1 0 1
0
2 3
1
0 1.5 0
5. 1.5 0 1 0 1 0 1
5 3 2 7.5 4.5 3
0 6 3 1 6 3 1
J(3, 7.5), K(1.5, 4.5), L(0, 3) 1
0 1 4
2 2 4 2 2
J y L(6, 4), M(3, 2), N(1, 2)
L y
J
K
M N
K
O x
N
x
L M
L L
10b. x 3
10a.
y4
Landing
4N
3E
Ball
Chapter 2 42
14b. 3 1 0 1 0 3 0 3
Pages 9396 Exercises 0
0 1 0 1 0 3 0 3
1 1 5 3 3 15
11. 3
2 3 0 3 0 6 0 6
1 4 1 3 12 3 0
A(3, 3), B(3, 12), C(15, 3) 0 3 0 3 0 6 0 6
A(3, 0), B(0, 3), O(3, 0), D(0, 3); A(6, 0),
y
B B(0, 6), C(6, 0), D(0, 6)
12
10 y B
8
6 B
4 A B
2 A
C
C
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x A A A B C
C C x
D
15 9
0
3
12. 4 08 5 3
9 2
6
4
27
3
4
D
4 2
Z X
Z
O x W O
13. 2 3 2 1 4 6 4
2 8 x
W Y
0 2 3 2 0 4 6 4
P(6, 0), Q(4, 4), R(2, 6), S (8,4) Y
16. 0 1 4 3 2 2 2 2
y
R
0 5 7 2 1 1 1 1
2 1
2 1
S
Q 1 4 6 1
R
Q(2, 1), P(1, 4), Q(2, 6), R(1, 1)
Q
S
y Q
Q
P P O x P
P
14a. 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 2
0
0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 R
3 2 0 2 0 6 0 6
0 2 0 2 0 6 0 6
0
O
R
x
A(2, 0), B(0, 2), C(2, 0), D(0, 2); A(6, 0), O
B(0, 6), C(6, 0), D(0, 6)
17. 3 1 5
1 3 3 3 3 0 4 8 4
y B 1 5 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 9 5 1
C(0, 5), D(4, 9), E(8, 5), F(4, 1)
B y D
A A A B C
C C x
D C D E
D
C E
D F
O x
43 Chapter 2
2 6 6 6 2 6 4 22. 0 1
18a. 4 0
1 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 0
1
1 2 1
2
3 1 2 1
1 2 3
L(1, 1), M(2, 2), N(1, 3)
F(2, 1), G(6, 1), H(4, 3)
18a-b. y
y
G N
F M
G L
O L N x
G H F
M
F O x
H
23. 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 4
0
H 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 4
2 6 4 1 1 1 1 5 3
18b.
1 1 3 5 5 5 4 6 2 O(0, 0), P(4, 0), Q(4, 4), R(0, 4)
y
F (1, 4), G(5, 6), H(3, 2)
R Q
18c. translation of 5 units left and 3 units up
0 1 2 1 0 2
19. 1
0 1
0
2 4 3 2 4 3 P
A(1, 2), B(0, 4), C(2, 3) O O P x
y
B
R
C Q
A
2 1 2 4 4
B
C
1 3 5 4 2
S(2, 1), T(1, 3), U(2, 5), V(4, 4),
20. 1 0 2 6 3 1 2 6 3
1
W(4, 2)
0 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
D(2, 4), E(6, 2), F(3, 4), G(1, 2) y
U
y V
D D
T
E E
W
S
O T Ox
x U S
G G
V W
F F
a b
25a. Let Rx-axis
c d
21. 0 1 1 3 1 2 2
1 0 2 1 5 4
1
1 3 1 2
5 4
a b
c d
1 2 1
3 1 3
1 2 1
3 1
3
H(2, 1), I(1, 3), J(5, 1), K(4, 2) a 3b 2a b a 3b 1 2 1
c 3d 2c d c 3d 3 1 3
y
a 3b 1 2a b 2 a 3b 1
J
K c 3d 3 2c d 1 c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and d 1. By
K 1
0 .
substitution, Rx-axis
I x 0 1
H O
J
H
I
Chapter 2 44
26. 1 0 6 3 1
c d R .
a b 6 3 1
25b. Let y-axis
0 1 4 2 2 4 2 2
c d 13 2
1 1 3 1 2 2 2 4 1 1
a b 2 1 6
3 1 3 1 3 4 2 2 5 5 5 1 3 7
a 3b 2a b a 3b 1
2
1 J(4, 1), K(1, 3), L(1, 7)
c 3d 2c d c 3d 3 1 3
y
a 3b 1 2a b 2 a 3b 1 L
c 3d 3 2c d 1 c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and d 1. By
1 0 . J
substitution, Ry-axis
0 1 K
K
L
a b
25c. Let Ry x.
c d J
1 2 1 3 1 3
a b O x
c d 3 1 3 1 2 1
a 3b 2a b a 3b 3 1 3 L K
c 3d 2c d c 3d
1 2 1 J
a 3b 3 2a b 1 a 3b 3 0 6 3 1 6 3 1
c 3d 1 2c d 2 c 3d 1
27. 1
0 1 4 2 2 4 2
2
1 0 6 3 1
Thus, a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0. By
4 2
6 3 1
4 2 2
0 1 0 1 2
substitution, Ry x .
1 0 J(6, 4), K(3, 2), L(1, 2)
a b
25d. Let Rot90
c d y
1 2 1 3
a b 1 3 J
c d 3 1 3 1 2 1
K L L
a 3b 2a b a 3b 3
1
3
c 3d 2c d c 3d 1 2 1
a 3b 3 2a b 1 a 3b 3 O x
c 3d 1 2c d 2 c 3d 1
K L K
Thus, a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0. By
0 1
substitution, Rot90
1
0 J J
a b
28. 1 0 6 3 1 6 3
Rot180.
25e. Let 1
c d 0 1 4 2 2 4 2 2
1 2 1 1
a b 2 1 0 1 6 3 1 4 2 2
c d 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 0
4 2 2 6 3 1
a 3b 2a b a 3b 1 2 1
c 3d 2c d c 3d
3 1 3 J(4, 6), K(2, 3), L(2, 1)
a 3b 1 2a b 2 a 3b 1 y
J
c 3d 3 2c d 1 c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and d 1. By J J
1
0
substitution, Rot180 . K K
0 1 K
a b
25f. Let Rot270. L
c d
O x
1 2 1 3 1 3
a b
c d 3 1 3 1 2 1 L L
a 3b 2a b a 3b 3 1 3
c 3d 2c d c 3d 1 2 1
29a. The bishop moves along a diagonal until it
a 3b 3 2a b 1 a 3b 3 encounters the edge of the board or another
c 3d 1 2c d 2 c 3d 1 piece. The line along which it moves changes
Thus, a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0. By vertically and horizontally by 1 unit with
0 1 .
substitution, Rot270 each square moved, so the translation
1 0 matrices are scalars. Sample matrices are
1 , c 1 1 , and
c 1 1 ,c 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
45 Chapter 2
29b. The knight moves in combinations of 2 vertical-1 37. Let x represent hardback books and y represent
horizontal or 1 vertical-2 horizontal squares. paperback books.
These can be either up or down, left or right. 4x 7y 5.75
Sample matrices are 1 1 ,
2 2 3x 5y 4.25
3(4x 7y) 3(5.75) 12x 21y 17.25
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 2 2 ,
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 4(3x 5y) 4(4.25) 12x 20y 17
y 0.25
2 , 2 2 , and 2 2 .
2
1 1 1 1
1 1 4x 7y 5.75
4x 7(0.25) 5.75
29c. The king can move 1 unit in any direction. The
x1
matrices describing this are 1 1 ,
0 0 hardbacks $1, paperbacks $0.25
1 1 , 0 0 ,
38. x y 3
0 0 , 1 1 , 1 1 , y
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y x 3 (2, 4) (3, 2)
1 1 , and 1 1 .
1 1
1 1 (4, 2)
a b O (0, 0) x
30. Consider .
c d
Dilation with scale factor 1 xy3
1 a b a b
c d
c d (3, 2)
Rotation of 180 39. y 1 4(x 2))
1 y 1 4x 8
a b
0 a b
0 1 c d c d 4x y 9 0
The vertex matrices for the images of a dilation 40. y 6 2(x 1)
with scale factor 1 and a rotation of 180 are the y 2x 4
same, so the images are the same. 41. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
31. (0, 125); (125, 0), (0, 125), (125, 0) x3(x2 3x 7)
32. Sample answer: There is no single matrix to x5 3x4 7x3
g(x) g(x)
f f(x)
achieve this. You could reflect over the x-axis and
then translate 2(4) or 8 units upward. x3
x2 3x 7
33. See students work; the repeated dilations animate
the growth of something from small to large, 42. 2x y 12 2x y 12
similar to a lens zooming into the origin. 2(x 2y) 2(6) 2x 4y 12
3y 24
34. 1 1 4
1 2 0 3
2
y 8
34a. Sample answer: the figure would be enlarged 2x y 12
disproportionally. 2x (8) 12
x 10
34b. 3 0 1 1 4 2 3 3 12
6
0 2 1 2 0 3 2 4 0 6
2x 2y 2(10) 2(8)
y 4
6 B
4 B The correct choice is B.
2 C C
A A 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
4 D Page 96 Mid-Chapter Quiz
1 1 2
6 5y 17 y 1
0x 35
1. x
D 2
3
3x 2y 18 y 2x 9
34c. See students work; the figure appears as if
blown out of proportion. y
31 85 3x 2y 18
35. 3 8
2 4
1 5
2 8
2 (2) 4 8
4 13
(4, 3)
4 12
36. x y z 1.8 x 2y 4.6
y z 5.6 x 2y 3.8 1
2 x 5y 17
x 2y 3.8 2x 0.8 O x
x 0.4
x 2y 3.8 y z 5.6
0.4 2y 3.8 2.1 z 5.6
y 2.1 z 3.5
(0.4, 2.1, 3.5)
Chapter 2 46
2. 4x y 8 6x 2y 9 10. The result is the original figure. The original
y 8 4x 6x 2(8 4x) 9
1
x 2
figure is represented by a b c . The
d e f
reflection over the x-axis is found by
4x y 8 1
0
a b c a b c . The
0 1 d e f d e f
42 y 8
1
reflection of the image over the x-axis is found by
y6 2, 6 1
1
0
a b c
a b c
. The matrix
3. Let x represent trucks and y represent cars. 0 1 d e f d e f
for the final image is the same as that of the
x 4y
original figure.
6x 5y 29,000 x 4y
6(4y) 5y 29,000 x 4(1000)
y 1000 4000
4000 trucks, 1000 cars
2-5 Determinants and Multiplicative
4. 2x y 4z 13 Inverses of Matrices
3x y 2z 1
5x 2z 12
2(3x y 2z) 2(1) 6x 2y 4z 2 Page 102 Check for Understanding
4x 2y z 19 4x 2y z 19 1. Sample answer: a matrix with a nonzero
10x 3z 17 determinant
2. Sample answer: 3
2 0 is not a square
2(5x 2z) 2(12) 10x 4z 24
4 3 5
10x 3z 17 10x 3z 17
2 5
5x 2z 12
7z 7
z1
2x y 4z 13
0 9
matrix. 1 1 also has no determinant.
1 0 0 0
5x 2(1) 12 2(2) y 4(1) 13 0 1 0 0
x2 y5 3. Sample answer:
0 0 1 0
(2, 5, 1) 0 0 0 1
5. x y 1 xy1 4. Sample answer: The system has a solution if
1
2x y 2 3 y 1 ad bc 0, since you can use the inverse of the
1
3x 1 y 13 matrix a c to find the solution.
1 b d
x 3
6. y 3 x y3x 4 1 0
y 2x 2x 3 x 7. 5 15 1
x3 2 10 7
15 1 1 5 1 0 5 15
y 2x
y 2(3)
4
10 7 2 7 2 10
6 (3, 6) 4(95) 1(33) 0(20)
5 8 7 6 413
3
(2)
7. A B
1 5 0 (9) 4 10 6 4 1
1 13 1
4 9 14 8.
0 3
9 0
3 6
0
3 3 4 0 3 (1) 0 3
0 0 9 0 9 0
8. impossible 6(0) 4(27) (1)(27)
9. B 3A B (3A) 135
3A 3 3 5 7
1 0 4 9. 2
5 7
3
2(7) 5(3) or 29
3(3) 3(5) 3(7)
3(1) 3(0) 3(4) 1
2 7 3
9 5 2
9 15
21
or
3 0 12
10. 4 6 4(9) 6(6) or 0
6 9
2 6 9 15
8 21
B (3A) does not exist
5 9 10 3 0 12
2 (9) 8 (15) 6 21
53 9 0 10 (12)
11 7 27
8 9 2
47 Chapter 2
4 1 2
35 3
4 x
11.
5
y 24 20. 0
2
2
1
1 4
3
2 1
1 3
(1)
0 1
2 3
(2)
0 2
2 1
5 4 1 5 4
1
13 4(5) 1(2) 2(4)
3
5 4 3 5 3 5
5 26
1 5 4
5
4 x 2 1
1 3
3 3 5 3 5 y 21. 3 0 2
1 5 4
3
1
3 3 5 24 1 3 0
2 0 2 (1) 3 2 3 3 0
y
x
111
13
129
13
3 0 1
2(6) 1(2) 3(9)
37
0 1 3
11131 , 11239
8 9 3
6 3 x 63
22. 3 5 7 8
5 7 9 3 7 3 3 5
2 4 1 4 1 2
12.
5 9
y 85
1 2 4
8(6) 9(19) 3(11)
9 3 1 9 3
90
1
3
5 6
39 5 6
5
6
4 6 7
23. 3 2 4 4 2 4 6 3 4 7 3 2
9
1 9 3 6 3 9 3
x 1 63 1 1 1 1 1 1
39 5 6 5 9 y 39 5 6 85 1 1 1
4(2) 6(7) 7(5)
x 8
1
y 5
(8, 5) 25 36 15
24. 31 12 2
13. Let x represent the amount of metal with 55%
aluminum content, and let y represent the amount 17 15 9
of metal with 80% aluminum content.
25 12 2 36 31 2 15 31 12
x y 20 15 9 17 9 17 15
0.55x 0.8y 0.7(x y)
25(78) 36(313) 15(669)
0.55x 0.8y 0.7x 0.7y
3183
0.15x 0.1y 0
1.5 3.6 2.3
15x 10y 0
x y 20
25.
4.3
1.6
0.5 2.2
8.2 6.6
1
1 x 20
15x 10y 0
15 10
y
0 1.5 0.5 2.2 (36) 4.3 2.2
8.2 6.6 1.6 6.6
1
10 1 1 10
1
23 4.3 0.5
1.6 8.2
15
25 15
1 1 1 1
15 10 1.5(14.74) 3.6(31.9) 2.3(36.06)
175.668
1 10 1 1 4
0
1
1 x
2
5 15 1 15 10 y
1 10 1
26. 3 2 3 0
2 3 1 3 3 (4) 3
3 4 8 4 8 3
2
8 3
20 4
25 15
1 0
0(17) 1(12) 4(25)
x 8 112
y 12
3 2(2) (2)(3) or 10
8 kg of the metal with 55% aluminum and 12 kg of 27. 22 2
1 2 3
the metal with 80% aluminum
10 2 2
14. 2 5
3 4 3(5) 2(4) or 7 does not exist
12 16 6 7
30. 6(7) (6)(7) or 84
2 3 2(1) (2)(3) or 4 6 7
17.
2 1 7
76
1
18.
13 7 13(8) (5)(7) or 69 84 6
5 8 4
19. 6
5 6(8) 0(5) or 48 31.
8 12
6 4(12) 8(6) or 0
Chapter 2 48
279 5 1 y 1
13 9(36) 27(13) or 27 9 3 x 1
32. 39.
36
3
36 13
9 51 39
1 1 1 1
2
7 27 9
9 3 5 6
5 1
6 1 3 3 1
5 1 y 51
3 1 1 9 3 x 1
33.
4 8 5 or 1
3 1
4 2
1
8 5 9
6 9 1
1
5
y
2 x 1
3
1 1
2
2 8 3
5
3
4 1
,
3
2
3
4 1 x 1
2 4
34. 3 3 x
1 2 y 7 40. 1 2 2 y 0
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 z 1
4 1 1 4 9 1 4
4 1 10 3 2
1 2 1
3 x
1 x 1 2 1 1
3 3 3 1 2 2 y
12 14 41
1 9
9 2 y 9 1 4 7 5 1 8 2 1 1 z
4 10 4
1
x 1 1
9 3 3 3 0
y 3
(1, 3) 5 1 8 1
4(4)
x 1(0) (10)(1)
94 66 y 12
x 12 1
35. y 9 3(4) 3(0) (3)(1)
z 5(4) 1(0) 8(1)
4 9 4 9
1 6 6 6 61
x 6
9 6 78
4 6
1
y 9 9
6 9 6 x 1 6 6 12
1
6 12 z
78 4 9 4 6 y 78 4 9 12
x 2
x 0 y
3
y 2 z 1
(0, 2) 4
3
1
5 x 26 2 4
36. , 1, 3
3 2 y 41 3
2 5 1 2 5
1
6 9
5 3 x
1 5
3 1 17 3 1 41. 9 2 1 y 5
3 2
1 2 5 1 1 2 5 3 1 1 z 1
5 x 26
17 3 1
3 2 7 3 1 41 1 2 6
1 y 1 5 3 x
1
9 12 15 21 9 2 1 y
9
x
y 7 15 21 33 3 1 1 z
1 2 9
(9, 7) 1
1
9 12 15 21 5
43 3 y 0
8 x 7
37. 21 33
15 1
1(9) (2)(5) 1(1)
3 8 3 8 x
4 3 4
1 1
1
3 36 y 9 12(9) (15)(5) 21(1)
4 8
3 3 z 15(9) 21(5) (33)(1)
1 3 8 1 3 8
43
8 x 7 2
36 3 3 x 1
4 3 y 6 3 4 0 y 9 12
z 3
y
x 7
12
7 x 2
12 y 9
7 7
,
12 12 z
4
3
3 5 x 24
1
38. 3
5 4 y 3
29, 43, 13
4 5
3
1 4 5 1
3 5 5 5 37
5 4 3 42. 216
4 5 3 5 x 1 4 5 24
1
43. 30,143
37 5 3 5 4 y 37 5 3 3
x 3
y 3
(3, 3)
49 Chapter 2
0.3
0.5 x 4.74
44. 48. Let x represent the number of gallons of 10%
12 6.5 y 1.2 alcohol solution, and let y represent the number of
6.5 0.5 1 6.5 0.5
1
gallons of 25% alcohol solution.
12 0.3
7.95 12
0.3 0.5 0.3
12 6.5 x y 12
1 6.5 0.5 0.3 0.10x 0.25y 0.15(x y)
0.5 x
7.95 12 0.3 12 65 y 0.10x 0.25y 0.15x 0.15y
1 6.5 0.5 0.05x 0.10y 0
4.74
7.95
12 1.2 1 1 x 12
0.3 x y 12
0.05 0.10 y 0
0.05x 0.10y 0
x 3.8
0.10 1 0.10 1
y 7.2 1 1
0.15 0.05
0.05 1
1 1 1
(3.8, 7.2)
0.05 0.10
45. 2(x 2y z) 2(7) 2x 4y 2z 14 1
0.10
1 1 1 x
6x 2y 2z 4 6x 2y 2z 4
0.15 0.05 1 0.05 0.10 y
8x 2y 18 1 0.10 1
12
0.15 0.05
1 0
2(6x 2y 2z) 2(4)
12x 4y 4z 8
x 8
4x 6y 4z 14 4x 6y 4z 14
y 4
16x 10y 22 8 gal of 10% and 4 gal of 25%
49. Yes
168 2
10 y 22
x 18
A a b . Does (A2)1 (A1)2
c d
10
8
2
16 8
1 1 10 2
A2 a bc ab bd2
2
8 2 16 112
1610 ac cd bc d
2 8 2 x 1 10 2 18 bc d2 ab bd
1 10 1
112 16 112 16 8 (A2)1
a2d2 2abcd b2d2
8 16 10 y 22 ac cd a2 bc
x 2
b
cd
1 d b
y 1 A1
ad bc
ad bc
ad bc
a
x 2y z 7 c a
2 2(1) z 7 ad bc ad bc
d2 ab
acbc cd bd
1
z3 (A1)2
a2d2 2abcd b2d2
a2 bc
(2, 1, 3)
Thus, (A2)1 (A1)2.
46. Let x represent the number of cars produced in
a b 1
1994, and let y represent the number of cars in 1
50. A 2 c d 1
1995.
e f 1
x y 390,000 x y 390,000 1 3 1
x y 90,000 x y 90,000 2
1
0
3
4 1
0 1
1
1 x 390,000
1 1 y 90,000
4
1 (3) 0 1 1 0 4
1
2 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 3 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
2(1(4) 3(3) 1(12))
2 1
1
1 1
1
x 240,000 systems, and let y represent the cost of printers.
y 150,000 day 1: 38x 53y 49,109
150,000 in 1995 and 240,000 in 1994 day 2: 22x 44y 31,614
day 3: 21x 26y 26,353
47. Let A a11 a12 and I
1 0
.
a21 a22 0 1 using day 1 and day 2:
a12 38 53 x 49,109
a22
a11a22 a21a12
a11a22 a21a12 22 44 y 31,614
A1 44 53 1 44 53
a21 1
11
a
22 38
506 22
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12
38 53 38
22 44
53 38
a11a12 a12a11
22
a11a22 a21a12 1
44 53 x
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12 506 38 22 44 y
AA1 a21a22 a21a22 a11a22 a21a12
53 49,109
22
1 44
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12 506 38 31,614
1 0 I
0 1 y 959
x
239
Thus, AA1 I. computer system: $959, printer: $239
Chapter 2 50
52. Let x represent Jessis first test score, and let y 60. [f g](x) f(g(x))
represent Jessis second test score. f(x 1)
x y 179 x y 179 (x 1)2 3(x 1) 2
yx7 x y 7 x2 2x 1 3x 3 2
x2 x
1
1 x 179
1 1 y 7 [g f ](x) g(f(x))
1 1 1 1 1 g(x2 3x 2)
1
1 1
1 1
2 1 1 x2 3x 2 1
1 1
x2 3x 1
2 1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 x 1 179
61. No, more than one element of the range is paired
1 1 1 1 y 1 1 7
with the same element of the domain.
x 86
62. EC 3, therefore AC 2(3) or 6.
y 93
first test: 86, second test: 93 square ABCD:
In 45-45-90 triangle ACD, AC 2 AD
53. 8 4 0 4 3 3 3 3
5 1 5 9 4 4 4 4 6 2
4.24 AD
AD
4 (3)
8
(3) 4 (3) 0 (3)
Perimeter of ABCD: P 4s
54 14 54 94
4(4.24) or 16.96
3
5 1 1
Perimeter of triangle ACF: P 3s
9 5 9 13
3(6) or 18
H(5, 9), I(1, 5), J(3, 9), K(1, 13)
The correct choice is B.
48 7
3 21
54.
4
6 4
0
3 0
Graphing Calculator Exploration:
55. x 3y 2z 6 x 3y 2z 6 2-5B Augmented Matrices and
2(4x y z) 2(8) 8x 2y 2z 16
9x y 22 Reduced Row-Echelon Form
4(4x y z) 4(8)
16x 4y 4z 32
7x 5y 4z 10 7x 5y 4z 10 Page 106
9x y 22 1 2 : 1 0 0 : 1
2 7
1. 1 2 5 : 1 , 0 1 0 : 5 ,
1(9x y) 1(22) 9x y 22 4 1 1 : 1 0 0 1 : 2
9x y 22 9x y 22
(1, 5, 2)
0 0
infinitely many solutions 1 1 1 : 6 1 0 0 : 7
2. 2 3 4 : 3 , 0 1 0 : 1 ,
56. g (x)
x f(x) 4 8 4 : 12 0 0 1 : 2
6 x 5 2 (7, 1, 2)
5 x 4 0 O x 1 1 1 1 : 0 1 0 0 0 : 1
4 x 3 2 2 1 1 1 : 1 0 1 0 0 : 1
3. ,
1 1 1 1 : 0 0 0 1 0 : 2
3 x 2 4
0 2 1 0 : 0 0 0 0 1 : 2
2 x 1 6 g (x) 2x 5
(1, 1, 2, 2)
4. Exercise 1: x 1, y 5, z 2; Exercise 2:
1
57. y 5 2(x 2) x 7, y 1, z 2; Exercise 3: w 1, x 1,
1 y 2, z 2; They are the solutions for the
y 5 2x 1 system.
2y 10 x 2 5. The calculator would show the first part of the
x 2y 8 0 number and follow it by ....
35
58. m
21
2
1 or 2
2-6 Solving Systems of Linear
(y 5) 2(x 1) or (y 3) 2(x 2) Inequalities
y 5 2(x 1)
y 5 2x 2
y 2x 7 Page 109110 Check for Understanding
1 1a. the sum of twice the width and twice the height
59a. or approximately 0.0833
12 1b. Sample answer: skis, fishing rods
1 x
59b.
12 1
8 2. Tomas is correct. There are functions in which the
18 12x coordinates of more than one vertex will yield the
1.5 x; 1.5 ft same value for the function.
51 Chapter 2
3. You might expect five vertices; however, if the 8. Let x represent the number of greeting cards sold,
equations were dependent or if they did not and let y represent the income in dollars.
intersect to form the sides of a convex polygon, x 0
there would be fewer vertices. y 0
4. y y 0.45x 1500
y 1.70x
x 2y 4
y y 1.70x
O x 6000
(3 13, 13)
4000
xy3 y 0.45x 1500
2000 (1200, 2040)
5. y
O 2000 4000 6000 x
(0, 4)
(1, 3) at least 1200 cards
(0, 2) (1,0)
(4, 3)
O x
O (213, 13 ) x
yx1
f(x, y) 4x 3y
10. y
f(0, 2) 4(0) 3(2) or 6
f(4, 3) 4(4) 3(3) or 25 3
y 3x 3
f
23, 3 4
23 3
3 or 83
1 1 1 1 1
2
25, 6 (0, 1) ( 23, 1)
7. y 1 y 1
(7, 7) y 3x1
1 O 1 2 x
(3, 5) 11. y
(5, 3)
2x 5y 25
x
O
f(x, y) 3x 4y
O x
f(3, 5) 3(3) 4(5) or 11 5x 7y 14
f(7, 7) 3(7) 4(7) or 7
f(5, 3) 3(5) 4(3) or 3
y 3x 2
3, 11
Chapter 2 52
13. y 18. y
y 2x 2
y 0.5x 1 (0, 4)
( 35, 3 15 ) x22
35, 315,
25, 115,
135, 15 f(x, y) y x
f(0, 0) 0 0 or 0
14. y
f(0, 4) 4 0 or 4
y0 (0, 0) f(2, 0) 0 2 or 2
O x 4, 2
(3, 3) 19. y 4x 5y 10
x30 (5, 6) y6
(0, 3)
xy (10, 6)
2x 5y 10
(0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 3) (0, 2)
15. y
O x
(2, 5) y 5 0
(1, 5) f(x, y) x y
yx7
f(0, 2) 0 2 or 2
5x 3y 20
x f(5, 6) 5 6 or 11
O (4, 0) (7, 0) f(10, 6) 10 6 or 16
16, 2
(2, 5), (7, 0), (4, 0), (1, 5) 20. y
16. f(x, y) 8x y
(0, 4)
f(0, 0) 8(0) 0 or 0
x0 xy4
f(4, 0) 8(4) 0 or 32 (0, 1) (3, 1)
f(3, 5) 8(3) 5 or 29 y1
f(0, 5) 8(0) 5 or 5 O x
32, 0
17. y x5 f(x, y) 4x 2y 7
2x 5y 10 f(0, 1) 4(0) 2(1) 7 or 9
(5, 4)
f(0, 4) 4(0) 2(4) 7 or 15
(0, 2) (5, 2) y 2 x f(3, 1) 4(3) 2(1) 7 or 21
21, 9
O y
21.
y 4x 6
f(x, y) 3x y x 4y 7
f(0, 2) 3(0) 2 or 2 (1, 2) (3, 1)
f(5, 4) 3(5) 4 or 19 x
f(5, 2) 3(5) 2 or 17 (2, 2) O
(4, 1)
19, 2
x 6y 10
2x y 7
f(x, y) 2x y
f(2, 2) 2(2) (2) or 0
f(1, 2) 2(1) 2 or 4
f(3, 1) 2(3) 1 or 5
f(4, 1) 2(4) (1) or 9
9, 4
53 Chapter 2
22. y 2x y 2 16 25b. f(x, y) 5x 6y
f
52, 0 5
52 6(0) or 272
1 1 1
(1, 8) (3, 8) y8
f
62, 0 5
62 6(0) or 322
1 1 1
f
3, 3 5
3 6
3 or 863
29 19 29 19 1
(1, 4)
f
72, 82 5
72 6
82 or 882
1 1 1 1 1
(6, 2)
y2
f
22, 82 5
22 6
82 or 632
(3, 2) 1 1 1 1 1
O y5x x
f
5, 5 5
5 6
5 or 335
6 23 6 23 1
f(x, y) 2x y 5
f
22, 2 5
22 6(2) or 242
1 1 1
f(1, 4) 2(1) 4 5 or 7
max at
72, 82 882; min at
22, 2 242
1 1 1 1 1
f(1, 8) 2(1) 8 5 or 11
f(3, 8) 2(3) 8 5 or 7 26. x y 200
f(6, 2) 2(6) 2 5 or 5 2x y 300
f(3, 2) 2(3) 2 5 or 1 x 0
y 0
11, 5
23. x 4, x 4, y 4, y 4 y
24. Sample answer: y 3, x 4, 4x 3y 12 300
(0, 200)
25a. 3y 2x 11 3y 2x 11 200 2x y 300
y0 3(0) 2x 11 x0
(100, 100)
1
52 x
512, 0 100
(0, 0) x y 200
y 2x 13 y 2x 13 O y 0 200 300 x
y0 0 2x 13 (150, 0)
1
62 x
1
62, 0 f(x, y) $6.00x $4.80y
y 16 x y 16 x f(0, 0) $6.00(0) $4.80(0) or 0
y 2x 13 2x 13 16 x f(0, 200) $6.00(0) $4.80(200) or $960
29 f(100, 100) $6.00(100) $4.80(100) or $1080
x 3
f(150, 0) $6.00(150) $4.80(0) or $900
y 16 x $1080
29
y 16 3 27a. Let x represent the Main Street site, and let y
3
19
239 , 139 represent the High Street site.
x 20
y 16 x 2y 17
2y 17 2(16 x) 17 y 20
1 10x 20y 1200
x 72
y x 20
2y 17
y 82
1
712, 812 (20, 50 )
2y 17 2y 17 10x 20y 1200
1
y 3x 1 y 82 y 20
y 3x 1 (20, 20 ) (80, 20 )
1
82 3x 1 O x
1
22 x
22, 82 1 1
27b. f(x, y) 30x 40y
y 7 2x y 7 2x 27c. f(x, y) 30x 40y
y 3x 1 3x 1 7 2x f(20, 20) 30(20) 40(20) or 1400
6
x 5 f(20, 50) 30(20) 40(50) or 2600
y 7 2x
f(80, 20) 30(80) 40(20) or 3200
y 7 2
5
6
80 ft2 at the Main St. site and 20 ft2 at the High
23
5
65, 253 St. site
3y 2x 11 3y 2x 11 27d. Main Street: $1200
$10 120 ft2
y 7 2x 3(7 2x) 2x 11 120 30 3600 customers
1
22 x High Street: $1200
20 60 ft2
y 7 2x 60 40 240 customers
y 7 2
22
1 The maximum number of customers can be
2
212, 2 reached by renting 120 ft2 at Main St.
Chapter 2 54
28a. 3 is $3 profit on each batch of garlic dressing and 2. Sample answer: In an infeasible problem, the
2 is $2 profit on each batch of raspberry region defined by the constraints contains no
dressing. points. An unbounded region contains an infinite
28b. 2x 3y 18 number of points.
2x y 10 3. Sample answer: First define variables. Then write
x 0 the constraints as a system of inequalities. Graph
y 0 the system and find the coordinates of the vertices
y of the polygon formed. Then write an expression to
be maximized or minimized. Finally, substitute
values from the coordinates of the vertices into the
2x y 10 expression and select the greatest or least result.
(0, 6) 4. y
(3, 4) 8
2x 3y 18 7
x0 6
5 0.5x 1.5y 7
(0, 0) (5, 0) 4
3
O y0 x 2 3x 9y 2
1 O x
f(x, y) 3x 2y
f(0, 0) 3(0) 2(0) or 0 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
f(0, 6) 3(0) 2(6) or 12 5a. 25x 50y 4200
f(3, 4) 3(3) 2(4) or 17
5b. 3x 5y 480
f(5, 0) 3(5) 2(0) or 15
3 batches garlic dressing, 4 batches raspberry 5c. y
160
dressing 140
120 (0, 84)
29. 32 12 2(2) (3)(1) or 7 100
80
3x 5y 480
25x 50y 4200
23 12
1 60
(120, 24)
7 40
20 (0,0) (160,0)
30. y x
O 20 60 100 140
5d. P(x, y) 5x 8y
O x 5e. P(x, y) 5x 8y
P(0, 0) 5(0) 8(0) or 0
P(0, 84) 5(0) 8(84) or 672
y 2x 8 P(120, 24) 5(120) 8(24) or 792
P(160, 0) 5(160) 8(0) or 800
160 small packages, 0 large packages
d
80 5f. $800
31. 60
40 5g. No; if revenue is maximized, the company will
20 not deliver any large packages, and customers
O
with large packages to ship will probably choose
32120 1 2 3 p
another carrier for all of their business.
40
60 6. Let x the number of brochures.
80 Let y the number of fliers.
3x 2y 600
32. {16}, {4, 4}; no, two y-values for one x-value y
x 50
wxyz x 50
33. 15 y 150 300
4 (50, 225)
w x y z 60 200 (100, 150)
y 150
100
(50, 150)
3x 2y 600
2-7 Linear Programming O 100 200 300 x
C(x, y) 8x 4y
C(50, 150) 8(50) 4(150) or 1000
Pages 115116 Check for Understanding
C(50, 225) 8(50) 4(225) or 1300
1. Sample answer: These inequalities are usually
C(100, 150) 8(100) 4(150) or 1400
included because in real life, you cannot make less
50 brochures, 150 fliers
than 0 of something.
55 Chapter 2
7. Let x the number of Explorers. 11. y
x4
Let y the number of Grande Expeditions.
x y 375 y ( 34 , 3) y3
2x 3y 450 400
(4, 3)
x 0 300
y 0 x0 x y 375
200 O (3, 0) (4, 0) x
(0, 150) 2x 3y 450 4x 3y 12
100
(0, 0) (225, 0) x f(x, y) 3 3y
f
4, 3 3 3(3) or 12
O 100 200 300 3
y0
f(4, 3) 3 3(3) or 12
R(x, y) 250x 350y f(4, 0) 3 3(0) or 3
R(0, 0) 250(0) 350(0) or 0 f(3, 0) 3 3(0) or 3
R(0, 150) 250(0) 350(150) or 52,500 alternate optimal solutions
R(225, 0) 250(225) 350(0) or 56,250
12a. Let g the number of cups of Good Start food
225 Explorers, 0 Grande Expeditions
and s the number of cups of Sirius food.
8. Let x the number of loaves of light whole wheat. 0.84g 0.56s 1.54
Let y the number of loaves of regular whole
12b. 0.21g 0.49s 0.56
wheat. y 12c. s
2x 3y 90 60
x 2y 80 40 x 2y 80
x 0 (0, 30) 3 (0, 2.75)
2x 3y 90
y 0 20
x0
(0, 0) (45, 0) x
2 0.81y 0.56 s 1.54
O 20 40 60 80
y0
20 0.21g 0.49 s 0.56
1
(1.5, 0.5)
P(x, y) 1x 1.50y
P(0, 0) 1(0) 1.50(0) or 0 (2.67, 0)
P(0, 30) 1(0) 1.50(30) or 45 O 1 2 g
P(45, 0) 1(45) 1.50(0) or 45
alternate optimal solutions 12d. C(g, s) 36g 22s
12e. C(g, s) 36g 22s
C(0, 2.75) 36(0) 22(2.75) or 60.5
Pages 116118 Exercises C(1.5, 0.5) 36(1.5) 22(0.5) or 65
9. y infeasible C(2.66, 0) 36(2.66) 22(0) or 95.76
0 cups of Good Start and 2.75 cups of Sirius
12f. 60.5
y6
13a. Let d the number of day-shift workers
and n the number of night-shift workers.
5x 3y 15 d 5
n 6
x d n 14
O
13b. d
10. y unbounded
56
48
40 2x y 48 (6, 8) d n 14
32
24 d5
16 x 2y 42 (9, 5)
8 x
O 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 n6
O n
13c. $5.50 4 $7.50 4 $52
$7.50 8 $60
C(n, d) 52d 60n
13d. C(n, d) 52d 60n
C(6, 8) 52(8) 60(6) or 776
C(9, 5) 52(5) 60(9) or 800
8 day-shift and 6 night-shift workers
Chapter 2 56
13e. $776 17. Let x amount to deposit at First Bank.
14a. Let x the number of acres of corn. Let y amount to deposit at City Bank.
Let y the number of acres of soybeans. x y 11,000 y
0 x 7500 x 7500
x y 180 y
x 40 200 x 40 1000 y 7000 12,000 x y 11,000
y 20 8000 (4000, 7000) y 7000
x 2y x y 180 (0, 7000)
4000 (7500, 3500)
100 x 2y (7500, 1000)
(0, 1000)
(40, 20) (120, 60)
(160, 20) O 4000 8000 12,000x
y 20 x y 1000
O 100 200 I(x, y) 0.06x 0.065y
P(x, y) 150x 250y I(0, 1,000) 0.06(0) 0.065(1,000) or 65
P(40, 20) 150(40) 250(20) or 11,000 I(0, 7000) 0.06(0) 0.065(7,000) or 455
P(120, 60) 150(120) 250(60) or 33,000 I(4000, 7000) 0.06(4000) 0.065(7000) or 695
P(160, 20) 150(160) 250(20) or 29,000 I(7500, 3500) 0.06(7500) 0.065(3500) or 677.5
120 acres of corn, 60 acres of soybeans I(7500, 1000) 0.06(7500) 0.065(1000) or 515
14b. $33,000 $4000 in First Bank, $7000 in City Bank
15. Let x the questions from section I. 18. Let x the number of nurses.
Let y the questions from section II. Let y the number of nurses aides.
6x 15y 90 y x y 50 y
y 2 x y 20
x 0 12 x 0 y 12 60
x 2y x y 50
8 (0, 6) 40 x 2y
6x 15y 90 x y 20 (33.3, 16.7)
4 (10, 2)
20 y 12
(0, 2) y 2 x (24, 12) (38, 12)
O 4 8 12 16 O 20 40 60 x
57 Chapter 2
20. Let x batches of soap. 23b. Sample answer: Spend more than 30 hours per
Let y batches of shampoo. week on these services.
12x 6y 48 y 24. y
20x 8y 76 20
(0, 8) 20x 8y 76
x 0 y x 5 10 yx5
12x 6y 48
y 0 (0, 5)
x0
20 10 O 10 20 x
(3, 2) 10
(15, 10)
(3.8, 0) y 5 5
(0, 0) 20 (15, 10)
O y0 x
1 1
3 batches of soap and 2 batches of shampoo f(x, y) 3x 2y
21. Let x the number of small monitors. 1
f(15, 10) 3(15) 2(10) or 0
1
Let y the number of large monitors. 1 1 1
x 2y 16 y f(0, 5) 3(0) 2(5) or 22
xy9 xy9 1 1
f(15, 10) 3(15) 2(10) or 10
x 4y 24 12 x 2y 16
1
x 0 x 4y 24 minimum: 22, maximum: 10
8
y 0 (4, 5) 25. 4x y 6 4x y 6
(0, 6)
4 x 2y 12 4(2y 12) y 6
x0 (9, 0) 8y 48 y 6
O 4 8 12 x y6
(0, 0) y 0 x 12y 12
P(x, y) 40x 40y x 2(6) 12 or 0 (0, 6)
P(0, 0) 40(0) 40(0) or 0 26. y
x y
P(0, 6) 40(0) 40(6) or 240
P(4, 5) 40(4) 40(5) or 360 1 9
y 3|x 2|
P(9, 0) 40(9) 40(0) or 360
0 6
alternate optimal solutions
22. y E (0, 14) 1 3
2x 6y 84
12 D (12, 10) 2 0
F (0, 11) O x
8 3 3
C (12, 9)
8x 3y 33
4 2x 3y 3 27. Sample answer: C $13.65 $0.15(n 30);
A (0, 1) B (3, 3) x 12
C $13.65 $0.15(n 30)
O 4 8 12 x C $13.65 $0.15(42 30)
y0
$15.45
1 2x 3 3x
Area of trapezoid ACDE 2(12)(13 1) 28. 2
x
84
2(2x 3) x(3 x)
1
Area of ABF 2(10)(3) 4x 6 3x x2
15 x2 x 6 0
(x 3)(x 2) 0
Area of shaded origin 84 15
69 square units x 3 0 or x 2 0
x 3 x2
23a. Let x oil changes.
Let y tune-ups. The correct choice is A.
y
x 25 x 25
0 y 10 60
30x 60y 30(60) 40 30x 60y 1800
(25, 10) Chapter 2 Study Guide and Assessment
20 (40, 10)
y 10 (60, 0)
y 0O x Page 119 Understanding and Using the Vocabulary
20 40 60
(25, 0) 1. translation 2. added
P(x, y) 12x 20y 3. determinant 4. inconsistent
P(25, 0) 12(25) 20(0) or 300 5. scalar multiplication 6. equal matrices
P(25, 10) 12(25) 20(10) or 500 7. polygonal convex set 8. reflections
P(40, 10) 12(40) 20(10) or 680 9. element 10. multiplied
P(60, 0) 12(60) 20(0) or 720
$720
Chapter 2 58
Pages 120122 Skills and Concepts 18. x 2y 6z 4 2(x 2y 6z) 2(4)
11. 2y 4x y x 2 x y 2z 3 2x 3y 4z 5
2(x 2) 4x y 2 2 3y 4z 7
2x 4 4x y 4 2x 4y 12z 18
x2 2x 3y 4z 15
(2, 4) 7y 16z 13
12. 6y x 0 yx5 4(3y 4z) 4(7) 12y 16z 28
6(x 5) x 0 y65 7y 16z 13 7y 16z 13
6x 30 x 0 y1 5y 15
x6 y3
(6, 1) 3y 4z 7 x y 2z 3
13. 3y x 1 2x 5y 3(3) 4z 7 x 3 2(0.5) 3
x 1 3y 2(1 3y) 5y z 0.5 x 1
2 6y 5y (1, 3, 0.5)
2 19. x 2y z 7 2(3x y z) 2(2)
11 y
3x y z 2 2x 3y 2z 7
2x 5y 4x y 9
2x 5
11
2
6x 2y 2z 4
2x 3y 2z 7
x 11
5
151, 121 8x 5y 11
14. 2y 15x 4 y 6x 1 5(4x y) 5(9) 20x 5y 45
2(6x 1) 15x 4 y 6(2) 1 8x 5y 11 8x 5y 11
12x 2 15x 4 y 13 (2, 13) 28x 56
x2 x2
15. 5(3x 2y) 5(1) 15x 10y 5 4x y 9 x 2y z 7
2(2x 5y) 2(12) 4x 10y 24
4(2) y 9 2 2(1) z 7
19x 19 y 1 z3
x1 (2, 1, 3)
2x 5y 12
A B 7 (3) 8 (5)
2(1) 5y 12
20. 0 2 4 (2)
4
y2 (1, 2) 3
2 6
16. x 5y 20.5 x 5y 20.5
x 3y 13.5
B A 3 7 5 8
3y x 13.5
8y 34
21. 2 0 2 (4)
10 13
x 5y 20.5
x 5(4.25) 20.5
y 4.25
2 2
x 0.75
17. 3(x 2y 3z) 3(2)
(0.75, 4.25)
3(x 4y 3z) 3(14)
22.
3B 3(3) 3(5)
3(2) 3(2)
9 15
3x 5y 4z 0
3x 5y 4z 0
6 6
4(2)
3x 6y 9z 6
3x 5y 4z 0
3x 12y 9z 42
3x 5y 4z 0
23. 4C
4(5)
8
y 5z 6
7(y 5z) 7(16)
7y 13z 42
7y 35z 42
20
8 3 5
7y 13z 42 7y 13z 42
48z 0
24. AB 7 0 4 2 2
7(5) 8(2)
7(3)
z0 8(2)
0(3) (4)(2) 0(2) (4)(2)
y 5z 6 x 2y 3z 2
or 5 51
y 5(0) 6
y 6
x 2(6) 3(0) 2
x 10
8 8
(10, 6, 0) 25. impossible
26. 4A 4B 4A (4B)
4(3) 4(5)
4A 4(7)
4(0) 4(4)
4(8)
4B
4(2) 4(2)
28 32
12 20
0 16 8 8
28
4A (4B) 12 32 20
0 (8) 16 8
40 52
8 8
59 Chapter 2
0 4 2 5 4 2 5
27. impossible
32. 1
0 1 3 1 3 3 1 3
28. 4 2 5 3 3 3 7 1
3 1 3 4 4 4 2
1 3 7 0 1 4 2 5
1 0 3 1 3 3 1 3
4 2 5
A(7, 1), B(1, 3), C(2, 7)
A(3, 4), B(1, 2), C(3, 5)
A y
C y
B
A
O x B
A B
B
C O x
C
C
A
0 2 1 0 1 2 1
29. 1
0 1
33. 4 4 4
3
5 5 5 1 1 1
0 1 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 2
6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3
W(2, 3), X(1, 2), Y(0, 4), Z(1, 2)
y 34. 3 5 3(7) (4)(5) or 1
4 7
Y
8 4 8(3) (6)(4) or 0
W
X Z
35. 6 3
3 1
4
36. 5 2 6
O x 7 3 4
X
3 2
Z 2
W
3 4
6 (1) 5
7 4
6 4 5
7 3
Y 3(10) 1(62) 4(29)
24
30. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
0 2
0 4
1
5
0 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 37. 7 3 1
D(2, 3), E(2, 5), F(1, 5), G(1, 3) 2 2 6
1
0 7 1 (4) 7
3 3
5
y 2 6 2 6 2 2
E F
5(16) 0(44) 4(20)
G D 160
38. no, not a square matrix
O x
39. 1 5
3 8 3(5) (1)(8) or 23
5 8
1
23 1 3
D G
F E
40. 5 2
10 4
5(4) 10(2) or 0
no inverse
41. 3
1 1 1.5 0.5 0.5 5 3(4) 1(5) or 7
31. 0.5 43
2 1 2 1 0.5 1 4
4 5
1
P(6, 8), Q(2, 4), R(2, 2)
7 1 3
y Q
4
42. 3 2 3(7) 5(2) or 11
R Q 5 7
2
7 2
1
R x 11 5 3
2 O 2 4 6
2 43. 2 5 2(1) 6(5) or 32
6 1
4 P 1
1 5
32 6 2
6 2 4 2(2) (1)(4) or 0
8
44. 1 2
P
no inverse
Chapter 2 60
12
5 x 1 y
45. 50.
3 y 2 x y 11
3 5 1 3 5 12 (0, 9) x 6
1
(4, 7)
1
2 5 1 2 1 2 8 2y x 18
1
(0, 4) (6, 5)
1 3 5 1 3 5
2
5 x 1
4
1 2 1 3 y 1 2 2 y4 (6, 4)
x 13
O 4 8 12 x
y 5
(13, 5) f(x, y) 3x 2y 1
46. 63 24 xy 36 f(0, 4) 3(0) 2(4) 1 or 9
f(0, 9) 3(0) 2(9) 1 or 19
4 2 2
6 3 46
1 1
f(4, 7) 3(4) 2(7) 1 or 27
24
3 2 3
6 4 f(6, 5) 3(6) 2(5) 1 or 29
2 1 4 2 f(6, 4) 3(6) 2(4) 1 or 27
3
46
1 3 2 x
2
24 3 6 4 y 4 6 3 6 29, 9
x 1
y 0 51. Let x gallons in the truck.
Let y gallons in the motorcycle.
(1, 0) x y 28 y
3 5 0 x 25
x 1 30 x y 28 x 25
47.
2 4 y 2 0y6
4 5 1 4 5
1 20
3 5
2 3
2 2 3
2 4 10 (0, 6)
(22, 6)
2 4 5 3 2 4 5
1 5 x 1 1 y6
(25, 3)
2 3 2 4 y 2 3 2 y0O 10 20 30 x
7
x (0, 0) (25, 0)
y 4 m(x, y) 22x 42y
(7, 4) m(0, 0) 22(0) 42(0) or 0
8.8 2.7 1 8.8 2.7
m(0, 6) 22(0) 42(6) or 252
1
48. 4.6 2.7
2.9 4.6 48.31 2.9 4.6
m(22, 6) 22(22) 42(6) or 746
2.9 8.8
m(25, 3) 22(25) 42(3) or 676
2.7 x
1 8.8 2.7 4.6
48.31 2.9 m(25, 0) 22(25) 42(0) or 550
4.6 2.9 8.8 y
22 gallons in the truck and 6 gallons in the
1 8.8 2.7 8.4
48.31 2.9 motorcycle
4.6 74.61
x 5.7
y 6.6
(5.7, 6.6)
Page 123 Applications and Problem Solving
49. 2(5) 5(3) 5(1)
y y 10 2x 2 5 5 5 30
52. 8 2 3 3 8(5) 2(3) 3(1) 49
(1, 5)
yx6 6 4 1 1 6(5) 4(3) 1(1) 43
Broadman 30; Girard 49; Niles 43
x1 (4, 2)
x
O
(1, 2)
y 2 (6, 2)
f(x, y) 2x 3y
f(1, 2) 2(1) 3(2) or 4
f(1, 5) 2(1) 3(5) or 17
f(4, 2) 2(4) 3(2) or 14
f(6, 2) 2(6) 3(2) or 6
17, 4
61 Chapter 2
53. Let x the shortest side. Chapter 2 SAT & ACT Preparation
Let y the middle-length side.
Let z the longest side.
x y z 83 x y z 83 Page 125 SAT and ACT Practice
z 3x x y 3x 83 1. Translate the information from words into an
1
z 2(x y) 17 4x y 83 equation. Then solve the equation for x. Use the
1 correct order of operations.
z 2(x y) 17
1
1 (1 2)(2 3)(3 4) 2(20 x)
3x 2(x y) 17
1
5x y 34 (3)(5)(7) 2(20 x)
45
1 x 83 1
105 2(20 x)
1 y 34
1 210 20 x
5 4 5
1 1 1 1
1
x 190
4 1 9
5 1 4
The correct choice is D.
9 1 1 4 1 1 83
4 5 1 y
1 1 x 1
2. First convert the numbers to improper fractions.
5 59 4 34
1 1 16 25
53 64 3 4
y 31
x 13
Express both fractions with a common
z 3x denominator. Then subtract.
z 3(13) 1 1 16 25
z 39 53 64 3 4
64 75
13 in., 31 in., 39 in. 12 12
54a. Let x number of Voyagers. 11
12
Let y number of Explorers.
The correct choice is A.
5x 6y 240 y 3x 2y 120
3x 2y 120 3. You can solve this problem by writing algebraic
60 5x 6y 240 expressions.
5x 18y 540
x 0 (18, 25) Amount of root beer at start: x
40 (30, 15)
y 0 (0, 30) 5x 18y 540
Amount poured into each glass: y
20 Number of glasses: z
y0 (40, 0) Total amount poured out: yz
O 20 40 60 x Amount remaining: x yz
(0, 0) The correct choice is D.
P(x, y) 2.40x 5.00y 4. One way to solve this multiple-choice problem is
P(0, 0) 240(0) 5.00(0) or 0 to use your calculator. For each answer choice
P(0, 30) 2.40(0) 5.00(30) or 150 convert the fraction into a decimal and then apply
P(18, 25) 2.40(18) 5.00(25) or 168.20 the exponent.
P(30, 15) 2.40(30) 5.00(15) or 147
P(40, 0) 2.40(40) 5.00(0) or 96
233 0.43 0.064
18 Voyagers and 25 Explorers Another way to solve the problem is to convert the
54b. $168.20 decimal to a fraction, and then write an
equivalent expression using an exponent.
3 2 3
1000 103
10
5
64 43 4
0.064
Page 123 Open-Ended Assessment As soon as you see the 1000 in the denominator,
1a. A(2, 2), B(1, 2), C(2, 1), and D(3, 0) you know the exponent will be 3, so you can
Sample answer: Two consecutive 90 rotations is eliminate answer choices A, B, and C.
the same as one 180 rotation. An additional
The correct choice is D.
180 rotation will return the image to its original
position. 5. The total amount charged is $113. Of that, $75 is
for the first 30 minutes. The rest (113 $75
1b. Two consecutive 90 rotations is the same as one
$38) is the cost of the additional minutes. At $2
180 rotation.
per minutes, $38 represents 19 minutes. (19 $2
2. No; such a coefficient matrix will not have an $38). The plumber worked 30 minutes plus 19
inverse. Consider the matrix equation minutes, for a total of 49 minutes.
2 4 x
12 . The coefficient 2 4 has a The correct choice is C.
4 8 y 24 4 8
determinant of 0, so it has no inverse.
Chapter 2 62
6. Start by simplifying the fraction expression on the 8. Start by representing the relationships that are
right side of the equation. given in the problem. Let P represent the number
2x 2 2 of pennies; N the number of nickels; D the number
5x 5 5
2x 4
of dimes; and Q the number of quarters. He has
5x 5 twice as many pennies as nickels.
To finish solving the equation, treat it as a P 2N
proportion and write the cross products. Similarly, N 2D and D 2Q. You know he has
2x 4 at least one quarter. Since you need to find the
5x 5
least amount of money he could have, he must
5(2 x) 4(5 x) have exactly one quarter.
10 5x 20 4x
Since he has 1 quarter, he must have 2 dimes,
x 10
because D 2Q. Since he has 2 dimes, he must
The correct choice is E. have 4 nickels. Since he has 4 nickels, he must
7. Notice that the question asks what must be true. have 8 pennies.
There are two ways to solve this problem. The Now calculate the total amount of money.
first is by choosing specific integers that meet the 1 quarter $0.25
criteria and finding their sums. 2 dimes $0.20
I. 2 3 5, 3 4 7 4 nickels $0.20
Choose consecutive integers where the first 8 pennies $0.08
one is even and where the first one is odd. In The total amount is $0.73. The correct choice is D.
either case, the result is odd. So statement I is
9. First eliminate answer choice D, because the
true. Eliminate answer choice B.
problem contains only numbers. Then simplify the
II. 2 3 4 9, 3 4 5 12 fraction in Column A.
One sum is odd, and the other is even. So 3
3
statement II is not always true. Eliminate 2 2 3 4 12 2
2
2 9 1
8 3
answer choices B, C, and E.
III. 2 3 4 9, 3 4 5 12,
3
2
9
4
63 Chapter 2
Chapter 3 The Nature of Graphs
Symmetry and Coordinate Algebraically: Substituting (x, y) into the
3-1 equation followed by substituting (x, y) is the
Graphs same as substituting (x, y).
6. f(x) x6 9x
Page 133 Graphing Calculator Exploration f(x) (x)6 9(x) f(x) (x6 9x)
1. f(x) f(x) 2. f(x) f(x) f(x) x6 9x f(x) x6 9x
3. even; odd no
4. f(x) x8 3x4 2x2 2 1
f(x) (x)8 3(x)4 2(x)2 2 7. f(x) 5x x19
x8 3x4 2x2 2 f(x) 5x x19
1 1
f(x)
5(x) (x)
19
f(x)
1 1
f(x) x7 4x5 x3 f(x) 5x x19 f(x) 5x x19
f(x) (x)7 4(x)5 (x)3 yes
x7 4x5 x3 8. 6x2 y 1 6a2 b 1
(x7 4x5 x3) x-axis 6a2 (b) 1
f(x) 6a2 b 1 no
5. First find a few points of the graph in either the y-axis 6(a)2 b 1
first or fourth quadrants. For an even function, a 6a2 b 1 yes
few other points of the graph are found by using yx 6(b)2 a 1
the same y-values as those points, but with opposite 6b2 a 1 no
x-coordinates. For an odd function, a few other y x 6(b)2 (a) 1
points are found by using the opposite of both the 6b2 a 1 no
x- and y-coordinates as those original points. y-axis
6. By setting the INDPNT menu option in TBLSET 9. x3 y3 4 a3 b3 4
to ASK instead of AUTO, you can then go to x-axis a3 (b)3 4
TABLE and input x-values and determine their a3 b3 4 no
corresponding y-values on the graph. By inputting y-axis (a)3 b3 4
several sets of opposite pairs, you can observe a3 b3 4 no
whether f(x) f(x), f(x) f(x), or neither of yx (b)3 (a)3 4
these relationships is apparent. a3 b3 4 yes
y x (b) (a)3 4
3
a3 b3 4 no
Pages 133134 Check for Understanding yx
1. The graph of y x2 12 is an even function. 10. y
The graph of xy 6 is an odd function. The graphs (2.5, 3) (2.5, 3)
(4, 2) (4, 2)
of x y2 4 and 17x2 16xy 17y2 225 are
neither. (1, 2) (1, 2)
2. The graph of an odd function is symmetric with O x
respect to the origin. Therefore, rotating the graph
180 will have no effect on its appearance. See
students work for example.
3a. Sample answer: y 0, x 0, y x, y x
3b. infinitely many 11. y 2 x2 b
2 a2
3c. point symmetry about the origin x-axis b
2 a2 no
4. Substitute (a, b) into the equation. Substitute y-axis b
2 ( a)2
(b, a) into the equation. Check to see whether b
2 a2 yes
both substitutions result in equivalent equations. y
5. Alicia 2
(02)
Graphically: If a graph has origin symmetry, then (1,1) (1,1)
any portion of the graph in Quadrant I has an 1
image in Quadrant III. If the graph is then (2,0) (2,0)
symmetric with respect to the y-axis, the portion 2 1 O 1 2 x
in Quadrants I and II have reflections in 1
Quadrants II and IV, respectively. Therefore, any
piece in Quadrant I has a reflection in Quadrant 2
IV and the same is true for Quadrants II and III.
Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to
the x-axis.
Chapter 3 64
12. y x3 b a3 18. f(x) 7x5 8x
x-axis b a3 f(x) 7(x)5 8(x)
b a3 yes f(x) 7x5 8x
f(x) (7x5 8x)
y-axis b (a)3
f(x) 7x5 8x
b a3 no
yes
y 1
19. f(x) x x100
f(x) x x100
1 1
f(x) (x)100
(x)
(1,1) 1 1
f(x) x x100 f(x) x x100
O x
(1,1) no
20. yes;
x2 1
g(x) x
(x)2 1
x2 y2 g(x) Replace x with x.
13. x-intercept:
25
9 1 (x)
x2 1
x2 02 g(x) x (x)2 x2
9 1
25
x2
g(x)
x2 1
x Determine the opposite
1 of the function.
25
x2 25 g(x) g(x)
x 5 (5, 0) 21. xy 5 ab 5
other points: x-axis a(b) 5
when x 6 when x 6 ab 5
36 y2 36 y2
ab 5 no
25 9 1
25 9 1 y-axis (a)b 5
y2 11 y2 11 ab 5
9 25 9 25 ab 5 no
99 99 yx (b)(a) 5
y2 y2 25
25 ab 5 yes
311
311 y x (b)(a) 5
y
5 y
5
ab 5 yes
y x and y x
6,
5 , 6, 5 , 6,
311 311 311
5
22. x y2 1 a b2 1
x-axis a (b)2 1
a b2 1 yes
Pages 134136 Exercises y-axis (a) b2 1
14. f(x) 3x a b2 1 no
f(x) 3(x) f(x) (3x) yx (b) (a)2 1
f(x) 3x f(x) 3x b a2 1 no
yes y x (b) (a)2 1
b a2 1 no
15. f(x) x3 1
x-axis
f(x) (x)3 1 f(x) (x3 1)
23. y 8x b 8a
f(x) x 1
3 f(x) x3 1
no x-axis (b) 8a
b 8a no
16. f(x) 5x2 6x 9 y-axis b 8(a)
f(x) 5(x)2 6(x) 9 b 8a no
f(x) 5x2 6x 9 yx (a) 8(b)
f(x) (5x2 6x 9) a 8b no
f(x) 5x2 6x 9 y x (a) 8(b)
no a 8b no
17. f(x) 1 none of these
4x7
f(x)
4x7
1 1
f(x)
4(x)7
1 1
f(x)
4x7
f(x)
4x7
yes
65 Chapter 3
1 1 28. y (4, 4)
24. y x2 b a2
1 (1, 2)
x-axis (b) a2
1 (2, 1)
b a2 no
1 (2, 1) O x
y-axis b
(a)2
1 (1, 2)
b a2 yes
1 (4, 4)
yx (a)
(b)2
1
(4, 4) y (4, 4)
a b2 no 29.
(1, 2) (1, 2)
1
y x (a)
(b)2
(2, 1) (2, 1)
1
a b2 no; y-axis
O x
25. x2 y2 4 a2 b2 4
x-axis a2 (b)2 4
a2 b2 4 yes
y-axis (a)2 b2 4
a2 b2 4 yes 30. Sample answer:
yx (b)2 (a)2 4 y (4, 4)
a2 b2 4 yes
y x (b)2 (a)2 4 (1, 2)
a2 b2 4 yes (2, 1)
all
4x2 4a2 O x
26. y2 9 4 b2 9 4
4a2
x-axis (b)2 9 4
(2, 3)
4a2
b2 9 4 yes
4(a)2
y-axis b2 9 4 31. y2 x2 b2 a2
4a2 x-axis (b)2 a2
b2 9 4 yes b2 a2
4(b)2 y-axis b2 (a)2
yx (a)2 9 4
4b2
b2 a2 yes; both
a2 9 4 no
y
4(b)2
y x (a)2 9 4
4b2
a2 9 4 no
x-axis and y-axis O x
27. x2 1 a2 b2
1
y2
1
x-axis a2
(b)2
1
a2 b2 yes
32. x 3y a 3b
y-axis (a)2 1
b2 x-axis a 3(b)
a2 1 yes a 3b no
b2
y-axis (a) 3b
yx (b)2 1 a 3b yes
(a)2
b2 1 y-axis
a2
y
a2 1 yes
b2
y x (b)2 1
(a)2
b2 1
a2 O x
a2 1 yes
b2
x-axis, y-axis, y x, y x
Chapter 3 66
33. y2 3x 0 b2 3a 0 37. y x3 x b a3 a
x-axis (b)2 3a 0 x-axis (b) a3 a
b2 3a 0 yes b a3 a yes
y-axis b 3(a) 0
2 y-axis b (a)3 (a)
b2 3a 0 no b a3 a no
x-axis x-axis
y The equation y x3 x is symmetric about the
x-axis.
y
1
O x
1 O 1 x
67 Chapter 3
y2 x2 7
41. 16 1 46. 4x 2y 7 y 2x 2
12
(6)2 x2
7
12 16 1 12x 6y 21 y 2x 2
x2
3 16 1 consistent and dependent
x2 47. y
16 2
yx
x2 32
x 42
(42 , 6) or (42, 6) O
x
42. No; if an odd function has a y-intercept, then it yx2
must be the origin. If it were not, say it were
(0, 1), then the graph would have to contain (1, 0).
This would cause the relation to fail the vertical
line test and would therefore not be a function. 16 2
48. m
2 0
But, not all odd functions have a y-intercept.
1 14
Consider the graph of y x.
2 or 7
y
1 y 2 7(x 0)
yx
y 7x 2
49. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x 6)
O x
2(x 6) 11
2x 23
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(2x 11)
43. Let x number of bicycles. (2x 11) 6
Let y number of tricycles. 2x 5
3x 4y
450 y 50. 753 757 7537
5x 2y
400 5x 2y 400 7510
x0 150
The correct choice is B.
y0 (0, 112.5)
100
x0 (50, 75)
50 3x 4y 450
(0, 0) y0 3-2 Families of Graphs
O 50 100 150 x
(80, 0)
P(x, y) 6x 4y Page 142 Check for Understanding
P(0, 0) 6(0) 4(0) or 0 1. y (x 4)3 7
P(0, 112.5) 6(0) 4(112.5) or 450 2. The graph of y (x 3)2 is a translation of y x2
P(50, 75) 6(50) 4(75) or 600 three units to the left. The graph of y x2 3 is a
P(80, 0) 6(80) 4(0) or 480 translation of y x2 three units up.
50 bicycles, 75 tricycles
3. reflections and translations
44. 4 3 8 5 4(8) 3(9) 4(5) 3(6)
7 2
9 6
7(8) 2(9) 7(5) 2(6) 4. When c 1, the graph of y f(x) is compressed
horizontally by a factor of c.
59 38 When c 1, the graph of y f(x) is unchanged.
74 47 When 0 c 1, the graph is expanded
45. 3(2x y z) 3(0) 6x 3y 3z 0 1
horizontally by a factor of c.
3x 2y 3z 21 3x 2y 3z 21 3
5a. g(x) x 1
9x y 21 3
5b. h(x) x1
3x 2y 3z 21 3
Chapter 3 68
9a. translated up 3 units, portion of graph below 20a. reflected over the x-axis, compressed
x-axis reflected over the x-axis
horizontally by a factor of 0.6
9b. reflected over the x-axis, compressed 20b. translated right 3 units, expanded vertically by a
1
horizontally by a factor of 2 factor of 4
1
9c. translated left 1 unit, compressed vertically by a 20c. compressed vertically by a factor of 2, translated
factor of 0.75 down 5 units
10. y 11. y 21a. expanded horizontally by a factor of 5
21b. expanded vertically by a factor of 7, translated
down 0.4 units
O x 21c. reflected across the x-axis, translated left 1 unit,
O expanded vertically by a factor of 9
x 22a. translated left 2 units and down 5 units
22b. expanded horizontally by a factor of 1.25,
reflected over the x-axis
3
12a. 22c. compressed horizontally by a factor of 5,
x f(x) translated up 2 units
0 x
1 50 23a. translated left 2 units, compressed vertically by
1 x
2 100 1
a factor of 3
2 x
3 150 23b. reflected over the y-axis, translated down 7 units
3 x
4 200 23c. expanded vertically by a factor of 2, translated
4 x
5 250 right 3 units and up 4 units
24a. expanded horizontally by a factor of 2
1
$250 24b. compressed horizontally by a factor of 6,
$200 translated 8 units up
$150 24c. The portion of parent graph on the left of the y-
axis is replaced by a reflection of the portion on
$100
the right of the y-axis.
$50 2
25a. compressed horizontally by a factor of 5,
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 translated down 3 units
Time (h) 25b. reflected over the y-axis, compressed vertically
by a factor of 0.75
12b.
$250 25c. The portion of the parent graph on the left of the
$200 y-axis is replaced by a reflection of the portion on
$150 the right of the y-axis. The new image is then
$100 translated 4 units right.
$50 26. y x2 y
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (h)
12c. $225
69 Chapter 3
30. y 31. y 36a. 0
O x
O x
32. y 33. y
4 [7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
36b. 0.66
O x 4 O 4 8x
4
12
34. y
8
y f (|x |)
4
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
36c. 0.25
8 4 O 4 x
4
y f (x ) 8
35a. 0
Chapter 3 70
37c. 0.6 42a. (1) y x2 (2) y x3
(3) y x2 (4) y x3
42b. (1) y (2) y
4
4 O 4 8x
4
4 O 4 8x
4 8
71 Chapter 3
5 7. y 8. y
51. 5d 2p 500 p 2d 250
250
52. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x2 6x 9)
2 O x
3(x2 6x 9) 2
2
3x2 4x 4 O x
[g f](x) g(f(x))
g3x 2
2 9. y
3x 2 63x 2 9
2 2 2
4 8
9x2 3x 4 4x 12 9
4 20 O x
9x2 3x 25
50
53. If m 1; d 1 1 or 49.
50
If m 10; d 10 10 or 5.
50 10. Case 1 Case 2
If m 50; d 50 50 or 49.
x 6 4 x 6 4
50
If m 100; d 100
100 or 99.5
(x 6) 4 x64
50 x 6 4 x 2
If m 1000; d 1000
1000 or 999.95. x 10
The correct choice is A. x 10
{xx 10 or x 2}
11. Case 1 Case 2
3x 4
x 3x 4
x
3-3 Graphs of Nonlinear Inequalities (3x 4)
x 3x 4
x
3x 4
x 2x
4
4x
4 x
2
Page 149 Check for Understanding x1
1. A knowledge of transformations can help {x 1
x
2}
determine the graph of the boundary of the 12a. x 12
0.005
shaded region, y 5 x. 2
12b. Case 1 Case 2
2. When solving a one variable inequality x 12
0.005 x 12
0.005
algebraically, you must consider the case where (x 12)
0.005 x 12
0.005
the quantity inside the absolute value is non- x 12
0.005 x
12.005
negative and the case where the quantity inside x
11.995
the absolute value is negative. x 11.995
3. Sample answer: Pick a point not on the boundary 12.005 cm, 11.995 cm
of the inequality, and test to see whether it is a
solution to the inequality. If that point is a
solution, shade all points in that region. If it is not
Pages 150151 Exercises
a solution to the inequality, test a point on the
13. y x3 4x2 2 14. y x 2 7
other side of the boundary and shade accordingly. ? (1)3 4(1)2 2 ? 3 2 7
0 8
4. This inequality has no solution since the two 0
1; no 8
8; no
graphs do not intersect
15. y x 11 1
y
1 ? (2)
11 1
1 2; yes
16. y 0.2x2 9x 7
? 0.2(10)2 9(10) 7
63
63 63; no
x2 6
O x 17. y
x
(6)2 6
9 ?
6
5. y 5x4 7x3 8 9
5; yes
3 ? 5(1)4 7(1)3 8
18. y 2x3 7
3 4; yes ? 203 7
0
6. y 3x 4 1 0 7; yes
3 ? 3(0) 4 1
3 3; no
Chapter 3 72
19. y
x 2 y
x 2 30. y 31. y
0
? 0 2 4
? 12
0
2; yes 4 3; no
y
x 2 y
x 2
1
? 1 2 0
? 1
2 O x
1
3; yes 0 i 2; no
y
x 2 O x
1
? 12
1
3; yes
(0, 0) (1, 1) and (1, 1); if these points are in the 32. y
shaded region and the other points are not, then
the graph is correct.
20. y 21. y
O x
O x
O x 33. Case 1 Case 2
x 4 5 x 4 5
(x 4) 5 x45
y x 4 5 x1
22. 23. y
x 9
12 x 9
{xx 9 or x 1}
8
34. Case 1 Case 2
4 3x 12 42 3x 12 42
(3x 12) 42 3x 12 42
O 4 8 12 x O x 3x 12 42 3x 30
3x 54 x 10
24. y 25. y x
18
{xx
18 or x 10}
35. Case 1 Case 2
7 2x 8 3 7 2x 8 3
O x (7 2x) 8 3 7 2x 8 3
7 2x 8 3 2x 4
O x 2x 18 x 2
x 9
y {x2 x 9}
26. 27. y
36. Case 1 Case 2
5 x
x 5 x
x
(5 x)
x 5x
x
O x 5 x
x 2x
5
5
0; true x 2.5
{xx 2.5}
O x 37. Case 1 Case 2
5x 8 0 5x 8 0
28. y 29. y (5x 8) 0 5x 8 0
5x 8 0 5x 8
8
5x 8 x 5
8
x 5
O x
no solution
38. Case 1 Case 2
2x 9 2x 0 2x 9 2x 0
O x
(2x 9) 2x 0 2x 9 2x 0
2x 9 2x 0 9 0; true
4x 9
9
x
4
all real numbers
73 Chapter 3
39. Case 1 Case 2 45b. The shaded region shows all points ( x, y) where
2 2
3x 5 8 3x 5 8 x represents the number of cookies sold and y
2 2 represents the possible profit made for a given
3((x 5)) 8 3(x 5) 8
2 2 10
week.
3(x 5) 8 3x 3 8 46. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) reflected over
2 10 2 14
x 8 3x 3 the x-axis and expanded vertically by a factor of 2.
3 3
2 34 1 1
x
3 3 x
7 47. y a4 b a4
x 17 x-axis (b) a4
1
{x17
x
7} 1
40. x 37.5
1.2 b a4 no
1
Case 1 Case 2 y-axis b
(a)4
x 37.5
1.2 x 37.5
1.2 1
(x 37.5)
1.2 x 37.5
1.2 b a4 yes
x 37.5
1.2 x
38.7 yx (a)
1
(b)4
x
36.3 1
x 36.3 a
(b)4
no
36.3
x
38.7 y x (a)
1
(b)4
41. Case 1 Case 2 1
3x 7 x 1 3x 7 x 1 a
(b)4
no
3((x 7)) x 1 3(x 7) x 1 y-axis
3(x 7) x 1 3x 21 x 1
5 3 1 5
3x 21 x 1 2x 20
3
1
48. 8 3
4
28 4
4x 22 x 10 4 5
8 8
x 5.5 3
(8)
3
(7)
7
48
3 4 4
{x5.5 x 10} 49. 3 3
4 0 (4) (0)
42. 30 units2 4 4
The triangular region has vertices A(0, 10), 21
B(3, 4), and C(8, 14). The slope of side AB is 2. 6 4
The slope of side AC is 0.5, therefore AB is 3 0
perpendicular to AC. The length of side AB is 50.
35 . The length of side AC is 45 the area of x f(x) f (x)
the triangle is 0.5(35)(45 ) or 30. 2 11
43. 0.10(90) 0.15(75) 0.20(76) 1 8
0.40(80) 0.15(x) 80 0 5
0.15x 12.55
2 1 8
x 833
2 11
44.
O x
51.
50
45
40
States 35
with 30
Teen 25
Courts 20
15
10
[1, 8] scl:1 by [1, 8] scl:1 5
44a. b 0 0
0 1980 1990 2000 2010
44b. none Year
44c. b 0 or b 4 52. [f g](4) f(g(4))
f(0.5(4) 1)
44d. b 4
f(1)
44e. 0 b 4 5(1) 9
45a. P (x ) 14
400 [g f ](4) g(f(4))
g(5(4) 9)
300
g(29)
200 0.5(29) 1
13.5
100
Chapter 3 74
53. Student A 15 4. y x 1 b a 1
1
Student B 3(15) 15 or 20 x-axis (b) a 1
b a 1 no
Let x number of years past. y-axis b (a) 1
20 x 2(15 x) b a 1 yes
20 x 30 2x yx (a) (b) 1
x 10 a b 1 no
y x (a) (b) 1
a b 1 no
Page 151 Mid-Chapter Quiz y x 1 f(x) x 1
1. x2 y2 9 0 a2 b2 9 0 f(x) x 1 f(x) (x 1)
x-axis a2 (b)2 9 0 f(x) x 1 f(x) x 1 no
a2 b2 9 0 yes y-axis
y-axis (a)2 b2 9 0 5a. translated down 2 units
a2 b2 9 0 yes 5b. reflected over the x-axis, translated right 3 units
yx (b)2 (a)2 9 0 1
5c. compressed vertically by a factor of 4, translated
a2 b2 9 0 yes
up 1 unit
y x (b) (a)2 9 0
2
a2 b2 9 0 yes 6a. expanded vertically by a factor of 3
x y 9 0 f(x)
2 2 x2 9 6b. expanded horizontally by a factor of 2 and
translated down 1 unit
f(x) (x)
2 9 f(x) ( x2 9)
6c. translated left 1 unit and up 4 units
f(x) x
2 9 f(x) x2 9
yes 7. y 8. y
x-axis, y-axis, y x, y x, origin
2. 5x2 6x 9 y 5a2 6a 9 b
x-axis 5a2 6a 9 (b)
5a2 6a 9 b no O x
y-axis 5(a)2 6(a) 9 b
5a2 6a 9 b no
O x
yx 5(b)2 6(b) 9 (a)
5b2 6b 9 a no
9. Case 1 Case 2
y x 5(b)2 6(b) 9 (a)
2x 7 15 2x 7 15
5b2 6b 9 a no
(2x 7) 15 2x 7 15
5x2 6x 9 y f(x) 5x2 6x 9
2x 7 15 2x 22
f(x) 5(x)2 6(x) 9
2x 8 x 11
5x2 6x 9
x 4
f(x) (5x2 6x 9)
4 x 11
f(x) 5x2 6x 9 no
none of these 10. x 64 3
Case 1 Case 2
7 7
3. x y a b x 64 3 x 64 3
7 (x 64) 3 x 64 3
x-axis a
(b) x 64 3 x 67
7
a b no x 61
7 x 61
y-axis (a) b 61 x 67
7
a b no
7
yx (b) (a)
7
a b yes 3-4 Inverse Functions and Relations
7
y x (b)
(a)
7 Pages 155156 Check for Understanding
a b yes
1. Sample answer: First, let y f(x). Then
7 7
x y f(x) x interchange x and y. Finally, solve the resulting
equation for y.
f(x)
7
(x)
f(x) x
7
2. n is odd
7 7
f(x) x f(x) x yes 3. Sample answer: f(x) x2
y x, y x, origin 4. Sample answer: If you draw a horizontal line
through the graph of the function and it intersects
the graph more than once, then the inverse is not
a function.
75 Chapter 3
5. She is wrong. The inverse is f 1(x) (x 3)2 2, 9. f(x) 3x 2
which is a function. y 3x 2
6. x 3y 2
f(x) x 1 f1(x)
x 2 3y
x f(x) x f1(x) 1 2
y 3x 3
2 3 3 2
1 2
1 2 2 1 f1(x) 3x 3; f1(x) is a function.
1
0 1 1 0 10. f(x) x3
1 2 2 1 1
y x3
2 3 3 2 1
x y3
f (x ) f (x )
1
y3 x
1
y x or
1
f 1(x )
3
3
x
1
O x f1(x) 1
x ; f (x) is a function.
3
f 1(x )
O x O x
1
13. f(x) 2x 5
8.
f(x) (x 3)2 1 f1(x) 1
y 2x 5
x f(x) x f1(x) 1
x 2y 5
1 3 3 1
1
2 0 0 2 x 5 2y
3 1 1 3 y 2x 10
4 0 0 4 f1(x) 2x 10
5 3 3 5 [f f1](x) f(2x 10)
1
2(2x 10) 5
f (x )
x
22x 5 10
1
x
O x
Since [f f1](x) [f1 f ](x) x, f and f1 are
f (x ) inverse functions.
14a. B(r) 1000(1 r)3
B 1000(1 r)3
B
1000 (1 r)3
1 r
3 B
1000
3
B
r 1
10
Chapter 3 76
3
B
18.
14b. r 1
10
f(x) x5 10 f1(x)
3
1100
x f(x) x f1(x)
1
10 or 0.0323; 3.23% 2 42 42 2
1 11 11 1
0 10 10 0
Pages 156158 Exercises 1 9 9 1
15. 2 22 22 2
f(x) x 2 f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) f (x )
2 4 4 2 f (x )
1 3 3 1 10
f 1(x )
0 2 2 0
10 O 10 x
1 3 3 1
10
2 4 4 2
f (x )
f (x ) f 1(x ) 19.
f(x) [x]
x f(x)
O x 2 x 1 2
1 x 0 1
0x1 0
1x2 1
16. 2x3 2
f(x) 2x f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) f1(x)
2 4 4 2 x f1(x)
1 2 2 1 2 2 x 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 x 0
1 2 2 1 0 0x1
2 4 4 2 1 1x2
f (x ) 2 2x3
f (x ) f 1(x ) f (x ) f 1(x )
O x
O f (x ) x
17.
f(x) x3 2 f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) 20.
f(x) 3 f1(x)
2 10 10 2
x f(x) x f1(x)
1 3 3 1
2 3 3 2
0 2 2 0
1 3 3 1
1 1 1 1
0 3 3 0
2 6 6 2
1 3 3 1
f (x ) f (x ) 2 3 3 2
f 1(x ) f (x )
f (x )
O x
O x
f 1(x )
77 Chapter 3
21.
f(x) x2 2x 4 f1(x) 24. f(x) x2 4
x f(x) x f1(x) y x2 4
x y2 4
3 7 7 3
x 4 y2
2 4 4 2
y x; 4 f1(x) x
4
1 3 3 1
0 4 4 0 f(x) x2 4 f1(x) x 4
1 7 7 1 x f(x) x f1(x)
2 8 8 2
f (x )
8 1 5 5 1
f (x ) 0 4 4 0
4
f 1(x ) 1 5
8 4 O 4 8x 2 8
4 f (x )
f (x )
8
4
22.
f(x) (x 2)2 5 f1(x)
4 O 4 x
x f(x) x f1(x)
4 f 1(x )
4 9 9 4
3 6 6 3
2 5 5 2
25. f(x) 2x 7
1 6 6 1 y 2x 7
0 9 9 0 x 2y 7
x 7 2y
f (x ) x7
O x y 2
f 1(x ) x7
f1(x) 2; f1(x) is a function.
f (x )
26. f(x) x 2
y x 2
x y 2
y x 2
f1(x) x 2; f1(x) is a function.
1
23. f(x) x
f(x) (x 1)2 4 f1(x) 27.
f1(x)
1
x f(x) x y x
4 5 5 4 1
x y
2 3 3 2 1
1 4 4 1 y x
1
0 3 3 0 f1(x) x; f 1(x) is a function.
2 5 5 2 28. f(x) x2
1
f (x ) f (x ) y x2
1
f 1(x ) x y2
1
1
y2 x
O
y
x 1
f1(x)
1
x; f 1(x) is not a function.
29. f(x) (x 3)2 7
y (x 3)2 7
x (y 3)2 7
x 7 (y 3)2
x7y3
y 3 x 7
f1(x) 3 x; 7 f 1(x) is not a function.
Chapter 3 78
30. f(x) x2 4x 3 35. Reflect the part of the graph of x2 that lies in the
y x2 4x 3 first quadrant about y x. Then, translate 5 units
x y2 4y 3 to the left.
x 1 y2 4y 4 f (x )
x 1 (y 2)2
x1y2
y 2 x 1
f1(x) 2 x; 1 f 1(x) is not a function.
1
O x
31. f(x)
x2
1
y
x2
1
x
y2
1 36. Reflect the graph of x2 about y x. Then,
y 2 x translate 2 units to the right and up 1 unit.
1
y x 2 f (x )
1
f1(x) x 2; f 1(x) is not a function.
1
32. f(x)
(x 1)2 x
1 O
y
(x 1)2
1
x
( y 1)2
1
( y 1)2
x
37. Reflect the graph of x3 about y x to obtain the
y1
x
1
3 3
graph of x. Reflect the graph of x about the
1
y 1 x
x-axis. Then, translate 3 units to the left and
down 2 units.
1
f1(x) 1 ; f 1(x) is not a function.
x
f (x )
2
33. f(x)
(x 2)3
2
y
(x 2)3
2 O x
x
( y 2)3
2
( y 2)3 x
y 2 3 x
2
y 1 x 1
3
3
y 1 x 1
3
g1(x) 1 x 1
79 Chapter 3
v2
39.
2
f(x) 3x 6
1
42a. v 2gh
42b. h 64
v2 2gh (75)2
2
y 3x 6
1
v2
h 64
2 1
h
2g h 87.89
x 3y 6 v2 Yes. The pump can propel
h
2(32)
1 2
x 6 3y v2 water to a height of about
h
64 88 ft.
3 1
y 2x 4
43a. Sample answer: y x
3 1
f1(x) 2x 4 43b. The graph of the function must be symmetric
[f f1](x) f 2x 4 about the line y x.
3 1
v
2(15)
6 2 2 6 2KE mv2
1
2KE
5 1 1 5
m v2 v 5.477; 5.5 m/sec
v
2KE
4 0 0 4
m
3 1 1 3
46c. There are always two velocities.
2 2 2 2
47a. Yes; if the encoded message is not unique, it may
d 1(x) not be decoded properly.
47b. The inverse of the encoding function must be a
function so that the encoded message may be
decoded.
47c. C(x) 2 x 3
y 2 x 3
O x x 2 y 3
x 2 y 3
(x 2)2 y 3
41b. No; the graph of d(x) fails the horizontal line test.
y (x 2)2 3
41c. d1(x) gives the numbers that are 4 units from x 1
C (x) (x 2)2 3
on the number line. There are always two such
numbers, so d1 associates two values with each
x-value. Hence, d1(x) is not a function.
Chapter 3 80
47d. C1(x) (x 2)2 3 53. y
C1(1) (1 2)2 3 or 6, F
C1(2.899) (2.899 2)2 3 or 21, U
C1(2.123) (2.123 2)2 3 or 14, N
C1(0.449) (0.449 2)2 3 or 3, C
C1(2.796) (2.796 2)2 3 or 20, T
C1(1.464) (1.464 2)2 3 or 9, I
C1(2.243) (2.243 2)2 3 or 15, O
O x
C1(2.123) (2.123 2)2 3 or 14, N
C1(2.690) (2.690 2)2 3 or 19, S 54.
1 1
4; 4 4
1;
neither
4
C1(0) (0 2)2 3 or 1, A 27
C1(2.583) (2.583 2)2 3 or 18, R 55. m 50
y y1 m(x x1)
C1(0.828) (0.828 2)2 3 or 5, E 5
5 or 1 y 7 1(x 0)
C1(1) (1 2)2 3 or 6, F
C1(2.899) (2.899 2)2 3 or 21, U y x 7
C1(2.123) (2.123 2)2 3 or 14, N 56. b c 180
FUNCTIONS ARE FUN Q
If P is perpendicular to Q
R, then mPQR 90.
48. Case 1 Case 2 Since the angles of a triangle total 180,
2x 4 6 2x 4 6 a d 90 180.
(2x 4) 6 2x 4 6 a d 90
2x 4 6 2x 2 a b c d 180 90 or 270
2x 10 x1 The correct choice is C.
x 5
{x5 x 1}
49. both
50a. a 0, b 0, 4a b 32, a 6b 54 3-5 Continuity and End Behavior
50b. b a 6b 54
(0, 9)
(6, 8) Page 165 Check for Understanding
1. Sample answer: The function approaches 1 as x
4a b 32 approaches 2 from the left, but the function
a0
approaches 4 as x approaches 2 from the right.
This means the function fails the second condition
in the continuity test.
(8, 0) 2.
an n x p(x)
O (0, 0) b 0 a
positive even
G(a, b) a b positive even
G(0, 0) 0 0 or 0
positive odd
G(0, 9) 0 9 or 9
G(6, 8) 6 8 or 14 positive odd
G(8, 0) 8 0 or 8
14 gallons an n x p(x)
51. 4x 2y 10 4x 2y 10
negative even
y6x xy6
negative even
41 21
xy
106
negative odd
negative odd
1 2 2
1 1 1
4 2
1 4 1 2 4 3. Infinite discontinuity; f(x) as x ,
1 1
f(x) as x .
2 4 2 x 1 1 2 10
11
1
4. f(x) x2 is decreasing for x 0 and increasing for
2 4 1 1 y 2 1 4 6
x 0, g(x) x2 is increasing for x 0 and
1
x
decreasing for x 0. Reflecting a graph switches
y 7
the monotonicity. In other words, if f(x) is
(1, 7) increasing, the reflection will be decreasing and
1 1 vice versa.
(9) (3)
1 9 3
52. 2 2
5. No; y is undefined when x 3.
2 6 6 1
(6)
1
(6)
2 2 6. No; f(x) approaches 6 as x approaches 2 from the
left but f(x) approaches 6 as x approaches 2
3
9 3
2
2
from the right.
3
81 Chapter 3
7. an: positive, n: odd 24. 1
y x2
y as x , y as x .
x y
8. an: negative, n: even
10,000 1
108
y as x , y as x .
1000 1
106
9. f (x )
100 1
104
10 0.01
0 undefined
x
O 10 0.01
100 1
104
1000 1
106
10,000 1
108
decreasing for x 3; increasing for x 3 y 0 as x , y 0 as x .
10. y
25.
1
f(x) x3 2
x f(x)
O x 10,000 2
1000 2.000000001
100 2.000001
10 2.001
decreasing for x 1 and x 1; increasing for 0 undefined
1 x 1 10 1.999
11a. t 4 11b. when t 4 11c. 10 amps 100 1.999999
1000 1.999999999
10,000 2
Pages 166168 Exercises
f(x) 2 as x , f(x) 2 as x .
12. Yes; the function is defined when x 1; the
function approaches 3 as x approaches 1 from 26.
both sides; and y 3 when x 1.
13. No; the function is undefined when x 2.
14. Yes; the function is defined when x 3; the
function approaches 0 as x approaches 3 from
both sides; and f(3) 0.
15. Yes; the function is defined when x 3; the
function approaches 1 (in fact is equal to 1) as x
approaches 3 from both sides; and y 1 when [6, 6] scl:1 by [30, 30] scl:5
x 3. increasing for x 3 and x 1; decreasing for
3 x 1
16. No; f(x) approaches 7 as x approaches 4 from
the left, but f(x) approaches 6 as x approaches 4 27.
from the right.
17. Yes; the function is defined when x 1; f(x)
approaches 3 as x approaches 1 from both sides;
and f(1) 3.
18. jump discontinuity
19. Sample answer: x 0; g(x) is undefined when
x 0.
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
20. an: positive, n: odd
decreasing for all x
y as x , y as x .
21. an: negative, n: even
y as x , y as x .
22. an: positive, n: even
y as x , y as x .
23. an: positive, n: even
y as x , y as x .
Chapter 3 82
28. 33b. Since f is odd, its graph must be symmetric with
respect to the origin. Therefore, f is increasing
for 2 x 0 and decreasing for x 2. f must
have a jump discontinuity when x 3 and
f(x) as x .
f (x)
34a. polynomial
34b.
83 Chapter 3
37b. The inverse must be monotonic. If the inverse
were increasing on one interval and decreasing 3-5B Gap Discontinuities
on another interval, the inverse would fail the
horizontal line test. That would mean the
function fails the vertical line test, which is Page 170
impossible. 1. {all real numbers xx 3}
38a.
40
35
Percent
30
with
25
Similar
20
Computer
15
Usage
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 [10, 10] scl:1 by [6, 50] scl:10
38b. 0 x 1, 1 x 2, 2 x 4, 4 x 6, 2. {all real numbers x2 x 4}
6 x 8, x 8
39. For the function to be continuous at 2, bx a and
x2 a must approach the same value as x
approaches 2 from the left and right, respectively.
Plugging in x 2 to find that common value gives
2b a 4 a. Solving for b gives b 2. For the
function to be continuous at 2, b x and
bx a must approach the same value as x
approaches 2 from the left and right,
respectively. Plugging in x 2 gives b 2 [9.4, 9.4] scl:1 by [6.2, 6.2] scl:1
2b a. We already know b 2, so the 3. {all real numbers xx 3 or x 1}
equation becomes 0 4 a. Hence, a 4.
40. f(x) (x 5)2
y (x 5)2
x (y 5)2
x y 5
y 5 x
f 1(x) 5 x
41. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) translated
left 2 units and down 4 units. [18.8, 18.8] scl:1 by [12.4, 12.4] scl:1
42. f (x, y) x 2y 4. {all real numbers xx 3 or x 2}
f(0, 0) 0 2(0) or 0
f(4, 0) 4 2(0) or 4
f(3, 5) 3 2(5) or 13
f(0, 5) 0 2(5) or 10
13, 0
4 5(2) 8(4) or 42
43. 5
8 2
44a. c 47.5h 35
44b. c 47.5h 35 [4.7, 4.7] scl:1 by [25, 25] scl:10
1
c 47.5 24 35 5. {all real numbers xx 1 or x 1}
c $141.875
45. f(x) 2x2 2x 8
f(2) 2(2)2 2(2) 8
8 4 8 or 20
46. Volume of cube is x3.
Volume of rectangular solid is
x(x 1)(x 1) x3 x.
x3 x3 x for x 1
Quantity A is greater. The correct choice is A. [4.7, 4.7] scl:1 by [3.1, 3.1] scl:1
Chapter 3 84
6. {all real numbers xx 6 or x 2} 12. Yes; sample justification: if f(x) is a polynomial
f(x)
function, then the graph of y
(x [[x]] 0.25)
is like the graph of f(x), but with an infinite
number of interval bites removed.
13. Yes; sample justification: the equation y
x2(x 2) (2x 4)(x 4)
is a possible equation for
((x 2) or (x 4))
the function described.
14a.
[9.4, 9.4] scl:1 by [6.2, 6.2] scl:1
7. {all real numbers xx 3 or x 4}
85 Chapter 3
3. Sample answer: 12c. $58.80 per acre
y 12d. Rain or other bad weather could delay harvest
(4, 6) and/or destroy part of the crop.
12b. 2 weeks
Chapter 3 86
23. rel. max.: (1, 1); rel. min.: (0.25, 3.25) 35b.
87 Chapter 3
40. If a cubicle has one critical point, then it must be 47. Let x number of 1-point free throws.
a point of inflection. If it were a relative maximum Let y number of 2-point field goals.
or minimum, then the end behavior for a cubic Let z number of 3-point field goals.
would not be satisfied. If a cubic has three critical 1x 2y 3z 32
points, then one must be a maximum, another a x y z 17
minimum, and the third a point of inflection. y 0.50(18)
41. No; the function is undefined when x 5. 1x 2y 3z 32 1x 2y 3z 32
y 1(x y z 17) x y z 17
42.
y 2z 15
y 0.50(18) y 2z 15
y9 9 2z 15
z3
O x x y z 17
x 9 3 17
x5 5 free throws, 9 2-point field
goals, 3 3-point field goals
43. Let x units of notebook paper. 48. y 6 4 y
Let y units of newsprint. y 2
x y 200 y
x 10 200 (10, 190)
y 80 x y 200 O x
(120, 80)
100 y 80
(10, 80)
x 10 2
x 49. 2x 3y 15 y 3x 5
O 100 200 3
6x 4y 16 y 2x 4
P(x, y) 400x 350y 2 3
3 2 1; perpendicular
P(10, 80) 400(10) 350(80) or 32,000
P(10, 190) 400(10) 350(190) or 70,500 50. A relation relates members of a set called the
P(120, 80) 400(120) 350(80) or 76,000 domain to members of a set called the range. In a
120 units of notebook and 80 units of newsprint function, the relation must be such that each
y member of the domain is related to one and only
44.
one member of the range. You can use the vertical
A (3, 4) B (2, 4) line test to determine whether a graph is the
graph of a function.
51. The area of PTX is equal to the area of RTY.
The area of STR is 25% of the area of rectangle
O x PQRS. The correct choice is D.
D (3, 1) C (2, 1) P X Q
T
3 x 2, 1 y 4
45. 1
2 5
3 1(5) 2(3) or 1; yes
S Y R
4 2
46. 3A 3
5 7
6
3(4) 3(2) or 12
3(5) 3(7) 15 21
2B 2 3
5
4 3
2(5) or 6 10
2(3)
2(4) 2(3) 8 6
6 6 10
3A 2B 12
15 21
8 6
12 (6) 6 10
15 (8)
21 6
6 4
7 27
Chapter 3 88
x3
6. x 2, x 1 y
3-7 Graphs of Rational Functions (x 2)(x 1)
x3
y
x2 x 2
x3
Pages 185186 Check for Understanding
x3
y
1. f (x ) x2
x 2
x3 x3
x3
O x
1
y
1 1 2
x3
x x2
no horizontal
asymptotes
1
7. f(x)
x1 2
O 8
x O x
9. The parent graph is translated 2 units left and
down 1 unit. The vertical asymptote is now at x
2 and the horizontal asymptote is now y 1.
Slant Asymptote y
y
O x
O
x
10. 3x 5
20
x 33x2
4x 5 3x 5
x3
x(x 1)
3. Sample answer: f(x)
x1 3x 9x
2
13a. P
O V
89 Chapter 3
13b. P 0, V 0 (x 1)2
19. x 1 y
x2 1
13c. The pressure approaches 0. x2 2x 1
y
x2 1
x2 2x 1
x2 x2
x2
Pages 186188 Exercises
y
x2 1
2x x2
14. x 4 f(x)
x4
x2
2 1
y
2x x x2
1
x4
y 1 ;y1
y(x 4) 2x 1
x2
xy 4y 2x
xy 2x 4y 20. x 2
x3
x(y 2) 4y y
(x 2)4
4y
x x3
y 2; y 2
y x4 8x3 24x2 32x 16
x2
15. x 6 y
x6
x3
x4
x2
y
x4 8x3 24x2 32x 16
x2 x
4 x4 x4 x4
y
x4
x2 6
x2
x2 1
x
1 y 16 ; y 0
y
8 24 32
1 6 1 x3 x4
x x2
x x2
1
no horizontal 21. f(x)
x3 1
asymptote 1
22. f(x)
x2 3
1 x1
16. x 2, x5 y
(2x 1)(x 5)
1
23. f(x) x 1
x1
y
2x2 9x 5 24. The parent graph is translated 3 units up. The
x 1 vertical asymptote, x 0, is unchanged. The
x2
x2 horizontal asymptote is now y 3.
y
2x2 9x 5
y
x2 x2 x2
1 1
x2
x
y
9 5 ;y0
2
x x2
x2 O
17. x 1, x 3 y
x2 4x 3 x
x 2
x2
x2
y x 2 25. The parent graph is translated 4 units right and
4x 3
x2
x2 x2 expanded vertically by a factor of 2. The vertical
1 2 asymptote is now x 4. The horizontal asymptote,
x2
x y 0, is unchanged.
y 4 3 ;y0
1 y
x x2 8
x2
18. no vertical asymptote, y
x2 1 4
x2 O
x2 8 4 4 8x
y
x2 1
4
x2
x2
1 8
y 1 ;y1
1
x2
Chapter 3 90
26. The parent graph is translated 3 units left. The 30. x1
1
translated graph is then expanded vertically by a x 4x2 3x3 x1 x4
factor of 2 and translated 1 unit down. The x 4x
2
4
37. y 38. y
4 O 4 8 12 x
4
8 O (2, 0)
x O x
12 (2, 14 )
12
16
91 Chapter 3
480 3t 48. abs. max.: (2, 1)
41a. C(t)
40 t
480 3t
41b. C(t)
40 t
480 3t
10
40 t
400 10t 480 3t
7t 80
t 11.43 L
42. Sample answer: The circuit melts or one of the
components burns up.
[1, 6] scl:1 by [5, 2] scl:1
43. To get the proper x-intercepts, x 2 and x 3
should be factors of the numerator. The vertical 49. x2 9 y
asymptote indicates that x 4 should be a factor y2 9 x
of the denominator. To get point discontinuity y2 x 9
at (5, 0), make x 5 a factor of both the y x 9
numerator and denominator with a bigger 50. f(x, y) y x
exponent in the numerator. Thus, a sample f(0, 0) 0 0 or 0
(x 2)(x 3)(x 5)2
. f(4, 0) 0 4 or 4
answer is f(x) (x 4)(x 5)
f(3, 5) 5 3 or 2
44a. V x2 h A(x) 4x h 2x2 f(0, 5) 5 0 or 5
A(x) 4xx
2 2x
120
120 x2 h 2 5; 4
51. 4 6 5 4(6) 4(5)
120 480
h A(x) x 2x2
x2 8 4 4(8) 4(4)
24 20
44b. A(x )
320
32 16
300 52. Let x price of film and y price of sunscreen.
280 8x 2y 35.10
260
240
3x y 14.30 8x 2y 35.10
220 y 14.30 3x 8x 2(14.30 3x) 35.10
200 2x 28.60 35.10
180 x 3.25
160 y 14.30 3x
140
y 14.30 3(3.25)
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1618 x y 4.55
$3.25; $4.55
44c. The surface area approaches infinity.
53. x y 3 xy3
45. If the degree of the denominator is larger than 003
?
323
?
that of the numerator, then y 0 will be a 0
3 no 5 3 yes
horizontal asymptote. To make the graph intersect xy3 xy3
the x-axis, the simplest numerator to use is x. 4 2 3
? ?
2 4 3
x
Thus, a sample answer is f(x)
x2 1 . 2
3 no 2
3 no
46a. A vertical asymptote at r 0 and a horizontal (3, 2)
1 1
asymptote at F 0. 54. 15y x 1 y 1
5 x 15
46b. The force of repulsion increases without bound 55. [f g](x) f(g(x))
as the charges are moved closer and closer f(2 x2)
together. The force of repulsion approaches 0 as 8(2 x2)
the charges are moved farther and farther apart. 16 8x2
47a.
a2 9
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
a3
g(8x)
47b. 2 (8x)2
x 2.9 2.99 3 3.01 3.1
m 5.9 5.99 6.01 6.1 2 64x2
Chapter 3 92
56. Let x the width of each card and y the height 12a. V khg2
of each card. The rectangle has a base of 4x or 5y. 288 k(40)(1.5)2
The rectangle has a height of x y. 3.2 k
A bh V 3.2hg2
180 4x(x y) 4x 5y 12b. V 3.2hg2
180 4xx 5
4x 4x
y 5 V 3.2(75)(2)2
36x2 4(5) V 960
180 5 y 5 50 960 48,000 m3
25 x2 y4
5x
Perimeter 2(4x) 2(x y) Pages 194196 Exercises
P 2(4 5) 2(5 4) 13. y kx y 0.2x
P 58 in. 0.3 k(1.5) y 0.2(6)
The correct choice is B. 0.2 k y 1.2
14. xy k xy 50
25(2) k x(40) 50
50 k x 1.25
3-8 Direct, Inverse, and Joint Variation 15. y kxz y 15xz
36 k(1.2)(2) y 15(0.4)(3)
15 k y 18
Pages 193194 Check for Understanding
1a. inverse 16. x2y k x2y 36
(2)2(9) k 32y 36
1b. neither
36 k y4
1c. direct
17. r kt2 r 16t2
2. Sample answer:
4 k2 r 164
1 2 1 2
Suppose y varies directly as xn.
Then y1 kx1n and y2 kx2n 16 k r1
y1 kx1n 18. xy k
y1 kx1
Division property of equality. 1.21
(0.44) k
y2 kx
y1 x1
2
0.484 k
Simplify. 1
y2 x2
xy 0.484 or y 0.484 x
3. The line does not go through the origin, therefore 1
y 0.484
its equation is not of the form y kxn. 0.16
4a. Sample answer: The amount of money earned y 1.21
varies directly with the number of hours worked. 1
19. y kx3z2 y 1 3 2
2x z
4b. Sample answer: The distance traveled by a car
1
varies inversely as the amount of gas in the car. 9 k(3)3(2)2 y 1 3
2 (4) (3)
2
93 Chapter 3
25. C varies directly as d; . m1 m2
40b. F G d
2
1
26. y varies directly as x; . (5.98 1024)(7.36 1022)
4
4
1.99 1020 G
(3.84 108)2
27. y varies jointly as x and the square of z; 3. N m2
4
6.67 1011 G; 6.67 1011
kg 2
28. V varies directly as the cube of r; .
3 m1 m2
29. y varies inversely as the square of x; 4.
5 40c. F G d
2
(5.98 1024)(1.99 1030)
30. y varies inversely as the square root of x; 2. (6.67 1011)
(1.50 1011)2
31. A varies jointly as h and the quantity b1 b2; 0.5. 3.53 1022 N
32. y varies directly as x and inversely as the square 40d. 3.53 1022 (1.99 1020)x
1
of z; 3. 178 x; about 178 times greater
33. y varies directly as x2 and inversely as the cube of kL 1.68 108(3)
z; 7. 41. R
r2 R
(0.003)2
k2
34. y varies jointly as the product of the cube of x and 1.07 102
(0.001)2 R 1.78 103
z and inversely as the square of w. 1.68 108 k
35a. Joint variation; to reduce torque one must either 42. y
reduce the distance or reduce the mass on the 8
end of the fulcrum. Thus, torque varies directly 6
4
as the mass and the distance from the fulcrum. 2
Since there is more than one quantity in direct O
variation with the torque on the seesaw, the 8642 2 4 6 8x
2
variation is joint. 4
6
35b. T1 km1d1 and T2 km2d2 8
T1 T2
km1d1 km2d2 Substitution property 43. f(x) (x 3)3 6
m1d1 m2d2 of equality y (x 3)3 6
35c. m1d1 m2d2 x (y 3)3 6
75(3.3) (125)d2 x 6 (y 3)3
1.98 d2; 1.98 meters 3
x6y3
3
36a. tr k y x63
36b. tr k tr 36,000 1
f (x)
3
x 6 3; f1(x) is a function.
45(800) k t(1000) 36,000 1 0 3 1 3 1 3
1
1 3
36,000 k t 36 minutes 44.
0 1 2 2 4 0 2 2 4 0
37. If y varies directly as x then there is a nonzero A(1, 2), B(3, 2), C(1, 4), D(3, 0)
constant k such that y kx. Solving for x, we find 7
1 1
x ky k is a nonzero constant, so x varies 45. 4x 2y 7 y 2x 2
directly as y. 7
12x 6y 21 y 2x 2
k
38a. I d2 consistent and dependent
k 576 y
38b. I
d2 a2 b2 c2 I
d2
46.
k (6)2 (25)2 c2 576
16 I
62 6.5 c (6.5)2
576 k I 13.6 lux
39. a is doubled
kb2 x
a c
3
O
1 2
k 2b
12c
3
a 18.6 23.2
47. m
2000 1995 y 18.6 0.92(x 2000)
1
kb2 4.6 y 0.92x 1858.60
4 5 or 0.92
a
1
c3 48. 144 42 9 or 122 1
8
kb2
12 is divisible by 3, 4, 6, and 12.
a 2c
3 The correct choice is D.
m1 m2
40a. F Gd
2
Chapter 3 94
Chapter 3 Study Guide and Assessment 18. x2 y
1
a2 b
1
1
x-axis a2
Page 197 Understanding and Using the (b)
1
Vocabulary a2 b no
1. even 2. continuous 3. point 1
y-axis (a)2 b
4. decreasing 5. maximum 6. rational 1
7. inverse 8. monotonic 9. slant a2 b yes
1
10. Joint yx (b)2 (a)
1
b2 a no
1
Pages 198200 Skills and Concepts y x (b)2
(a)
11. f(x) 2(x) f(x) (2x) 1
b2 a no; y-axis
f(x) 2x f(x) 2x yes
12. f(x) (x)2 2 f(x) (x2 2) 19. The graph of g(x) is a translation of the graph of
f(x) x2 2 f(x) x2 2 no f(x) up 5 units.
13. f(x) (x)2 (x) 3 20. The graph of g(x) is a translation of the graph of
f(x) x2 x 3 f(x) left 2 units.
f(x) (x2 x 3) 21. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) expanded
f(x) x2 x 3 no vertically by a factor of 6.
14. f(x) (x)3 6(x) 1 22. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) expanded
4
f(x) x3 6x 1 horizontally by a factor of 3 and translated down
f(x) (x3 6x 1) 4 units.
f(x) x3 6x 1 no
23. y 24. y
15. xy 4 ab 4
x-axis a(b) 4
ab 4 no
y-axis (a)b 4
ab 4 no
yx (b)(a) 4 O x
ab 4 yes O x
y x (b)(a) 4
ab 4 yes y y
25. 26.
y x and y x
16. x y2 4 a b2 4
x-axis a (b)2 4
a b2 4 yes O x
y-axis (a) b2 4
a b2 4 no
yx (b) (a)2 4 O x
a2 b 4 no
y x (b) (a)2 4 27. Case 1 Case 2
a2 b 4 no 4x 5 7 4x 5 7
x-axis (4x 5) 7 4x 5 7
17. x 2y a 2b 4x 5 7 4x 2
x-axis a 2(b) 4x 12 x 0.5
a 2b no x 3
y-axis (a) 2b {xx 3 or x 0.5}
a 2b no
28. Case 1 Case 2
yx (b) 2(a)
b 2a no x 3 2
11 x 3 2
11
y x (b) 2(a) (x 3) 2
11 x 3 2
11
b 2a no; none x 5
11 x
12
x
6
x 6
{x6
x
12}
95 Chapter 3
29. 32.
f(x) 3x 1 f1(x) f(x) (x 1)2 4 f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) x f(x) x f1(x)
2 7 7 2 3 0 0 3
1 4 4 1 2 3 3 2
0 1 1 0 1 4 4 1
1 2 2 1 0 3 3 0
f (x ) 1 0 0 1
f (x )
f 1(x )
f (x )
f 1(x )
f (x )
O x O x
30. 1
f(x) 4x 5 f1(x)
x f1(x) 33. f(x) (x 2)3 8
x f(x)
5.5 2 y (x 2)3 8
2 5.5 x (y 2)3 8
1 5.25 5.25 1
x 8 (y 2)3
0 5 5 0 3
x8y2
3
1 4.75 4.75 1 y x82
1
f (x)
3
x 8 2; yes
2 4.5 4.5 2
34. f(x) 3(x 7)4
f (x ) y 3(x 7)4
6 x 3(y 7)4
f (x )
4 x
2
3 (y 7)4
x
64 O 2 4 6 x
y 7
4 3
4 1 x
y 7
4
6 f (x ) 3
x
f1(x) 7
; no
3
4
y 1 as x , y 1 as x .
41. an: positive, n: odd
y as x , y as x .
Chapter 3 96
x
42. 52. x 1 y
x1
x
x
y
x 1
x x
1
y 1 ; y1
1 x
x2 1
[5, 5] scl:1 by [20, 10] scl:5 53. x 2 y
x2
decreasing for x
2 and x 1; x2 1
increasing for 2
x
1 x2 x2
y
x 2
43.
x2 x2
1
1 x
2
y
1 2
x x2
no horizontal asymptotes
(x 3)2
54. x 3, y
x2 9
x2 6x 9
[6, 6] scl:1 by [5, 20] scl:5 y
x2 9
decreasing for x
3 and 0
x
3;
x2 6x 9
increasing for 3
x
0 and x 3
x2 x2 x2
44. abs. max.: (2, 1) y
x2 9
x2 x2
45. rel. max.: (0, 4), rel. min.: (2, 0)
6 9
46. f(2.9) 0.029 1 x x
2
f(3) 0 y
9
;y1
f(3.1) 0.031 min. 1 x
2
97 Chapter 3
60a. Page 201 Open-Ended Assessment
x C(x)
1a. Sample answer: x y2
0
x1 0.40
1
x2 0.80 y
2
x3 1.20
3
x4 1.60
4
x5 2.00 O x
5
x6 2.40
3.60
3.20
2.80 1b. Sample answer: y x2
2.40
Cost 2.00 y
(dollars) 1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
0 x
0123456789
O
Time (min)
0.5
2. Sample answer: 2(x 4)2 1
O 0.5 1 t
61b. 1.08 m
Chapter 3 98
3a. Sample answer: 3. Notice that 450 miles is the distance to
y Grandmothers house, not the round trip. This is a
multiple-step problem. First calculate the number
of gallons of gasoline used in each direction of the
trip.
miles
(0, 0)
miles per gallon gallons
O x 450
18 gallons
(2, 1) 25
99 Chapter 3
8. Simplify the expression inside the square root 10. There are two equations and two variables, so this
symbol. Factor 100 from each term. Then factor is a system of equations. First simplify the
the trinomial. equations. Start with the first equation. Divide
100x2
60
0x 9
00
100(x2
6x
9) both sides by 2.
x3 x3 4x 2y 24
10
x2 6
x9 2x y 12
x3 Now simplify the second equation. Multiply both
10
(x 3
)(x
3) sides by 2x.
x3 7y
2x 7
10
(x 3
)2
x3 7y 7(2x)
10(x 3) 7y 14x
x3 Divide both sides by 7.
10 y 2x
The correct choice is B. You need to find the value of x. Substitute 2x for y
9. This is a system of equations. You want to find the in the first equation.
value of c. Start with the first two equations. 2x y 12
Subtract the second equation from the first 2x (2x) 12
equation, so that the result will not contain the 4x 12
variable a. x3
abc The answer is 3.
()[a c 5]
bcc5
b 5
Now substitute this value for b in the third
equation.
bc3
5 c 3
c 8
Column B is greater, since 8
0. The correct
choice is B.
Chapter 3 100
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions
11. 2; x2 14x 49 0
4-1 Polynomial Functions (x 7)(x 7) 0
x70 x70
x7 x7
Pages 209210 Check for Understanding
f (x)
1. A zero is the value of the variable for which a
polynomial function in one variable equals zero. A 60
(0, 49)
root is a solution of a polynomial equation in one
40 f (x ) x 2 14x 49
variable. When a polynomial function is the
related function to the polynomial equation, the 20
zeros of the function are the same as the roots of (7, 0)
the equation. x
O 4 8 12
2. The ordered pair (x, 0) represents the points on
the x-axis. Therefore, the x-intercept of a graph of
a function represents the point where f(x) 0. 12. 3; a3 2a2 8a 0
a(a2 2a 8) 0
3. A complex number is any number in the form
a(a 4)(a 2) 0
a bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is
a0 a40 a20
the imaginary unit. In a pure imaginary number,
a 4 a2
a 0 and b 0. Examples: 2i, 3i;
Nonexamples: 5, 1 i f (a)
30
4. y
f (a)
20
a 2 2a 2 8a
10
(4, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
O x
4 2 O 2 4a
10
13. 4; t4 1 0
5. 3; 1 6. 5; 8 (t2 1)(t2 1) 0
(t 1)(t 1)(t2 1) 0
7. no; f(x) x3 5x2 3x 18
t10 t10 t2 1 0
f(5) (5)3 5(5)2 3(5) 18
t1 t 1 t2 1
f(5) 125 125 15 18
t i
f(5) 33
8. yes; f(x) x3 5x2 3x 18 f (t )
f(6) (6)3 5(6)2 3(6) 18
f(6) 216 180 18 18
f(6) 0
9. (x (5))(x 7) 0 (1, 0) (1, 0)
(x 5)(x 7) 0
O t
x2 2x 35 0; even; 2
f (t ) t 4 1
10. (x 6)(x 2i)(x (2i))(x i) (x (i)) 0
(x 6)(x 2i)(x 2i)(x i)(x i) 0
14a. x2 r2 62 V(x) Bh
(x 6)(x2 4i2)(x2 i2 ) 0
r2 36 x2 V(x) (36 x2)(2x)
(x 6)(x2 4)(x2 1) 0
(x3 6x2 4x 24)(x2 1) 0 14b. V(x) (36 x2)(2x)
x5 6x4 5x3 30x2 4x 24 0; V(x) (36 x2)(2x)
odd; 1 V(x) 72x 2x3
14c. V(x) 72x 2x3
V(4) 72(4) 2(4)3
V(4) 502.65 units3
101 Chapter 4
1
22. No; a1, which is a negative exponent. 37. (x (1))(x 1)(x 4)(x (4)(x 5) 0
a (x 1)(x 1)(x 4)(x 4)(x 5) 0
23. yes; f(a) a4
13a2 12a
(x2 1)(x2 16)(x 5) 0
f(0) (0)4 13(0)2 12(0)
(x4 17x2 16)(x 5) 0
f(0) 0
x 5x 17x3 85x2 16x 80 0; odd; 5
5 4
24. no; f(a) a4 13a2 12a
38. (x (1))(x 1)(x 3)(x (3)) 0
f(1) (1)4 13(1)2 12(1)
(x 1)(x 1)(x 3)(x 3) 0
f(1) 1 13 12
(x2 1)(x2 9) 0
f(1) 24
x4 10x2 9 0
25. yes; f(a) a4 13a2 12a
39. 1; x 8 0 f (x)
f(1) (1)4 13(1)2 12(1)
x 8
f(1) 1 13 12 (0, 8)
f(1) 0
26. yes; f(a) a4 13a2 12a f (x) x 8
f(4) (4)4 13(4)2 12(4)
f(4) 256 208 48
f(4) 0
27. no; f(a) a4 13a2 12a (8, 0) O x
f(3) (3)4 13(3)2 12(3)
f(3) 81 117 36 40. 2; a2 81 0
f(3) 72 (a 9)(a 9) 0
a90 a90
28. yes; f(a) a4 13a2 12a
a9 a 9
f(3) (3)4 13(3)2 12(3)
f(3) 81 117 36 (9, 0) f (a) (9, 0)
f(3) 0 20 10 O 10 20a
29. f(b) b4 3b2 2b 4 20
f(2) (2)4 3(2)2 2(2) 4 2
40 f (a) a 81
f(2) 16 12 4 4
f(2) 12; no 60
30. f(x) x4 4x3 x2 4x
80 (0, 81)
f(1) (1)4 4(1)3 (1)2 4(1)
f(1) 1 4 1 4
41. 2; b2 36 0 f (b)
f(1) 0; yes 80
b2 36
31a. 3; 1 31b. 2; 2 31c. 4; 2 b 6i 60
32. (x ( 2))(x 3) 0 f (b)
(x 2)(x 3) 0 b 2 36 40
x2 x 6 0; even; 2 (0, 36)
20
33. (x (1))(x 1)(x 5) 0
(x 1)(x 1)(x 5) 0
(x2 1)(x 5) 0 4 2 O 2 4b
x3 5x2 x 5 0; odd; 3 42. 3; t3 2t2 4t 8 0
34. (x (2))(x (0.5))(x 4) 0 t2(t 2) 4(t 2) 0
(x 2)(x 0.5)(x 4) 0 (t 2)(t2 4) 0
(x2 2.5x 1)(x 4) 0 (t 2)(t 2)(t 2) 0
x 4x 2.5x2 10x x 4 0
3 2
t20 t20 t20
x3 1.5x2 9x 4 0 t 2 t 2 t2
2x3 3x2 18x 8 0; odd; 3
f (t)
35. (x (3))(x (2i))(x 2i) 0 4
(x 3)(x 2i)(x 2i) 0 (2, 0) (2, 0)
(x 3)(x2 4i2) 0 4 2 O 2 4 t
(x 3)(x2 4) 0 4
x 3x2 4x 12 0; odd; 1
3
Chapter 4 102
43. 3; n3 9n 0 47. 4; 4m4 17m2 4 0
n(n2 9) 0 (4m2 1)(m2 4) 0
n(n 3)(n 3) 0 4m 1 0 m2 4 0
1
n0 n30 n30 m
4 m 4
n3 n 3
m 0.5i m 2i
f (n)
20 f (m)
10
(3, 0) (0, 0) (3, 0)
(0, 4)
4 2 O 2 4n
10 f (m) 4m 4 17m 2 4
f (n ) n 3 9n
20
O m
44. 3; 6c3 3c2 45c 0 48. (u 1)(u2 1) 0
c(6c2 3c 45) 0 (u 1)(u 1)(u 1) 0
c(c 3)(6c 15) 0 u10 u10 u10
c0 c30 6c 15 0 u 1 u 1 u1
c3 c 6
15
f (u)
c 2.5
f (c)
100 (1, 0) (1, 0)
(2.5, 0) 50 O u
(0, 1)
(0, 0) (3, 0)
f (u)
4 2 O 2 4c (u 1)(u 2 1)
50
f (c) 6c 3 y
49a. y 49b.
100 3c 2 45c
45. 4; a4 a2 2 0
(a2 2)(a2 1) 0
(a2 2)(a 1)(a 1) 0
a2 2 0 a10 a10
O x O x
a2 2 a1 a 1
a 2 i
f (a) 49c. y 49d. y
(1, 0) (1, 0)
a O x O x
f (a) O
a 4 a 2 2 (0, 2)
10 (0, 9)
(3, 0)(1, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0)
4 2 O 2 4x
10
f (x)
20
x 4 10x 2 9
103 Chapter 4
50. 56. (x B)(x C) 0
x2 Cx Bx BC 0
x2 (C B)x BC 0
C B B from x2 Bx C 0
BC C
B1
C 1 1
C 2
C 2
[5, 5] sc11 by [2, 8] sc11
Sample answer: 1; 2
50a. 4 50b. 2; 1, 1
x2
50c. There are 4 real roots. However, there is a 57. y
x(x 2)(x 2)
double root at 1 and a double root at 1. 1
58a. Let x the width. The length 2(52 2x) or
51a. V(x) 99,000x3 55,000x2 65,000x
26 x. A(x) x(26 x)
51b. r 0.15 x1r
x 1 0.15 58b. A(x) x(26 x)
x 1.15 A(x) 26x x2
V(x) 99,000x3 55,000x2 65,000x
V(1.15) 99,000(1.15)3 55,000(1.15)2
65,000(1.15)
V(1.15) 150,566.625 72,737.5 74,750
V(1.15) 298,054.125; about $298,054.13
52. 1 and 3 are two of its zeros.
1 1
53a. d(t) 2at2 d(t) 2at2
1 1
d(30) 2(16.4)(30)2 d(60) 2(16.4)(60)2 [5, 30] sc15 by [2, 200] sc120
d(30) 7380 ft d(60) 29,520 ft x 13
1 26 x 26 13
d(t) 2at2 13
1
d(120) 2(16.4)(120)2 13 yd by 13 yd
d(120) 118,080 ft 59. The graph of y 2x3 1 is the graph of y 2x3
shifted 1 unit up.
53b. It quadruples; (2t)2 4t2.
60. (6, 9)
54. Let x the width of the sidewalk.
15 5 15(3) (9)(5)
The length of the pool would be 70 2x feet.
The width of the pool would be 50 2x feet.
61. 9 3
A w 45 45 or 0; no
AB 2 1 3 9
x 55 x5 25
291 18
10
Use x 5 since 55 is an unreasonable solution.
1
5 ft 63. x 4y 9 y
55. Let x the number of pizzas. 4y x 9
(160 16x)(16 0.40x) 4000 1 9
y 4x 4
6.4x2 192x 2560 4000
6.4x2 192x 1440 0
x2 30x 225 0
O x
(x 15)(x 15) 0
x 15 0 x 15 0 x 4y 9
x 15 x 15
16 0.40x 16 0.40(15) 64. Parallel; the lines have the same slope.
$10
Chapter 4 104
65. [f g](x) f(g(x)) Completing the Square
1
f 2x 6 x2 4x 5 0
x2 4x 5
1
x 6 2 4 x 4x 4 5 4
2
2
1
x2 6x 36 4 (x 2)2 9
4
x 2 3
1
x2 6x 32
4 x23 x 2 3
[g f ](x) g( f(x)) x1 x 5
Quadratic Formula
g(x2 4)
1 4
42 4
(1)(5)
2(x2 4) 6 x
2(1)
1 4 36
2x2 2 6 x 2
1
2x2 4 4 6
x 2
66. Let x the number of cars represented by each x 2 3
picture of a car. x 2 3 x 2 3
2x 270 x1 x 5
x 135 See students work.
The correct choice is A.
5. x2 8x 20 0
x2 8x 20
x2 8x 16 20 16
(x 4)2 36
4-2 Quadratic Equations x 4 6
x46 x 4 6
Pages 218219 Check for Understanding x2 x 10
1. Add 4 to each side of the equation to get t2 6t 6. 2a2 11a 21 0
11 21
4. Determine the value needed to make t2 6t a2 2a 2 0
a perfect square trinomial. Add this value (9) to 11 21
each side. Take the square root of each side of the a2 2a 2
11 121 21 121
equation and solve the two resulting equations. a2 2a 1
6 2 16
t 3 13
2. Quadratic Formula; Since the leading coefficient a 1412 21869
11 17
does not equal 1 and the discriminant equals 185 a 4 4
which is not a perfect square, the Quadratic 11 17 11 17
Formula would be the best way to get an exact a 4 4 a 4 4
3
answer. Completing the square can also be used, a 2 a 7
but errors in arithmetic are more likely. A graph 7. b2 4ac 4(1)(36)
122
will give only approximate solutions. 0; 1 real
13
(13)2 4(
5)(7)
p
2(5) m 12
0
2(1)
13 29
12
p
10
m 2 or 6
3a. equals 0 3b. negative number 8. b2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(13)
3c. positive number 16; 2 imaginary
4. Graphing (6) 16
t
2(1)
f (x ) f (x ) 2
6 4i
x 2 4x 54
3 2i
(5, 0) (1, 0)
9. p2 6p 5 0
6 4 2 O 2x
(p 5)(p 1) 0
4
p50 p10
8 p5 p1
10. r2 4r 10 0
(4)
(4)2
4(1
)(10)
r
2(1)
Factoring
4 24
x2 4x 5 0 r
2
(x 5)(x 1) 0 4 2i6
r
x50 x10 2
x 5 x1 r 2 i6
105 Chapter 4
11. P 12I 0.02I 2 17. t2 3t 7 0
1600 12I 0.02I 2 t2 3t 7
0.02I 2 12I 1600 0 9
t2 3t 4 7 4
9
I 2 600I 80,000 0 3 2
(I 200)(I 400) 0 t
2
37
4
I 200 0 I 400 0 3 37
t 2
2
I 200 amps I 400 amps 3 37
t 2
2
1 2
18. 2 4
1
Pages 219221 Exercises
12. z2 2z 24 0 19. b2 4ac (6)2 4(4)(25)
z2 2z 24 364
z2 2z 1 24 1 2 imaginary; the discriminant is negative.
(z 1)2 25 20. b2 4ac 72 4(6)(3) or 121; 2 real
z 1 5 m
7 121
2(6)
z15 z 1 5 7 11
z6 z 4 m
12
3 1
13. p2 3p 88 0 m 2, 3
p2 3p 88
9 9 21. b2 4ac (5)2 4(1)(9) or 11; 2 imaginary
p2 3p 4 88 4 5 11
s
3 2
p 2
361
4
2(1)
5 i11
3 19 3 19 s
2
p
2 2 p 2 2
22. b2 4ac (84)2 4(36)(49) or 0; 1 real
p 11 p 8 84 0
14. x2 10x 21 0 d
2(36)
84 7
x2 10x 21 d or
72 6
x2 10x 25 21 25
(x 5)2 4 23. b2 4ac (2)2 4(4)(9) or 140; 2 imaginary
2 140
x 5 2 x
2(4)
x52 x 5 2 2 2i35
x7 x3 x
8
1 i35
3 1 x
15. d2 4d 8 0 4
3 1 24. 3p2 4p 8
d2 4d 8
3p2 4p 8 0
3 9 1 9
d2 4d 6
4 8 64
b2 4ac 42 4(3)(8) or 112; 2 real
4 112
d 382 614 p
2(3)
4 47
3
d 8 8
1 p
6
2 27
3
d 8 8
1 3
d 8 8
1
p
3
d
1
d
1
25. 2k2 5k 9
2 4
2k2 5k 9 0
16. 3g2 12g 4 b2 4ac 52 4(2)(9) or 97; 2 real
4
g2 4g 3 k
5 97
2(2)
4
g2 4g 4 3 4 k
5 97
4
8
(g 2)2 3 26. 7 i5
27. 5 2i
26
g2 3 28. s
b
b2 4ac
2a
26
g 2 5
(5)2
4(3)(9)
3 s
2(3)
5 83
s
6
5 i83
s
6
Chapter 4 106
29. x2 3x 28 0 35. b2 4ac 0
(x 7)(x 4) 0 82 4(1)(c) 0
x70 x40 64 4c 0
x7 x 4 4c 64
30. 4w2 19w 5 0 c
16
(4w 1)(w 5) 0 36a. A bh
4w 1 0 w50 A 12(16)
4w 1 w 5 A 192
1 1
w 4 (12 2x)(16 2x) 2(192)
31. 4r2 r 5 (12 2x)(16 2x) 96
4r2 r 5 0 36b. (12 2x)(16 2x) 96
(4r 5)(r 1) 0 192 56x 4x2 96
4r 5 0 r10 4x2 56x 96 0
4r 5 r 1 x2 14x 24 0
5
r 4 f (x)
b
b2 4ac 20
32. p
2a
2 22 4
(1)(8) 10
p
2(1)
2 28
p
2 O x
10 20
2 2i7 10
p
2
f (x )
p 1 i7
20 x 2 14x 24
26 (26 )
2 4(
1)(2)
33. x
2(1) 36c. roots: 2, 12
32
26
x 12 2x 12 2(2) or 8
2
42
26
16 2x 16 2(2) or 12
x
2 8 ft by 12 ft
x 6 22 12 2x 12 2(12) or 12
34a. P 0.01A2 0.05A 107 16 2x 16 2(12) or 8
P 0.01(25)2 0.05(25) 107
P 6.25 1.25 107 1 d (t)
37a. d(t) v0t 2gt2
P 114.5 mm Hg 1
d(t) 5t 2(32)t2 O t
34b. P 0.01A2 0.05A 107
125 0.01A2 0.05A 107 d(t) 5t 16t2
0 0.01A2 0.05A 18
b b2 4
ac
d (t) 5t 16t 2
A
2a
0.05 0.052 18)
4(0.01)(
A
2(0.01)
0.05 0.722
5
A
0.02 37b. 0 and about 0.3
0.05 0.722
5 0.05 0.722
5 37c. The x-intercepts indicate when the woman is at
A
0.02 or A
0.02
the same height as the beginning of the jump.
A 40 A 45
37d. d(t) 5t 16t2
40 years old
50 5t 16t2
34c. P
150 37e. 50 5t 16t2
125 16t2 5t 50 0
b b2 4ac
100 P t
2a
2
75 0.01A 0.05A 107 5 (5) 2 0)
4(16)(5
t
2(16)
50
5 3225
25 t
32
5 3225
5 3225
O 25 50 75 100 A t
32 t
32
107 Chapter 4
38. ax2 bx c 0 The Remainder and Factor
b
x2 ax a 0
c 4-3
Theorems
b c
x2 ax a
2 2 Page 226 Check for Understanding
x2 ax 2a a 2a
b b c b
1. The Remainder Theorem states that if a
2
x 2ba ac 4ba
2
2 polynomial P(x) is divided by x r, the remainder
2 4ac b is P(r). If a division problem has a remainder of 0,
x 2ba
2
4a 2 then the divisor is a factor of the dividend. This
b
b2 4ac leads to the Factor Theorem which states that the
x
2a
2a
binomial x r is a factor if and only if P(r) 0.
b
b2 4
ac
x 2a
2a 2. (x3 4x2 7x 8) (x 5); x2 x 2; 2
b b2 4
ac 3. The degree of a polynomial is one more than the
x
2a
degree of its depressed polynomial.
39. 2; 18a2 3a 1 0 4. Isabel; if f(3) 0, then (x (3)) or (x 3) is a
(3a 1)(6a 1) 0 factor.
3a 1 0 6a 1 0
5. 2 1 1 4 6. 5 1 1 17 15
3a 1 6a 1
1 1 2 2 5 20 15
a 3 a 6 1 1 6 1 4 3 0
f (a) x 1, R6 x2 4x 3
7. f(x) x2 2x 15
f(3) (3)2 2(3) 15
f (a)
9 6 15 or 0; yes
18a 2 3a 1
8. f(x) x4 x2 2
f(3) (3)4 (3)2 2
81 9 2 or 92; no
O a
9. f(x) x3 5x2 x 5 1 1 5 1 5
f(1) (1)3 5(1)2 1 5 1 4 5
40. y 1 5 1 5 or 0 1 4 5 0
x y
x 1 is a factor x2 4x 5 (x 5)(x 1)
2 0
(x 5), (x 1), (x 1)
1 1
10. f(x) x3 6x2 11x 6
0 2 x f(1) (1)3 6(1)2 11(1) 6
O
1 1 1 6 11 6 or 0
y |x | 2 1 1 6
2 0 11 6
1 5 6
1 5 6 0
41. f(x) (x 9)2 x 1 is a factor x2 5x 6 (x 2)(x 3)
y (x 9)2 (x 1), (x 2), (x 3)
x (y 9)2 11. 1 1 0 7 k 6k2
x y 9 1 1 6 k 4
y x 9 1 1 6 6k
f1(x) x 9
12a. 12 12b. 12 12c. 11
42. 3x 4y 375 3x 4y 375
12d. f(x) x7 x9 x12 2x2
2(5x 2y) 2(345) 10x 4y 690
x12 x9 x7 2x2
7x 315
x(x11 x8 x6 2x)
x 45
x2(x10 x7 x5 2)
3x 4y 375 x, x2, x11 x8 x6 2x, or x10 x7 x5 2
3(45) 4y 375
13. h r 4 V r2h
y 60 (45, 60)
V r2(r 4)
619 595 619 x
43. m
12
5 r2(r 4)
350 300 25 350 400
24 5 r3 4r2
m
50 15,475 25x 600 0 r3 4r2 5
m
12
x $643 0 (r3 4r2 5)
25
1 1 4 0 5
44. 3y 8x 12 1 5 5
3y 8x 12 1 5 5 0
8
y 3x 4; 3 r10 hr4
45. x2 x 20 (x 5)(x 4) r 1 in. h 1 4 or 5 in.
The correct choice is A.
Chapter 4 108
Pages 226228 Exercises 31. 4 1 5 2 8
14. 7 1 20 91 15. 3 1 9 27 28 4 4 8
7 91 3 18 27 1 1 2 0
1 13 0 1 6 9 1 x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1)
x 13 x2 6x 9, R 1 (x 4), (x 2), (x 1)
16. 2 1 1 0 0 1 32. 2 1 2 4 8
2 6 12 24 2 0 8
1 3 6 12 23 1 0 4 0
x3 3x2 6x 12, R23 x2 4 (x 2)(x 2)
(x 2), (x 2), (x 2)
17. 2 1 0 8 0 16
2 4 8 16 33. 1 1 4 1 4
1 2 4 8 0 1 5 4
x3 2x2 4x 8 1 5 4 0
x2 5x 4 (x 1)(x 4)
18. 1 3 2 5 4 2
(x 1), (x 1), (x 4)
3 5 10 14
3 5 10 14 12 34. 1 1 3 3 1
1 2 1
3x3 5x2 10x 14, R12
1 2 1 0
19. 1 2 0 2 3
x2 2x 1 (x 1)(x 1)
2 2 0
(x 1), (x 1), (x 1)
2 2 0 3
2x2 2x, R 3 35. 2 1 0 9 0 24 0 16
2 4 10 20 8 16
20. f(x) x2 2 21. f(x) x5 32
1 2 5 10 4 8 0
f(1) (1)2 2 f(2) (2)5 32
x5 2x4 5x3 10x2 4x 8
1 2 or 1; no 32 32 or 0;
2 1 2 5 10 4 8
yes
2 8 6 8 8
22. f(x) x4 6x2 8 1 4 3 4 4 0
f(2 ) (2 )4 6(2 )2 8 x4 4x3 3x2 4x 4
4 12 8 or 0; yes 2 1 4 3 4 4
23. f(x) x3 x 6 2 12 30 52
f(2) (2)3 2 6 1 6 15 26 56
8 2 6 or 12; no 2 times
24. f(x) 4x3 4x2 2x 3 36. 1 1 2 1 2
f(1) 4(1)3 4(1)2 2(1) 3 1 1 2
4 4 2 3 or 13; no 1 1 2 0
25. f(x) 2x3 3x2 x x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1)
f(1) 2(1)3 3(1)2 1 1 time; 2, 1
2 3 1 or 0; yes 37. f(x) 2x3 x2 x k
26a-d. f(1) 2(1)3 (1)2 1 k
r 1 3 2 8 0211k
1 1 4 2 6 2 k
1 1 2 4 4 38. f(x) x3 kx2 2x 4
2 1 5 8 8 f(2) (2)3 k(2)2 2(2) 4
2 1 1 4 0 0 8 4k 4 4
d
0 4k 8
27. (6)4 36 36 36 or 0 2k
28. 1 1 7 1 7 39. f(x) x3 18x2 kx 4
1 6 7 f(2) (2)3 18(2)2 k(2) 4
1 6 7 0 0 8 72 2k 4
x2 6x 7 (x 1)(x 7) 0 2k 68
(x 1)(x 1)(x 7) 34 k
29. 2 1 1 4 4 40. f(x) x3 4x2 kx 1
2 6 4 f(1) (1)3 4(1)2 k(1) 1
1 3 2 0 0 1 4 k 1
x2 3x 2 (x 1)(x 2) 0k4
(x 2), (x 1), (x 2) 4 k
30. 1 1 1 49 49
1 0 49
1 0 49 0
x2 49 (x 7)(x 7)
(x 1), (x 7), (x 7)
109 Chapter 4
1 44b. V (x )
41. d(t) v0t 2at2 25O
1
25 4t 2(0.4)t2
20O
0 0.2t2 4t 25
5 0.2 4 25 15O
1 25 V (x )
0.2 5 0 10O 2x 3 38x 2 180x
t50
50
t5s
42. 1 1 1 7 a b
O 4 8 12 x
1 2 5 5 a
1 2 5 5 a 5 a b 44c. V(x) 2x 38x 180x
3 2
224 2x3 38x2 180x
2 1 2 5 5 a 5 a b
2 0 10 10 2a 44d. 224 2x3 38x2 180x
1 0 5 5 a 15 a b 0 2x3 38x2 180x 224
5 a b 0 5 a b 0 0 x3 19x2 90x 112
15 a b 0 5 a 10 0 2 1 19 90 112
20 2b 0 a50 2 34 112
2b 20 a 5 1 17 56 0 2 in.
b 10 45. P(3 4i) 0 and P(3 4i) 0 implies that these
43a. V(x) (3 x)(4 x)(5 x) are both roots of ax2 bx c. Since this
V(x) (12 7x x2)(5 x) polynomial is of degree 2 it has only these two
V(x) x3 12x2 47x 60 roots.
x 3 4i
43b. V (x )
x 3 4i
(x 3)2 16
V (x )
x 6x 9 16
2
x 3 12x 2 47x 60
x2 6x 25 0
O x a 1, b 6, c 25
46. r2 5r 8 0
r2 5r 8
25 25
r 5r 4 8 4
2
2
43c. V w h r 52 57
4
V 3 4 5 or 60 5 57
3 3
V (60)
r 2
2
5 5
5 57
36 r 2 2
V(x) x3 12x2 47x 60 47a. f(x) x4 4x3 x2 4x
36 x3 12x2 47x 60 f(2) (2)4 4(2)3 (2)2 4(2)
43d. 36 x3 12x2 47x 60 f(2) 16 32 4 8 or 12; no
0 x3 12x2 47x 24 47b. f(0) (0)4 4(0)3 (0)2 4(0)
f(0) 0 0 0 0 or 0; yes
47c. f(2) (2)4 4(2)3 (2)2 4(2)
f(2) 16 32 4 8 or 36; no
47d. f(4) (4)4 4(4)3 (4)2 4(4)
f(4) 256 256 16 16 or 0; yes
48. f(x) x5 32
Chapter 4 110
50. Let x number of 100 foot units of Pipe A and y
number of 100 foot units of Pipe B. 4-4 The Rational Root Theorem
4x 6y 48
2x 2y 18
2x 2y 18 y 2x y 16
2x y 16 (0, 8) Page 232 Graphing Calculator Exploration
(3, 6) 4x 6y 48
x0 1. 3; 1, 1, 2
y0 2. 2; 1, 2
x0 (7, 2) 3. (1) 1 positive;
f(x) (x)4 4(x)3 3(x)2 4(x) 4
f(x) x4 4x3 3x2 4x 4; 3 or 1
(2) 1 positive; f(x) (x)3 3(x) 2
O (0, 0) y 0 (8, 0) x
f(x) x3 3x 2; 2 or 0
P(x, y) 34x 40y 4. In the first function, there are 2 negative zeros,
P(0, 0) 34(0) 40(0) or 0 but according to Descartes Rule of Signs, there
P(0, 8) 34(0) 40(8) or 320 should be 3 or 1 negative zeros. This is because
P(3, 6) 34(3) 40(6) or 342 the 2 is a double zero. In the second function,
P(7, 2) 34(7) 40(2) or 318 there is one negative zero, but according to
P(8, 0) 34(8) 40(0) or 272 Descartes Rule of Signs, there should be 2 or 0
3 100 foot units of A, or 300 ft of A zeros. This is because 1 is a double root.
6 100 foot units of B, or 600 ft of B 5. One number represents two zeros of the function.
51. 4x 2y 3z 6 4x 2y 3z 6
2x 7y 3z 2x 7y 3z 0
3x 9y 13 2z 3x 9y 2z 13 Page 233 Check for Understanding
4x 2y 3z 6
1. possible values of p:
1,
2,
3,
6
2x 7y 3z 0
possible values of q:
1
6x 9y 6
possible rational roots:
1,
2,
3,
6
2(2x 7y 3z) 2(0)
3(3x 9y 2z) 3(13) 2. If the leading coefficient is 1, then q must equal 1.
p p
Therefore, q becomes 1 or p, and p is defined as a
4x 14y 6z 0 factor of an.
9x 27y 6z 39 3. Sample answer: f(x) x3 x2 x 3;
5x 13y 39 f(x) (x)3 (x)2 (x) 3
5(6x 9y) 5(6) f(x) x3 x2 x 3; 0
6(5x 13y) 6(39) 3 or 1 possible positive zeros and no possible
negative zeros
30x 45y 30 4. Sample answer: You can factor the polynomial,
30x 78y 234 graph the function, complete the square, or use
33y 204 the Quadratic Formula if it is a second-degree
68 function, or use the Factor Theorem and the
y 11
Rational Root Theorem. I would factor the
6x 9y 6 4x 2y 3z 6 polynomial if it can be factored easily. If not and it
6x 9 6 211 3z 6
68 91 68
4(11) is a second-degree function, I would use the
11
546 294 Quadratic Formula. Otherwise, I would graph the
6x 1
1 3z 11
function on a graphing utility and use the
91 98
x 11 z 11 Rational Root Theorem to find the exact zeros.
111 Chapter 4
6. p:
1,
3 Pages 234235 Exercises
q:
1,
2 p
P 1 3 10.
q:
1,
2,
3,
6
:
q
1,
3,
2,
2
r 1 2 5 6
r 2 3 8 3
1 1 3 2 8
1 2 5 3 0
2 1 4 3 0
1 2 1 9 12
1
2 4 6 0 x2 4x 3 0
2
(x 3)(x 1) 0
1
2 2 2 6 1.5 x 3, x 1
rational roots: 3, 1, 2
3 2 9 19 60
p
3 2 3 1 0 11. :
q
1,
2,
3,
6,
9,
18
1
rational roots: 3, 2, 1 r 1 2 1 18
7. 2 or 0; f(x) 8(x)3 6(x)2 23(x) 6 1 1 3 4 14
f(x) 8x3 6x2 23x 6; 1 2 1 4 9 0
p 1 3 1 3 1 3
:
q
1,
2,
3,
6,
2,
2,
4,
4,
8,
8
x2 4x 9 0
r 8 6 23 6 does not factor
rational root: 2
1 8 2 21 15
p
2 8 10 3 0 12. :
q
1,
2
8x2 10x 3 0 r 1 5 9 7 2
(4x 1)(2x 3) 0 1 1 4 5 2 0
4x 1 0 2x 3 0
4x 1 2x 3 x3 4x2 5x 2
1 3 1
x 4 x 2 or 12 r 1 4 5 2
1 1
12, 4, 2 2 1 2 1 0
Chapter 4 112
15. p:
1 20. 2 or 0 positive
q:
1,
2,
3,
6 f(x) 10x3 17x2 7x 2
p 1 1 1 1 negative
:
q
1,
2,
3,
6
r 10 17 7 2
r 6 35 1 7 1 1
2 10 22 4 0
1
6 38 18 2 0
2
10x2 22x 4 0
5x2 11x 2 0
6x3 38x2 18x 2
(5x 1)(x 2) 0
1
r 6 38 18 2 x 5, x 2
1 1
3
1
6 36 6 0 rational zeros: 2, 5, 2
21. 2 or 0 positive
6x2 36x 6 0 f(x) x4 2x3 9x2 2x 8
x2 6x 1 0 2 or 0 negative
does not factor
1 1 r 1 2 9 2 8
rational roots: 3, 2
1 1 3 6 8 0
16. 4; 3 or 1; x3 3x2 6x 8
f(x) (x)4 2(x)3 7(x) 4(x) 15
f(x) x4 2x3 7x 4x 15; 1 negative r 1 3 6 8
1 positive 1 1 2 8 0
17. f(x) x3 7x 6 x2 2x 8 0
0 or 2 negative (x 4)(x 2) 0
x 4, x 2
r 1 0 7 6 rational zeros: 4, 1, 1, 2
1 1 1 6 12 22. 2 or 0 positive
1 1 1 6 0 f(x) x4 5x2 4
x2 x 6 0 2 or 0 negative
(x 3)(x 2) 0 r 1 0 5 0 4
x 3, x 2 1 1 1 4 4 0
rational zeros: 2, 1, 3
18. 1 positive x3 x2 4x 4
f(x) x3 2x2 8 r 1 1 4 4
1 negative 1 1 0 4 0
f(x) x3 2x2 8x
x2 4 0
0 x(x2 2x 8)
(x 2)(x 2) 0
x(x 4)(x 2)
x 2, x 2
x 0, x 4, x 2
rational zeros: 2, 1, 1, 2
rational zeros: 2, 0, 4
23a. f(x) (x 2)(x 2)(x 1)2
19. 1 positive
0 (x 2)(x 2)(x 1)2
f(x) x3 3x2 10x 24
x20 x20 (x 1)2 0
2 or 0 negative
x2 x 2 x10
r 1 3 10 24 x 1
3 1 6 8 14 23b. f(x) (x 2)(x 2)(x 1)2
f(x) (x2 4)(x2 2x 1)
x2 6x 8 0 f(x) x4 2x3 3x2 8x 4
(x 4)(x 2) 0 23c. 1 positive
x 4, x 2 f(x) x4 2x3 3x2 8x 4
rational zeros: 4, 2, 3 3 or 1 negative
23d. There are 2 negative zeros, but according to
Descartes Rule of Signs, there should be 3 or 1.
This is because 1 is actually a zero twice.
24a. Let the length.
w4
h 2 1
V() w h
V() ( 4)(2 1)
V() (2 4)(2 1)
V() 23 92 4
113 Chapter 4
2x 3 3x
24b. V() 23 92 4 33. 2
x
2208 23 92 4
2(2x 3) x(3 x)
24c. 2208 23 92 4 4x 6 3x x2
0 23 92 4 2208 x2 x 6 0
(x 3)(x 2) 0
r 2 9 4 2208
x30 x20
12 2 15 184 0
x 3 x2
12 w4 h 2 1 The correct choice is A.
w 12 4 or 8 h 2(12) 1 or 23
12 in. 8 in. 23 in.
25a. Sample answer: x4 x3 x2 x 3 0 Page 235 Mid-Chapter Quiz
25b. Sample answer: x3 x2 2 0 1. (x 1)(x (1))(x 2i)(x (2i)) 0
25c. Sample answer: x3 x 0 (x 1)(x 1)(x 2i)(x 2i) 0
26a. Let the length. (x2 1)(x2 4) 0
h9 x4 3x2 4 0
1
V() 3Bh 2. 3; x 11x 30x 0
3 2
(x2 1)(x2 4) 0
x4 5x2 4 0 r 1 6 10 3
32. y 4.3x 8424.3 3 1 3 1 0
y 4.3(2008) 8424.3 x2 3x 1 0
y $210.10 does not factor
rational root: 3
Chapter 4 114
9. 1 positive 4. Nikki; the sign changes between 2 and 1.
F(x) x4 4x3 3x2 4x 4 5. r 1 4 2
3 or 1 negative
2 1 6 10
r 1 4 3 4 4 1
0
1
1
5
4
2
3
1 1 5 8 4 0
1 1 3 5
x3 5x2 8x 4 0 2 1 2 6
3 1 1 5
r 1 5 8 4
1 1 4 4 0
4
5
1
1
0
1
2
3
4 and 5, 1 and 0
x2 4x 4 0
(x 2)(x 2) 0 6. r 1 3 2 4
x 2, x 2
rational zeros: 2, 1, 1
2
1
1
1
5
4
8
2
12
2
10. Let r radius. 0 1 3 2 4
hr6 1 1 2 4 0
1
V 3r2h 2 1 1 4 4
1
27 3r2(r 6)
3
4
1
1
0
1
2
2
2
12
1
0 r3 2r2 27 2 and 1, at 1, 3 and 4
3
0 r3 6r2 81 7. r 2 4 0 3
0 2 4 0 3
r 1 6 0 81 1 2 2 2 5
3 1 9 27 0 2 2 0 0 3
r3 hr6 3 2 2 6 15
h 3 6 or 9 approximate zero: 2.3
r 3 cm, h 9 cm 8. r 1 3 2
2 1 1 0
1 1 2 0
115 Chapter 4
11b. V w h 1.5V 1.5(3750) 17. r 2 0 1 3 3
V 25(30)(5) 1.5V 5625 3 2 6 19 60 183
V 3750 2 2 4 9 21 45
V(x) x3 60x2 1025x 3750
1 2 2 3 6 9
5625 x3 60x2 1025x 3750
0 2 0 1 3 3
11c. 5625 x3 60x2 1025x 3750
0 x3 60x2 1025x 1875 1 2 2 3 0 3
r 1 60 1025 1875 2 2 4 9 16 35
1
2
1
1
61
62
1086
1149
789
423
no real zeros
18. r 6 24 54 3
x 1.7 6 6 12 18 111
25 x 25 1.7 30 x 30 1.7 5 6 6 24 117
26.7 31.7 yes; f(6) 111, f(5) 117
5 x 5 1.7 1925. Use the TABLE feature of a graphing
6.7 calculator.
about 26.7 cm by 31.7 cm by 6.7 cm
19. 0.7, 0.7 20. 2.6, 0.4
21. 2.5 22. 0.4, 3.4
23. 1, 1 24. 1.3, 0.9, 7.4
Pages 240242 Exercises
25. 1.24
12. r 1 0 0 2
1 1 1 1 3 26. Sample answers:
0 1 0 0 2 r 3 2 5 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 5
upper bound: 1
2 1 2 4 6
f(x) 3x3 2x2 5x 1
3 1 3 9 25 r 3 2 5 1
1 and 2 0 3 2 5 1
13. r 2 5 1 lower bound: 0
1 2 7 8 27. Sample answers:
0
1
2
2
5
3 2
1
r
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
4
2 1
upper bound: 2
1 1
Chapter 4 116
29. Sample answers: 32f. 1.4, 3.4 (Use TABLE feature of a graphing
r 1 5 3 20 calculator.)
1 1 6 3 17 33a. 1890: P(0) 0.78(0)4 133(0)3 7500(0)2
2 1 7 11 2 147,500(0) 1,440,000
upper bound: 2 1,440,000
f(x) x3 5x2 3x 20 1910: P(20) 0.78(20)4 133(20)3 7500(20)2
r 1 5 3 20 147,500(20) 1,440,000
1 1 4 7 13 2,329,200
2 1 3 9 2 1930: P(40) 0.78(40)4 133(40)3 7500(40)2
3 1 2 9 7 147,500(40) 1,440,000
4 1 1 7 8 1,855,200
5 1 0 3 5 1950: P(60) 0.78(60)4 133(60)3 7500(60)2
6 1 1 3 38 147,500(60) 1,440,000
lower bound: 6 1,909,200
30. Sample answers: 1970: P(80) 0.78(80)4 133(80)3 7500(80)2
r 1 3 2 3 5 147,500(80) 1,440,000
1 1 2 4 1 6 1,387,200
2 1 1 4 5 15 The model is fairly close, although it is less
3 1 0 2 3 14 accurate at for 1950 and 1970.
4 1 1 2 11 39 33b. 1980 1890 90
upper bound: 4
P(90) 0.78(90)4 133(90)3 7500(90)2
f(x) x4 3x3 2x2 3x 5
147,500(90) 1,440,000
r 1 3 2 3 5
P(90) 253,800
1 1 4 2 1 6
2 1 5 8 13 21 33c. The population becomes 0.
lower bound: 2 33d. No; there are still many people living in
31. Sample answers: Manhattan.
r 1 5 3 20 0 15 34. Sample answer:
1 1 6 3 23 23 8 f(x) (x 2 )(x 2)(x 1)
upper bound: 1 f(x) (x2 2)(x 1)
f(x) x5 5x4 3x3 20x2 15 f(x) x3 x2 2x 2; 2 , 1
r 1 5 3 20 0 15 f (x )
1 1 4 7 27 27 8
2 1 3 9 38 76 137 f (x ) x 3
3 1 2 9 47 141 408 x 2 2x 2
4 1 1 7 48 192 753
5 1 0 3 35 175 860 O x
6 1 1 3 2 12 57
7 1 2 11 57 399 2808
lower bound: 7
32a. 4 32b.
1,
5 35a. 37.44 60x3 60x2 60x
32c. 3 or 1; f(x) x4 3x3 2x2 3x 5 35b. f(x) 60x3 60x2 60x 37.44
1 negative real zero
35c. f (x )
32d. r 1 3 2 3 5 f (x ) 4O
5 1 2 8 43 210 60x 3 60x 2 60x 37.44
4
3
1
1
1
0 2
2 11
3
39
14
2O
2 1 1 4 5 15 2 1 O 1 2x
1 1 2 4 1 6 20
0 1 3 2 3 5
40
1
2
1
1
4
5
2
8 13
1
6
21 1
3 1 6 16 45 130 about 2
2 and 1, 3 and 4 35d. 0.4 (Use TABLE feature of a graphing
32e. Sample answers: calculator.)
upper bound: 4 (See table in 32d.) 36. Sample answer: f(x) x2 1
f(x) x4 3x3 2x2 3x 5
r 1 3 2 3 5
1 1 4 2 1 6
2 1 5 8 13 21
lower bound: 2
117 Chapter 4
37a. f (x ) f (x )
0.125x 5 3.125x 4 4000
42. 73 96 7(6) 3(9) or 15
100,000 3 8 2 4
43. (x, y) 2, 2
80,000
(2.5, 1)
60,000 44. x 2y 4 0
40,000 1 1
y 2x 2; 2; 2
2O,000
45.
A
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 x
b 5 (b 5)(b 3) b 3 (b 5)(b 3)
9
3
9(b 3) 3(b 5)
O x 9b 27 3b 15
y x 4x 1 6b 42 0
b7
Chapter 4 118
t4 3 16
7.
t t4
t2 4t
Pages 247250 Exercises
t4 16 12
t
3
(t)(t 4)
t4
t2 4t (t)(t 4)
12. t 8
t 0
(t 4)(t 4) 3(t) 16 12
t 8 t
t (0)t
t2 16 3t 16 12 t2 8t 0
t2 3t 0 t2 8t 12 0
t(t 3) 0 (t 6)(t 2) 0
t0 t30 t60 t20
t 3 t6 t2
But t 0, so t 3.
1 m 34
3p 1 3p 1 13.
m
2m2
8.
p2 1
(p 1)(p 1) m 34
3p 1
A B m12m2 2m 2m
2
2
p1 p1
p2 1
m2 34m 2m2
3p 1 A(p 1) B(p 1) 0 m2 34m
Let p 1. 0 m(m 34)
3(1) 1 A(1 1) B(1 1) m0 m 34 0
2 2B m 34
1B But m 0, so m 34.
Let p 1.
2 3 y
3(1) 1 A(1 1) B(1 1) 14.
y2 y
y2
4 2A y
2A
y 2 y ( y)(y 2) y 2 (y)( y 2)
2
3
3p 1
2 1 2y 3( y 2) y2
p1 p1
p2 1
5y 6 y2
1 16
9. 5 x x; exclude: 0 y2 5y 6 0
( y 3)(y 2) 0
5x 1 16 y30 y20
5x 15 y 3 y 2
x3 But y 2, so y 3.
1 16
Test x 1: 5
(1) (1)
10 2n 5 2n 5
15.
n2 1
n1 n1
4 16 true 2n 5 2n 5
Test x 1: 5 1 1
1 16
n 1 n 1 (n 1)(n 1) n 1 (n 1)(n 1)
10
2
6 6 false
5 7
2(a 1) (12)(a 1)(a 1)
3a
Test a 36: 1
36 1 6
4(a 1)7a 3(a 1)5 6(a 1)3a
1 7
1 7 6 28a2 28a 15a 15 18a2 18a
48 49 10a2 25a 15 0
true
42 42 2a2 5a 3 0
Solution: a 1, a
31 (2a 1)(a 3) 0
3 60 20 2a 1 0 a30
11a.
3x 57.14 1
a 2 a3
3 60 20
11b.
3x 57.14
3 60 20 57.14(3 x)
200 171.42 57.14x
0.50 x; 0.50 h
119 Chapter 4
1 a
1 x6 x6
1a a1
18.
23.
x2 2x x(x 2)
1(1 a)(a 1) (1 a)(a 1)
1 a
x6
1a a1 A B
x2 2x x x2
a 1 a2 a a 1 a(1 a) x 6 A(x 2) B(x)
a2 2a 1 a2 2a 1 Let x 2.
00 2 6 A(2 2) B(2)
all reals except 1 4 2B
2q 2q
1 2 B
19. 2q 3 2q 3 Let x 0.
2q 2q
(2q 3)(2q 3) 1(2q 3)(2q 3)
2q 3 2q 3
0 6 A(0 2) B(0)
6 2A
2q(2q 3) 2q(2q 3) (2q 3)(2q 3)
3A
4q2 6q 4q2 6q 4q2 9 x6 2
0 4q2 12q 9 3
x 2x
2 x x2
12 144
9)
4(4)(
q
2
4 5m 4 5m 4
24.
12 288
m2 4 (m 2)(m 2)
5m 4
8 A B
12 122 m2 4 m2 m2
8 5m 4 A(m 2) B(m 2)
3 32 Let m 2.
2 5(2) 4 A(2 2) B(2 2)
1 6m 9 3m 3 6 4B
20.
3m 3m 4m 1.5 B
31m 6m 9
(12m)
3m
(12m)
3m 3
4m
Let m 2.
4 4(6m 9) 3(3m 3) 5(2) 4 A(2 2) B(2 2)
4 24m 36 9m 9 14 4A
15m 23 3.5 A
5m 4 3.5 1.5
m 2135 m 4
2 m2 m2
4y 4y
21. 4 7
3 25.
x1 2x x1 3y2 4y 1 (3y 1)(y 1)
4y A B
4
(x 1)(2 x)(x
x1
1)
7
2x
3
x1
3y2 4y 1 3y 1 y1
4y A(y 1) B(3y 1)
(x 1)(2 x)(x 1)
Let y 1.
4(2 x)(x 1) 7(x 1)(x 1)
4(1) A(1 1) B(3(1) 1)
3(x 1)(2 x)
4 2B
4(x2 x 2) 7(x2 1)
2 B
3(x2 3x 2)
4x2 4x 8 4x2 9x 13 Let y 13.
5 13x 413 A13 1 B313 1
5
x
13 43 23A
22a. (n 1)(n 2) 22b. 1, 2
2A
n6 4 4y 2
22c. 1
n1 n2
2
3y2 4y 1 3y 1 y1
1 (n 1)(n 2) (n 1)(n 2)
n6
n1
4
n2 26. 9 9x
9 9x
x2 9 (x 3)(x 3)
(n 1)(n 2) (n 2)(n 6) 4(n 1) 9 9x A B
n2 n 2 n2 4n 12 4n 4
x2 9 (x 3) (x 3)
2n2 n 18 0 Let x 3.
n
1 1
(2)(1
48) 9 9(3) A(3 3) B(3 3)
2
2
18 6B
1 145
4
3 B
Let x 3.
9 9(3) A(3 3) B(3 3)
36 6A
6 A
9 9x 6 3
x 9
2 x3 x3
6 3
,
x3 x3
27a. a(a 6)
Chapter 4 120
a2 a4 x2 16
27b.
a
a6
30.
0
x2 4x 5
a2
a
(a)(a 6) a4
a6
(a)(a 6)
x2 16
(x 5)(x 1)
0; exclude 5, 1
(a 2)(a 6) (a 4)(a) x2 160
a2 8a 12 a2 4a x2 16
12 4a x 4
3a Test x 5:
(5)2 16
0
(5 5)(5 1)
27c. 0, 6 9
0 true
1 2 1 4 40
27d. Test a 1: (2)2 16
1 1 6 Test x 2:
(2 5)(2 1)
0
5
3 7 false 12
0 false
12 14 7
Test a 1: 0 16
1 16 Test x 0:
0
3 02 4(0) 5
1 5 true 16
0 true
42 44 5
Test a 4: 4.52 16
4 46 Test x 4.5:
(4.5 5)(4.5 1)
0
1
0 false 4.25
2
0 false
72 74 2.75
Test a 7: 6 16
2
7 76 Test x 6:
0
5 62 24 5
3 true 20
7
0 true
7
Solution: 0 a 3, 6 a
Solution: x 4, 1 x 4, x 5
2
28. 3 2w9; exclude: 0 1 5 1
w 31.
4a 8a 2; exclude: 0
2 3w 29 1 5 1
w9
4a 8a 2
2 29
Test w 1:
1
3
1
2 5 4a
7
1 29 true
4 a
Test w 1: 1 3 21
2 9
Test a 1:
1 5 1
4(1) 8(1) 2
5 29 false 7 1
Test w 10: 2 29
3 8 2 false
(10) 10
1 5 1
32
21
9
0
true Test a 1:
4(1) 8(1) 2
10
Solution: w 0, w 9 7 1
8 2 true
(x 3)(x 4)
29. 0; exclude 5, 6 1 5 1
(x 5)(x 6)2 Test a 2:
4(2) 8(2) 2
(x 3)(x 4) 0 7 1
x30 x40
16 2 false
x3 x4 Solution: 0
7
a 4
(0 3)(0 4)
Test x 0: 2 0
(0 5)(0 6)
12
0 true
180
(3.5 3)(3.5 4)
Test x 3.5: 2 0
(3.5 5)(3.5 6)
0.25
0 false
9.375
(4.5 3)(4.5 4)
Test x 4.5: 2 0
(4.5 5)(4.5 6)
0.75
0 true
1.125
(5.5 3)(5.5 4)
Test x 5.5: 2 0
(5.5 5)(5.5 6)
3.75
0 false
0.125
6.5 3)(6.5 4)
Test x 6.5:( 2 0
(6.5 5)(6.5 6)
8.75
0 false
0.375
Solution: x 3, 4 x 5
121 Chapter 4
1 1 8 1 x2
32.
2b 1
b 1 15 ; exclude: 2 , 1
35.
x5 0.30
1 1 8 x2
2b 1
b1
15
x5 0.30; exclude 5
15(b 1) 15(2b 1) 8(2b 1)(b 1) x 2 0.30(x 5)
45b 30 16b2 24b 8 x 2 0.30x 1.5
0 16b2 21b 22 0.7x 3.5
0 (16b 11)(b 2) x 5
16b 11 0 b20 Test x 6:
6 2
6 5 0.30
11
b 16 b2
0.36 0.30 true
1 1 8
Test b 2:
2(2) 1 2 1 15
Test x 0:
02
0.30
05
4 8
3 1
5 false 0.4 0.30 false
1 1 8 62
Test b 0.8:
2(0.8) 1 (0.8) 1 15
Test x 6:
6 5 0.30
10 8
1 8 0.30 true
3 5 true
1 1 8 Solution: x 5 or x 5
Test b 0.6:
2(0.6) 1(0.6) 1
15 1 1 1
5 8 36a. d 32
2
15 false 8 i
1 1 8 1 1 1
Test b 0:
2(0) 1 0 1 15
36b.
8 d 3
2
i
8
2 15 true 18(32di) d1 312 (32di)
i
1
1
Test b 3: 2(3) 1 3 1 1
8 4di 32 di
5
11 8 3di 32
false 2
28 15 di 103 cm
11 1
Solution: 1 b 16, 2 b 2 x 1
x3 x2
37. Sample answer:
7
33.
y1 7; exclude 1 38. Let x capacity of larger truck.
5 x
7 7(y 1)
2 x3
1y1
5(x 3) 2x
0y
7
5x 15 2x
Test y 2:
2 1 7 3x 15
7 7 false x 5 tons
7 1 1 1 1
Test y 0.5:
0.5 1 7
39a.
10 2r r 2
0
14 7 true 1 1 1 1
7 39b.
10 2r r 2
0
Test y 1:
11 7
7
7 false
110 (20r) 21r 1r 210 (20r)
2
2r 10 20 r
Solution: 1 y 0 r 30
34. Let x the number. 2r 2(30) or 60; 60 ohms, 30 ohms
4x x 105
1 2
40. Let x the number of quiz questions to be
20 5x2 52x answered.
11 x
5x2 52x 20 0
20 x 0.70
(5x 2)(x 10) 0 11 x 0.70(20 x)
5x 2 0 x 10 0 11 x 14 0.70x
2
x 5 x 10 0.3x 3
x 10 questions
41. Let x the speed of the wind.
1062 738
200 x
200 x
1062(200 x) 738(200 x)
212,400 1062x 147,600 738x
64,800 1800x
36 x; 36 mph
Chapter 4 122
42.
1 1 1
48. 5 1 0 30 0
a b c
5 25 25
1 1
(a)(b)(c)
a b c(a)(b)(c)
1
1 5 5 25
bc ac ab no
bc ab ac 49. 2; 12x2 8x 15 0
bc a(b c) (6x 5)(2x 3) 0
bc
a 6x 5 0 2x 3 0
bc 5 3
x 6 x 2
2y z
1 1 1 1
43a.
x
50. 3x 12 0
23
0 45
1 1 1 1
3x 12
x
3x 12 3x 12
23
0 45
1 1 1 1
43b. x4 x 4
x
1 1 1
x 6
0 90
2x 3
51. y x
(360x)
1
x
1
60
1
90 (360x) ? 2(6) 3
3 6
360 6x 4x 5
3 2 false
360 10x
36 x no
44. Let x number of gallons of gasoline. 52. y2 121x2 b2 121a2
20 m 15,000 m 52a. (b)2 121a2 52b. b2 121(a)2
x
g g b2 121a2 yes b2 121a2 yes
20x 15,000 52c. (a) 121(b)
2 2 52d. (a)2 121(b)2
x 750 gallons a2 121b2 no a2 121b2 no
750 $1.20 $900
53a. Let x short answer questions and y
x
$1.20 $900 $200
1 essay questions. y
x 5833 gallons x y 20 20
Let y number of miles per gallon. 2x 12y 60
16
15,000 m x
0
ym
g 1 y
0 12 x y 20
5833 g
1 8 2x 12y 60
5833y 15,000 (0, 5)
y 25.7; about 25.7 mpg 4 (18, 2)
x0
x
d
45. T s O 4 8 12 16 20
2 26 26
(0, 0) y 0 (20, 0)
103
s5 s5
S(x, y) 5x 15y
1032(3)(s 5)(s 5)
s 5 s 5 (3)(s 5)(s 5)
26
26
S(0, 0) 5(0) 15(0) or 0
32(s 5)(s 5) 26(3)(s 5) 26(3)(s 5) S(0, 5) 5(0) 15(5) or 75
32s2 800 78s 390 78s 390 S(18, 2) 5(18) 15(2) or 120
32s 156s 800 0
2 S(20, 0) 5(20) 15(0) or 100
8s2 39s 200 0 18 short answer and 2 essay for a score of
(8s 25)(s 8) 0 120 points
8s 25 0 s80
25
s 8 s8
8 mph
3x 5y 3x 5y
46.
5y 5y 5y
11 1
10
47.
r
3
1
1
2
1
3
0
5
5
2
1
1
1
0
1
3
4
1
1
0 1 2 3 5
5
1
2
1
1
3
4
0
5 5
3 and 2, 2 and 1, 1 and 2
123 Chapter 4
53b. Let x short answer questions and y Radical Equations and
essay questions. 4-7
x y 20 20
y Inequalities
2x 12y 120 x y 20
16 Pages 254255 Check for Understanding
x
0
y
0 12 2x 12y 120 1. To solve the equation, you need to get rid of the
(0, 10)
(12, 8)
radical by squaring both sides of the equation. If
8 the radical is not isolated first, a radical will
x0 remain in the equation.
4
2. The process of raising to a power sometimes
x creates a new equation with more solutions than
O 4 8 12 16 20 the original equation. These extra or extraneous
(0, 0) y 0 (20, 0)
solutions do not solve the original equation.
S(x, y) 5x 15y 3. When solving an equation with one radical, you
S(0, 0) 5(0) 15(0) or 0 isolate the radical on one side and then square
S(0, 10) 5(0) 15(10) or 150 each side. When there is more than one radical
S(12, 8) 5(12) 15(8) or 180 expression in an equation, you isolate one of the
S(20, 0) 5(20) 15(0) or 100 radicals and then square each side. Then you
12 short answer and 8 essay for a score of 180 isolate the other radical and square each side. In
points both cases, once you have eliminated all radical
1 1
3 5 signs, you solve for the variable.
54. x
1 1 3 5
4. 1 t 4 2 Check: 1t 4 2
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) x
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) 1 4t 4
4t 3
1 44 2
3
0 0 3 1 32
x t 4
0 0 22
55. y y1 m(x x1) 3
5. x 4 12 3 Check:
3
x 4 12 3
y 1 2(x (3)) 3
x 4 9
3
733
4 12 3
y 1 2x 6 x 4 729
3
729
12 3
2x y 7 0 x 733 9 12 3
3000 5000
56a. m 56b. $2000; $50 33
20 60
m 50 6. 5 x 42 Check: 5 x 42
y 3000 50(x 20) x 4 3 5 13 4 2
y 50x 2000 x49 5 9 2
C(x) 50x 2000 x 13 532
no real solution
56c.
C (x ) 7. 6x 4 2x 0 1
6x 4 2x 10
$4000 4x 14
x 3.5
$3000 2000
C (x ) 50x Check: 6x
4 2x
0 1
Cost
$2000
62
7
4
22
7
10
$1000 21
4 70 1
17
17
0
0 2 4 6 8 x 8. a
4 a
37
Televisions Produced a
4 7 a 3
1 a 4 49 14a 3a3
57. A of JKL 2(9)(7) or 31.5 42 14a 3
1
A of small triangle 2(5)(3) or 7.5 1764 196(a 3)
9a3
A of shaded region 31.5 7.5 or 24
12 a
The answer is 24.
Check: a 4 a37
12
4 12
37
16
97
437
Chapter 4 124
9. 5x
4 8 5x 4
0 16. 4
3m2 15 4
5x 4 64 5x
4
3m2 15 1
5x 60 x
0.8 3m2 15 1
x 12 3m2 16
Test x 1: 5(1)
4 8 16
m2 3
1
8 meaningless 4
Test x 0: 5(0)
4 8 m 33
4 8 true Check: 4
3m2
15 4
Test x 13: 5(13)
4 8
2
4 333
15 4
4
69
8 false
Solution: 0.8 x 12 414
10. 3 4a5 10 4a 5
0 44
4a5 7 4a
5 Check: 4
3m2
15 4
4a 5 49 a
1.25
2
4 333
15 4
4
4a 54
a 13.5 41 4
Test a 0: 3 4(0)
5 10 44
3 5
10 meaningless 17. 9u4 7u 20
Test a 2: 3 4(2)
5 10 9u 4 7u 20
4 3 10 true 2u 16
Test a 14: 3 4(14)
5 10 u 8
3 51
10 false Check: 9u
4 7u
20
Solution: 1.25 a 13.5 9(8)
4 7(8)
20
11a. v v02
64h 76 76
90 102 64h no real solution
3
90 100
64h 18. 56u 2 3
3
11b. 90 100
64h Check: 90 100
64h 56u 5
8100 100 64h 90 100
5)
64(12 6u 5 125
8000 64h 90 8100
6u 120
1125 h; 125 ft 90 90 u 20
3
Check: 56u 2 3
3
6(20
) 5 2 3
3
125
2 3
Pages 255257 Exercises
5 2 3
12. x
85 Check: x 85
3 3
x
8 25 17
8 5
x 17 255 19. 4m2 3m 2 2m 5 0
55 4m2 3m 2 2m 5
3 3 4m2 3m 2 4m2 20m 25
13.
y74 Check: y74
3 23 23m
y 7 64 71
74
3 1 m
y 71 644
Check: 4m2 3m 2 2m 5 0
44
4(1) 2 3(
1) 2 2(1) 5 0
14. 8n
5 12 Check: 8n
5 12 9250
8n
5 3
84
7
512 330
00
8n 5 9 14
5 12
8n 14 312 20. k 9 k 3
7 k 9 3 k
n 4 22
k 9 3 23k k
15. x 16 x 4 6 23k
x 16 x 8x 16 36 4(3k)
0 8x 36 12k
0 x 3k
0x Check: k 9 k 3
Check: x 16 x 4 3 9 3 3
06
1 04 12 3 3
16
4 23 3 3
44 3 3
125 Chapter 4
21. a1 2 1 a 2 1 26. 2x
1 2x
65
a 21 2a 1 2 1 a 12 2x
1 5 2x
6
2a 1 2 10 2x 1 25 102x
6 2x 6
4(a 21) 100 30 102x 6
a 21 25 3 2x
6
a4 9 2x 6
Check: a 1 2 1 a 2 1 3 2x
41 2 1 4 2 1 3
x
2
25
1 16
514 Check: 2x
1 2x
65
44
22
3
1
22
3
65
22. 3x
4 2x 73 4 95
3x
4 3 2x 7 235
3x 4 9 62x 7 2x 7 55
x 2 62x 7
27. 3x
0 1 x 11 1
x2 4x 4 36(2x 7)
3x 10 x 11 2x 11 1
x2 68x 256 0
2x 2 2x 11
(x 4)(x 64) 0
x 1 x 11
x40 x 64 0
x2 2x 1 x 11
x4 x 64
x2 3x 10 0
Check: 3x
4 2x 73
(x 5)(x 2) 0
3(4)
4 2(4)
73
16 1 3 x50 x20
413 x5 x 2
33 Check: 3x 0 1 x 11 1
Check: 3x
4 2x
73 3(5)
10 5 1 1 1
3(64)
4 2(64)
73 25
16 1
196
121 3 541
14 11 3 53
33 Check: 3x
0 1 x 11 1
3 3(2)
10 2 11 1
23. 217b 4 0
3
21 4 9 1
7b 4
231
8(7b 1) 64
22
7b 1 8
7b 9 Solution: x 2
9 28a. 3t4 1 t 6
b 7 3t
4 1 6 t
3
Check: 21
7b 4 0 3t 14 36 12t t2
2 77 1 4 0
39 0 t2 15t 50
0 (t 5)(t 10)
3
40
28 t50 t 10 0
440
t5 t 10
00
4 4
Check: 3t 4 1 t 6
24. 3t
20 Check: 3t
20 3(5)
14 5 6
4
3t
2 3
4
136 2 0 1 56
156
4
3t 16 16
20 66
16
t 3 220 Check: 3t
4 1 t 6
00 3(10)
14 10 6
16 10 6
25. x 2 7 x9
4 10 6
x 2 14x 2 49 x 9
14 6
14x 2 42
196(x 2) 1764 10
x29 28b. 5
x7
Check: x 2 7 x 9
7 2 7 7 9
374
4 4
no real solution
Chapter 4 126
29. 2x
75 Test x 0: 2(0)
75 34. m
2 3m
4
2x 7 25 7
5 m 2 3m 4
2x 32 meaningless 2m 2
x 16 Test x 4: 2(4)
75 m 1
2x 7 0 8 75 m20
2x 7 15 m 2
7
x 2 false 3m 4 0
Test x 17: 2(17)
75 3m 4
27
5 m 3
4
true
Solution: x 16 Test m 3: 3 2 3(3)
4
1 5 meaningless
30. b 46 Test b 5: 5 4 6
b 4 36 1 6 Test m 1.6: 1.6
2 3(1.
6) 4
b 32 meaningless 0.4
0.8
b40 Test b 0: 0 46 meaningless
b 4 4 6 Test m 1.2: 1.2
2 3(1.
2) 4
26 0.8
0.4 false
true Test m 0: 0 2 3(0)
4
Test b 33: 334 6 2 4 true
37 6 Solution: m 1
false 35. 2c
5 7 Test c 0: 2(0)
57
Solution: 4 b 32 2c 5 49 5
7
31. a 54 Test a 0: 0 54 2c 54 meaningless
a 5 16 54 c 27 Test c 5: 2(5)
57
a 21 meaningless 2c 5 0 5 7
a50 Test a 6: 6 54 2c 5 false
a5 1 4 c 2.5 Test c 28: 2(28)
5 7
14 51
7
true true
Test a 22: 225 4 Solution: c 27
17 4
3
14.4
36a. t
2s
36b.
false g g
Solution: 5 a 21 14.4
9 g
3
2(7.2)
g
32. 2x 56 Test x 0: 2(0)
56 9g 14.4
3
14.4
2x 5 36 5 6
g g 1.6 m/s2
2x 41 meaningless 3
x 20.5 Test x 5: 2(5)
56 37. x 5 x3
x 5 (x 3
3
2x 5 0 5 6 )2
x 5 x 6
3
2x 5 true 2 x9
x 2.5 Test x 22: 2(22)
56 (x 5)3 x2 6x 9
39
6 x3 15x2 75x 125 x2 6x 9
false x3 16x2 81x 134 0
Solution: 2.5 x 20.5 Use a graphing calculator to find the zero.
4 4
33. 5y 9 2 Test y 0: 5(0) 92
4
5y 9 16 9 2
5y 25 meaningless
4
y5 Test y 2: 5(0) 92
4
5y 9 0 1 2
5y 9 true
4
y 1.8 Test y 6: 5(6) 92
4
212
false
Solution: 1.8 y 5 [2, 10] sc11 by [10, 10] sc11
about 7.88
38a. s 30fd
s 30(0.6
)(25)
s 450
s 21.2 mph
38b. s 30fd
35 30(0.6
)d
1225 18d
68.06 d; about 68 ft
127 Chapter 4
38c. No; it is not a linear function. p
44. :
q 6, 3, 2, 1
39a. T 2 39b. t 2
g g r 1 5 5 5 6
T 2 T 2
1 1
1 1 6 11 6 0
9.8 8.9
T 2.01 s T 2.11 s x3 6x2 11x 6 0
39c. Let x the new length of the pendulum. r 1 6 11 6
22 2
x
1 1 5 6 0
g g
x2 5x 6 0
4g 2
x
g (x 3)(x 2) 0
x30 x20
2g g
x
x
x 3 x 2
4g g 3, 2, 1, 1
4 x 45a. point discontinuity
It must be multiplied by 4. 45b. jump discontinuity
Ta ra 3
40.
Tb r
b
45c. infinite discontinuity
p
v 10O
46a. p w p 1056
r
67,200,000 3
225
687
1056
w
50,625 3.03
1023
b
p
w 10O
471,969 rb 3
50,625rb3 1.43
1029 O 10Ow
rb3 2.83
1024
r 141,433,433.8; about 141,433,434 mi
10O
41. 2x
9ab
2x
9ab 46b. x- and y-axes 46c. It increases.
2x 9 0, so a b 0 46d. It is halved.
no real solution when a b 0
0 3
47. 4 1 6 2 2 4(0) (1)(2) 6(5)
42. T 2
tc
2
tc
p2
2
4 0 2
5 1
4(0) 0(2) 2(5)
t (200)
4(3)(1)(2) 6(1)
108
2
4(3) 0(2) 2(1)
2
502
t (200) 2
28 20
10 14
Chapter 4 128
Modeling Real-World Data with 12. f(x) 1.25x 5
4-8 13. f(x) 8x2 3x 9
Polynomial Functions
14. Sample answer:
f(x) 1.03x4 5.16x3 6.08x2 0.23x 0.94
Pages 261-262 Check for Understanding
15. Sample answer:
1a. Sample answer: y
f(x) 0.09x3 2.70x2 24.63x 65.21
16. Sample answer:
f(x) 4.05x4 0.09x3 6.69x2 222.03x
2697.74
O x
17. Sample answer:
f(x) 0.02x3 8.79x2 3.35x 27.43
18a. Sample answer: f(x) 1.99x2 1.74x 2.76
18b. Sample answer:
1b. Sample answer: y f(x) 0.96x3 0.56x2 0.36x 4.05
18c. Sample answer: Cubic; the value of r2 for the
cubic function is closer to 1.
19a. Sample answer: f(x) 0.126x 22.732
O x 19b. Sample answer:
2005 1900 105
f(x) 0.126x 22.732
0.126(105) 22.732
y 35.962
1c. Sample answer:
36
19c. Sample answer:
2025 1900 125
f(x) 0.126x 22.732
f(125) 0.126(125) 22.732
O x
f(125) 38.482
38
20. Sample answer:
2. You need to recognize the general shape so that
you can tell the graphing calculator which type of x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
polynomial function to use as a model. f(x) 1 3 6 3 1 3 6 9 12
3. Sample answer: If companies use less packaging
21a. Sample answer:
materials, consumers keep items longer, and old
f(x) 0.03x4 0.50x3 2.79x2 4.01x
buildings are restored instead of demolished, the
22.78
amount of waste will decrease more rapidly. If
consumers buy more products, companies package 21b. Sample answer: 1994 1988 6
items in larger containers, and many old buildings f(x) 0.03x4 0.50x3 2.79x2 4.01x
are destroyed, the amount of waste will increase 22.78
instead of decrease. f(6) 0.03(6)4 0.50(6)3 2.79(6)2 4.01(6)
22.78
4. quartic
f(6) 15.52
5. Sample answer: about 16%
f(x) 1.98x4 2.95x3 5.91x2 0.22x 4.89
22. A function with x6; there are 5 changes in
6. Sample answer: f(x) 3.007x2 0.001x 7.896 direction.
7a. Sample answer: f(x) 0.49x 57.7 23a. Sample answer:
7b. Sample answer: 2010 1950 60 f(x) 0.02x3 0.46x2 3.94x 47.49
f(x) 0.49x 57.7
0.49(60) 57.7
87.1%
7c. Sample answer: f(x) 0.49x 57.7
85 0.49x 57.7
55.7 x
1950 56 2006
129 Chapter 4
23b. Sample answer: 27.
r 2 1 0 1 2
f(x) 0.02x3 0.46x2 3.94x 47.49
71 0.02x3 0.46x2 3.94x 47.49 1 2 3 3 2 0
0 0.02x3 0.46x2 3.94x 23.51 0 2 1 0 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 0
1, 1
28a. Let x number of weeks.
P (120 10x)(0.48 0.03x)
P 57.6 1.2x 0.3x2
Chapter 4 130
7. Extraneous 8. complex roots 20. b2 4ac 42 4(1)(4)
9. complex numbers 10. quadratic equation 0; 1 real
4 0
a
2(1)
4
Pages 268-270 Skills and Concepts a 2
11. no; f(a) a3 3a2 3a 4 a 2
f(0) (0)3 3(0)2 3(0) 4 21. b2 4ac (1)2 4(5)(10)
f(0) 4 199; 2 imaginary
12. yes; f(a) a3 3a2 3a 4 1 199
r
f(4) (4)3 3(4)2 3(4) 4 2(5)
1 i199
f(4) 0 r
10
13. no; f(a) a3 3a2 3a 4
22. f(x) x3 x2 10x 8
f(2) (2)3 3(2)2 3(2) 4
f(2) (2)3 (2)2 10(2) 8
f(2) 18
8 4 20 8 or 0; yes
14. f(t) t4 2t2 3t 1
23. f(x) 2x3 5x2 7x 1
f(3) (3)4 2(3)2 3(3) 1
f(5) 2(5)3 5(5)2 7(5) 1
f(3) 73
250 125 35 1 or 161; no
no
24. f(x) 4x3 7x 1
15. 3; x3 2x2 3x 0 1 3
f 2 42 72 1
1 1
x(x2 2x 3) 0
4 7
x(x 3)(x 1) 0 8 2 1 or 4; no
x0 x30 x10
25. f(x) x4 10x2 9
x 3 x1
f(3) (3)4 10(3)2 9
f (x) 81 90 9 or 0; yes
p
26. :
q 1, 2
r 1 2 1 2
f (x) x 3 2x 2 3x 1 1 1 2 0
x2 x 2 0
(x 2)(x 1) 0
O x x20 x10
x2 x 1
16. b2 4ac (7)2 4(2)(4) rational roots: 1, 1, 2
81; 2 real p
27. : 1
x
7 81
q r 1 0 1 1 1
2(2)
79
1 1 1 0 1 2
x 4 1 1 1 0 1 0
79 79 rational root: 1
x 4 x 4
28. p: 1, 2, 4 r 2 2 2 4
1
x4 x 2 q: 1, 2 1 2 0 2 6
p 1
17. b2 4ac (10)2 4(3)(5) :
q 1, 2, 4; 2 2 2 2 2 0
40; 2 real 2x2 2x 2 0
10 40
m x2 x 1 0
2(3)
10 2 10
does not factor
m
6 rational root: 2
5 10
m
3
18. b2 4ac (1)2 4(1)(6)
23; 2 imaginary
1 23
x
2(1)
1 i23
x 2
19. b2 4ac 32 4(2)(8)
73; 2 real
3 73
y
2(2)
3 73
y
4
131 Chapter 4
p
29. p: 1, 3 33. : 1, 5
q
q: 1, 2
p 1 3
: 1, 3, 2, 2 r 1 0 4 0 5
q
1 1 1 5 5 0
r 2 3 6 11 3
1 2 5 1 12 15 x3 x2 5x 5 0
1 2 1 7 4 1
r 1 1 5 5
3 2 9 21 52 153
1 1 0 5 0
3 2 3 3 20 57
1 19
2 2 4 4 13 2 x2 5 0
1 15 3 does not factor
2 2 2 7 2
4 rational roots: 1, 1
3 31 105
2 2 6 3 2 4
34. 1 positive
3 f(x) x3 x2 34x 56
2
2 0 6 2 0
2 or 0 negative
3
rational root: 2
r 1 1 34 56
p
30. :
q 1, 2, 4 7 1 6 8 0
r 1 0 7 1 12 4 x2 6x 8 0
1 1 1 6 5 7 3 (x 4)(x 2) 0
2 1 2 3 5 2 0 x40 x20
x 4 x 2
x4 2x3 3x2 5x 2 0
rational zeros: 4, 2, 7
r 1 2 3 5 2 35. 2 or 0 positive
2 1 0 3 1 0 f(x) 2x3 11x2 12x 9
1 negative
x3 3x 1 0
r 1 0 3 1 r 2 11 12 9
2 1 2 1 1 1
2 2 12 18 0
1 1 1 2 3
4 1 4 13 53 2x2 12x 18 0
4 1 4 13 51 x2 6x 9 0
rational roots: 2, 2 (x 3)(x 3) 0
31. p: 1, 2, 4, 8 x30 x30
x3 x3
q: 1, 3 1
p 1 2 4 8 rational zeros: 2, 3
:
q 1, 2, 4, 8, 3, 3, 3, 3
36. 2 or 0 positive
r 3 7 2 8 f(x) x4 13x2 36
2 or 0 negative
1 3 10 8 0
4x2 8 0
x2 2 0
does not factor
1
rational root: 4
Chapter 4 132
37. 1 x3
r 3 0 0 1 45.
x
2x2
x3
2 3 6 12 23 1x(2x2) 2x
(2x2) 2
1
0
3
3
3
0
3
0
2
1
2x x 3
x3
5 2m 1
1 and 0 46.
6
2m 2 3m 3
38.
r 1 4 2 566(m 1)(m 1)
2(m 1) 3(m 1)
2m
1
0
1
1
1
4
3
2
1
6(m 1)(m 1)
5(m 1)(m 1) (2m)(3)(m 1) 2(m 1)
2 1 2 2 5m2 5 6m2 6m 2m 2
0 m2 8m 3
3
4
1
1
1
0
1
2
m
8
(8)2
4(1)(3)
2(1)
8
52
0 and 1, 3 and 4 m
2
39. m 4 13
r 1 3 3
3 5
1 1 4
3
1
3
47.
y 2 y; exclude: 0
0 1
3y 2y 5yy
1 1 2 5
3 2y 5
2 1 1 5 y 1
3
4
1
1
0
1
3
1
Test y 2:
3
2 2 2
5
7 5
2 2 true
1 and 0, 3 and 4 3 5
Test y 0.5:
0.5 2 0.5
40.
r 1 1 0 1 8 10 false
2 1 3 6 11 3 5
Test y 1: 1 2 1
1
0
1
1
2
1
2
0
1
1
1 5 true
Solution: y 1, y 0
1 1 0 0 1 2 1
48.
x1 1
x 1 ; exclude 1, 1
1 and 0
x 1 (x 1)(x 1) 1 x 1 (x 1)(x 1)
2
1
41.
r 4 2 11 3 2(x 1) (x 1)(x 1) (x 1)
2 4 7 3 3
2x 2 x2 x 2
0 x2 3x
1 4 3 8 11
0 x(x 3)
0 4 1 11 3
x0 x30
1 4 5 6 3 x3
2 4 9 7 17
2 1
Test x 2:
2 1 1 2 1
42. 2 1
r 9 25 24 6 Test x 0.5:
0.5 1 1 0.5 1
1 9 34 58 64 4 1 false
0 9 25 24 6
Test x 0.5:
2
1
0.5 1
1
0.5 1
1 9 16 8 2 4
3 true
2 9 7 10 14 3
2 1
Test x 2:
21 1
21
0 and 1 2
3 0 false
43. Use the TABLE feature of a graphing calculator.
2 1
4.9, 1.8, 2.2 Test x 4:
41 1
41
6
44. n n 5 0 2
2
3 true
5
n n6 5(n) 0(n) Solution: x 1, 0 x 1, x 3
n2 5n 6 0 49. 5 x 20 Check: 5 x20
(n 6)(n 1) 0 5 x 2 5 23
20
n60 n10 25 x 2 5 25
0
n 6 n1 23 x 550
00
133 Chapter 4
3 3
50. 14a 8 5 Check: 14a 8 5 58a. g (x )
3 3 200
14a 3 4(6.
5) 185 g (x )
3
4a 1 27 27
85 0.006x 4
4a 26 3 8 5 0.140x 3 0.053x 2
a 6.5 55 100 1.79x
51. 3 x 8 x 35
9 6x 8 x 8 x 35
6x 8 18 x
O 10 20
x 83
x89 58b. g(x) 0.006x4 0.140x3 0.053x2 1.79x
x1 x(0.006x3 0.140x2 0.053x 1.79)
Check: 3 x 8 x 35 x(x3 23.3x2 8.83
x 298.3
)
3 1 8 15 3 r 1 23.333 8.833 298.333
3 9 36
1 1 22.333 13.503 311.836
336
66
5 1 18.333 82.835 712.508
23.5 1 0.167 12.758 0
52. x 57 x5 0
rational zeros: 0, about 23.5
x 5 49 x 5
x 54
Test x 0: 0 57
59. T 2g
5
7 meaningless 1.6 2
9.8
Test x 10: 105 7
5 7 true 0.25 9.8
Test x 60: 605 7 0.06
9.8
55
7 false
0.64 ; about 0.64 m
Solution: 5 x 54
53. 4 2a 7 6 2a 7 0
2a7 2 2a 7
2a 7 4 a 3.5 Page 271 Open-Ended Assessment
x 2
x 3 2x 1
1. Sample answer:
2a 3
a 1.5
Test a 5: 4 2(5)
76
x 3 (x 3)(2x 1) 2x 1 (x 3)(2x 1)
x
2
Test a 0: 4 2(0)
76 (2x 3)(x 2) 0
4 7 6 true 2x 3 0 x20
3
Solution: a 1.5 x 2 x2
54. cubic 2a. Sample answer: x 4 x 2
55. f(x) 2x2 x 3 2b. Sample answer: x 4 x 2
(x 4)2 x 2
x2 8x 16 x 2
x2 9x 18 0
Page 271 Applications and Problem Solving
(x 6)(x 3) 0
56. Let x width of window.
x60 x30
Let x 6 height of window.
x6 x3
A w
Check: x 4 x 2 x 4 x 2
315 x(x 6)
6 4 6 2 3 4 3 2
315 x2 6x
2 4 1 1
0 x2 6x 315
22 1 1
0 (x 21)(x 15)
The solution is 6. Since 1 1, 3 is an
x 21 0 x 15 0
extraneous root.
x 21 x 15
Since distance cannot be negative, x 15 and 3a. Sample answer:
x 6 21. the window should be 15 in. by 21 in.
x 3 2 1 0.5
57. Let x width.
f(x) 12 0 2 1.125
Let x 6 length.
(x 12)(x 6) (x 6)(x) 288 x 0 0.5 1 2
x2 18x 72 x2 6x 288 f(x) 0 0.625 0 8
12x 72 288
x 18 3b. Sample answer: f(x) x3 x2 2x
x 6 24 3c. Sample answer: 2, 0, 1
18 ft by 24 ft
Chapter 4 134
Chapter 4 SAT & ACT Preparation 4. You may want to draw a diagram.
135 Chapter 4
8. You can solve this problem using the midpoint (x a2 x2 2ax a2
formula or by sketching a graph. (x2 a2) 2ax
The midpoint formula: So the quantity in Column A equals the quantity
x1 x2 y1 y2 3 (4) 5 3 1 8 1
2, 2 2, 2 2, 2 2, 4 in Column B plus the sum of the squares of x and
a. Since neither x nor a equal 0, their squares
y
must be greater than 0. So the quantity in
( 12, 4)
(3, 5)
Column A is always greater than the quantity in
Column B. The correct choice is A.
(4, 3) 10. Since the problem does not include a figure, draw
one. Label the four points.
O x 3 2 8
E F G H
Chapter 4 136
Chapter 5 The Trigonometric Functions
Pages 281283 Exercises
5-1 Angles and Degree Measure 18. 16.75 (16 (0.75 60))
(16 45)
16 45
Pages 280281 Check for Understanding 19. 168.35 168 (0.35 60)
1. If an angle has a positive measure, the rotation is 168 21
in a counterclockwise direction. If an angle has a 168 21
negative measure, the rotation is in a clockwise
20. 183.47 (183 (0.47 60))
direction.
45 26 (183 28.2)
2. Add 29, 60, and
3600 . (183 28 (0.2 60)
3. 270 360k where k is an integer (183 28 12)
4. 183 28 12
y
21. 286.88 286 (0.88 60)
286 52.8
286 52 (0.8 60)
286 52 48
O x 286 52 48
22. 27.465 27 (0.465 60)
27 27.9
27 27 (0.9 60)
27 27 54
1260 27 27 54
5. 34.95 34 (0.95 60) 23. 246.876 246 (0.876 60)
34 57 246 52.56
34 57 246 52 (0.56 60)
6. 72.775 (72 (0.775 60)) 246 52 33.6
(72 46.5) 246 52 33.6
(72 46 (0.5 60))
24. 23 14 30 23 14
60 30 3600
1 1
(72 46 30)
23.242
72 46 30
25. 14 5 20 14 5
60 20 3600
1 1
7. 128 30 45 128 30
60 45 3600
1 1
128.513 14.089
8. 29 6 6 29 6 6
1 1
26. 233 25 15 233 25
60 15 3600
1 1
60 3600
29.102
233.421
9. 2 (360) 720
27. 173 24 35 173 24
60 35 3600
1 1
10. 4.5 360 1620
11. 22 360k; Sample answers: 173.410
22 360k 22 360(1) or 382 28. 405 16 18 405 16
60 18 3600
1 1
22 360k 22 360(1) or 338
405.272
12. 170 360k; Sample answers:
29. 1002 30 30 1002 30
60 30 3600
1 1
170 360k 170 360(1) or 190
170 360k 170 360(1) or 530 1002.508
453
13. 1.26 14.
798 30. 3 360 1080 31. 2 360 720
360 2.22
360
360(1) 453 32. 1.5 360 540 33. 7.5 (360) 2700
2.22 2 0.22
360 453 0.22 360 78 34. 2.25 360 810 35. 5.75 (360) 2070
93; II 360 78 282; IV 36. 4 360 1440
15. 180 227 180 37. 30 360k; Sample answers:
47 30 360k 30 360(1) or 390
16. 360 210 150 30 360k 30 360(1) or 330
180 180 150 38. 45 360k; Sample answers:
30 45 360k 45 360(1) or 315
1 45 360k 45 360(1) or 405
17. (360) 15
24
39. 113 360k; Sample answers:
0.25, or 0.25(60) 15
1 1
360
60 24 113 360k 113 360(1) or 473
113 360k 113 360(1) or 247
0.0042,
1 1 1
360
60 60 24
or 0.0042(60)(60) 15
137 Chapter 5
30,000 revolutions 360
40. 217 360k; Sample answers: 62.
minute
revolution
217 360k 217 360(1) or 577 10,800,000 or 1.08 107
217 360k 217 360(1) or 143 100,000 revolutions 360
revolution
41. 199 360k; Sample answers: minute
199 360k 199 360(1) or 161 36,000,000 or 3.6 107
199 360k 199 360(1) or 559 1.08 107 to 3.6 107 degrees
42. 305 360k; Sample answers: 62 rotations
360
rotation 22,320 second
63.
second
305 360k 305 360(1) or 55
62 rotations 360 60 seconds
305 360k 305 360(1) or 665
second
rotation minute
Chapter 5 138
3
68. 5
6n 15 10 76. y
3
5 6n 5 (3, 5)
6n 5 125 (1, 5)
6n 120
(0, 3)
n 20
3
Check: 5 6n 15 10
3
6(20)
5 15 10 x
3 O
125
15 10
5 15 10
10 10 77. [f g](x) f(g(x))
x3 3 f(x 0.3x)
69.
x2 2
x2 5x 6 (x 0.3x) 0.2(x 0.3x)
x3 3 x 0.3x 0.2x 0.06x
x2 2
(x 2)(x 3)
x3
0.56x
(x 2)(x 3)
x2 (x 2)(x 3)(2) 78. mEOD 180 mEOA mBOD
(x 2)(x 3)
(x 2)(x 3)
180 85 15
3
80
(x 3)(x 3) (x 2)(x 3)(2) 3
mOED mEDO
x2 6x 9 2x2 10x 12 3 1
0 x2 4x mOED 2(180 mEOD)
1
0 x(x 4) 2(180 80)
x 0 or x 4 0
50
x 4
mECA 180 mEOC mOED
70. 2 1 1 0 8 1 180 (80 15) 50
2 4 24 35
1 2 12 25 The correct choice is D.
25
71. (x (5))(x (6))(x 10) 0
(x 5)(x 6)(x 10) 0
(x2 11x 30)(x 10) 0 5-2 Trigonometric Ratios in Right
x3 x2 80x 300 0 Triangles
72. r1t1 r2t2
18(3) r2(11) Page 284 Graphing Calculator Exploration
18(3) 1. Sample answers:
11 r2
4.91 r2
about 4.91 52
20 26
73. x 1 0 y
y xx 11
2 10
x 1
Point discontinuity 48 24
5
2. R1 or about 0.3846
O x 13
15
R1
39 or about 0.3846
12
R2
13 or about 0.9231
36
R2
39 or about 0.9231
74. f (x)
5
R3
12 or about 0.4167
15
R3
36 or about 0.4167
f (x) |(x 1)2 2| 12
3. R1
13 or about 0.9231
36
R1
39 or about 0.9231
O x 5
R2
13 or about 0.3846
15
decreasing for x 1, increasing for x
1 R2
39 or about 0.3846
12
75. expanded vertically by a factor of 3, translated R3 or 2.4
5
down 2 units 36
R3
15 or 2.4
4. Each ratio has the same value for all 22.6 angles.
5. yes 6. Yes; the triangles are similar.
139 Chapter 5
Pages 287288 Check for Understanding 11. (AC)2 (CB)2 (AB)2
1. The side opposite the acute angle of a right 82 52 (AB)2
triangle is the side that is not part of either side of 89 (AB)2
the angle. The side adjacent to the acute angle is 89 AB
side opposite side adjacent
the side of the triangle that is part of the side of sin A
hypotenuse cos A
hypotenuse
the angle, but is not the hypotenuse. 5 589 8
889
sin A or
89 89 cos A
89
or
89
2. cosecant; secant; cotangent
side opposite
a b
3. sin A c, cos A c, tan A b,
a tan A
side adjacent
5
csc A
c
, sec A
c
, cot A
b
tan A
8
a b a
4. sin A cos B, csc A sec B, tan A cot B 12. (AC)2 (BC)2 (AB)2
(AC)2 122 402
5. (TV)2 (VU)2 (TU )2
(AC)2 1456
172 152 (TU )2
AC 1456 or 491
514 (TU )2 side opposite side adjacent
514
TU sin A
hypotenuse cos A
hypotenuse
side opposite side adjacent 12 3
491 91
sin T
hypotenuse cos T
hypotenuse sin A 40 or 1
0 cos A
40 or
10
15
15514 17
17514 side opposite
sin T or
514
514 cos T 514
or
514 tan A
side adjacent
side opposite 12
391
tan T
side adjacent tan A
491 or
91
15
tan T 1
7
13. tangent
1 1 1 1
6. csc v sin v
7. tan v
cot v 14. cot v
tan v 15. csc v
sin v
1 5 1 1 1 7
csc v tan v cot v or 3 csc v or 3
2 or 2 1.5 or about 0.6667 1
3
3 7
5
1 1
8. (PS)2 (QS)2 (QP)2 16. cos v
sec v 17. sin v
csc v
(PS)2 62 202 1 9 1
cos v or 5 sin v
2.5 or 0.4
(PS)2 364 5
9
PS 364 or 291
1 1
side opposite side adjacent 18. tan v
cot v 19. sec v
cos v
sin P
hypotenuse cos P
hypotenuse 1 1
6 3
291 91
tan v
0.75 or about 1.3333 sec v
0.125 or 8
sin P 2
0 or 10 cos P or
20 10 20. (RT )2 (TS)2 (RS)2
side opposite hypotenuse
tan P csc P 142 (TS)2 482
side adjacent side opposite
6
391 20 10 (TS)2 2108
tan P 291 or 91
csc P or
6 3 TS 2108
or 2527
hypotenuse side adjacent side opposite side adjacent
sec P
side adjacent cot P
side opposite sin R
hypotenuse cos R
hypotenuse
20
1091
291 91
2527 527
sec P
291 or
91 cot P
6 or
3 sin R or 14
cos R or
7
48 24 48 24
I
9. cos v It tan R
side opposite
csc R
hypotenuse
o side adjacent side opposite
I
2527 527
48
24527
cos 45 t
Io tan R or csc R or
14 7
2527 527
2 I hypotenuse side adjacent
2 t
Io sec R
side adjacent cot R
side opposite
I 48 24 14
7527
2
sec R or cot R or
4 It 14 7
2527 527
o
0.5I0 It
Chapter 5 140
21. (ST)2 (TR)2 (SR)2 side opposite
28. sin R
382 (TR)2 402 hypotenuse
3
(TR)2 156 sin R 7
TR 156 or 239
a2 b2 c2
side opposite side adjacent
sin R
hypotenuse cos R
hypotenuse 32 b2 72
38 19
239 39 b2 40
sin R 40 or 20 cos R or
40 20 b 40 or 210
side opposite hypotenuse side adjacent side opposite
tan R
side adjacent csc R
side opposite cos R
hypotenuse tan R
side adjacent
38
or 1939 40 20
tan R
239 39 csc R or
38 19 cos R
210
tan R
3
or
310
7
210 20
hypotenuse side adjacent
sec R
side adjacent cot R
side opposite csc R
hypotenuse
sec R
hypotenuse
side opposite side adjacent
40
2039 239 39
sec R or cot R or 7 7
710
239 39 38 19 csc R
3 sec R
210 or
20
side adjacent
22. (ST )2 (TR)2 (SR)2 cot R
side opposite
(7 )2 92 (SR)2
210
88 (SR)2 cot R
3
88
SR; 88 or 222
v2 v2
side opposite side adjacent 29a. tan v gr 29b. tan v gr
sin R
hypotenuse cos R
hypotenuse v2 v2
7 154
9
922 tan 11
9.8(15.5) tan 13
9.8(15.5)
sin R or
cos R or 44
222 44 222 29.53 v2 35.07 v2
side opposite hypotenuse
tan R csc R 5.4 v 5.9 v
side adjacent side opposite
7 222
2154
about 5.4 m/s about 5.9 m/s
tan R csc R or
7 v2
9 7 29c. tan v gr 29d. increase
hypotenuse side adjacent
sec R cot R v2
side adjacent side opposite tan 15
9.8(15.5)
222 9 97
sec R
9 cot R or
7 7 40.70 v2
23. cot (90 v) tan v 24a. 0.7963540136 6.4 v
cot (90 v) 1.3 about 6.4 m/s
side opposite side adjacent
24b. 0.186524036 24c. 35.34015106 30. sin v
hypotenuse
cos v
hypotenuse
24d. 1.37638192 side opposite
25. sin v hypotenuse
cos v
side adjacent
v 72 74 76 78 80 hypotenuse
sin 0.951 0.961 0.970 0.978 0.985 sin v side opposite side adjacent
cos v
hypotenuse hypotenuse
cos 0.309 0.276 0.242 0.208 0.174 side opposite hypotenuse
sin v
cos v
hypotenuse side adjacent
v 82 84 86 88 sin v side opposite
sin 0.990 0.995 0.998 0.999 cos v side adjacent
sin v
cos 0.139 0.105 0.070 0.035
cos v tan v
(N 10)360
25a. 1 25b. 0 31a. 90 L 23.5 cos
365
(172 10)360
90 26 23.5 cos
26.
365
v 18 16 14 12 10 90 26 23.5 (0.99997)
sin 0.309 0.276 0.242 0.208 0.174 87.5
(N 10)360
cos 0.951 0.961 0.970 0.978 0.985 90 L 23.5 cos
365
(355 10)360
90 26 23.5 cos
tan 0.325 0.287 0.249 0.213 0.176
365
v 8 6 4 2 90 26 23.5 1
sin 0.139 0.105 0.070 0.035 40.5
(N 10)360
cos 0.990 0.995 0.998 0.999 31b. 90 L 23.5 cos
365
(172 10)360
tan 0.141 0.105 0.070 0.035 90 64 23.5 cos
365
26a. 0 26b. 1 90 64 23.5 0.99997
26c. 0 49.5
(N 10)360
27.
sin v
i n 90 L 23.5 cos
365
sin vr
sin 45 (355 10)360
n 90 64 23.5 cos[ ]
365
sin 27 55
1.5103 n 90 64 23.5 1
2.5
141 Chapter 5
31c. 87.5 40.5 47 2. y
49.5 25 47
neither
sin(B A)
32. x tcos A
O x
sin(60 41)
x 10
cos 41
x 10(0.4314)
x 4.31; about 4.31 cm As v goes from 0 to 90, the y-coordinate
33. 88.37 88 (0.37 60) increases. As v goes from 90 to 180, the
88 22.2 y-coordinate decreases.
x cos v
88 22 (0.2 60) 3. cot v y
sin v
88 22 12
4. y
88 22 12 1
34. positive: 1
f(x) x4 2x3 6x 1
negative: 3 or 1 1 O 1x
35. 35a. 23 employees
1
35b. $1076
Function Quadrant
I II III IV
sin or cos
cos or sec
tan or cot
[10, 50] scl:10 by [10, 1200] scl:100
y 0
7 3 5. (1, 0); tan 180 x or
5
0 1 (3) 4 1 5 4 0 1 ; 0
36. 4
8
0 1 7
2 0
2 0 8 0
8 2 1
6. (0, 1); sec(90) x or 0; undefined
1
3 1
7(2) (3)(8) 5(8) 7. 2 , 2
78
sin 30 y cos 30 x
35 3
37. m
62 sin 30
1
cos 30
2 2
2 1
m or 2 y 1
4 tan 30 x csc 30 y
y y1 m(x x1)
1
1
y 3 2(x 6) 2 1
tan 30
3
csc 30
1
1
y 2x 6 2 2
1 csc 30 2
38. A 2bh 2x 2(2) or 4 1
tan 30
1 3
12 2(2x)(3x) 3x 3(2) or 6
3
12 3x2 a2 b2 c2 tan 30
3
4 x2 42 62 c2 1 x
2x 52 c2 sec 30 x cot 30 y
52
c; 52
or 213
3
The correct choice is C. 1 2
sec 30
3
cot 30
1
2
2
2
sec 30 cot 30 3
5-3 Trigonometric Functions on the 3
Chapter 5 142
8. terminal side Quadrant III x
12. cos v r r2 x2 y2
reference angle: 225 180 45 1
2 2 cos v 2 22 (1)2 y2
2 , 2
x 1, r 2 3 y2
sin 225 y cos 225 x 3y
2
2
sin 225
2 cos 225
2 Quadrant II, so y 3
y 1 y y r
tan 225 x csc 225 y sin v r tan v x csc v y
3 3
2
2
2 csc 225
1 sin v
2 tan v
1 or 3
csc v
3
2
tan 225 23
2 2 csc v
2
3
2
csc 225
2 sec v
r
cot v
x
tan 225 1 x y
csc 225 2
2 1
1 x sec v
1 or 2 cot v
3
sec 225 x cot 225 y 3
1 2
cot v
3
sec 225
2
2
2
cot 225 13. C 2r cos L C 2r cos L
2
2 C 2(3960) cos 0 C 2(3960) cos 90
2
sec 225
2 cot 225 1 C 24,881.41 C0
sec 225 2 The circumference goes from about 24,881 miles to
0 miles.
9. r x2 y2
r 32 42
t 25
or 5 Pages 296298 Exercises
y y
sin v r cos v r
x
tan v x 14. (0, 1); sin 90 y or 1
4 3 4 y 0
sin v 5 cos v 5 tan v 3 15. (1, 0); tan 360 x or 1; 0
r r x 1
csc v y sec v x cot v y x
16. (1, 0); cot(180) y or 0; undefined
5 5 3
csc v 4 sec v 3 cot v 4 1 1
17. (0, 1); csc 270 y or
1 ; 1
10. r
x2 y2
18. (0, 1); cos(270) x or 0
r
(6)2
62
1 1
r 72
or 62 19. (1, 0); sec 180 x or
1 ; 1
143 Chapter 5
23. terminal side Quadrant II 25. terminal side Quadrant III
reference angle: 180 150 30 reference angle: 210 180 30
3 1 3
2 , 2
2 , 2
1
Chapter 5 144
27. terminal side Quadrant I 31. r
x2 y2
reference angle: 420 360 60 r
(6)2
62
3
12, 2 r 72
or 62
y x y
sin 420 y cos 420 x sin v r cos v r tan v x
3 1 6
sin 420 cos 420 2 sin v
6
cos v tan v
6
6 or 1
2
62 62
y 1
tan 420 csc 420 y 2 2
x sin v
2 cos v
2
3 1
2 csc 420
3 csc v
r
sec v x
r
cot v y
x
y
tan 420
1
2 62 62 6
2 2 csc v
6 sec v
6 cot v 6
csc 420
3
tan 420 3
or 2 or 2
or 1
23
1 csc 420 32. r x2 y2
sec 420
x
3
1 cot 420
x
r 22 02
sec 420
1
y
r 4 or 2
1
2 y x y
2
cot 420 sin v r cos v r tan v x
sec 420 2 3
0 2 0
2 sin v 2 or 0 cos v 2 or 1 tan v 2 or 0
1
cot 420
3
r
csc v y sec v x
r
cot v y
x
3
cot 420
3
2
csc v 0
2
sec v 2 or 1 cot v 0
2
35. r x2 y2
r
(8)2
152
r 289
or 17
y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
15 8 8 15 15
sin v 1
7 cos v 17 or 1
7 tan v
8 or 8
r r x
csc v y sec v x cot v y
17 17 17 8 8
csc v 1
5 sec v
8 or 8
cot v 15 or 1
5
145 Chapter 5
36. r
x2 y2 r
x2 y2 y
41. tan v x r2 x2 y2
r
52 (
6)2 r
(5)2
62
tan v 2 r2 12 22
r 61
r 61
y y y 2, x 1 r2 5
sin v r sin v r r 5
y x r
6 6 sin v r cos v r csc v y
sin v
61
sin v
61
2 1 5
661
661 sin v cos v csc v
sin v
61 sin v
61
5 5 2
25 5
The sine of one angle is the negative of the sine of sin v
5 cos v 5
the other angle. r x
sec v
x cot v y
37. If sin v 0, y must be negative, so the terminal 5 1
side is located in Quadrant III or IV sec v or
1 5
cot v 2
x
38. cos v
r r2 x2 y2 r
42. sec v x r2 x2 y2
12
cos v 1
3 132 (12)2 y2 sec v 3 )2 12 y2
(3
x 12, r 13 25 y2 r 3 , x 1 2 y2
5 y 2y
Quadrant III, so y 5 Quadrant IV, so y 2
y x y
y y sin v r cos v r tan v x
sin v r tan v x
2 1 2
5 5 5 5 sin v cos v tan v or 2
sin v 13 or 1
3 tan v
12 or 12
3
3 1
6 3
r r sin v cos v
csc v y sec v x 3 3
r x
13 13 13 13 csc v cot v y
csc v
5 or 5
sec v
12 or 12
y
3
1
r csc v cot v
cot v y 2 2
6 2
cot v
12
12 csc v 2 cot v 2
5 or 5
r x
39. csc v y r2 x2 y2 43. cot v y r2 x2 y2
csc v 2 22 x2 12 cot v 1 (Quadrant III) r2 (1)2 (1)2
r 2, y 1 3 x2 x 1, y 1 r2 2
3x r 2
y y
Quadrant II, so x 3
sin v r
x
cos v r tan v x
y x y
sin v cos v r tan v 1 1 1
r x sin v
2 cos v
2
tan v
1 or 1
1 3 3 1
sin v cos v or tan v 2 2
2 2 2 3 sin v 2 cos v 2
3
tan v 3
r r
csc v
y sec v x
r x
sec v cot v 2 2
x y csc v or
1 2
sec v
1 or 2
2 3
sec v
3 cot v
1 or 3
r
23
44. csc v y r2 x2 y2
sec v 3
y
csc v 2 22 x2 (1)2
40. sin v
r r2 x2 y2 r 2, y 1 3 x2
1 3x
sin v 5 52 x2 (1)2
Quadrant III, so x 3
y 1, r 5 24 x2 y
tan v x
26x 1
Quadrant IV, so x 26
tan v
3
x y r 3
cos v r tan v x csc v y tan v
3
26 1 5 45. g sin v cos v 0
cos v
5 tan v
26 csc v
1 or 5
6
sin v 0 or cos v 0
tan v 12 v 0 v 90
r x 46a. k is an even integer. 46b. k is an odd integer.
sec v
x cot v y
5 26 I
sec v cot v or 26
47. cos v t
26 1 Io
56
sec v
12
cos v 1 It Io
cos v 1
v 0
Chapter 5 146
48. Let x 1. y 3(1) 55. f(x) x2 16 f (x )
6
y3 y x2 16
r2 x2 y2 f (x) x 2 16 4
x y2 16
r2 (1)2 (3)2 x 16 y2 2
r2 10 x 16 y
r 10
15 10 5 O 5x
y x y 2
sin v cos v r tan v
r x 4
3 1 3
sin v 10
cos v 10 tan v
1 or 3 6
310 10
sin v cos v
32
10 10 1
r r 56. 2(2) (3)1
csc v y sec v x 2
10
10
7
csc v sec v 1 or 10
1
23
3 1
x 7
cot v y 2
1 1 57. 3(8m 3n 4p) 3(6) 24m 9n 12p 18
cot v 3 or 3 4m 9n 2p 4
4m 9n 2p 4
49a. 4 2(36) 76 ft 28m 14p 14
49b. ABC is equilateral. 4(8m 3n 4p) 4(6) 32m 12n 16p 24
mBCA 60 6m 12n 5p 1 6m 12n 5p 1
mACD mBCA 90 38m 11p 23
B mACD 60 90 11(28m 14p) 11(14)
300 mACD 30 14(38m 11p) 14(23)
36 60
A 36
308m 154p 154
532m 154p 322
D 224m 168
C 3
m 4
4
38m 11p 23 4m 9n 2p 4
Since AC 36, AD 18.
38 11p 23 4 9n 212 4
3 3
18 4 22 ft 4 4
1 2
49c. Refer to 49b for diagram and reasoning. p 2 n 3
Since AC 30, AD 15.
15 4 19 ft
34, 23, 12
49d.
1
r 4 58. 2x 4y
7 2x 4y
7
2 ? ?
1
2(9) 4(3)
7 2(1) 4(2)
7
50. sin v
csc v 6
7; yes 10
7; yes
1 2x 4y
7
sin v ?
7
2(2) 4(2)
7
5
5
12 7; no
sin v
1
7 59. absolute value; f(x) 22 x
840
51. 2.33 360(2) 840
360 60. A of square A of circle A
720 840 s2 r2 A
120 2 (1)2 A
2
360 120 240; III 0.86 A
52. 5 b 20 The correct choice is C.
5 b 2
25 b 2
23 b
b b2 4
ac
5-4 Applying Trigonometric Functions
53. x
2a
9 (9)2
4(4
)(5)
x
2(4) Pages 301302 Check for Understanding
9 1 1a. cos or sec 1b. tan or cot
x 8
91 91 1c. sin or csc
x 8 or x 8
2. Sample answer: Find a. A
10 8
x 8 or 1.25 x 8 or 1
y 10
54. k x y kx
9 38
k 15
y (0.6)(21) C B
a
k 0.6 y 12.6
147 Chapter 5
3. DCB; ABC; the measures are equal; if parallel 16. tan B a
b
lines are cut by a transversal, the alternate 10
interior angles are congruent. tan 49 13 a
4. Sample answer: If you know the angle of elevation a tan 49 13 10
of the sun at noon on a particular day, you can 10
a
tan 49 13
measure the length of the shadow of the building
at noon on that day. The height of the building a 8.6
a
equals the length of the shadow times the tangent 17. sin A c
of the angle of elevation of the sun. a
a b
sin 16 55
13.7
5. tan A b 6. sin B c
13.7 sin 16 55 a
a 18
tan 76
113 sin 26 c 4.0 a
13 tan 76 a c sin 26 18 18. cos B c
a
18
52.1 a c 22.3
sin 26 cos 47 18 c
c 41.1
c cos 47 18 22.3
a 22.3
7. cos B
c 8a. Let x altitude. c
cos 47 18
x
cos 16 45
a
sin 55 30 1
0 c 32.9
13
13 cos 16 45 a 10 sin 55 30 x 19. sin 30 1
h n
cos 30 1
2 2
12.4 a 8.2 x
about 8.2 cm 12 sin 30 h 12 cos 30 n
1 1 6h 10.4 n
8b. Let x of the base. 8c. A 2bh 6 6
2 tan 45 m sin 45 p
x 1
cos 55 30
10 A 2(11.3)(8.2) m tan 45 6 p sin 45 6
10 cos 55 30 x A 46.7 cm2 6 6
m p
5.66 x tan 45 sin 45
Chapter 5 148
1 1 28. Let M represent the point of intersection of the
21c. A 2bh 22a. r 2(6.4) or 3.2
altitude and E . Since GEF is isosceles, the
F
1 a
A 2(14.6)(6.7) cos 30
3.2 F
altitude bisects E . EMG is a right triangle.
a a
A 48.8 m2 3.2 cos 30 a Therefore, sin v s or s sin v a and tan v
0.5b
2.771281292 a or 0.5b tan v a.
about 2.8 cm 29. Latasha: Markisha:
22b. Let x side of hexagon. 22c. P 6s sin 35
x
sin 42
x
250 225
1
x
P 6(3.2)
2 P 19.2 cm 250 sin 35 x 225 sin 42 x
sin 30 3.2
143.4 x 150.6 x
1 1506 143.4 7.2
32 sin 30 2x
Markishas; about 7.2 ft
2 3.2 sin 30 x 30. Let x the height of the building.
3.2 x; 32 cm Let y the distance between the buildings.
1 x 40 x
22d. A 2pa tan 47 30 y tan 54 54 y
1
A 2(19.2)(2.771281292) y tan 47 30 x y tan 54 54 40 x
x 40 x
A 26.6 cm2 y
tan 47 30 y
tan 54 54
195.8 40 x
23. sin 10 21 36 x
x
tan 47 30 tan 54 54
x sin 10 21 36 195.8 tan 54 54(x) tan 47 30(40 x)
195.8
x
sin 10 21 36 x tan 54 54 40 tan 47 30
x 1088.8 ft x tan 47 30
x(tan 54 54 tan 47 30) 40 tan 47 30
1
24. height: V 3 area of base height x
40 tan 47 30
tan 54 54 tan 47 30
V 3 (s2)2 s tan x 131.7 ft
x 1 1
tan
1
s 1 31. terminal side Quadrant II
2
V 6 s3 tan
reference angle: 180 120 60
1
tan x 3
12, 2
s
2
25a.
sin 120 y cos 120 x
3 1
sin 120
2 cos 120 2
84 ft y 1
tan 120
x csc 120 y
60 3 1
8 ft
2 csc 120
3
tan 120
1
2
76
25b. 84 8 76 25c. sin 60 x 2
76 23
tan 60 x x sin 60 76 tan 120 3
csc 120
3
76
x tan 60 76 x
sin 60 sec 120 x
1
cot 120
x
76 y
x x 87.8 ft 1 1
tan 60
sec 120 2
x 43.9 ft 1
cot 120
3900 2 3
26a. tan 6 x 2
3
x tan 6 3900 sec 120 2 cot 120 3
3900
x
tan 6 32. (PR)2 (RQ)2 (PQ)2
x 37,106.0 ft 72 22 (PQ)2
3900 53 (PQ)2
26b. sin 6 x 53
PQ
P q
x sin 6 3900 sin P r
cos P r
3900
x
sin 6 sin P
2
cos P
7
53 53
x 37,310.4 ft 253
753
sin P
53 cos P
53
27. Yacht: Barge:
P
tan 20 x
208
tan 12 30 x
208 tan P
q
2
x tan 20 208 x tan 12 30 208 tan P
7
33. 43 15 35 43 15
60 35 3600
208 208 1 1
x x
tan 20 tan 12 30
43.260
x 571.5 x 938.2
938.2 571.5 366.8 ft; no
149 Chapter 5
34. y 4. r
x2 y2
r
22 (
5)2
r 29
y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
y |x 2|
5 2 5 5
sin v
29
cos v
29
tan v 2 or 2
O x
529
229
sin v
29 cos v
29
r r
35. Let x the cost of notebooks and y the cost of csc v y sec v x
pencils. 29 29
29
3x 2y 5.89 csc v or
5 5 sec v
2
4x y 6.20 x
cot v y
3x 2y 5.80 3x 2y 5.80 2 2
cot v 5 or 5
2(4x y) 2(6.20) 8x 2y 12.40
550
5x 6.60 5. tan 27.8 x
4x y 6.20 x $1.32
x tan 27.8 550
4(1.32) y 6.20 550
y $0.92 x
tan 27.8
m miles mx
36. x hours h miles x 1043.2 ft
h hours
The correct choice is E.
Chapter 5 150
r r 4 4
9. tan R s 10. cos S t 22. Let A arccos 5. Then cos A 5.
cos arccos 5 5
7 12 4 4
tan R 1
0 cos S 20
7 12
R tan1 1
0 S cos1 20 2
23. Let A tan1 3. Then tan A 3.
2
R 35.0 S 53.1
tan tan1 3 3
2 2
11. A 78 90
2 2
A 12 24. Let A cos1 5. Then cos A 5.
Find b. Find c. 1
b a sec A
cosA
tan B a cos B c
1
b 41 sec A
tan 78 4
1 cos 78 c 2
5
41 tan 78 b c cos 78 41 5
41 sec A 2
192.9 b c
cos 78
sec cos1 5 2
2 5
c 197.2
A 12, b 192.9, c 197.2 25. Let A arcsin 1. Then sin A 1.
12. a2 b2 c2 Find B. csc A
1
sin A
b
112 212 c2 tan B
a
1
csc A 1 or 1
21
562
c tan B
11 csc (arcsin 1) 1
21 5 5
23.7 c B tan1 11 26. Let A cos1 1
3 . Then cos A 13
B 62.4 r2 x2 y2
Find A. 132 52 y2
A 62.35402464 90 144 y2
A 27.64597536 12 y
c 23.7, A 27.6, B 62.4 tan A 5; tancos1 1
3 5
12 5 12
13. 3.2 B 90
2 2
B 58 27. Let A sin1 5. Then sin A 5
Find a. Find b.
a b
r2 x2 y2
sin A c cos A c 52 x2 22
a b 21 x2
sin 32 1
3 cos 32 1
3
21
x
13 sin 32 a 13 cos 32 b 21 21
cos sin1 5
2
6.9 a 11.0 b cos A ;
5
5
B 58, a 6.9, b 11.0 28. tan N
n
m 29. sin M p
m
1280
14a. tan x
2100 tan N
15
9 sin M 1
8
4
1280
x tan1
2100 N tan1 9
15
M sin1 14
8
151 Chapter 5
1
35. 2(14) 7 42. A 33 90
A 57
base angles: vertex angle 2mB
b a
tan A
8
tan B 8
7 sin B c cos B c
7
b a
A tan1 7
8
B tan1 8
7 sin 33
15.2 cos 33
15.2
Chapter 5 152
50.
sin v
i n 55. x-axis y3 x2 2
sin vr
sin 60 (y)3 x2 2
sin vr 2.42 y3 x2 2; no
sin 60
sin vr y-axis y3 x2 2
2.42
y (x)2 2
3
0.3579 sin vr y3 x2 2; yes
sin1 0.3579 vr yx y3 x2 2
21.0 vr (x)3 (y)2 2
51. Draw the altitude from Y to XZ. Call the point of x3 y2 2; no
intersection W. y x y3 x2 2
mX mXYW 90 (x)3 (y)2 2
30 mXYW 90 x3 y2 2; no
mXYW 60 y-axis
In XYW:
56. 1 0 5 5 3 1 2
XW
cos 30 1
6
WY
sin 30 16
0 1 3 4 6 3 2
1(5) 1(5) 0(4)
16 cos 30 XW 16 sin 30 WY 0(3)
13.9 XW 8 WY 0(5) 1(3) 0(5) 1(4)
In ZYW: 1(3) 0(6) 1(1) 0(3)
8 8 0(3) 1(6) 0(1) 1(3)
sin Z 2
4 tan 19.5
WZ
1(2) 0(2)
Z sin1 2
4
8
WZ tan 19.5 8 0(2) 1(2)
8 5 5 3 1 2
Z 19.5 WZ
tan 19.5
3 4 6 3 2
WZ 22.6
8 (5, 3), (5, 4), (3, 6), (1, 3), (2, 2)
cos mWYZ 2 4 3 2 2 2
4 2
mWYZ cos1 2
8 57. 8 2 0 5 1 1
4
9 6 3 7 2 2
mWYZ 70.5
4 (2) 3 2 2 (2)
Y mXYW mWYZ
Y 60 70.5
Y 130.5
y XW WZ
y 13.9 22.6
y 36.5
8 (5) 2 1
9 (7)
01
6 2 3 (2)
2 1
0
52. baseball stadium: football stadium: 3 1
1000 1000
1
tan 63 x tan 18 y 2 8 5
x tan 63 1000 y tan 18 1000 22.2 42.5
1000 1000 58. m
1950 1880
x
tan 63 y
tan 18 20.3
m 70 or 0.29
x 509.5 y 3077.7
distance x y y 22.2 0.29(x 1950)
distance 509.5 3077.7 y 0.29x 587.7
distance 3587.2 ft 59. 2x 5y 10 0
53. (FD)2 (DE)2 (FE)2 5y 2x 10
2
72 (DE)2 152 y 5x 2
(DE)2 176 2
5; 2
DE 176
or 411
side opposite side adjacent a c ab cd
sin F
hypotenuse cos F
hypotenuse 60.
ac b
a c d 10 a c 10
411 7 The correct choice is A.
sin F
15 cos F
15
side opposite hypotenuse
tan F
side adjacent csc F
side opposite
411 15
or 1511
tan F
7 csc F 411 44 5-6 The Law of Sines
hypotenuse side adjacent
sec F
side adjacent cot F
side opposite
15 7
or 711
sec F
7 cot F 411 44 Page 316 Check for Understanding
54. Use TABLE feature of a graphing calculator. x x3 2x
1.
sin 30
sin 60
sin 90
0.3, 1.4, 4.3
60
x x3 2x 2x
1
3
1 x
2 2
30
2x 2x 2x
x 3
153 Chapter 5
2. Sample answer: Pages 316318 Exercises
A 11. B 180 (40 70) or 70
b a c a
b c
sin B
sin A
sin C
sin A
b 20 c 20
35 40
sin 70
sin 40
sin 70
sin 40
C B
10 20 sin 70 20 sin 70
b
sin 40 c
sin 40
3. Area of WXYZ Area of triangle ZWY Area of b 29.238044 c 29.238044
triangle XYW. B 70, b 29.2, c 29.2
mX mZ
12. A 180 (100 50) or 30
triangle ZWY: triangle XYW:
a c b c
1 1
K
2ab sin Z
k 2ab sin X sin A sin C sin B sin C
a 30 b 30
1
K
2ab sin X
sin 30 sin 50 sin 100 sin 50
30 sin 30 30 sin 100
1 1 a b
K 2ab sin X 2ab sin X sin 50 sin 50
a 19.58110934 b 38.56725658
K ab sin X
A 30, a 19.6, b 38.6
4. Both; if the measures of two angles and a non-
13. C 180 (25 35) or 120
included side are known or if the measures of two
a b c b
angles and the included side are known, the
sin A
sin B
sin C
sin B
triangle is unqiue. a 12 c 12
sin 25
sin 35
sin 120
sin 35
5. C 180 (40 59) or 81 12 sin 25 12 sin 120
a c b c a c
sin A
sin C
sin B
sin C
sin 35 sin 35
a 14 b 14 a 8.84174945 c 18.11843058
sin 40
sin 81
sin 59
sin 81 C 120, a 8.8, c 18.1
14 sin 40 14 sin 59
a
sin 81 b
sin 81
14. C 180 (65 50) or 65
a c b c
a 9.111200533 b 12.14992798
sin A sin C sin B sin C
C 81, a 9.1, b 12.1 a
12 b 12
sin 65 sin 65
sin 50
sin 65
6. C 180 (27.3 55.9) or 96.8 12 sin 65 12 sin 50
b a c a a b
sin B
sin A
sin C
sin A
sin 65 sin 65
Chapter 5 154
1
19. K 2 bc sin A 28c. P 112.7 72.7 80
1 P 265.4 ft
K (14)(9) sin 28 m n
sin M sin N and
2 29. Applying the Law of Sines,
K 29.6 units2 r s n sin N
. Thus sin M and sin R
20. A 180 (37 84) or 59 sin R sin S n
r sin S
1 sin B sin C . Since M R, sin M sin R and
K 2a2
sin A s
m sin N r sin S
1 sin 37 sin 84 . However, N S and
K 2(5)2
sin 59 n s
m r m n
K 8.7 units2 sin N sin S, so n s and r s. Similar
21. C 180 (15 113) or 52 proportions can be derived for p and t. Therefore,
1 sin A sin C
K 2 b2
sin B MNP RST.
1 sin 15 s in 52
K 2(7)2
sin 113
30. 360 5 72
1
K 5.4 units2 triangle: K 2(300)(300)sin 72
1
22. K bc sin A
2
K 42,797.54323
1 pentagon: 5K 5(42,797.54323)
K (146.2)(209.3)
2 sin 62.2 5K 213,987.7 ft
K 13,533.9 units2 31a. v 180 (20 15 62 30) or 97 15
1
23. K 2ac sin B Let x the distance from the balloon to the
1 soccer fields.
K 2(12.7)(5.8) sin 42.8 x
4
sin 62 30 sin 97 15
K 25.0 units2 4 sin 62 30
x
sin 97 15
24. B 180 (53.8 65.4) or 60.8
1 sin B sin C x 3.6 mi
K 2a2
sin A
1 sin 60.8 sin 65.4
31b. v 180 (20 15 62 30) or 97 15
K (19.2)2
2 sin 53.8 Let y the distance from the balloon to the
K 181.3 units2 football field.
4 4
25. K ab sin X (formula from Exercise 3) sin 20 15 sin 97 15
K (14)(20) sin 57 4 sin 20 15
y
sin 97 15
K 234.8 cm2
y 1.4 mi
26. Area of pentagon
5 Area of triangle 32. 180 30 150
360 5 72 v 180 (26.8 150) or 3.2
Let x the length of the track.
x 100
sin 26.8
sin 3.2
9 72 9 100 sin 26.8
x
sin 3.2
x 807.7 ft
1 33a. Let x the distance of the second part of the
K (9)(9)
2 sin 72 5K 5(38.51778891)
flight.
K 38.51778891 5K 192.6 in2 v 180 (13 160) or 7
27. Area of octagon
x
80
sin 13 sin 7
8 Area of triangle 80 sin 13
360 8 45 x
sin 7
x 147.6670329
5 distance of flight 80 147.7 or about 227.7 mi
45
5 33b. Let y the distance of a direct flight.
y 80
sin 160
sin 7
80 sin 160
y
sin 7
1
K 2(5)(5) sin 45 8K 8(8.838834765) y 224.5 mi
K 8.838834765 8K 70.7 ft2
28a. 180 (95 40) 45
x 80 y 80
28b.
sin 95
sin 45
sin 40
sin 45
80 sin 95 80 sin 40
x
sin 45 y
sin 45
x 112.7065642 y 72.72311643
about 112.7 ft and 72.7 ft
155 Chapter 5
x y
34. 90 63 27 37. sin v r r2 x2 y2
55 63
180 (55 63) 62 1
Let x the vertical sin v 6 62 x2 (1)2
y 62 distance. y 1, r 6 35 x2
Let y the length of the 35
x
13 ft overhang. Quadrant IV, so x 35
x y r
27 cos v r tan v x csc v y
35
1 6
cos v
6 tan v
35 csc v
1 or 6
63
35
tan v 35
x 13 y 66
r x
sin 27 sin 63 sin 63 sin 62 sec v x cot v y
13 sin 27 6.6 sin 63
x y 6 35
sin 63 sin 62 sec v
35
cot v 1 or 35
x 6.623830843 y 6.684288563
635
about 6.7 ft sec v
35
a b 38. 83 360k
35a.
sin A
sin B
39. Let x standard carts and let y deluxe carts.
a sin A
2 x 8
b sin B y x2 x8
a c 4 y 11 16
x y 15
35b.
sin A sin C x y 15 12 (4, 11) y 11
a sin A
c
sin C
a sin A 8 (8, 7)
c 1
sin C 1
(2, 11)
y4
a c sin A sin C
c c
sin C sin C
(2, 4) (8, 4)
ac sin A sin C x
c
sin C O 4 12 16
ac sin A sin C
35c. From Exercise 34b, c
sin C M(x, y) 100x 250y
sin A sin C
.
sin C M(2, 4) 100(2) 250(4) or 1200
or ac c M(2, 11) 100(2) 250(11) or 2950
a c
sin A sin C M(4, 11) 100(4) 250(11) or 3150
a sin A M(8, 7) 100(8) 250(7) or 2550
c sin C M(8, 4) 100(8) 250(4) or 1800
a sin A
1 1 4 standard carts, 11 deluxe carts
c sin C
a c sin A
sin C 40. 4x y 2z 0
c c sin C sin C 3x 4y 2z 20
ac sin A sin C
c sin C 7x 5y 2z 20
sin C sin A sin C 3(3x 4y 2z) 3(20)
c ac 2(2x 5y 3z) 2(14)
sin A sin C sin A sin C
Therefore,
ac
ac
ac sin A sin C 9x 12y 6z 60
or a c sin A sin C .
4x 10y 6z 28
a b 5x 22y 88
35d.
sin A sin B 5(7x 5y) 5(20) 35x 25y 100
a sin A
b
sin B
7(5x 22y) 7(88) 35x 154y 616
a sin A 129y 516
1
sin B 1
b y4
a b sin A sin B
7x 5y 20 4x y 2z 0
sin B sin B
b b
ab sin A sin B 7x 5(4) 20 4(0) 4 2z 0
b
sin B x0 z 2
b
sin B (0, 4, 2)
ab sin A sin B
41. 6 3x y 3x y 12
45
36. tan v 20 y 3x 6 y
3x 12
45
v tan1 20 y
v 66.0
6 3x y 12
O x
Chapter 5 156
42. Area of one face of the small cube 12 or 1. 5. Since 44 90, consider Case I.
Surface area of the small cube 6 1 or 6. a sin B 23 sin 44
Area of one face of the large cube 22 or 4. a sin B 23 (0.6947)
Surface area of the large cube 6 4 or 24. a sin B 15.97714252
surface area of large cube 24 12 16.0; 0 solutions
8 or 3
8 6. Since 17 90, consider Case I.
The correct choice is A. a sin C 10 sin 17
2.923717047
2.9 10 11; 1 solution
Page 319 History of Mathematics
c
a
sin C sin A
1. See students work; the sum is greater than 180. 11 10
In spherical geometry, the sum of the angles of a
sin 17
sin A
triangle can exceed 180. 10 sin 17
sin A 11
2. See students work. Sample answer: Postulate 4
A sin1 11
10 sin 17
states that all right angles are equal to one
another. A 15.41404614
3. See students work. B 180 (15.4 17) or about 147.6
c b
sin C
sin B
11 b
5-7 The Ambiguous Case for the Law sin 17 sin 147.6
11 sin 147.6
b
of Sines sin 17
b 20.16738057
Page 323 Graphing Calculator Exploration A 15.4, B 147.6, b 20.2
1. B 44.1, C 23.9, c 1.8 7. Since 140
90, consider Case II.
3 10; no solutions
2. B 52.7, C 76.3, b 41.0; B 25.3,
C 103.7, b 22.0 8. Since 38 90, consider Case I.
b sin A 10 sin 38
3. The answers are slightly different.
b sin A 6.156614753
4. Answers will vary if rounded numbers are used to 6.2 8 10; 2 solutions
find some values. a b
sin A
sin B
8 10
sin 38
sin B
Page 324 Check for Understanding 10 sin 38
sin B 8
1. A triangle cannot exist if mA 90 and
B sin1 8
10 sin 38
a b sin A or if mA
90 and a b.
2. B B 50.31590502
B 180 180 50.3 or 129.7
56.4 Solution 1
6 123.6 6
30 26.4 C 180 (50.3 38) or 91.7
A C a c
30 93.6 10
sin A
sin C
A C
10 8 c
sin 38
sin 91.7
6 10
sin 30
sin B 180 180 56.4 c
8 sin 91.7
sin 38
sin B
10 sin 30
123.6
6 c 12.98843472
C 180 (30 123.6)
B
sin1 6
10 sin 30
26.4
Solution 2
C 180 (129.7 38) or 12.3
B 56.44269024 a c
C 180 (30 56.4)
sin A
sin C
8 c
93.6
sin 38 sin 12.3
3. Step 1: Determine that there is one solution for 8 sin 12.3
c
sin 38
the triangle.
Step 2: Use the Law of Sines to solve for B. c 2.768149638
Step 3: Subtract the sum of 120 and B from 180 to B 50.3, C 91.7, c 13.0; B 129.7,
find C. C 12.3, c 2.8
Step 4: Use the Law of Sines to solve for c.
4. Since 113
90, consider Case II.
15
8; 1 solution
157 Chapter 5
9. Since 130
90, consider Case II. 13. Since 61 90, consider Case I.
17 5; 1 solution a sin B 12 sin 61
c
b a sin B 10.49543649
sin C sin B
17 5
8 10.5; 0 solutions
sin 130
sin B 14. two angles are given; 1 solution
5 sin 130
sin B 17 15. Since 100
90, consider Case II.
15 18; 0 solutions
B sin117
5 sin 130
16. Since 37 90, consider Case I.
B 13.02094264 a sin B 32 sin 37
A 180 (13.0 130) or 37.0 a sin B 19.25808074
c a
27 19.3; 2 solutions
sin C sin A
17 a 17. Since 65 90, consider Case I.
sin 130 sin 37.0 b sin A 57 sin 65
17 sin 37.0
a
sin 130
b sin A 51.65954386
55 51.7; 2 solutions
a 13.35543321
A 37.0, B 13.0, a 13.4 18. Since 150
90, consider Case II.
6 8; no solution
10a.
19. Since 58 90, consider Case I.
b sin A 29 sin 58
b sin A 24.59339479
45 ft 70 ft 26 24.6; 2 solutions
a b
sin A
sin B
10
26 29
10b. 90 10 80 sin 58 sin B
29 sin 58
180 80 100 sin B 2
6
B sin12 29 sin 58
45 70 6
B 71.06720496
100 180 180 71.1 or 108.9
80
x Solution 1
10 C 180 (58 71.1) or 50.9
a c
70 45
sin 100
sin x
sin A sin C
26 c
45 sin 100
sin x
70
sin 58 sin 50.9
26 sin 50.9
c
x sin1 7
45 sin 100
0 sin 58
c 23.80359004
x 39.3
Solution 2
10c. v 180 (100 39.3) C 180 (58 108.9) or 13.1
or about 40.7 a c
sin A
sin C
45 70 26 c
sin 58
sin 13.1
26 sin 13.1
100 c
sin 58
39.3
80 y c 6.931727606
10 B 71.1, C 50.9, c 23.8; B 108.9,
y 70 C 13.1, c 6.9
sin 40.7
sin 100
70 sin 40.7
y
sin 100
y 46.4 ft
Chapter 5 158
20. Since 30 90, consider Case I. 24. Since 36 90, consider Case I.
b sin A 8 sin 30 c sin B 30 sin 36
b sin A 4 c sin B 17.63355757
4 4; 1 solution 19 17.6; 2 solutions
a b b c
sin A
sin B
sin B
sin C
4 8 19 30
sin 30
sin B
sin 36
sin C
8 sin 30 30 sin 36
sin B 4 sin C 1
9
B sin14 C sin11
8 sin 30 30 sin 36
9
B 90 C 68.1377773
C 180 (30 90) or 60 180 180 68.1 or 111.9
a c Solution 1
sin A
sin C
4 c
A 180 (36 68.1) or 75.9
b a
sin 30 sin 60
sin B
sin A
4 sin 60
C 19 a
sin 30
sin 36
sin 75.9
C 6.92820323 19 sin 75.9
B 90; C 60, c 6.9 a
sin 36
C sin1
24 sin 31.8 12.2 sin 107.2
b
sin 70 17.2
b 13.46081025 C 42.65491459
Solution 2 B 180 (107.2 42.7) or 30.1
B 180 (70 101.8) or 8.2
a
b
c b sin A sin B
17.2 b
sin C sin B
sin 107.2
sin 30.1
24 b
17.2 sin 30.1
sin 70 sin 8.2 b
sin 107.2
24 sin 8.2
b
sin 70 b 9.042067456
b 3.640196918 B 30.1, C 42.7, b 9.0
A 78.2, B 31.8, b 13.5; A 101.8, 26. Since 76 90, consider Case I.
B 8.2, b 3.6 b sin A 20 sin 76
22. C 180 (40 60) or 80 b sin A 19.40591453
c
a
c
b
5 19.4; no solution
sin C sin A sin C sin B
20 a 20 b
sin 80
sin 40
sin 80
sin 60
20 sin 40 20 sin 60
a
sin 80 b
sin 80
a 13.05407289 b 17.58770483
C 80, a 13.1, b 17.6
23. Since 90
90; consider Case II.
12 14; no solution
159 Chapter 5
27. Since 47 90, consider Case I. 31.
a
b
sin A sin B
16
10; 1 solution 15 20
c a
sin 29
sin B
sin C
sin A 20 sin 29
16 10 sin B 1
5
sin 47
sin A
B sin11 20 sin 29
10 sin 47 5
sin A
16
B 40.27168721
A sin 1
10 sin 47
16 180 180 40.3 or 139.7
A 27.19987995 Solution 1
B 180 (47 27.2) or 105.8 C 180 (29 40.3) or 110.7
c b a c
sin A
sin C
sin C sin B
16 b 15 c
sin 29
sin 110.7
sin 47 sin 105.8
16 sin 105.8 15 sin 110.7
b
sin 47
c
sin 29
b 21,0506609 c 28.93721187
A 27.2, B 105.8, b 21.1 Perimeter a b c
28. Since 40 90, consider Case I. 15 20 28.9 or about 63.9 units
c sin B 60 sin 40 Solution 2
c sin B 38.56725658 C 180 (29 139.7) or 11.3
a c
42 38.6; 2 solutions
sin A
sin C
b c
sin B
sin C
15
c
sin 29 sin 11.3
42 60
sin 40
sin C c
15 sin 11.3
sin 29
60 sin 40
sin C
42 c 6.047576406
Perimeter a b c
C sin1 4
60 sin 40
2 15 20 6.0 or about 41.0 units
C 66.67417652 b a
32.
180 180 66.7 or 113.3 sin B sin A
13 15
Solution 1
sin 55
sin A
A 180 (40 66.7) or 73.3 15 sin 55
b a sin A 1
3
A sin113
sin B sin A 15 sin 55
42 a
sin 40
sin 73.3
42 sin 73.3
A 70.93970395
a
sin 40 180 180 70.9 or 109.1
a 62.58450564 Solution 1
Solution 2 C 180 (70.9 55) or 54.1
b c
A 180 (40 113.3) or 26.7
sin B sin C
b a 13 c
sin B
sin A
sin 55
sin 54.1
42 a 13 sin 54.1
sin 40
sin 26.7 c
sin 55
42 sin 26.7
a
sin 40
c 12.8489656
Perimeter a b c
a 29.33237132
15 13 12.8 or about 40.8
A 73.3, C 66.7, a 62.6; A 26.7,
Solution 2
C 113.3, a 29.3
c 180 (109.1 55) or 15.9
29. Since 125.3
90, consider Case II. b c
32 40; no solution sin B sin C
13 c
30.
21.7
19.3
sin 55
sin 15.9
sin 57.4 sin x
13 sin 15.9
sin x
19.3 sin 57.4 c
sin 55
21.7
c 4.35832749
x sin1
19.3 sin 57.4
21.7 Perimeter a b c
x 48.52786934 15 13 4.4 or about 32.4
v 180 (57.4 48.5) or 74.1 A 70.9, B 55, C 54.1
21.7 y
sin 57.4
sin 74.1
21.7 sin 74.1
y
sin 57.4 19.3 cm 74.1 21.7 cm
y 24.76922417
57.4 48.5
24.8 cm
Chapter 5 160
33. side opposite 37 15 18 or 33 37. Distance from satellite to center of earth is 3960
side between v and 37 15 22 or 37 1240 or 5200 miles.
Let x the measure of the third angle. angle across from 5200 mi side 45 90 or 135
33 37 5200 3960
sin 37
sin x sin 135 sin x
37 sin 37 3960 sin 135
sin x 3 sin x
5200
3
x sin133 x sin1
37 sin 37 3960 sin 135
5200
x 42.43569405 x 32.58083835
v 180 (37 42.4) or about 100.6 v 180 (135 32.6) or about 21.4
21.4
34a. a b sin A 34b. a b sin A (2 hours) 0.0689953425 hours or about 4.1
360
a 14 sin 30 a 14 sin 30 minutes
a7 a 7 or a
14 38. P turns 20(360) or 7200 every second which
34c. a b sin A equals 72 every 0.01 second.
a 14 sin 30
PQ
OP
sin O sin Q
a 7 and a 14 15 5
7 a 14
sin 72
sin Q
184.5 140 5 sin 72
35.
sin 59
sin x sin Q 15
Q sin115
140 sin 59 5 sin 72
sin x
184.5
x sin1184.5
140 sin 59
Q 18.48273235
mP 180 (72 18.5) or about 89.5
x 40.57365664 QO PQ
v 180 (59 40.6) or about 80.4
sin P
sin O
90 80.4 9.6 QO 15
sin 89.5
sin 72
36a. 12 90 and 316 450 sin 12; 2 solutions 15 sin 89.5
316 450 QO
sin 12
sin v
sin 72
161 Chapter 5
75 4. Sample answers:
41. tan 22 x
75 A A 180 (90 53) or 37
x b
tan 22 sin B c
x 185.6 m
c 10
1
42. 3; 2 4 4 13 6 10 sin 53 c
10
2 1 6 53 c
sin 53
C B
4 2 12 0 a c 12.52135658
4x2 2x 12 0 b
2
(2)2
4(4)(12)
tan B a
x
2(4) 10
tan 53 a
2 188
x 10
8 a
tan 53
2 2i47
x
8 a 7.535540501
x
1 i47
A 37, a 7.5, c 12.5
4
A C 180 (5.5 45) or 80
43. no b a
x1
3x 3x 4x 1 sin B sin A
1
x1
x1 x1
x1 4x 1 55 b 10
9
x x
b c
3x 9x 9x sin 45 sin 55
3
x1 x1 x1 10 sin 45
45 b
sin 55
44. 5x 2y 9 y 3x 1 C B
5x 2(3x 1) 9 y 3(7) 1
10 b 8.6321799
c a
5x 6x 2 9 y 22
sin C sin A
x 7 c
10
(7, 22) sin 80 sin 55
10 sin 80
45. 2x 5y 7 c
sin 55
2 7
y 5x 5 c 12.0222828
5 C 80, b 8.6, c 12.0
perpendicular slope: 2 c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
5
y 4 2(x (6)) c2 102 82 2(10)(8) cos 50
5 c2 61.15398245
y 4 2x 15 c 7.820101179
2y 8 5x 30 a
c
A sin A sin C
5x 2y 22 10 7.8
46. Perimeter of XYZ 4 8 9 or 21 8
sin A sin 50
c 10 sin 50
B
length of A
1
3 of perimeter sin A
7.8
1
3(21) or 7 C
50
10
B A sin1
10 sin 50
7.8
The answer is 7. A 78.4024367
B 180 (78.4 50) or 51.6
A 78.4, B 51.6, c 7.8
5. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
5-8 The Law of Cosines 322 382 462 2(38)(46) cos A
322 382 462
2(38)(46) cos A
322 382 462
Pages 330331 Check for Understanding cos1
2(38)(46) A
1. The Law of Cosines is needed to solve a triangle if
the measures of all three sides or the measures of 43.49782861 A
a b
two sides and the included angle are given.
sin A
sin B
2. Sample answer: 1 in., 2 in., 4 in. 32 38
sin 43.5
sin B
3. If the included angle measures 90, the equation 38 sin 43.5
becomes c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C. Since sin B 3
2
cos 90 0, c2 a2 b2 2ab(0) or c2 a2 b2. B sin132
38 sin 43.5
B 54.8
C 180 (43.5 54.8) or 81.7
A 43.5, B 54.8, C 81.7
Chapter 5 162
6. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C Pages 331332 Exercises
c2 252 302 2(25)(30) cos 160 11. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
c2 2934.538931 a2 72 102 2(7)(10) cos 51
c 54.1713848 a2 60.89514525
c
a a 7.803534151
sin C sin A a b
54.2 25
sin A sin B
sin 160 sin A 7.8 7
25 sin 160
sin 51
sin B
sin A
54.2 7 sin 51
sin B
A sin1
25 sin 160
7.8
B sin17.8
54.2 7 sin 51
A 9.1
B 180 (9.1 160) or 10.9 B 44.22186872
A 9.1, B 10.9, c 54.2 C 180 (51 44.2) or 84.8
7. The angle with greatest measure is across from B 44.2, C 84.8, a 7.8
the longest side. 12. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
212 182 142 2(18)(14) cos v 72 52 62 2(5)(6) cos C
212 182 142 72 52 62
2(18)(14) cos v
2(5)(6) cos C
72 52 62
212 182 142
cos1
2(18)(14) v cos1
2(5)(6) C
81.0 v 78.46304097 C
about 81.0 a c
sin A
sin C
1
8. s 2(2 7 8) 8.5 5 7
K 8.5(8.
5 )(8.5
2 7)(8.5
8) sin A sin 78.5
5 sin 78.5
6.4 units2 sin A 7
1
9. s 2(25 13 17) 27.5 A sin17
5 sin 78.5
K 27.5(2
7.5 7.5
25)(2 7.5
13)(2 17)
A 44.42268919
102.3 units2
B 180 (44.4 78.5) or 57.1
10. a2 b2 c2 A 44.4, B 57.1, C 78.5
65 ft 652 652 c2
13. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
8450 c2
72 42 52 2(4)(5) cos C
c 91.92388155 c 72 42 52
2(4)(5) cos C
cos1
2(4)(5) C
72 42 52
65 ft
101.536959 C
a c
a2 2bc cos v
b2 c2
sin A sin C
652 652 91.92 2(65)(91.9) cos v 4
7
652 652 91.92 sin A sin 101.5
2(65)(91.9) cos v 4 sin 101.5
sin A 7
652 652 91.92
cos1
2(65)(91.9) v A sin1 7
4 sin 101.5
45.01488334 v A 34.05282227
B 180 (34.1 101.5) or 44.4
A 34.1, B 44.4, C 101.5
14. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B
c b2 162 122 2(16)(12) cos 63
b2 225.6676481
50 ft b 15.02223845
65 ft a b
45.0
sin A
sin B
16 15.0
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C sin A sin 63
16 sin 63
c2 652 502 2(65)(50) cos 45.0 sin A
15.0
c2 2128.805922
A sin115.0
16 sin 63
c 46.1 ft
A 71.62084388
C 180 (71.6 63) or 45.4
A 71.6, C 45.4, b 15.0
163 Chapter 5
15. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B 1
23. s 2(174 138 188) 250
13.72 11.42 12.22
K 250
76 12
12 6
2(11.4)(12.2) cos B
13.72 11.42 12.22
11,486.3 units2
cos B 1
2(11.4)(12.2) 24. s 2(11.5 13.7 12.2) 18.7
13.72 11.42 12.22
cos1
2(11.4)(12.2) B K 187(1
8.7 (18.7
11.5) 7)(18.
13.7 2.2)
1
70.8801474 B 66.1 units2
a
b 25a. d2 302 482 2(30)(48) cos 120
sin A sin B
11.4 13.7
d2 4644
sin A
sin 70.9 d 68.1 in.
sin A
11.4 sin 70.9 25b. Area of parallelogram 2(Area of triangle)
13.7 1
K 2(30)(48) sin 120
A sin1
11.4 sin 70.9
13.7
K 623.5382907
A 51.84180107
2K 2(623.5382907) or about 1247.1 in2
C 180 (51.8 70.9) or 57.3 1
A 51.8, B 70.9, C 57.3 26a. s 2(15 15 24.6) 27.3
16. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C K 27.3(2
7.3 7.3
15)(2 7.3
15)(2 24.6)
c2 21.52 132 2(21.5)(13) cos 79.3 105.6
c2 527.462362 Area of rhombus 2(105.6) 211.2 cm2
c 22.96654876 26b. 24.62 152 152 2(15)(15) cos v
a c 24.62 152 152
sin A sin C 2(15)(15) cos v
21.5 23.0
cos1 v
sin A sin 79.3 24.62 152 152
21.5 sin 79.3 2(15)(15)
sin A
23.0 110.1695875 v
A sin1
21.5 sin 79.3
23.0 180 110.2 69.8
A 66.90667662 about 110.2, 69.8, 110.2, 69.8
B 180 (66.9 79.3) or 33.8 27. The angle opposite the missing side 45.
A 66.9, B 33.8, c 23.0 x2 4002 902 2(400)(90) cos 45
17. 14.92 23.82 36.92 x2 117,188.3118
2(23.8)(36.9) cos v x 342.3 ft
14.92 23.82 36.92
28.
2(23.8)(36.9) cos v
74 ft 38 ft
14.92 23.82 36.92
cos1
2(23.8)(36.9) v x
13.75878964 v
about 13.8 88 ft
18. d12 402 602 2(40)(60) cos 132 382 742 882 2(74)(88) cos v
d12 8411.826911 382 742 882
2(74)(88) cos v
d1 91.71601229
180 132 48 cos1
2(74)(88) v
382 742 882
d22 402 602 2(40)(60) cos 48
d22 1988.173089 25.28734695 v
side opposite
d2 44.58893461 sin v
hypotenuse
about 91.7 cm and 44.6 cm x
1 sin 25.3 7
4
19. s 2(4 6 8) 9
31.60970664 x
K 9(9
4)(9
6)(9
8) about 31.6 ft
11.6 units2
29a. x2 1002 2202 2(100)(220) cos 10
1
20. s 2(17 13 19) 24.5 x2 15,068.45887
K 24.5(2
4.5 4.5
17)(24.5
13)(2
19) x 122.7536511
107.8 units2 about 122.8 mi
1 29b. (100 122.7536511) 220 2.7536511
21. s 2(20 30 40) 45
about 2.8 mi
K 45(45
)(45 205
30)(40)
4
290.5 units2
1
22. s 2(33 51 42) 63
K 63(63
)(63 333
51)(62)
4
690.1 units2
Chapter 5 164
30. 202 ft side opposite
34. tan v
side adjacent
82.5 180.25 ft 570
I tan v
700
201.5 ft x 570
y III v tan1
700
II 75
v 39.2
158 ft
125 ft 35. 775 2(360) 55
1 reference angle 55 or 55
I: K 2(201.5)(202) sin 82.5
36. 3 1 7 k 6
K 20,177.3901 3 12 36 3k
II: x2 201.52 2022 2(201.5)(202) cos 82.5 30 3k
1 4 12 k
x2 70,780.6348
30 3k 0
x 266.046302
k 10
y2 1582 180.252 2(158)(180.25) cos 75 5t t
y2 42.711.98851 37. m
5t 2t
y 206.6687894 4t
m 3t or 3
4
206.72 266.02 1252 3
2yx
2 23x6
2(266.0)(125) cos v 38. y
3
206.72 266.02 1252 8x6
cos v
2(266.0)(125) y
3
165 Chapter 5
C could also equal 180 76.27180414 or 15.
156
0.43
360
103.728195
B 180 51 103.7281959 360(1) 156
25.2718041 360 156
y 204; III
tan (180 25.2718041)
x 50 998
16. 2.77
(x 50) tan 154.7281959 y 360
Set the two values of y equal to each other. 360(2) 998
(tan 51) x (x 50)tan 154.7281959 720 998
(tan 51) x x(tan 154.7281959) 50(tan 278; IV
154.7281959) 300
17.
360 0.83
50(tan 154.7281959)
x 360(1) 300
tan 51 tan 154.7281959
x 13.82829048 360 300
y (tan 51) (13.82828048) 60; I
1072
17.07651659 18.
360 2.98
B 52.7, C 76.3, b 40.9; B 25.3,
360(2) 1072
C 103.7, b 220
720 1072
3. Law of Cosines 352; IV
4. Sample answer: put vertex A at the origin and 654
19.
360 1.82
vertex C at (3, 0).
360(1) 654
360 654
294; IV
Chapter 5 Study Guide and Assessment 20.
832
360 2.31
360(2) 832
Page 335 Understanding and Using the 720 832
Vocabulary 112
360 112 248; III
1. false; depression 2. false; arcosine
3. true 4. false; adjacent to 21. 284 has terminal side in first quadrant.
5. true 6. false; coterminal 360 284 76
592
7. true 8. false; Law of Cosines 22.
360 1.64
9. false; terminal side 10. true
360(1) 592
360 592
232
Pages 336338 Skills and Concepts terminal side in third quadrant
11. 57.15 57 (0.15 60) 232 180 52
57 9 23. (BC)2 (AC)2 (AB)2
57 9 152 92 (AB)2
12. 17.125 (17 (0.125 60)) 306 (AB)2
(17 7.5) 306
AB
(17 7 (0.5 60)) AB
334
(17 7 30) opposite side adjacent side
sin A cos A
17 7 30 hypotenuse
534
hypotenuse
15 9
334
860 1146 sin A or cos A or
13.
360 2.39 14.
3 60 3.18
334 34
334 34
side opposite
360(2) 860 360(3) 1146 tan A
side adjacent
720 860 1080 1146 15 5
tan A or
140; II 66; I 9 3
Chapter 5 166
24. (PM)2 (PN)2 (MN)2 29. r
x2 y2
82 122 (MN)2 r
82 (
2)2
208 (MN)2 r 68
or 217
208
MN y x y
sin v x cos v y tan v x
MN
413
2 8 2 1
sin M
opposite side
cos M
adjacent side
sin v
217 cos v
217 tan v 8 or 4
hypotenuse hypotenuse
12
313 8
213 17
417
sin M or 13 cos M or 13 sin v 17 cos v
17
413
413
r r
tan M
side opposite
csc M
hypotenuse
csc v y sec v x
side adjacent side opposite
13
217
217 17
12 3
413
csc v 2 or 17 sec v or
tan M 8 or 2 csc M 12 or 3 8 4
x
hypotenuse side adjacent cot v y
sec M
side adjacent cot M
side opposite 8
413
13
8 2 cot v 2 or 4
sec M 8 or 2 cot M 1
2 or 3
30. r x y2
2
25. (MP)2 (PN)2 (MN)2
r (2)2 02
(MP)2 102 122
r 4 or 2
(MP)2 44 y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
MP 44 or 211
0 2 0
opposite side adjacent side sin v 2 or 0 cos v 2 or 1 tan v
2 or 0
sin M
hypotenuse cos M
hypotenuse r r x
211 11
csc v y sec v x cot v y
10 5
sin M 1
2 or 6 cos M 12 or 6
2 2 2
side opposite hypotenuse
csc v 0 sec v
2 or 1
cot v 0
tan M
side adjacent csc M
side opposite undefined undefined
10
511 12 6
tan M or 11
211
csc M 1
0 or 5
31. r x2 y2
sec M
hypotenuse
cot M
side adjacent
r 42 52
side adjacent side opposite
12
611
211 11
r 41
sec M or 11
cot M or y x y
211 10 5 sin v r cos v r tan v x
1
26. sec v 5 4 5
cos v sin v
41
cos v
41
tan v 4
1
cos v
secv 541 441
sin v 41 cos v
41
1 5
cos v
7 or 7
r r x
csc v y sec v
x cot v y
5
41
41
4
27. r x2 y2 csc v 5 sec v
4 cot v 5
r 32 32 32. r x2 y2
r 18 or 32 r (5)2
(9
)2
y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v
x
r 106
y x y
3 3 3 sin v r cos v r tan v x
sin v
cos v
tan v or 1
32 32 3 9 5 9 9
sin v
106
cos v
106
tan v
5 or 5
2 2
sin v 2 cos v
2
9106
5106
r r sin v
106 cos v
106
csc v y sec v
x r r
32 32 csc v y sec v x
csc v 3 or 2
sec v
3 or 2
106
106
106
106
x
csc v or
9
9 sec v
5 or
5
cot v y x
cot v y
3
cot v 3 or 1 5 5
cot v
9 or 9
28. r x2 y2
33. r x2 y2
r
(5)2
122
r
(4)2
42
r 169
or 13
y x y r 32
or 42
sin v r cos v r tan v x y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
12 5 5 12 12
sin v cos v or 1 tan v
5 or 5 4 4 4
13 13 3
sin v
42 cos v
42 tan v
4 or 1
r r x
csc v
y sec v
x cot v
y 2 2
13 13 13 5 5 sin v cos v
csc v
12 sec v
5 or 5 cot v
12 or 1
2
2 2
r r x
csc v
y sec v x cot v y
42 42 4
csc v
4 sec v
4 cot v 4 or 1
csc v 2
sec v 2
167 Chapter 5
34. r x2 y2 43. a2 b2 c2 cos A c
b
Chapter 5 168
51. Since 38.7 90, consider Case I. B 113.7, C 37.3, b 22.7;
c sin A 203 sin 38.7 B 8.3, C 142.7, b 3.6
c sin A 126.9242592 54. Since 45 90, consider Case I.
172
126.9; 2 solutions 83
79; 1 solution
a c a b
sin A
sin C
sin A sin B
172 203 83 79
sin 38.7
sin C
sin 45 sin B
203 sin 38.7 79 sin 45
sin C
172 sin B 8
3
203 sin 38.7
C sin1 B sin1 8
79 sin 45
172 3
C 47.55552829 B 42.30130394
180 180 47.6 or 132.4 C 180 (45 42.3) or 92.7
Solution 1 a c
sin A sin C
B 180 (38.7 47.6) or 93.7 83 c
b a
sin B
sin A
sin 45 sin 92.7
83 sin 92.7
b 172 c
sin 937
sin 38.7
sin 45
172 sin 93.7 c 117.2495453
b
sin 38.7 B 42.3, C 92.7, c 117.2
b 274.5059341 55. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
Solution 2 a2 402 452 2(40)(45) cos 51
B (180 (38.7 132.4) or 8.9 a2 1359.446592
b a
a 36.87067388
sin B sin A
a b
b
172
sin A
sin B
sin 8.9 sin 38.7
36.9 40
172 sin 8.9
b
sin 51
sin B
sin 38.7
40 sin 51
b 42.34881128 sin B
36.9
B 93.7, C 47.6, b 274.5; B 8.9, B sin1 36.9
40 sin 51
C 132.4, b 42.3
B 57.39811237
52. Since 57 90, consider Case I.
C 180 (51 57.4) or 71.6
b sin A 19 sin 57
a 36.9, B 57.4, C 71.6
b sin A 15.93474074
12 15.9; no solution 56. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B
b2 512 612 2(51)(61) cos 19
53. Since 29 90, consider Case I.
b2 438.9834226
c sin A 15 sin 29
b 20.95193124
c sin A 7.272144304 b a
12
7.3; 2 solutions
sin B sin A
a c 21.0 51
sin A sin C sin 19 sin A
12 15 51 sin 19
sin A
sin 29 sin C 21.0
15 sin 29
51 sin 19
sin C 1 2 A sin1
21.0
1 15 sin 29
C sin
12
A 52.4178316
C 180 (52.4 19) or 108.6
C 37.30170167
b 21.0, A 52.4, C 108.6
180 180 37.3 or 142.7
Solution 1 57. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
B 180 (29 37.3) or 113.7 202 112 132 2(11)(13) cos C
202 112 132
a
b
2(11)(13) cos C
sin A sin B
202 112 132
12
sin 29
b
sin 113.7
cos 1
2(11)(13) C
b
12 sin 113.7
112.6198649 C
sin 29 a c
b 22.6647614 sin A sin C
Solution 2 11 20
sin A sin 112.6
B 180 (29 142.7) or 8.3 11 sin 112.6
a b sin A 20
sin A
sin B
11 sin 112.6
12 b A sin1 20
sin 29
sin 8.3
12 sin 8.3 A 30.51023741
b
sin 29 B 180 (30.5 112.6) or 36.9
b 3.573829815 A 30.5, B 36.9, C 112.6
169 Chapter 5
58. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B Chapter 5 SAT & ACT Preparation
b2 422 6.52 2(42)(6.5) cos 24
b2 1307.45418 Page 341 SAT and ACT Practice
b 36.15873588
b c 1. There are several ways to solve this problem. Use
the Pythagorean Theorem on the large triangle.
sin B sin C
36.2
6.5 (2y 3y)2 42 32
sin 24 sin C
6.5 sin 24
(5y)2 16 9
sin C
36.2 25y2 25
25y2 25
6.5 sin 24
C sin1
36.2 25 25
C 4.192989407 y2 1
A 180 (24 4.2) or 151.8 y 1
b 36.2, A 151.8, C 4.2 Since y is a length, use only the positive root.
Another method is to use the Triangle Inequality
Theorem. The hypotenuse must be shorter than
the sum of the lengths of the other two sides.
Page 339 Applications and Problem Solving
8 5y 3 4
59a. sin v 1
2 5y 7
8
v sin1 1
2
Which of the answer choices make this inequality
true?
v 41.8 5(1) 5 7
x
59b. cos v 1
2 5(2) 10
7
x The correct choice is A.
cos 41.8 1
2
12 cos 41.8 x 2. If you recall the general form of the equation of a
8.94427191 x circle, you can immediately see that this equation
about 8.9 ft represents a circle with its center at the origin.
60a. x2 4.52 8.22 2(4.5)(8.2) cos 32 (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
x2 24.9040505 If you dont recall the equation, you can try to
x 5.0 mi eliminate some of the answer choices. Since the
8.2 5.0 equation contains squared variables, it cannot
60b.
sin v
sin 32 represent a straight line. Eliminate choice D.
8.2 sin 32
sin v Similarly, eliminate choice E. Since both the x and
5.0
y variables are squared, it cannot represent a
v sin1
8.2 sin 32
5.0 parabola. Eliminate choice C. The choices
v 60.54476292 remaining are circle and ellipse. This is a good
180 v 180 60.5 or about 119.5 time to make an educated guess, since you have a
50% chance of guessing correctly. It represents a
circle. The correct choice is A.
Page 339 Open-Ended Assessment 3. Use factoring and the associative property.
1 999 111 3 3 n2
1. K 2 ab sin C
(9 111) 111 3 3 n2,
1
125 2ab sin 35 3 3 (111)2 3 3 n2.
So n must equal 111. The correct choice is C.
435.86 ab
Sample answer: about 40 cm and 10.9 cm 4. A
2a. Sample answer: a 10, b 24, A 30; 45
10 24, 10 24 sin 30 7
7
D 45
2b. Sample answer: b 18; 10 18, 10
18 sin 30
C 7 B
Chapter 5 170
5. You need to find the fractions range of values, 8. Factor the polynomial in the numerator of the
from the minimum to the maximum. The fraction. Simplify the fraction. Solve for x.
minimum value of the fraction occurs when a is as x2 7x 12
5
x4
small as possible and b is as large as possible. (x 3)(x 4)
Since the smallest value of a must be slightly 5
x4
greater than 4, and the largest value of b must be x35
slightly less than 9, this minimum value of the x2
4
fraction must be larger than 9. The maximum The correct choice is B.
value of the fraction occurs when a is as large as 9. You can solve this problem by plugging-in a
possible and b is as small as possible. This number for the length of the side of the square.
7
maximum must be smaller than 7 or 1. The Let the side have length 3. The diagonal creates
correct choice is A. two 454590 triangles. The sides of a
6. Start by making a sketch of the situation. 454590 triangle are in a ratio of 112 .
(This is shown in the Reference Information at the
9000 beginning of the SAT mathematics sections.) The
1:00 P.M. length of the diagonal of the square with side of
9000 length 3 is 32 . The ratio of AC to AD is 32 to
36,000
9000 3 or 2 . Since 2 is less than 2, Column B is
10:00 A.M. greater. The correct choice is B.
9000 10. Draw a diagram from the information given in the
problem. Drawing a valid diagram is the most
By 1:00 P.M. the pool is three-fourths full. Three difficult part of solving this problem. Your
fourths of 36,000 gallons is 27,000 gallons. The diagram could be different from the one below and
pool contained 9,000 gallons at the start. So still be valid.
27,000 9,000 or 18,000 gallons were added in
C
3 hours. The constant rate of flow is 18,000
gallons 3 hours or 6,000 gallons per hour. To
fill the remaining 9,000 gallons at this same rate 5
will take 9,000 gallons 6,000 gallons per hour
or 1.5 hours. One and a half hours from 1:00 P.M., 4
A B
4 X
is 2:30 P.M. The correct choice is C.
7. There are two right triangles in the figure. You
5
need to find the length of one leg of the larger
triangle, but you dont know the length of the D
other leg. Use the Pythagorean Theorem twice
Since two segments bisect each other, you know
once for each triangle. Let y represent the length
the length of each half of the segment. Notice that
of side AC.
D
B is a side of a right triangle. It is a 3-4-5 right
In the smaller right triangle,
triangle. So BD 3. The answer is 3.
y2 42 62
y2 16 36
x2 52
You do not need to solve for y.
In the larger triangle,
102 x2 y2
100 x2 52
x2 48
x 48
x 43
The correct choice is B.
171 Chapter 5
Chapter 6 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Pages 348351 Exercises
6-1 Angles and Radian Measure
16. 135 135
180 17. 210 210
180
3 7
4 6
Pages 347348 Check for Understanding
18. 300 300
180 19. 450 450
180
1. y 2. 90; 4
5 5
3 2
3 20. 75 75
180 21. 1250 1250
180
4
5 125
O 1 x 1
2 1
8
7 7 180 11 11 180
22.
12 1
2
23.
3 3
105 660
180 180
24. 17 17 25. 3.5 3.5
3. Divide 10 by 8.
4. Let R 2r. For the circle with radius R, s Rv or 974.0 200.5
180 180
2rv which is 2(rv). Thus, s 2s. For the circle 26.
6.2
6.2
27. 17.5 17.5
1 1
with radius R, A 2R2v or 2(2r)2v which is 29.0 1002.7
5
or 42r2v. Thus, A 4A.
1 1
(4r2)v
2 28. reference angle: 2 3 or 3; Quadrant 4
5 3
5. 240 240
180 6. 570 570
180 sin 3 2
4 19 7
3 6 29. reference angle: 6 or 6; Quadrant 3
3 3 180 7 3
7.
2 2 tan 6 3
5
270 30. reference angle: 4 or 4; Quadrant 3
180
8. 1.75 1.75 5
2
cos 4 2
100.3 7
3
31. reference angle: 6 or 6; Quadrant 3
9. reference angle:
4 or ;
4 Quadrant 2 7 1
3 2
sin 6 2
sin
4 2 14 2
32. is coterminal with 3
11 5 3
10. reference angle:
6 or ;
6 Quadrant 3 2
11
3
reference angle: 3 or 3; Quadrant 2
tan
6 3 14
tan 3 3
11. s rv 12. 77 77
180 19 5
5 77
33. 6 is coterminal with 6
s 15
6
180 5
reference angle: 6 or 6; Quadrant 2
s 39.3 in. s rv 19 3
s 15
77 cos 6 2
180
Chapter 6 172
1 180
40. r 2d 78 78
180 53b. s rv 2.5 2.5
1 13
r 2(22) 30 5 2v 143.2
2.5 v
r 11 s rv
13 54. 330 330
s 113
0
180
11
s 15.0 in. 6
41. s rv d 2r s rv s rv
11
70.7 r
5
d 2(18.0) s 2
6 11.5 8v
4
18.00360716 r d 36.0 m s 11.5 in. 1.44 v; about 1.4 radians
180
42. 60 60 s rv 55. s rv 0.5 0.5
180
3
14.2 r3
10.5 22.9v 26.3
0.46 v; about 0.5
13.56 r; about 13.6 cm
1
56a. 45 34 11 56b. 45 31 14
43. A r2v 44. 90 90
2 180 11 11
180 14 14
180
5
A
1
(102)
2 12
2
11 7
9
1 180 0
A 65.4 units2 A r2v
2 s rv s rv
11 7
s 3960
180 s 39609
0
A
1
(222)
2 2
1 2 s 12.2(0.2)
15 2 r (0.2)
1
42 1.25v 206.3
s 2.4 in.
150 r2 3.6 v
12.247 r
3
about 12.2 in. 59a. v 2 2 or 2
1 180 1
52a. A 2r2v 52b. 3.4 3.4
A 2r2v
1
194.8 3
A 2(152)2
1
15.3 2(32)v
3.4 v; 3.4 radians A 530.1 ft2
52c. s rv 53a. 225 225 1
5
180 59b. A 2r2v
s 3(3.4)
3
750 2r22
4 1
s 10.2 m
s rv
5 318.3098862 r2
s 24
17.84124116 r; about 17.8 ft
s 7.9 ft
173 Chapter 6
60. 3.5 km 350,000 cm yx a2 b2 16
s rv (b)2 (a)2 16
350,000 32v a2 b2 16; yes
10,937.5 v; 10,937.5 radians y x a2 b2 16
61. Area of segment Area of sector Area of triangle (b)2 (a)2 16
1 1 a2 b2 16; yes
A 2r2a 2r r sin a
all
1
A 2r2(a sin a) 70. 4x 2y 3z 6
1 5x 4y 3z 75
62. s 2(6 8 12)
9x 6y 81
13
K s(sa)(s
b)(s c) 2(4x 2y 3z) 2(6) 8x 4y 6z 12
3(3x 3y 2z) 3(2) 9x 9y 6z 6
K 13(13
13 6)(8)(13
12)
17x 5y 6
K 455
5(9x 6y) 5(81) 45x 30y 405
K 21.3 in2
6(17x 5y) 6(6) 102x 30y 36
63. Since 152 90, consider Case II. 147x 441
10.2 12, so there is no solution. x 3
64. C 180 38 27 115 9x 6y 81 4x 2y 3z 6
560
a 9(3) 6y 81 4(3) 2(9) 3z 6
sin 115 sin 27
y9 z8
a 280.52 (3, 9, 8)
x
sin 38
280.52 71. b
x 172.7 yd 72. q is a negative number, so
65. I, III p q p (q) or p q
66a. Find a quadratic regression line using a p q p (q) or p q
graphing calculator. Sample answer: y 102x2 The correct choice is B.
505x 18,430
66b. 2020 1970 50
y 102x2 505x 18,430
y 102(50)2 505(50) 18,430
6-2 Linear and Angular Velocity
y 248,180
Sample answer: about 248,180 Page 355 Check for Understanding
67.
r 1 3 2 6 10 1.
1 1 2 4 2 12
2 1 1 4 2 6
3 1 0 2 0 10
4 1 1 2 14 66
Chapter 6 174
10. v rq 11. v rq 35a. In 1 second, the second hand moves 6
1
0 (360)
v 12(36) v 7(5) or 6.
v 432 in./s v 110.0 m/min
6 6
180 or 30
12a. r 3960 22,300 or 26,260 mi
s rv v rv
s 26,260(2) v 303
0
s 164,996.4 mi v 3.1 mm/s
v
12b. v r t
2 35b. In 1 second, the minute hand moves
v 26,2602
4
v 6874.9 mph
1
1
60 60 (360) or 0.1.
0.1
0.1 0.1
180 or 180
v rv
Pages 355358 Exercises 0.1
v 27
180
13. 3 2 6 or about 18.8 radians
v 0.05 mm/s
14. 2.7 2 5.4 or about 17.0 radians
15. 13.2 2 26.4 or about 82.9 radians 35c. In 1 second, the hour hand moves
16. 15.4 2 30.8 or about 96.8 radians 610 (360) or about 0.008.
1 1
12 60
17. 60.7 2 121.4 or about 381.4 radians 0.008
0.008 0.008
180 or 180
18. 3900 2 7800 or about 24,504.4 radians
v rv
19. 1.8 2 3.6 20. 3.5 2 7
v 18 180
0.008
v v
q t q t
3.6 7
v 0.003 mm/s
q 9 q 3 1 v
36a. r 2d v r t
q 1.3 radians/s q 7.3 radians/min 2
v 404
5
1
r 2(80) or 40
21. 17.2 2 34.4 22. 28.4 2 56.8
v v v 5.6 ft/s
q t q t v
34.4 56.8 36b. v r t
q 1 q 1 2
8 40t
2 9
q 9.0 radians/s q 9.4 radians/s
23. 100 2 200 24. 122.6 2 245.2 t 31 s
v v 37a. 3 2 6 radians 1 minute 60 seconds
q
t q t v
200 245.2 v r t
q q 27 1 6
v 2226
0
16
q 39.3 radians/min q 28.5 radians/min
1 revolution 2 radians
0.1 radian/s
v 7.1 ft/s
25. 50 seconds 1 revolution
v
500 revolutions 1 minute 2 radians 37b. v r t 37c. 7.1 3.1 4 ft/s
26. 52.4
1 minute 60 seconds 1 revolution 6
radians/s 3.1 r
60
27.
85 radians
60 seconds
1 revolution
811.7 rpm 9.87 r; about 9.9 ft
1 second 1 minute 2 radians
28. v rq 29. v rq 38a. 35 35
180
7
v 8(16.6) v 4(27.4) 3
6
v 132.8 cm/s v 109.6 ft/s v
lighter child: q t
30. v rq 31. v rq
7
v 1.8(6.1) v 17(75.3)
36
v 34.5 m/min v 4021.6 in./s q
1
32. v rq 33. v rq 2
v 39(805.6) v 88.9(64.5) q 1.2 radians/s
v 31,418.4 in./min v 18,014.0 mm/min v
heavier child: q t
120 60 seconds 1 revolution
34a.
1 second 1 minute
20 rpm
360 7
36
34b. 120 120
180 q
1
2
3
2
v q 1.2 radians/s
q t v rq
2
2
v 5 3
3
q 1 v 10.5 in./s
2
q 3
175 Chapter 6
38b. lighter child: v rq 42c. 3960 500 4460; C 2(4460) or
v 9(1.2) 28023.00647
v 11.0 ft/s t 28,023.00647 17,000 or 1.648412145
v
heavier child: v rq q t
2
v 6(1.2) q
1.65
v 7.3 ft/s q 3.8
39a. 3 miles 190,080 inches Its angular velocity is between 3.8 radians/h and
1
r 2d s rv 4.1 radians/h.
1 43a. B clockwise; C counterclockwise
r (30) 190,080 15v
43b. vA rAtA
2 v
r 15 12,672 v
vA 3.01
120
1 revolution
12,672 2 2017 revolutions
2.75 revolutions 60 seconds 60 minutes 2 radians vA 360
39b.
second
1 minute
1 hour 1 revolution
The linear velocity of each of the three rollers is
19,800 radians/hour the same.
v rq
vB rBtB vC rCtC
v v
v 15(19,800)
vB vC
v 933,053.0181 360 2.0 1 360 4.8 1
933,053.0181 inches 1 mile
hour
63,360 inches 14.7 mph 180 vB 75 vC
40a. Mercury: Venus: 180 rpm 75 rpm
v r t
v v
v r t 44. 105 105
180
2 2 7
v 2440
1407.6
v 6052
5832.5
1
2
1
v 10.9 km/h v 6.5 km/h A 2r2v
7
Earth: Mars: A 2(7.22)1
2
1
v v
v r t v r t A 47.5 cm2
2 2
v 6356
23.935 v 3375
24.623 45.
1
r 2d
v 1668.5 km/h v 861.2 km/h 1
r 2(7.3)
40b. The linear velocity of Earth is about twice that
r 3.65
of Mars.
41a. v vm cos qt r y
v 4 cos t
x
41b. v 4 cost
v 360 10 or 36
0 4 cos t x y
sin v r cos v r
0 cos t x y
3
t 2 or t 2 sin 36
3.65 cos 36
3.65
1
t 2 or 0.5 s
3
t 2 or 1.5 s x 2.145416171 y 2.952912029
1
42a. 3960 200 4160 miles A bh
2
1
C 2r t C speed A (2.15)(2.95)
2
C 2(4160) t 26,138.05088 17,000 A 3.16761261
C 26138.05088 t 1.537532405 Area of pentagon 10(3.17) or about 31.68 cm2
46. 352055 35 20
60 55 3600
v 1 1
q t
2
q 35.349
1.54
q 4.1 radians/h 47. 10 k
58 Check: 10 k 58
v
k
5 2 10 9 58
42b. q t t C speed k
54 10 48
2 k9 10 2 8
4 2r 17,000
t
2 12 8
2 t (17,000)
2 2r no real solution
(17,000)
48. (x (4))(x 3i)(x (3i)) 0
2 (x 4)(x 3i)(x 3i) 0
r
2
(x 4)(x2 9) 0
4250 r x 4x2 9x 36 0
3
4250 3960 290; about 290 mi
Chapter 6 176
49. y maximum value of the cosine function occurs
when x n, where n is an even integer, and its
y x3 1
minimum value occurs when x n, where n is
an odd integer.
O x 5. yes; 4 6. 0 7. 1
3
8.
2 2n, where n is an integer
9. y
05 1 y cos x
50. m
6 8
5 5
m
14 or
14
y y1 m(x x1) O 5 6 7 x
5
y0 (x (6))
14 1
5 15
y x
14 7
51. P 2a 2b 10. y
P 2 2b
3
b
4 y sin x 1
3
P b
2 2b
7
P b
O x
2 4 3 2
2P
7 b The correct choice is D.
1
6-3 Graphing Sine and 11. Neither; the period is not 2.
Cosine Functions 12. April (month 4):
y 49 28 sin 6(t 4)
Page 363 Check for Understanding
y 49 28 sin 6(4 4)
1. Sample answer:
y 49
y
October (month 10):
y 49 28 sin 6(t 4)
O x
y 49 28 sin 6(10 4)
y 49
period: 6 The average temperatures are the same.
3 5
2. Sample answers: 2, 2, 2
3. cos x cos(x 2) Pages 363366 Exercises
4. y 13. yes; 6 14. no 15. yes; 20 16. no
y sin x 17. no 18. no 19. 1 20. 0
1
21. 0 22. 1 23. 1 24. 1
25. sin cos 0 (1)
1
O 2 3 4 5 x
26. sin 2 cos 2 0 1
1 1
y cos x 27. 2n, where n is an integer
28. 2n, where n is an integer
Both functions are periodic functions with the 2
period of 2. The domain of both functions is the 29.
2 n, where n is an integer
set of real numbers, and the range of both
30. v 2n, where n is an integer
functions is the set of real numbers between 1
and 1, inclusive. The x-intercepts of the sine 31. y
function are located at n, but the x-intercepts of
y sin x 1
the cosine function are located at 2 n, where n
is an integer. The y-intercept of the sine function
is 0, but the y-intercept of the cosine function is 1.
5 4 3 O x
The maximum value of the sine function occurs
when x 2 2n and its minimum value occurs
3
1
when x 2 2n, where n is an integer. The
177 Chapter 6
32. y 1 1
43a. csc v
sin v 43b. csc v
sin v
1 1 1
y cos x 1
sin v 1
sin v
sin v 1 sin v 1
3
O 8 9 10 x 2 2n, where n
2
2n, where n
is an integer is an integer
1
43c. csc v is undefined when sin v 0.
n, where n is an integer
33. y 44a. sec v 1
44b. sec v 1
cos v cos v
1 1
y cos x 1 1
cos v 1
cos v
cos v 1 cos v 1
2n, where n 2n, where n
5 4 3 O x
is an integer is an integer
1 44c. sec v is undefined when cos v 0.
n, where n is an integer
2
34. y 45.
1 y sin x
O 5 6 x
1
[0, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11
3 7
35. y x 4, 4
y cos x 1 46.
3 2 O x
36. y
[0, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11
y sin x
1 5
0 x 4, 4 x 2
47.
O 4 5 x
Chapter 6 178
54a. v 3.5 cos t
m
49. k
1.99
19.6
[0, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11 v 2.0 cm
x 0, 2, 2
v 3.5 cos t
k
54b. m
50.
0 3.5 cos t
19.6
1.99
0 cos t
1.99
19.6
cos1 0 t
19.6
1.99
1.570796327 t
19.6
1.99
0.5005164776 t; about 0.5 s
[0, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11
v 3.5 cos t
m
k
5 54c.
x 4, 4
3.5 3.5 cos t
19.6
51a. July (month 7): 1.99
y 43 31 sin 6(t 4)
1 cos t
19.6
1.99
y 43 31 sin 6(7 4)
cos1 1 t
19.6
1.99
y 74
2 t
19.6
1.99
January (month 1):
2.00206591 t; about 2.0 s
y 43 31 sin 6(t 4)
55a. n
2, where n is an integer
y 43 31 sin 6(1 4)
4
55b. 1 55c. 1 55d.
y 12
55e. y
74 12 62; it is twice the coefficient.
y cos 2x
51b. Using answers from 51a., 74 12 86; it is 1
twice the constant term.
52a. n, where n is an integer
52b. 2 52c. 2 52d. 2 2 O 2 x
52e. y 1
2 y 2 sin x
1 56a. P 500 200 sin [0.4(t 2)]
P 500 200 sin [0.4(0 2)] or about 357
2 O 2 x pumas
1 D 1500 400 sin (0.4t)
2 D 1500 400 sin (0.4(0)) or 1500 deer
56b. P 500 200 sin [0.4(t 2)]
52f. It expands the graph vertically. P 500 200 sin [0.4(10 2)] or about 488
pumas
53a. P 100 20 sin 2t
D 1500 400 sin (0.4t)
P 100 20 sin 2(0) or 100 D 1500 400 sin (0.4(10)) or about 1197 deer
P 100 20 sin 2(0.25) or 120
56c. P 500 200 sin [0.4(t 2)]
P 100 20 sin 2(0.5) or 100
P 500 200 sin [0.4(25 2)] or about 545
P 100 20 sin 2(0.75) or 80
pumas
P 100 20 sin 2(1) or 100
D 1500 400 sin (0.4t)
53b. 0.25 s 53c. 0.75 s D 1500 400 sin (0.4(25)) or about 1282 deer
500 revo
lutions 1 minute 2 radians
57.
1 minute
60 seconds 1 revolution 52.4 radians
per second
180
58. 1.5 1.5
85.9
59. 45, 135
179 Chapter 6
x2
2 x 4 68. Perimeter of square RSVW
60. x2 2x x2 4 RS SV VW WR
1(x 2)(x 2) 2)
2 x
2 x
1(x 2)(x 5 5 5 5 or 20
x2
Perimeter of rectangle RTUW
(1)(x 2)(x 2)
x2 4
x2 4
RT TU UW WR
1(x 2)(2) (x 2)(x) (1)(x2 4) (5 2) 5 (5 2) 5
2x 4 x2 2x x2 4 24
x2 24 20 4
But, x 2, so there is no solution. The correct choice is B.
61. 1 positive real zero
f(x) 2x3 3x2 11x 6
2 or 0 negative real zeros Page 367 History of Mathematics
2 2 3 11 6 1.
4 14 6
n n2 n3
2 7 3 0
1 2
2x2 7x 3 0
(2x 1)(x 3) 0 2 12
2x 1 0 or x30 3 36
1 4 80
x 2 x 3
1 5 150
3, 2, 2
6 252
62. 1 1 2 9 18 [0, 30] sc15 by [0, 30,000]
7 392 sc15000
1 3 6
8 576
1 3 6 12
9 810
12; no
10 1100
63. g (x ) vertical: 11 1452
g (x ) x2 x2 x 0 12 1872
x2 x
x(x 1) 0 13 2366
x 0 or x 1 0 14 2940
O x
x 1 15 3600
horizontal: 16 4352
y1 17 5202
64. reflected over the x-axis, expanded vertically by a 18 6156
factor of 3 19 7220
2 4 1 20 8400
65.
3
1 1
4
0
5
21
22
9702
11,132
2 1 0 4 1 0 (1) 1 1
23 12,696
4 5 3 5 3 4
24 14,400
2(5) 4(5) 1(1)
25 16,250
11
26 18,252
1
0 3
2 1
66. 27 20,412
0 1 2 4 6
28 22,736
1(3) 0(2) 1(2) 0(4) 1(1) 0(6)
0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(4) 0(1) 1(6) 29 25,230
3 2 1
30 27,900
2 4 6
A(3, 2), B(2, 4), C(1, 6) The graph is not a straight line. It curves upward,
increasing more rapidly as the value of n
3
67. x 2y y increases.
2 x 23 y 2. See students work.
y x
3 ART
O x
Chapter 6 180
2
6-4 Amplitude and Period of Sine and 7.
4 2
Cosine Functions y
y sin 4
1
Page 369 Graphing Calculator Exploration
1.
O 3
2 2
2
8. 10 10; 2
O 2 3
Pages 372373 Check for Understanding 4
1. Sample answer: y 5 sin 2v 8
2. The graphs are a reflection of each other over the
v-axis.
2
2 9. 3 3; 2
3. A: period 2 or
2 y y 3 cos 2
B: period 5 3
2 2
C: period
1
or 4
1
2
D: period 2 O 2 3
1
C has the greatest period. 2
4. Period and frequency are reciprocals of each other. 3
5. y
y 3 cos 2
y cos 3 10. 0.5 0.5;
1
12
2
6
y
O 2 3 1 y 0.5 sin 6
2
y cos
O 2 4 6 8 10
All three graphs are periodic and curve above and
below the x-axis. The amplitude of y 3 cos v is 3,
while the amplitude of y cos v and y cos 3v is 1
2
1. The period of y cos 3v is 3, while the period 1 1 2
of y cos v and y 3 cos v is 2. 11. 5 5;
1
8
4
6. 2.5 2.5
y
y
0.2 y 15 cos 4
y 2.5 cos
2
O 2 4 6 8
O 2 3 4
2
0.2
2
12. A 0.8
k
2
A 0.8 k or 2
y 0.8 sin 2v
181 Chapter 6
2 2
13. A 7
k 3 20.
2
2
A 7 k
or 6 y
y cos 2
3 1
y 7 sin 6v
2
14. A 1.5
k 5
A 1.5
2
k 5 or 5
2 O 2 3
2
y 1.5 cos 5v 1
3 2
15. A 4
k 6
3 2 2
A 4 k 6 or 3 21.
1
8
3
4
y 4 cos v
3
2 1 y
16. A 0.25
k
294
1 y cos 4
A 0.25 k 588
y 0.25 sin (588 t)
O 2 4 6 8
2 O
2
y 2
y 34 cos 23. 5 5; 1 2
0.5 y
y 5 cos
4
O 2 3
0.5
O 2 3 4
4
19. 1.5 1.5
y
2
2 y 1.5 sin 24. 2 2;
0.5 4
1 y
y 2 cos 0.5
O 2 3 2
1
2 O 2 3 4
Chapter 6 182
2 2 2
25. 5 5; 9
2
30. 3 3;
0.5 4
y y
2 y 3 cos 0.5
y 5 sin 9
0.4 2
O O 2 3 4 5
4 2
0.4 2
1 2
31. 3 3; 3
2 1
26. 8 8;
0.5 4
y y
8 y 8 sin 0.5 1
1
4 y 3 cos 3
O 2 3 4 5 O 2 3 4 5
4
1
8
3 3;
2 1 1 2
27. 3 3; 4 32. 6
1
2 3
y y
4
y 3 sin 2 1
1
2 y 3 sin 3
2 O 3 2 5 O 2 3 4 5
2 2 2
2
4 1
3 3;
2 2 2 14 2
28. 3 33. 4 4; 4
3 1
7 2
y y
2 3
y cos 7 y 4 sin 2
0.8 3 4
0.4 2
O 3 2 5 3 O 2 3 4 5
2
0.4
2 2 2
0.8 4
2 2
29. 3 3; 2 34. 2.5 2.5;
1
10
5
x y 3 sin 2
y
2
y 2.5 cos 5
2
O 2 3 4 5
O 2 3 4 5
2
2
2 1
35. 0.5 0.5;
698 349
183 Chapter 6
2 2
36. A 0.4
k 10 50. sine curve A 0.5
k
1
A 0.4 k k2
5
v y 0.5 sin 2v
y 0.4 sin
5 2
2
51. cosine curve A 3
k 2
37. A 35.7
k 4 k1
A 35.7 k8 y 3 cos v
y 35.7 sin 8v 2
1 2
52. sine curve A 1.5
k 4
38. A
4
k
3 1
1
k 2
A 4 k6 v
1
y 1.5 sin 2
y 4 sin 6v 2 1
2
53. A 3.8
k
120
39. A 0.34 0.75
k A 3.8 k 240
8
A 0.34 k 3 y 3.8 sin(240 t)
2 1
y 0.34 sin 3v
8 54. A 15
k 3
6
2 5 A 15 k 72
40. A 4.5 4
k y 15 cos (72 t)
8
A 4.5 k 5 55.
8
y 4.5 sin 5v
2
41. A 16
k 30
A 16 k 1
5
y 16 sin 1
5v
2
42. A 5
k 2
All the graphs have the same shape, but have
A 5 k1
been translated vertically.
y 5 cos v A (A) 2
5 2 56a. A 2
k 8
43. A 8
k 7
5 k 4
A 8 k 14
A 2
3
5
y 8 cos 14v
2
A 1.5; down first, so A 1.5
44. A 7.5 6
k y 1.5 sin 4t
1
A 7.5 k
3 56b. y 1.5 sin 4t 56c. y 1.5 sin 4t
v
y 7.5 cos
3 y 1.5 sin 4(3) y 1.5 sin 4(12)
2
45. A 0.5
k 0.3 y 1.1 ft y 0 ft
20
A 0.5 k
3
57a. Maximum value of sin v 1.
20 Maximum value of 2 sin v 2 1 or 3
y 0.5 cos v
3 57b. Minimum value of sin v 1
2 2 3
46. A 5
k 5 Minimum value of 2 sin v 2 (1) or 1
2 10 2
A 5 k 3 57c.
1 2
2 10
y 5 cos v
3
37d. y
2 y 2 sin
47. A 17.9
k 16
A 17.9 k 8 2
y 17.9 cos v
8
2
48. A 1.5
k 2
A 1.5 k4 O 2 3 4 5
y 1.5 sin 4v, y 1.5 cos 4v
2 1
49. cosine curve A2
2
4 58a. A 0.2
k
262
k
1 A 0.2 k 524
k 2
y 0.2 sin (524 t)
v
y 2 cos 2
Chapter 6 184
1 2 1
58b. A 2(0.2) 64. 73 73
180 s rv
k 524
73 73
A 0.1 k 1048
180 s 9
180
y 0.1 sin (1048 t) s 11.5 in.
2 1
58c. A 2(0.2)
k
131 65. a2 b2 c2 tan A b
a
2
P(x, y) 100x 60y
61a. y 1.5 cos t
m
k
k 6.8 P(0, 0) 100(0) 60(0) or 0
P(0, 12) 100(0) 60(12) or 720
y 1.5 cos t
18.5
k 0.9 s/cycle
0.4 P(3, 10) 100(3) 60(10) or 900
1
y 1.5 cos 6.8t 0.9 1.1 hertz
frequency: P(0, 8) 100(0) 60(8) or 480
2
3 of Model 28, 10 of Model 74
61b. y 1.5 cos t
m
k
k 5.6 68b. $900
y 1.5 cos t
0.6
18.5
0 2 3 3
k 1.1 s/cycle
69. 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 4 2
y 1.5 cos 5.6t frequency: 0.9 hertz
1(2) 0(1) 1(1) 0(1)
1.1
2 0(2) (1)(1) 0(1) (1)(1)
61c. y 1.5 cos t
m
k
k 4.8
1(3) 0(4) 1(3) 0(2)
y 1.5 cos t
0.8
18.5
k 1.3 s/cycle 0(3) (1)(4) 0(3) (1)(2)
2 1 3 3
y 1.5 cos 4.8t frequency:
1
1.3 0.8 hertz
1 1 4 2
61d. It increases. 61e. It decreases. (2, 1), (1, 1), (3, 4), (3, 2)
62. 0 70.
g (x )
63. 84 2 168 radians
v
q
t
168
q
6
q 88.0 radians/s
O x
185 Chapter 6
71. y 14.7x 140.1 Translations of Sine
y 14.7(20) 140.1 6-5
y $434.10
and Cosine Functions
72.
x x2 y Page 378 Graphing Calculator Exploration
4 (4)2 16 1.
3 (3)2 9
2 (2)2 4
O 7 8 9 x
7. 3; y 3 y
1
A 1;
2 y sin 2 3
2 4
2
9. 7 7;
1
6
2
3
y
y 7 cos 3
8 O 2 3 4 5
4
O 2 4 6 8 10 12
4
2
10. A 5
k 3
A 5 k6
y 5 sin 6v
Chapter 6 186
2 13c. P P 30 sin 2t 100
8. 2 2; 2 ; 2; 5
120
y
80
O 2 3 4 5
2 y 2 sin (2 ) 5 40 P 30 sin 2t 100
4
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
6
2
O 2 3 4 5
O 2 3 4 5
c 2
2 15. k 2; A 1; 2
10. A 20
k 1 c0
y
A 20 k 2 h 100 y sin(2 )
y 20 sin 2v 100 1
2
11. A 0.6
k 12.4
A 0.6 k
6.2
O 2 3 4 5
c
k
2.13 h7 1
c
2.13
6.2
2.13
c
6.2 c 2 2
2.13 16. k or 2; A 2; 8
y 0.6 cos
6.2 v 6.2
1
1
4 4
7
y
12.
x sin x cos x y 2
0 sin 0 cos 0 1
1
2 sin 2 cos 2 1
sin cos 1 O 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 3 3 1
2 sin
2 cos
2 1
2 y 2 cos ( 4 2 )
2 sin 2 cos 2 1
y y sin x cos x 1 1
17. 2; y 2
1 2
A 1; 1
4
2
O 2 x y
2
1 1
y sin 2 2
1
130 70
13a.
2 100; P 100
130 70 2
O 2 3 4 5
13b. A
2
k 1
1
A 30 k 2
A 30 P 30 sin 2t 100
187 Chapter 6
2
18. 4; y 4 24. 5 5; 3; 3; 20
2
A 5;
1 2 y
y 30 y 20 5 cos (3 )
O 2 3 4 5 20
2
4 10
6
8
O 2 3 4 5
y 5 cos 4
1 1 2 0
25. 4 4;
1
4;
1
0; 3
19. 7; y 7
2 2
2
A 1;
2 y
y
y 7 cos 2
O 2 3 4 5
8
6 2 1
y 4 cos 4 3
4
2 4
O 2 3 4 5
2 4
26. 10 10; 1
8; 1
16; 5
c 4
20. k 2 or 2; 3 4 4
y
2 2
y 10 sin ( 4 4) 5
21. 3 3;
1 2;
1 2; 0
5
y
y 3 cos ( 2 )
O 2 3 4 5
5
2
10
15
O 2 3 4 5
2 2 (6)
27. A 2 4; 2 to the left or 2;
A 4 down 2, or 2
A 4; 4
2 3 2 c
22. 6 6; 1 2;
1 3; 2
28. A 7
k 3
2
h 7
2 3
y y 6 sin (
3 ) 2 A 7 k
3 2
8 c 3
2
y 7 sin 3v 3 7
6 2
4 2 3
c
2 29. A 50
k 4
8
2 h 25
8 3
O 5
A 50 k 4
2 3 4 3 c 3
2
4
y 50 sin 3v 3 25
8
4
3 2 c 1
30. A 4 5 1
0 h 4
2 1
2
k
23. 1 1; 1
6; ;
4 2 A 4
3
k 10 c 10
1
3 3 3 1
y 4 sin (10v 10) 4
y
2 c
31. A 3.5
k 2 4 4 h7
O 2 3 4 5
A 3.5 k4 c
y 3.5 cos (4v ) 7
2 4 2 c 7
32. A 5
k 6 1
2 3
h 5
y 2 sin ( 3 12 ) 4
A 5 k 12 c 4
4 4 7
y 5 cos (12v 4)
5
Chapter 6 188
2 c 38.
33. A 100
k 45
2
0 h 110
45
x sin x 2x sin 2x sin x sin 2x
2
A 100 k 4
5 c0 0 0 0 0 0
2
y 100 cos 4
5 v 110
0.71 1 1.71
4 2
1 (3) 2
34. A
2
k 4 h 1 1 0 1
2
1
A 2 k
2 0 2 0 0
A 2; 2 3
1 3 0 1
y 2 cos 2 1
v 2
3.5 (2.5)
2 0 4 0 0
2 c
35. A 2
k 2 0 h3
y
A 0.5 k2 c0
A 0.5; 0.5 2 y sin x sin 2x
y 0.5 sin 2v 3 1
36. x sin x sin x x O 2 x
0 0 0 1
2 1
2 1 2.57 2
0 3.14
3 3 39. y y 2 sin x 3 cos x
2 1
2 1 3.71 4
2 0 2 6.28 2
x
y
y x sin x O 2 3
8
2
6
4
y 2 sin x
y 3 cos x
4
40. y y cos 2x cos 3x
2
4
O 2 3 x
2
37.
x
x cos x sin x cos x sin x O 3 2
2 2
0 1 0 1 2
2 0 1 1
y cos 3x y cos 2x
1 0 1
41a. 2000 1000 3000
3
2 0 1 1 2000 1000 1000
2 1 0 1 41b. 10,000 5000 15,000
10,000 5000 5000
y 41c.
2
y cos x sin x
1
O 2 x
1
2
[0, 24] sc11 by [0, 16,000] sc11000
41d. months number 3 and 15
41e. months number 0, 12, 24
41f. When the sheep population is at a maximum,
the wolf population is on the increase because of
the maximum availability of food. The upswing
in wolf population leads to a maximum later.
189 Chapter 6
42. y 3
yx 49. f(x)
x1
3 3
y
x1
2 3
x
y1
x x(y 1) 3
3
O 2 3 4 y 1 x
3
y x 1
2
y cos x
y x cos x
11 11 33
5
50. X
3 5
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) X
43a. 46 42 4 ft
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5)
0 0
1 X
43b. r 2d t 21 4 0 0
1
r 2(42) t 25 51. 7(3x 5y) 7(4) 21x 35y 28
14x 35y 21 14x 35y 21
r 21 35x 49
3 revolutions 1 revolution x 1.4
43c.
60 seconds x seconds 3x 5y 4
x 20 s 3(1.4) 5y 4
2 y 0.04 (1.4, 0.04)
43d. A 21
k 20 h 25
52. y
A 21; 21 k
10
t
h 25 21 sin
10 x x 4 y
43e. h 25 21 sin
t
6 6 4 2
10
t 4 4 4 0
46 25 21 sin
10 2 2 4 2
t
1 sin 1
0 0 0 4 4 O x
y |x 4|
t
sin sin 10
1
53. 3x y 7 0 y y1 m(x x1)
5 t; 5 s y 3x 7 y (2) 3(x 3)
t
43f. h 25 21 sin 1
0 slope: 3 y 2 3x 9
10 3x y 11 0
h 25 21 sin 1
0 1
54. 4 inches 3 foot
h 25 ft
1
c
44. k 2 or 0
0 75 42 3 1050 cubic feet
1050 7.48 7854 gal
c
2
k
2 or The correct answer is 7854.
4
There is a 4 phase difference.
cos x
45a. y
sin
x 45b. y x
6-6 Modeling Real-World Data
45c. y cos x2 45d. y sin
x with Sinusoidal Functions
2 1
46.
k 294 Pages 390391 Check for Understanding
k 588 y 0.25 sin 588t 1. any function that can be written as a sine function
47. v rq or a cosine function
v 7(19.2) 2. Both data that can be modeled with a polynomial
v 134.4 cm/s function and data that can be modeled with a
48. asymptote: x 2 sinusoidal function have fluctuations. However,
x3 y data that can be modeled with a sinusoidal
y
x2
function repeat themselves periodically, and data
y(x 2) x 3 x3
y x2 that can be modeled with a polynomial function
yx 2y x 3 do not.
2y 3 x yx 3. Sample answers: the amount of daylight, the
O x
2y 3 x(1 y) average monthly temperatures, the height of a
2y 3
1y x seat on a Ferris wheel
asymptote: y 1
Chapter 6 190
5
4a. y 5 cos6t 4b. 5 units above 8d. h 3 cos 3t 3.5
5
y 5 cos 6 0 equilibrium h 3 cos 3(25) 3.5
y 5 h 2 units
5 units below equilibrium 9a. R 1200 300 sin 2t
4c. y 5 cos t
6 R 1200 300 sin 2 0
y 5 cos
6 7 R 1200
y 4.33 9b. H 250 25 sin 2t 4
about 4.33 units above equilibrium
140 80 140 80 H 250 25 sin 2 0 4
5. A 2 h 2
H 232
A 30 h 110
2 9c. R: 1200 300 1500
k 1 H: 250 25 275 no
k 2 P 30 sin 2t 110 9d. R 1200 300 sin 2t
66 41 66 41
6a. A
2 6b. h
2 1500 1200 300 sin 2t
A 12.5 h 53.5
300 300 sin 2t
6c. 12 months
2
1 sin 2t
6d. A 12.5 12 h 53.5
k
sin1 1 2t
k 6
sin11 t
2
y 12.5 cos 6t c 53.5 1t
41 12.5 cos 6 1 c 53.5 January 1, 1971
9e. 250 25 225
12.5 12.5 cos 6 c
H 250 25 sin 2t 4
1 cos 6 c
225 250 25 sin 2t 4
cos1 1 6 c
25 25 sin 2t 4
cos1 1 6 c
1 sin 2t 4
0.5 c
Sample answer: y 12.5 cos 6t 0.5 53.5
sin1 1 2t 4
6e. y 12.5 cos 6t 0.5 53.5
2
sin1 1 4 t
0.5 t
y 12.5 cos 6(2) 0.5 53.5 2 2
July 1, 1969; k
y 42.82517529
2
Sample answer: About 42.8; it is somewhat
close to the actual average. k4
next minimum: July 1, 1973
6f. y 12.5 cos
t 0.5
6 53.5
9f. See students work.
y 12.5 cos (10) 0.5 53.5 4 2
6 10. A 2
k 10
y 53.20504268
Sample answer: About 53.2; it is close to the A2 k 5
actual average. y 2 cos 5t
2 c
11. h 4.25; A 3.55; k 12.40;
4.68
6.2
Pages 391394 Exercises k
2.34
6.2
7a. 0.5 c
3.1
2 2.34
7b.
k 660 y 3.55 sin
6.2 t 3.1 4.24
1 2 c
k
330 12a. h 47.5; A 23.5; k 12;
4
1 6
7c. 330 hertz 2
1
k 6 c 3
330
2
8a. 3.5 3 6.5 units y 23.5 sin 6t 3 47.5
8b. 3.5 3 0.5 units
2 2 6
8c. k
5
or 5
3
191 Chapter 6
2
12b. y 23.5 sin 6t 3 47.5
c
14. k 1 or
2 3
y 23.5 sin 6 3 3 47.5 increase shift by 2; 2 2
3
y 35.75 c
k 2
about 35.8 c 3
2 1 2
12c. y 23.5 sin t
6 3 47.5 3
2 c 2
y 23.5 sin 8 47.5 3
Sample answer: y 3 cos x 2 5
6 3
y 67.9 13.25 1.88 13.25 1.88
81 73 81 73 15a. A 2 15b. h 2
13a. A 2 13b. h 2
A 5.685 ft h 7.565 ft
A 4 h 77
15c. 4:53 P.M. 4:30 A.M. 12:23 or about 12.4 h
13c. 12 months 2
2 15d. A 5.685
k 12.4 h 7.565
13d. A 4
k 12 h 77
k
6.2
k 6
4:30 A.M. 4.5 hrs
y 4 cos 6t c 77
h 5.685 sin
6.2 t c 7.565
73 4 cos 1 c 77
6 13.25 5.685 sin
6.2 4.5 c
4 4 cos c 4.5
6 5.685 5.685 sin
6.2 c
1 cos c 4.5
6 1 sin
6.2 c
cos1 1 c 4.5
6 sin1 1
6.2 c
cos1 1 c 4.5
6 sin1 1
6.2 c
0.5235987756 c
0.7093918895 c
Sample answer: y 4 cos 6t 0.5 77
Sample answer: h 5.685 sin
6.2 t 0.71
13e. y 4 cos 6t 0.5 77 7.565
15e. 7:30 P.M. 19.5 hrs
y 4 cos 6 8 0.5 77
y 80.41594391 h 5.685 sin
6.2 t 0.71 7.565
Sample answer: About 80.4; it is very close to h 5.685 sin
6.2 19.5 0.71 7.565
the actual average.
h 8.993306129
13f. y 4 cos 6t 0.5 77 Sample answer: about 8.99 ft
y 4 cos 6 5 0.5 77 16a. Table at bottom of page.
y 79.08118409
Sample answer: About 79.1; it is close to the
actual average.
Chapter 6 192
15.03 9.33 15.03 9.33
16b. A 2 16c. h 2 24. 402 322 202 2(32)(20) cos v
402 322 202
A 2.85 h h 12.18 h cos v
2(32)(20)
402 322 202
16d. 12 months v cos1
2(32)(20)
2
16e. A 2.85
k 12 h 12.18 v 97.9
180 97.9 82.1
k
6
about 97.9, 82.1, 97.9, 82.1
y 2.85 cos 6t c 12.18 2m 16 2m 16
25.
m2 16
(m 4)(m 4)
9.47 2.85 cos 1 c 12.18 2m 16 A B
6
(m 4)(m 4)
m4 m4
2.71 2.85 cos c
6 2m 16 A(m 4) B(m 4)
0.950877193 cos c
6 Let m 4.
2(4) 16 A(4 4) B(4 4)
cos1 0.950877193 6 c
8 8B
cos1 0.950877193 6 c 1 B
0.2088597251 c Let m 4.
2(4) 16 A(4 4) B(4 4)
Sample answer: y 2.85 cos 6t 0.21 12.18
24 8A
17. 70.5 19.5 51 3A
y 70.5 19.5 sin 6t c A
B 3 1
m4 m4 m4
m4
51 70.5 19.5 sin 6 1 c 26. 2 2 k 1 6
4 2k 8 4k 14
19.5 19.5 sin c
6 2 k4 2k 7 4k 20
1 sin 6 c 4k 20 0
k5
sin1 1 6 c
27. f (x )
sin1 1 6 c
f (x ) 2x 1 5
2.094395102 c
Sample answer: about 2.09 O x
14 revolutions 1 minute 2 radians 7
18a.
1 minute
60 seconds
1 revolution
15 rad/s
7
y 3.5 cos t
15
7
18b. y 3.5 cos t
15
7 increasing: x 1; decreasing: x
1
y 3.5 cos 4
15 28. The correct choice is E.
y 3.197409102
about (4, 3.20)
120 (120) 2
19. A 2
k 60 Graphing Other Trigonometric
6-7
A 120 k
30
Functions
VR 120 sin t
30 Page 400 Check for Understanding
20. See students work. 1. Sample answers: , , 2
2
21. 3 3; 2 ; 2; 5 2. The asymptotes of y tan v and y sec v are the
y same. The period of y tan v is and the period
y 3 cos(2 ) 5 of y sec v is 2.
8 3
3. Sample answers: 2, 2
6
4. 0 5. 1
4
6. n, where n is an odd integer
2
7.
4 n, where n is an integer
O 2 3 4 5
193 Chapter 6
24.
4 n, where n is an integer
4
8.
1 ;
1 4
25. 4 n, where n is an integer
y 3
26. n, where n is an integer
y tan ( 4 ) 4
4
27. n, where n is an odd integer
2
2
28. n, where n is an integer
2 O 2
2 2
29.
1 ; 1 2
4
y
8 y cot( 2 )
2
9.
2 ; 2; h 1 4
y y sec(2 ) 1
2 O 2
4 4
2 8
2 O 2
2 2
30.
1
6; no phase shift; no vertical shift
4
3
y
2 c 4
10. k: 3 c: h: h 4
k 2
3 y sec 3
2 3
2
k
3
2
c 9 2 O 2
2 2
y csc 3v 9 4
2
4
c
11. k: k 2 c: 4 h: h 0
1
1
2
k 2 2
31. 2; no phase shift; h 5
c 8 1
y
y cot 2v 8
1
8
12a. f ma 12b. F f sec v
f 73(9.8) F 715.4 sec v 6
f 715.4 N 4
2 y csc 5
12c.
1 2; no phase shift, no vertical shift 2
y
800
2 O 2
F 715.4 sec
400 4
32.
1
2; 1
2; h 1
2 2
O y
2 2
4 y tan ( 2 4 ) 1
12d. 715.4 N 2
12e. The tension becomes greater.
2 O 2
2
Chapter 6 194
2 2 c
33.
2 ; 2; h 3 41. k: k 3 c: 6 2 h: h 5
y k6 c 3
2 O 2 y csc (6v 3) 5
2 2 c
42. k: k 3 c:
2
h: h 8
4
2 3
k
6 3 2
c 3
8 2
y sec 3v 3 8
2
12
c
43. k: k 2 c: 2 4 h: h 7
y csc(2 ) 3
k2 c 2
y tan 2v 7
2 6
34.
1
6;
1
2; h 2 2
3 3 44a.
40 d
40
y 40
2 y sec ( 3 6 ) 2 no phase shift
20 d 10 tan 40 t
O no vertical shift
2 2
2 20 10 O 10 20 t
4 20
6 40
8
44b. d 10 tan 4
0 t
35. y
d 10 tan 4
0 (3)
4 y sec
d 2.4 ft from the center
2
y cos 44c. d 10 tan 4
0t
2
O
2 d 10 tan 4
0 (15)
2
d 24.1 ft from the center
4
45. y
4
2, , 0, , 2
c 2
36. k: k 2 c:
1
0 h: h 6
1 2 2 O 2
k 2 2
c0
v 4
y tan2 6
c
37. k: k 2 c: 2 8 h: h 7
The graph of y csc v has no range values
k2 c 4 between 1 and 1, while the graphs of y 3 csc v
y cot 2v 4 7 and y 3 csc v have no range values between
2 c 3 and 3. The graphs of y 3 csc v and y
38. k: k c: 2 4 h: h 10 3 csc v are reflections of each other.
1 v
k2 c
2 46a. f m 9.8 46b. F 2f sec 2
f 7 9.8
y sec 2v 2 10
1 v
F 2(68.6) sec 2
f 68.6 N
2 c v
39. k: k 3 c:
2
h: h 1 F 34.3 sec 2
2 3 2
k 3 2
46c.
1
4
c 3
2
2
y csc 3v 3 1
2
F
c 40
40. k:
k 5 c:
1
h: h 12
F 34.3 sec 2
1 5
k
5 20
c 5
y cot 5 5 12
v
195 Chapter 6
46d. 34.3 N 52. C 180 (6231 7518) or 4211
46e. The tension becomes greater. a b
sin A
sin B
47a. 220 A 57.3 b
2 1
sin 6231
sin 7518
47b.
60 3
0 s 57.3 sin 7518
b
sin 6231
6
47c.
1 b 62.47505783
60 360
a c
47d. I 220 sin 60t
6 sin A sin C
57.3 c
I 220 sin 60 60 6
sin 6231 sin 4211
57.3 sin 4211
I 110 A c
sin 6231
48. y 1 tan v 2 c 43.37198044
3.99 0.55 3.99 0.55 C 4211, b 62.5, c 43.4
49a. A
2 49b. h
2
A 1.72 ft h 2.27 ft 53a.
49c. 12:19 P.M. 12:03 A.M. 12:16 or about 12.3 hr
2
49d. A 1.72
k 12.3 h 2.27
2
k
12.3
12:03 0.05 hr since midnight 73
2
h 1.72 sin t c
12.3 2.27 4m
2 x 4
3.99 1.72 sin 0.05
12.3 c 2.27 53b. tan 73 4 53c. cos 73 y
4
1.72 1.72 sin
0.1 x 4 tan 73
c
12.3 x 13.1 m
y
cos 73
1 sin
0.1 y 13.7 m
12.3 c
a
0.1 54. a2 b2 c2 sin A
sin1 1
12.3 c
c
7
0.1 72 42 c2 sin A
sin1 1
12.3 c
65
7 65
1.545254923 c 65
c sin A 65
2
Sample answer: h 1.72 sin
12.3 t 1.55 2.27
b a
cos A c tan A b
49e. noon 12 hrs since midnight cos A
4 7
tan A 4
2 65
h 1.72 sin t 1.55 2.27 465
12.3
cos A
2
h 1.72 sin 2.27
65
12 1.55 x2 4
12.3
55. 0
x2 3x 10
h 3.964014939 (x 2)(x 2)
0 zeros: 2, 2
Sample answer: 3.96 ft (x 5)(x 2)
2 excluded values: 5, 2
50. 2 2;
1
4 (3)2 4
2
Test 3:
(3)2 3(3) 10 0
y 5
2
5 0 false
y 2 cos 2 4
02
1 Test 0:
02 3(0) 10
0
4
0 false
10
2 O 2 32 4
1 Test 3:
32 3(3) 10
0
5
2
10 0 true
6 4
2
Test 6:
62 3(6) 10
0
51. s rv 32
0 false
s 183 8
2x
5
s 6 cm 6
56. k
0.5 t kr
k 12 10 12r
r 0.83
Chapter 6 196
57. 3x 2y
8 y
Trigonometric Inverses and Their
y
3
2x 4
6-8
Graphs
y
2x 1
2y
x 4 Page 410 Check for Understanding
O x
1
y 2x 2 1. y sin1 x is the inverse relation of y sin x, y
1
(sin x)1 is the function y 1
sin x , and y sin(x )
1
is the function y sin x.
58. y 17.98x 35.47; 0.88 2. For every y value there are more than one x value.
59. A: impossible to tell The graph of y cos1 x fails the vertical line
B: 6(150) 10(90) test.
900 900; true 3. The domain of y Sin x is the set of real numbers
C: impossible to tell between 2 and 2, inclusive, while the domain of
D: 150 30 2(90) y sin x is the set of all real numbers. The range
150 210; false of both functions is the set of all real numbers
E: 3(90) 30 2(150) between 1 and 1, inclusive.
270 330; false 4. Restricted domains are denoted with a capital
The correct choice is B. letter.
5. Akikta; there are 2 range values for each domain
value between 0 and 2. The principal values are
between 0 and , inclusive.
6-7B Sound Beats 6. y Arcsin x
x Arcsin y
Page 404 Sin x y or y Sin x
1. y y
2 1
y Arcsin x y Sin x
O O
1 1 x 2 x
2
2 1
197 Chapter 6
16. y arctan x
10. Let v Cos1 2.
2
x arctan y
2
Cos v 2 tan x y or y tan x
y y
v 4
y tan x
cos Cos1 cos
2
2
2 v 2 y arctan x 2
cos
4 2
2 O 2 x O x
cos 4
2
2
2
11. true
12. false; sample answer: x 1; when x 1, 17. y Arccos 2x
Cos1(1) , Cos1(1) 0 x Arccos 2y
13a. C 2r 13b. C 40,212 cos v Cos x 2y
1 1
C 2(6400)
2 Cos x y or y 2 Cos x
C 40,212 km
y y
13c. C 40,212 cos v
1
3593 40,212 cos v
3593
y 12 Cos x
40,212 cos v
cos1 v
3593
40,212 y Arccos 2x O x
1.48 v; about 1.48 radians
1 O 1 x 1
13d. C 40,212 cos v
C 40,212 cos 0
C 40,212 km 18. y 2 Arcsin x
x 2 Arcsin y
Pages 410412 Exercises x 2 Arcsin y
14. y arccos x
Sin x 2 y or y Sin x 2
x arccos y
cos x y or y cos x y y
y Sin (x 2 )
1
y
2 2
O x
y y 2 Arcsin x 2
1
1 O 1 x 1
y cos x
x
y arccos x O 2 x 19. y tan 2
y
1 O 1 x
x tan 2
1
y
tan1 x 2
15. y Sin x 2 tan 1 x y; y 2 tan1 x
x Sin y
Sin1 x y or y Sin1 x y y
y 2 tan1 x
y y 2 y tan 2
x
1 2
y Sin x y Sin1 x O x 2 O 2 x
O x O 2
2 2
1 1 x
1 2
Chapter 6 198
y Tan x 2
1
20. 30. Let a Sin1 1 and Cos1 2.
x Tan y 2
1
Sin a 1 Cos 2
Tan1 x y 2 a 2 3
sin Sin1 1 Cos1 2 sin (a )
1
Tan1 x 2 y
sin 2 3
No; the inverse is y Tan1 x 2.
21. y y y Arccot x sin 6
4 1
y Cot x 2
2
2
31. No; there is no angle with the sine of 2.
O x
32. false; sample answer: x 2; when x 2,
2
2 Cos1(cos 2) Cos1 1, or 0, not 2.
4 2 O 2 4 x
33. true
4
34. false; sample answer: x 1; when x 1,
Arccos (1) and Arccos ( (1)) 0.
22. Let v Sin1 0. 23. Let v Arccos 0. 35. true 36. true
Sin v 0 Cos v 0
37. false; sample answer: x 2; when x 2, cos1 2
v0 v 2
is undefined.
3 y
24. Let v Tan1 3. 25. If y tan 4, then 38.
3
Tan v 3 y 1. y tan(Tan1x )
tan
v
6 Sin1
4 Sin1 y
Sin1 1 O x
2
2
26. If y Cos1 2, then y .
4
1.21 v; about 1.21 radians
cos 2 6 43a. 6:18 12:24 18:42 or 6:42 P.M.
2
cos 3 43b. 12.4 h
7.05 (0.30)
2
1 43c. A 2
A 3.675 ft
199 Chapter 6
2 7.05 (0.30) 48. y
43d. A 3.675
k 12.4 h 2
1
k h 3.375 y cos x
6.2
6:18 6.3 h
y 3.675 sin
6.2 t c 3.375
11 10 9 O x
7.05 3.675 sin 6.3
6.2 c 3.375
6.3
3.675 3.675 sin c
6.2 1
6.3
1 sin
6.2 c 49. v 25
6.3
30 30
sin1 1 c x a 180 (25 25)
6.2
6.3 25 or 130
sin1 1
6.2 c
30 30
1.621467176 c
30 x
Sample answer:
sin 25
sin 130
y 3.375 3.675 sin
6.2 t 1.62
30 sin 130
x
sin 25
43e. y 3.375 3.675 x 54.4 units
sin
6.2 t 1.62
30 30 v 2(25) or 50
1
6 3.375 3.675 y a 2(180 50) or 65
sin
6.2 t 1.62
30 30
2.625 3.675 sin t
6.2 1.62 30 y
sin 1.62
2.625 sin 65 sin 50
t
3.675 6.2 30 sin 50
y
sin1
2.625 sin 65
6.2 t
1.62
3.675 y 25.4 units
sin 1
2.625
3.675 1.62
6.2 t 50. 210 180 30
6.2
2
sin1
. 6
2
3.675
5
1.62 t 51. p: 1, 2, 3, 6
q: 1, 2
4.767243867 t p 1 3
0.767243867 60 46.03463204; :
q 1, 2, 3, 6, 2, 2
Sample answer: about 4:46 A.M.
52. g (x )
44. y
1
y sin (Tan1 x ) 1 g (x ) x 2 3
2 O 2 x O x
1
decreasing for x 2 and x
2
Dd 53. [f g](x) f(g(x))
45a. v cos1 2 c f(3x)
1 64
v cos
2(10) (3x)3 1
v 1.47 radians 27x3 1
45b. L D (d D)v 2C sin v [g f ](x) g(f(x))
L (6) (4 6)1.47 2(10) sin 1.47 g(x3 1)
L 35.81 in. 3(x3 1)
3x3 3
46. n, where n is an integer
2 c 54. D 4, F 6, G 7, H 8
47. A 5
k 3
2
h 8 value: (4 6 7 8)4 (25)4 or 100
2
A 5 k 3 The correct choice is D.
3 2
c 3
2
y 5 sin 3v 3 8
2
Chapter 6 200
2
Chapter 6 Study Guide and Assessment 34. 0.5 0.5; 4 2
y
Page 413 Understanding and Using the 1
Vocabulary y 0.5 sin 4
1. radian 2. angular
3. the same 4. amplitude
5. angle 6. phase
O 2 3
7. radian 8. frequency
9. sunusoidal 10. domain 1
1 1 2
35. 3 3;
1
4
Pages 414416 Skills and Concepts
2
11. 60 60
180 12. 75 75
180 y
5 1
3 1
2
5 5 180 y 13 cos 2
13. 240 240
180 14.
6
6
4
3 150 O 2 4 6
7 7 180 180
15. 4 4
16. 2.4 2.4
315 137.5 1
17. s rv 18. 75 75
180
3 5
s 154 12
36. A 4
2
2
c
4 2 h 1
k
s 35.3 cm s rv
A 4 k4 c 8
5
s 151
2 y 4 sin (4v 8) 1
2 c
s 19.6 cm 37. A 0.5
k 2 3 h3
2
19. 150 150
180 20. s rv A 0.5 k2 c 3
5
6 s 155 2
y 0.5 sin 2v 3 3
s rv s 9.4 cm 3 2 c
5 38. A 4 4 8 0 h5
s 156
k
3
A 4 k8 c0
s 39.3 cm 3
21. 5 2 10 or about 31.4 radians y 4 cos 8v 5
120 80 2 120 80
22. 3.8 2 7.6 or about 23.9 radians 39. A 2
k 1 h 2
23. 50.4 2 100.8 or about 316.7 radians A 20 k 2 h 100
24. 350 2 700 or about 2199.1 radians y 20 sin 2t 100
130 100 2 130 100
25. 1.8 2 3.6 26. 3.6 2 7.2 40. A 2 1 h 2
k
v v
q
t q
t A 15 k 2 h 115
q
3.6
q
7.2
y 15 sin 2t 115
5 2 2
q 2.3 radians/s q 11.3 radians/min 41. period: 1 or 2, no phase shift, no vertical shift
27. 15.4 2 30.8 28. 50 2 100 y
v v 1
q
t q
t
30.8 100 y 13 csc
q
15 q
12
q 6.5 radians/s q 26.2 radians/min O 2 3 4
29. 1 30. 0 31. 1 32. 0
2
33. 4 4; 2
1
y
y 4 cos 2
4
O 2 3
2
201 Chapter 6
Page 417 Applications and Problem Solving
2
42. ;
3
3 6; no vertical shift 50a. A 11.5 2k 12
c
3 h 64
y 6
k
6
8 c 2
y 2 tan ( 3 2 )
4 y 11.5 sin 6t 2 64
50b. April: month 4
O 2
4
y 11.5 sin 6t 2 64
8
y 11.5 sin 6 4 2 64
y 69.75; about 69.8
43. vertical shift: 4 50c. July: month 7
y y 11.5 sin 6t 2 64
6 y 11.5 sin 6 7 2 64
4 y 74.0
y sec 4
F
2 51. B
IL sin v
0.2
0.04
5.0(1) sin v
O 2 3
0.04(5.0(1) sin v) 0.2
2 0.2
sin v
0.04(5.0)(1)
44. vertical shift: 2 sin v 1
y
v 2
2
O 2 3
2 Page 417 Open-Ended Assessment
1
1. A r2v
2
y tan 2 1
26.2 r2v
2
6
2
Sample answer: r 5 in., v 3
45. Let v Arctan 1. 46. Let v Sin1 1. 2a. Sample answer: If the graph does not cross the
Tan v 1 Sin v 1 y-axis at 1, the graph has been translated. The
v 4 v 2 first graph has not been translated and the
second graph has been translated.
47. If y tan 4, then y 1.
y
Cos1tan 4 Cos1y 1
Cos1 1
Let v Cos1 1.
Cos v 1 O 2 x
v0
3
48. If y Sin1 2, then y 3.
1
sinSin1 2 sin y
3
y
sin 3
1
3
2
1
49. Let a Arctan 3
and Arcsin 2.
Tan a 3
Sin 2
1 O 2 x
a
3
6
1 1
cos (Arctan 3
Arcsin
2 cos (a )
cos 3 6 2b. Sample answer: If the equation does not have
the form y A cos kv, the graph has been
cos
2 translated. The graph of y 2 cos 2v has not
0 been translated. The graph of y 2 cos (2v )
3 has been translated vertically and
horizontally.
Chapter 6 202
Chapter 6 SAT & ACT Preparation If either of the two factors equals 0, then the
statement is true. Set each factor equal to 0 and
solve for x.
Page 419 SAT and ACT Practice
x40 or x20
1. Since there is no diagram, draw one. Sketch a
x4 x 2
right triangle and mark the information given.
The solutions of the equation are 4 and 2. To
find the sum of the solutions, add 4 2 2. The
correct choice is D.
4 6. You may want to label the triangle with opposite,
adjacent, and hypotenuse.
A
3 adjacent opposite
3
Notice that this is one of the special right
triangles. Its sides are 3-4-5. So the hypotenuse is
5. The sine is opposite over hypotenuse (SOH). C B
4 5
sin v 5 hypotenuse
The correct choice is B. To find cos v, you need to know the length of the
2. Let x be the smaller integer. The numbers are two adjacent side. Notice that the hypotenuse is 5 and
consecutive odd integers. So, the larger integer is 2 one side is 3, so this is a 3-4-5 right triangle. The
more than the first integer. Represent the larger adjacent side is 4 units.
integer by x 2. Write an equation that says that Use the ratio for cos v.
the sum of these two integers is 56. Then solve for x. adjacent 4
cos v
x (x 2) 56 hypotenuse 5
there are two right triangles. One has a 16n 16 16(n 1) n1
II
16n ; not an integer
16n n
hypotenuse of length 15 and a side of length 12. 16n2 n n(16n 1) 16n 1
This is a 3-4-5 right triangle. The coordinates of III
16n ; not an integer
16n 16
point B are (9, 12). Only expression I is an integer.
Since point A has coordinates (0, 0), each point on The correct choice is A.
side AB must have coordinates in the ratio of 9 to
9. Solve this problem by plugging-in values for x. Be
12 or 3 to 4.
sure to try several different values. Since x 1,
The only point among the answer choices that has start with x 1.
this ratio of coordinates is (6, 8).
The expression in Column A equals 13 1. The
A slightly different way of solving this problem is expression in Column B equals 31 3. So Column
to write the equation of the line containing points B is greater.
A and B.
12
Now try x 2. The expression in Column A equals
y 9 x 24 16. The expression in Column B equals 42
Then test each point to see whether it makes the 16. So Column A equals Column B.
equation a true statement. Since you can have more than one outcome,
You could also plot each point on the figure and depending on the value of x, the relationship
see which point seems to lie on the line segment. cannot be determined from the information given.
The correct choice is D.
The correct choice is E.
5. Factor the polynomial on the left side of the
equation.
x2 2x 8 0
(x 4)(x 2) 0
203 Chapter 6
10. Notice that the triangles are not necessarily Add the two equations. mCAD mBAD
isosceles. In ADC, the sum of the angles is 180, mACD mBCD 160, so two of the angles in
so mCAD mACD 80. Since segment AD ABC have the combined measure of 160.
bisects BAC, mBAD mCAD. Similarly, Therefore, the third angle in this triangle, B,
mBAC mACD. So, mBAD mBCD 80. must measure 20. The correct answer is 20.
Chapter 6 204
Chapter 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations
7
12. 2
7-1 Basic Trigonometric Identities 3 3
7
cos 3 cos
2 3
Page 427 Check for Understanding cos 3
1. Sample answer: x 45 13. 330 360 30
1
2. Pythagorean identities are derived by applying csc (330)
sin (330)
the Pythagorean Theorem to a right triangle. The 1
sin (360 30)
opposite angle identities are so named because A
1
is the opposite of A.
sin 30
1 1 cos v
3. tan v
cot v , cot v tan v , sin v
cot v,
csc 30
1 cot2 v csc2 v
1
sin (A) csc v sin v
4. tan(A) 14.
cot v
cos v
cos (A)
sin A sin v
1 sin v
cos A
sin v cos v
sin A
1
cos A
cos v
tan A
sec v
5. Rosalinda is correct; there may be other values for
15. cos x csc x tan x cos x
sin x cos x
1 sin x
which the equation is not true.
6. Sample answer: v 0 1
sin v cos v tan v 16. cos x cot x sin x cos x
sin x sin x
cos x
sin 0 cos 0 tan 0 cos2 x
010
sin x sin x
10
cos2 x sin2 x
sin x
7. Sample answer: x 45 1
sec2 x csc2 x 1
sin x
sec2 45 csc2 45 1 csc x
(2 )2 (2)2 1 F csc v
221 17. B
I
41 BI F csc v
1 1
8. sec v
cos v 9. tan v
cot v F
BI
csc v
1
F BI
csc v
1
sec v
1
2
tan v
5
3
2 F BIsin v
3 2
sec v
2 tan v 5
25
tan v 5 Pages 427430 Exercises
10. sin2 v cos2 v1 18. Sample answer: 45
152 cos2 v 1 sin v cos v cot v
1 sin 45 cos 45 cot 45
cos2 v 1 2 2
2 2 1
25
24
cos2 v 25 1
26
2 1
cos v 5
19. Sample answer: 45
26
Quadrant III, so 5 sec v
sin v
tan v
11. tan2 v 1 sec2 v sec 45
sin 45
472 1 sec2 v
tan 45
2 2
16
1
2
49 1 sec2 v 2
65 2
2
49 sec2 v
65
7 sec v
65
Quadrant IV, so
7
205 Chapter 7
20. Sample answer: 30 29. 1 cot2 v csc2 v
cos x 2
sec2 x1
csc x 1 cot2 v 3
11
cos 30
sec2 30 1
csc 30 1 cot2 v 191
3
cot2 v 29
23 2 2
3 1
2 2
cot v
3
12 3 2
9 1
4 Quadrant II, so
3
1 3
3
4 30. tan2 v 1 sec2 v
2
21. Sample answer: 30 tan2 v 1 54
sin x cos x 1
tan2 v 1 2156
sin 30 cos 30 1
1 3
tan2 v 19
2 2 1 6
1 3
tan v 34
1
2
22. Sample answer: 0 Quadrant II, so 34
sin y tan y cos y 31. sin2 v cos2 v 1
2
sin 0 tan 0 cos 0
00 1
13 cos2 v 1
1
cos2 v 1
0 1 9
23. Sample answer: 45 cos2 v 89
tan2 A cot2 A 1 cos v 22
3
tan2 45 cot2 45 1
22
111 Quadrant III, so cos v
3
21 sin v
tan v
cos v
24. Sample answer: 0 1
cos v 2 cos v cos 2 tan v
3
22
cos 0 2 cos 0 cos 2
3
1 2
tan v or
cos 2 cos 0 cos 2 22 4
32. tan2 v 1 sec2 v
010 2
01 23 1 sec2 v
1 1
25. csc v
sin v 26. cot v
tan v
4
1 sec2 v
9
1 1 13
sec2 v
csc v
2 cot v
3
9
5 4 13
3 sec v
5 4
csc v 2 cot v
3 13
Quadrant III, so sec v
3
43 1
cot v 3 cos v
sec v
27. sin2 v cos2 v 1 cos v
1
1 2 13
4 cos2 v 1
3
1 3
313
cos2 v 1 cos v or
16 13
13
15 1
cos2 v 1
6 33. cos v sin2 v cos2 v 1
sec v
15
2
cos v
4 cos v
1 sin2 v 57 1
7
15 5
Quadrant I, so
4
sin2 v 2459 1
cos v 57
28. sin2 v cos2 v 1 sin2 v 2449
2 2
sin2 v 3 1 sin v 26
7
sin2 v 49 1 26
Quadrant III, so
7
sin2 v 59
5
sin v 3
5
Quadrant II, so 3
Chapter 7 206
1 19
34. sec v
cos v
tan2 v 1 sec2 v 40. 2(2) 5
5
tan2 v 1 82 19
1
tan2 v 1 64 sin 5
sec v
1
19
tan
tan2 v 63 5 19
8 cos 5
tan v 37
sec v 8 sin 2(2) 5
Quadrant IV, so 37
1 cos 2(2) 5
35. 1 cot2 v csc2 v sin v
csc v
1 sin 5
1
2
sin v
43 csc2 v 53
cos 5
1 19
6
csc2 v sin v 35 tan 5
25 10
9
csc2 v 41.
3 3 3
1
53 csc v csc 3
10
10
sin 3
Quadrant IV, so 53
1
36. 1 cot2 v csc2 v
sin 3
1 (8)2 csc2 v
3
1
1 64 csc2 v
65 csc2 v sin 3
65 csc v
Quadrant IV, so 65 csc 3
1
13 2 2
2sin2 A 2cos2 A
2
4 3
2
4 sin x
csc x
48
39
9
9 cos v
45.
cot v
sin v
21136 213
6
cos v
cos v
1
9
sin v
9
32 csc v
sin (v ) sin v
16
46.
cos (v )
cos v
12
tan v
38. 390 360 30
47. (sin x cos x)2 (sin x cos x)2
sin 390 sin (360 30)
sin 30 sin2 x 2sin x cos x cos2 x sin2 x
27 3
2sin x cos x cos2 x
39. 3 2sin2 x 2 cos2 x
8 8
cos 3
27
cos 3 2(sin2 x cos2 x)
8 8 2
cos 38
207 Chapter 7
48. sin x cos x sec x cot x sin x cos x
cos x sin x
1 cos x W sec v
56a. e A
s
cos x eAs W sec v
49. cos x tan x sin x cot x cos x
cos x sin x sin x
sin x cos x
eAs
W
sec v
sin x cos x
W eAs cos v
50. (1 cos v)(csc v cot v) (1 cos v)
sin v sin v
1 cos v
56b. W eAs cos v
1 cos v
(1 cos v)sin v
W 0.80(0.75)(1000) cos 40
1 cos2 v W 459.6266659
sin v 459.63 W
sin2 v
57. FN mg cos v 0
sin v
FN mg cos v
sin v
mg sin v mkFN 0
51. 1 v
cot2 v
cos2 cos2
v cot2 v mg sin v mk(mg cos v) 0
1 cot v cos v(1 cot2 v)
2 2
mk(mg cos v) mg sin v
csc2 v cos2 v(csc2 v) mg sin v
mk
csc2 v(1 cos2 v) mg cos v
sin v
csc2 v(sin2 v) mk
cos v
1
(sin2 v)
sin2 v
mk tan v
1 58.
sin x sin x
52.
1 cos x 1 cos x
sin x sin x cos x sin x sin x cos x
1 cos2 x
1 cos2 x
2 sin x
1 cos2 x h
2 sin x a
sin2 x
2
sin x
2csc x a
53. cos4 a 2cos2 a sin2 a sin4 a (cos2 a sin2 a)2 360 180 2 a a
v , tan v , so h
2 tan v 2 cot v.
12 or 1 2n n h
I I0 cos v The area of the isosceles triangle is 2(a)2 cot n
54. 2 1 a 180
0 I0 cos2 v
4 cot n. There are n such triangles, so
a2 180
0 cos2 v
A 4na2 cot n.
1 180
0 cos v
cos1 0 v
90 v 59. y
A B C
55. Let (x, y) be the point where the terminal side of
A intersects the unit circle when A is in standard E
position. When A is reflected about the x-axis to
obtain A, the y-coordinate is multiplied by 1, x
but the x-coordinate is unchanged. So, O F D
sin (A) y sin A and
cos (A) x cos A.
y
(x , y ) sin v EF and cos v OF since the circle is a unit
CD CD
circle. tan v
OD 1 CD.
A CO CO
sec v
OD 1 CO. EOF OBA, so
O A x OF BA BA cos v OF
EF
OA 1 BA. Then cot v sin v EF BA.
EO OB 1 OB
(x, y) EF OA , or EF 1 .
Also by similar triangles,
1 1 OB
Then csc v
sin v EF 1 OB.
2
60. Cos1
2 135
Chapter 7 208
61. y 42
68. m
4 5 y y1 m(x x1)
1
y cos (x 6 )
2
or
2
9
2
y 4 9(x (4))
9
2 28
y 9x 9
x 69. mBCD 40
O 2 7 5 13 1
-
6 3 6 3 6 40 m (BC)
2
-
80 m (BC)
1
1 -
mBAC 2mBC
1
mBAC 2(80)
62. 2(3 30) 7 7 7 mBAC 40
180
7 The correct choice is C.
180
s rv
7
s 20
180
7-2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities
s 2.44 cm
63. B 180 (90 20) or 70
sin A c
a b
cos A c Page 433 Graphing Calculator Exploration
a b 1. yes 2. no 3. no
sin 20 3
5 cos 20 3
5 4. No; it is impossible to look at every window since
35 sin 20 a 35 cos 20 b there are an infinite number. The only way an
11.97070502 a 32.88924173 b identity can be proven is by showing algebraically
a 12.0, B 70, b 32.9 that the general case is true.
2 1 8 4
64. 2 5.
4
10
4
2 5 2 0
2x2 5x 2 0
(2x 1)(x 2) 0
2x 1 0 or x 2 0
1
x 2 x 2
1
2, 2, 2
[2, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11
65. 2x2 7x 4 0
7 sin x
x2 2x 2 0
7
x2 2x 2
7 49 49 Pages 433434 Check for Understanding
x2 2x 16 2 16
1. Answers will vary.
x 742 8116 2. Sample answer: Squaring each side can turn two
7 9 unequal quantities into equal quantities. For
x 4 4
example, 1 1, but (1)2 12.
7 9
x 4 4 3. Sample answer: They are the trigonometric
x 0.5 or 4 functions with which most people are most
66. continuous familiar.
67. 4(x y 2z) 4(3) 4x 4y 8z 12 4. Answers will vary.
cot x
4x y z 0 4x y z 0 5. cos x
csc x
3y 9z 12 cos x
x y 2z 3 cos x
sin x
1
x 5y 4z 11
sin x
4y 2z 14 cos x
4(3y 9z) 4(12) 12y 36z 48 cos x
1
3(4y 2z) 3(14) 12y 6z 42 cos x cos x
30z 90
z 3
3y 9z 12 x y 2z 3
3y 9(3) 12 x (5) 2(3) 3
y 5 x 2
(2, 5, 3)
209 Chapter 7
6.
1
cos x
Pages 434436 Exercises
tan x sec x sin x 1 sec A
1 13. tan A
csc A
sin x 1
cos x
1
sin x 1
cos x cos x tan A
cos A
1
1 cos x
sin x 1 sin A
sin x 1
cos x sin A
cos x cos x
tan A
cos A
sin x 1 sin x 1 tan A tan A
1
7. csc v cot v
csc v cot v 14. cos v sin v cot v
1 csc v cot v cos v
csc v cot v
csc v cot v csc v cot v
cos v sin v
sin v
csc v cot v cos v cos v
csc v cot v
csc2 v cot2 v
csc v cot v 1 sin x
csc v cot v
(1 cot2 v) cot2 v
15. sec x tan x
cos x
csc v cot v 1 sin x
csc v cot v
1
sec x tan x
cos x cos x
Chapter 7 210
20. (sin v 1)(tan v sec v) cos v 27. sin x cos x
cos x sin x
1 tan x 1 cot x
sin v tan v tan v sin v sec v sec v cos v
cos x sin x
sin v sin v 1 1
sin x cos x sin x
cos v cos v sin v cos v cos v cos v
sin v cos x
1
cos x 1
sin x
sin2 v sin v sin v 1
cos v cos v cos x sin x
cos x sin x
sin2 v 1 sin x cos x sin x cos x
cos x sin x
cos v cos v 1 cos x
1 sin x
cos2 v cos2 x sin2 x
cos v cos v sin x cos x
cos x sin x sin x cos x
csc x 1
csc2 x 1 sin v sec v sec v cos v tan v
csc x 1 cos v
cos v sec v sec v cos v tan v
sin v
(csc x 1)(csc x 1)
csc x 1
csc x 1 sin v
cos v sec v sec v cos v tan v
cos v
csc x 1 csc x 1
24. cos B cot B csc B sin B cos v tan v sec v sec v cos v tan v
1 sec v cos v tan v sec v cos v tan v
cos B cot B sin B
sin B
29. Sample answer: sec x 2
1 sin2 B
cos B cot B csc x
sin B sin B
cot x 2
1 sin2 B
cos B cot B
sin B
1
sin v
cos2 B 2
cos B cot B
sin B
cos v
sin v
cos B
cos B cot B cos B 1
sin B
cos x 2
cos B cot B cos B cot B
sec x 2
25. sin v cos v tan v cos2 v 1
sin v
30. Sample answer: tan x 2
cos v cos v 1
sin v cos v 2 1 tan x
1 cot x 2
sin2 v cos2 v 1 sin x
1 1 1
cos x
1 cos x
2
cos x
26. (csc x cot x)2
1 cos x 1
sin x
1 cos x cos x sin x
csc2 x 2 csc x cot x cot2 x
1 cos x
cos x
1 1 cos x cos2 x 1 cos x 2
sin2 x 2
sin x sin x sin2 x 1 cos x
sin x cos x
sin x
1 2 cos x cos2 x 1 cos x
sin x
sin2 x 1 cos x
cos x 2
(1 cos x)2 1 cos x
1 cos2 x
1 cos x tan x 2
(1 cos x)2 1 cos x
31. Sample answer: cos x 0
(1 cos x)(1 cos x) 1 cos x
1 sec x
1 cos x
1 cos x
cot x
csc x cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x
1
tan x cos x
1
cos x
sin x
sin x
tan x
cos x cos x
tan x tan x cos x
0 cos x
211 Chapter 7
1 38. yes
32. Sample answer: sin x 2
1 cos x sin x
4
sin x 1 cos x
1 2 cos x cos2 x sin2 x
4
sin x(1 cos x) sin x(1 cos x)
1 2 cos x cos2 x sin2 x
sin x(1 cos x) 4
2 2 cos x
sin x(1 cos x) 4
2(1 cos x)
4
sin x(1 cos x) [2, 2] sc12 by [4, 4] sc11
2
sin x 4 39. no
2 4 sin x
1
2 sin x
33. Sample answer: sin x 1
cos2 x 2 sin x 2 0
1 sin2 x 2 sin x 2 0
0 sin2 x 2 sin x 1
0 (sin x 1)2
[2, 2] sc12 by [4, 4] sc11
0 sin x 1
sin x 1 40a. P I 02 R sin2 2 ft
34. Sample answer: cot x 1 P I 02 R(1 cos2 2pft)
csc x sin x tan x cos x 40b. P I 02 R sin2 2ft
sin x I 02 R
csc x sin x
cos x cos x
P
sin2 x cos2 x csc2 2ft
csc x
cos x cos x
x
1 41. f(x)
1 4
csc x
cos x
x2
1
1 1 tan v
2
sin x cos x f(x)
1
4
cos x 2
tan v
1
sin x 1
2
cot x 1 1
tan3 v 1 tan v
sec2 v 2
35. tan v 1 10
(tan v 1)(tan2 v tan v 1)
f(x)
1 ta
n2 v
(tan2 v 1) 10
tan v 1 1
tan v
tan2 v tan v 1 tan2 v 1 10 2
tan v 1 0
f(x) sec2 v
tan v 1
1
1
tan v
cot v 2
tan v f(x)
1 sec v
cot v 1
1 sin v
cot v 1
2
cos v
36. no f(x) 1
cos v
1
f(x) 2 sin v
sin a
42. sin a sin a sin c sin a
sin c
cos b
sin a cos b sin a cos b
cos b
c os c
cos c cos a cos b cos b
cos a
Then cos b sin a cos b
[2 , 2 ] sc12 by [2, 8] sc11
sin a cos c
sin c cos a
37. yes
sin a cos c
cos a sin c
tan a cot c
gv2 x sin v
43. y
2v02 cos2 v
cos v
gv2
y sec2 v x tan v
2v 2 0
g x2
y (1 tan2 v) x tan v
2v 2
[2 , 2 ] sc12 by [4, 4] sc11 0
Chapter 7 212
44. We find the area of ABTP by subtracting the area 51. Let x the number of shirts and y the number
of OAP from the area of OBT. of pants. y
1
OB
1 1
BT 2OA AP 2 1 tan v 2 cos v sin v
1 x 1.5y 100 100 2.5x 2y 180
2
2.5x 2y 180
2
cos v cos v sin v
1 sin v
80 (0, 65)
1.5x 3y 195 x 1.5y 100
x0
2 sin v
cos v cos v
1 1 60
(40, 40)
y0 1.5x 3y 195
2 sin v
cos v cos v
1 1 cos2 v 40
x0 (72, 0)
sin v
1 1 cos2 v
2
cos v
20
(0, 0) x
sin v
1 sin2 v
2
cos v O 20 40 60 80 100
1 sin v y0
2 2
cos v sin v
1 P(x, y) 5x 4.5y
tan v sin2 v
2 P(0, 0) 5(0) 4.5(0) or 0
b a a sin b
sin b sin a , so b sin a .
45. By the Law of Sines, P(0, 65) 5(0) 4.5(65) or 292.50
Then P(40, 40) 5(40) 4.5(40) or 380
1 P(72, 0) 5(72) 4.5(0) or 360
A 2ab sin 40 shirts, 40 pants
A 2a
sin a sin
1 a sin b
52. {16}, {4, 4}; no, 16 is paired with two elements of
a2 sin
sin the range
A
2 sin a ab ba ab ba
a2 sin b sin 53.
ab
ba ab ba
A
2 sin (180 (b )) ab ab
a2 sin b sin
a b 1(a b)
A
2 sin (b )
1
sin x sin x
cos x sin x
cos x
cos x The correct choice is D.
tan x cos x sin x tan x
46.
sec x tan x
1 sin x
cos x cos x
sin x cos2 x sin2 x
cos x
1 sin x
7-3 Sum and Difference Identities
cos x
sin x 1 cos x
1 sin x
cos x Pages 441442 Check for Understanding
1 1. Find a counterexample, such as x 30 and
47. A 2
360
180
c
2 45 y 60.
k
A 2 k2 c 90 2. Find the cosine, sine, or tangent, respectively, of
y 2sin (2x 90) the sum or difference, then take the reciprocal.
15 15 180 3. The opposite side for 90 A is the adjacent side
48. 1
6
16 for A, so the right-triangle ratio for sin (90 A) is
168.75 the same as that for cos A.
60
168.75 168 0.75 1
168 45
168 45 90 A
3 3
49. 3y 1 2 0 Check: 3y 1 2 0
3 3
3y 1 2 3(3) 12 0
3
3y 1 8 8 2 0 A
y3 22 0
1
4. cot (a b)
tan (a b)
50. x 1 0
x 1 1
tan a tan b
3x
f(x)
x1 1 tan a tan b
3x 1 tan a tan b
y
x1
tan a tan b
1 1
y(x 1) 3x 1 cot a cot b
cot a cot b
yx y 3x 1 1
cot a cot b
y 3x yx
cot a cot b
y x(3 y) cot a cot b 1
y
cot a cot b
3y x
3y0
y3
213 Chapter 7
5. cos 165 cos (45 120) 10. sin (90 A) cos A
cos 45 cos 120 sin 45 sin 120 sin 90 cos A cos 90 sin A cos A
2 2 3 1 cos A 0 sin A cos A
2
1
2
2
2 cos A cos A
tan v 2 cot v
2 6
4
11.
sin v 2
2
6. tan 1 tan 3 4
cot v
tan 3 tan 4 cos v 2
1 tan 3 tan 4 sin v cos 2 cos v sin 2
3
1 cot v
1 3
1 cos v cos 2 sin v sin 2
4 23
(sin v) 0 (cos v) 1 cot v
2
(cos v) 0 (sin v) 1
2 3
cos v
cot v
sin v
7. 795 2(360) 75
cot v cot v
sec 795 sec 75
12. sin (x y) 1 cot x tan y
cos 75 cos (30 45)
csc x sec y
cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 sin 45 cos x sin y
1 sin x cos y
3 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 sin (x y) 1 1
6 2
sin x cos y
4 cos x sin y
4 1 sin x cos y
sec 795 sin x cos y
6 2
sin (x y) 1 1
sin x cos y
6
2
sin x cos y
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
8. cos x
1 si
n2 x cos y
1 si
n2 y
1
1
2 4
9 1
2 1
4
sin (x y) sin (x y)
13. sin (nq0t 90) sin nq0t cos 90 cos nq0t sin 90
65
65
81 or 9
15
15
16 or 4
sin nq0t 0 cos nq0t 1
cos nq0t
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
15
65
9
4 9 4
4 1
65
415 Pages 442445 Exercises
36
14. cos 105 cos (45 60)
cos x
1 si
1
9. csc x
sin x n2 x cos 45 cos 60 sin 45 sin 60
1
2 1 2 3
5
3
sin x
1
3
2
5
2 2 2
2
2 6
sin x 5
3
1265 or 45 4
15. sin 165 sin (120 45)
sin x
tan x
cos x sin 120 cos 45 cos 120 sin 45
3 2 1 2
3
5 3
2 2 2 2
or
4 6 2
5
4 4
7
sin y
1 co
s2 y tan y
cos y
sin y 16. cos 12
cos
4 3
1
2
cos 4 cos 3 sin 4 sin 3
5 12
13
13 12
or 5
2 1 2 3
2 2 2 2
or
144 12 5
169
13 13 2 6
4
tan x tan y
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y 17. sin 12
sin
3 4
3 12
4
5
sin 3 cos 4 cos 3 sin 4
3 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 45
3 12
63 6
2
4
20
4
5
63
16
Chapter 7 214
18. tan 195 tan (45 150) 113 17
25. 4(2)
12 12
tan 45 tan 150
113 17
1 tan 45 tan 150 cot 12 cot 1
2
3
1 3 17 7
tan 12 tan 6 4
3
1 13 tan 6 tan 4
p
3
3 1 tan 6 tan 4
3
3
3
3 1
3
3
3
12 63 1 3 1
or 2 3
6
33
19. cos 1
2 cos 4 3
3
p 3
3
cos 4 cos 3 sin 4 sin 3
3
2 1 2
3
3
2
2 2 2 2
113 1
2
6
cot
12
3
2
4
2 3
20. tan 165 tan (45 120)
tan 45 tan 120 26. sin x
1 co
s2 x cos y
1 si
n2 y
1 tan 45 tan 120
1 (3 )
1
8 2
17 1
2 12
37
1 1 (3 ) 225 15 1225 35
1 3 or
289 17
1369 or 37
1 3
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
4 2 3
or 2 3 1
7 37 17 37
15 35 8 12
2
23 5
21. tan tan
12 4 3
629
621
5
tan 4 tan 3 27. sin x
1 co
s2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
1
1
5 3 2 2
1 tan 4 tan 3
5 4
5
1 (3 )
1 1 (3
4 2 3
)
16
4
25 or 5
9
3
25 or 5
2 or 2 3 cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
55 55
3 4 4 3
22. 735 2(360) 15
sin 735 sin 15 24
sin 15 sin (45 30) 25
sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 28. cos x
1 si
n2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
2 3 2
1
1
1
2 2
2
6
2
2
2
2 8
17 3
5
4
23. 1275 3(360) 195
225 15
or
289 17
16
4
25 or 5
sin x sin y
sec 1275 sec 195 tan x
cos x tan y
cos y
cos 195 cos (150 45) 8
4
17 5
cos 150 cos 45 sin 150 sin 45
15 3
3 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 17 5
2
6 8 4
15
3
4 tan x tan y
4 tan (x y)
sec 1275 1 tan x tan y
2
6 8 4
2
6
15 3
5
sin 6 4
8 4
24. sin 12 1 15 3
sin 6 cos 4 cos 6 sin 4 12
15
2
3
2
1
2 2 2 2 77
45
6
2
36
4 77
5 4
csc 2
6
2
6
2
215 Chapter 7
29. sec x
tan2 x
1 cos y
1 si
n2 y 31. sin x
1
sec y
tan2 y
1
csc x
1
2 5
3 1
2 1
3
1
5
1
2 12
5
34
34
9 or 3 89 or
2
3
2
3
3
169 13
or
3 3
34 5 25 5
cos x or 1
34
34
cos x
1 si
n2 x cos y
sec y
sin x
tan x
1
1
cos x 2
5
sin x
3
5
13
3 5
3
34
34 or 16
25
4
5
5
13
5
34
sin x
34
sin y
1 co
s2 y
cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
3
34 2 5
1
2 5
13
2 34 1
34
668
3
4
53
34 3
144 12
or
169 13
102 102
cos(x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
1217 534
51
3 5 13
4 5 3 12
102
56
30. tan x
1
cos y
1
65
cot x sec y
1 1 1
sec (x y)
cos (x y)
6 3
1
5 2
5 2
56
6
3
55
sin y
1 co
s2 y 65
56
1
2 2
3 32. cos a
1 si
n2a sin b
1 co
s2b
5
9
or
3
5
1
2 1
5 1
2 2
7
sin y
tan y
cos y
5
24
2
25 or 5
6
45
3
49 or 7
5
3 5
sin (a b) sin a cos b cos a sin b
or 2 2 3
57 57
2 1 2 6 5
3
tan x tan y
2 630
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y
35
5
5 33. sin x
1 co
s2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
6 2
5 5
1 62
1
1 2
3 1
2 3
4
10 65
89 or 2
3
2
7
16 or 4
7
12
cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
12 5
5 2
7
34 34
1 3 2
12
10 6 5 3 2
12 5 5
14
12
cos 2 x sin x
270 1225
1
9
34.
cos 2 cos x sin 2 sin x sin x
0 cos x 1 sin x sin x
sin x sin x
35. cos (60 A) sin (30 A)
cos 60 cos A sin 60 sin A sin 30 cos A
cos 30 sin A
1
3 1
3
2 cos A 2 sin A 2 cos A 2 sin A
36. sin (A ) sin A
sin A cos cos A sin sin A
(sin A)(1) (cos A)(0) sin A
sin A sin A
Chapter 7 216
37. cos (180 x) cos x 43. VL I0qL cos qt 2
cos 180 cos x sin 180 sin x cos x
1 cos x 0 sin x cos x VL I0qLcos qt cos 2 sin qt sin 2
cos x cos x VL I0qL(cos qt 0 sin qt 1)
1 tan x
38. tan (x 45)
1 tan x VL I0qL(sin qt)
tan x tan 45
1 tan x VL I0qL sin qt
1 tan x tan 45 1 tan x
sin 2(a b)
1
tan x 1 1 tan x
1 (tan x)(1) 1 tan x 44. n
1 tan x 1 tan x b
sin 2
1 tan x 1 tan x
sin 2(a 60)
tan A tan B 1
39. sin (A B)
sec A sec B
sin A sin B
n 60
+
cos A cos B
sin 2
sin (A B)
sin 2 30
a
1 1
cos A cos B n sin 30
sin A sin B
+
cos A
cos B a a
cos A cos B sin 2 cos 30 cos 2 sin 30
sin (A B) 1
1 cos A cos B n 1
cos A cos B
sin A cos B cos A sin B 2
sin (A B) 3
n 2 cos 2 2
a a 1
1 sin2
2
sin (A B) sin (A B) a a
1 tan A tan B n 3
sin 2 cos2
40. cos (A B)
sec A sec B
sin A sin B
45. The given expression is the expanded form of the
1 cos A cos B
sine of the difference of 3 A and 3 A. We have
cos (A B)
sin 3 A 3 A sin (2A)
1 1
cos A cos B
1
sinA sin B sin 2A
cos A cos B
cos A cos B f(x h) f(x) sin (x h) sin x
cos (A B) 1 1
cos A cos B 46a.
h
h
cos A cos B sin x cos h cos x sin h sin x
cos A cos B sin A sin B
h
cos (A B)
1
46b. y y sin x cos 0.1 cos x sin 0.1 sin x
cos (A B) cos (A B) 1 0.1
sec A sec B
41. sec (A B)
1 tan A tan B
1 1 0.5
cos A
cos B
sec (A B)
sin A sin B
1
cos A cos B
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1 1
cos A
cos B 0.5
cos A cos B
sec (A B) sin A sin B cos A cos B
1 cos A cos B
1
1
sec (A B)
cos A cos B sin A sin B 46c. cos x
1 sin (a b)
sec (A B)
cos (A B) 47. tan (a b)
cos (a b)
sec (A B) sec (A B) sin a cos b cos a sin b
tan (a b)
cos a cos b sin a sin b
42. sin (x y) sin (x y) sin2 x sin2 y sin a cos b cos a sin b
(sin x cos y cos x sin y)(sin x cos y cos x sin y) cos a cos b cos a cos b
sin2 x sin2 y tan (a b)
cos a cos b sin a sin b
(sin x cos y) (cos x sin y) sin2 x sin2 y
2 2 cos a cos b cos a cos b
tan a tan b
sin2 x cos2 y cos2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y tan (a b)
1 tan a tan b
sin2 x cos2 y sin2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y
Replace b with b to find tan(a b).
cos2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y tan a tan (b)
sin x(cos y sin y) sin2 y(sin2 x cos2 x)
2 2 2 tan (a (b))
1 tan a tan (b)
sin2 x sin2 y tan a tan b
tan (a b)
1 tan a tan b
(sin2 x)(1) (sin2 y)(1) sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y 48a. Answers will vary.
217 Chapter 7
48b. tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C 56. s rv
1
A 2r2 v
tan A tan B tan (180 (A B)) 1
18 r(2.9) A
2(6.2)2(2.9)
tan A tan B tan(180 (A B))
tan 180 tan (A B) 6.2
r; 6.2 ft A
55.7 ft2
tan A tan B
1 tan 180 tan (A B)
tan 180 tan (A B) 57. c2 702 1302 2(70)(130) cos 130
tan A tan B 1 tan 180 tan (A B) c2
33498.7345
tan A tan B
0 tan (A B)
c
183 miles
1 0 tan (A B)
0 tan (A B) 58. 120 90, consider Case 2.
tan A tan B 1 0 tan (A B) 4 12, 0 solutions
tan A tan B tan (A B) 59.
tan A tan B tan (A B)
1 tan A tan B
(tan A tan B)
1 tan A tan B tan (A B)
tan A tan B (A B)
tan (A B)(1 tan A tan B) tan (A B) 35 ft
tan A tan B (A B)
(1 tan A tan B 1) tan (A B)
tan A tan B (A B)
tan A tan B tan (A B) tan A tan B (A B)
1 cos2 x 3712
49. sec2 x x
1 sin2 x csc x cot x
2 2
640
1 cos2 x
sec2 x
cos2 x 1 cot x cot x
2 2
v 37 12 6 40 or 30 32
1 cos2 x
sec2 x
cos2 x cos2 x 1
a 90 6 40 or 96 40
sec2 x sec2 x 1 1 b 180 (30 32 96 40) or 52 48
35 x
sec2 x sec 2 x
sin 30 32
sin 52 48
sin v 35 sin 52 48
50. sin2 v cos2 v 1 tan v x
cos v sin 30 32
182 cos2 v 1 1
8 x
54.87 ft
63
60. 4x3 3x2 x 0
cos2 v 64 3 7
8 x(4x2 3x 1) 0
37
cos v 8 1 x(4x 1)(x 1) 0
3
3
7 7 x 0 or 4x 1 0 or x10
Quadrant III, so 8
7
21
1
x 4 x 1
51. Arctan 3
3 61. Case 1 Case 2
x 1 4 x 1 4
sin (Arctan 3
) sin
3 (x 1) 4 x1 4
3
2 x 1 4 x 3
52. k, where k is an integer x 5
86 50 2 86 50 x
5 {xx
5 or x 3}
53. A 2 2 h 2
1 2
4
A 18 68 68 62. 1(6) 3(2)
3 6
6 6 or 12
y 18 sin t c 68
2 63. fg(4) f(g(4))
50 18 sin 1
2 c 68 f(5(4) 1)
f(21)
18 18 sin c
2 3(21)2 4
1 sin c
2
1319
gf(4) g(f(4))
sin1 ( 1) 2 c g(3(4)2 4)
3 g(44)
c
2 2
5(44) 1
c 221
y 18sin 2t 68 64. If a negative number is raised to an even
360 30 exponent, the answer is positive. If a negative
54. 8 8; 1 360; 1 30
number is raised to an odd exponent, the answer
55. sin (540) sin (360 180) is negative.
0 (8)62 is positive.
(8)75 is negative.
The correct choice is A.
Chapter 7 218
Page 445 Mid-Chapter Quiz 9. cos x
1 si
n2 x cos y
1 si
n2 y
1
1
1
1. csc v 1 cot2 v csc2 2 2 2
sin v
7 2
v
3 3
4
1 1 cot2 v
2
2
49
59 or 35 7 7
or
16 4
7 1 cot2 v
7
4 cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
45
5
7
cot2 v 34 34
2 2 3
4
3
5
cot v 2
35 6
35 12
Quadrant 1, so 5
2
10. tan x 4 tan y
sec2 y
1
1
2. tan2 v1 sec2 v cos v
sec v
22 1
4 2
3 1 sec2 v
1
5
3
3 tan x tan y
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y
16 3
1 sec2 v 5
9 5
25 4 3
9 sec2 v
1 4 3
5
5
3 sec v
5
5 43
Quadrant II, so 3
4
19
3. 5 4 4 5
3
4
4
19
cos 4 cos 5 4
5 43
4 53
cos 4
80 413
80 413
1 1
or
59 59
4.
1 tan2 x
1 cot2 x 1
1 1
sec2 x csc2 x 1
cos2 x sin2 x 1
11
7-3B Reduction Identities
csc2 v sec2v
5.
sec2 v csc2 v
2
csc v 2
sec v Page 447
sec2 v sec2 v csc2 v
1. sin, cos, sin 2. cot, tan, cot
1
sin2 v 3. tan, cot, tan 4. csc, sec, csc
1 1 csc2 v 5. sec, csc, sec
cos2 v
cos2 v 6a. (1) cos, sin, cos
sin2 v 1 csc2 v
(2) sin, cos, sin
cot2 v 1 csc2 v (3) cot, tan, cot
csc2 v csc2 v (4) tan, cot, tan
6. cot x sec x sin x 2 tan x cos x csc x (5) csc, sec, csc
cos x 1 sin x 1 (6) sec, csc, sec
sin x
cos x sin x 2 cos x cos x sin x
6b. Sample answer: If a row for sin a were placed
121 above Exercises 1-5, the entries for Exercise 6a
11 could be obtained by interchanging the first and
1 cot a tan b third columns and leaving the middle column
7. tan (a b)
cot a tan b
1
alone.
1 tan a tan b
7a. (1) cos, sin, cos
tan (a b)
1
tan b (2) sin, cos, sin
tan a (3) cot, tan, cot
1
1 (4) tan, cot, tan
tan a tan b
tan a (5) csc, sec, csc
tan (a b) 1
tan b tan a (6) sec, csc, sec
tan a
tan a tan b 7b. Sample answer: The entries in the rows for cos a
tan (a b)
1 tan a tan b and sec a are unchanged. All other entries are
tan (a b) tan(a b) multiplied by 1.
8. cos 75 cos(30 45) 8a. Sample answer: They can be used to reduce
cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 sin 45 trigonometric functions of large positive or
3
2
2
22 22
1 negative angles to those of angles in the first
quadrant.
2
6
4 8b. Sample answer: sum or difference identities
219 Chapter 7
sin v
7-4 Double-Angle and Half-Angle 8. sin2 v cos2 v 1 tan v
cos v
Identities 2
5
2 2
5 cos2 v 1
21
Page 453 Check for Understanding 5
1. If you are only given the value of cos v, then 21 2 2
21
cos2 v 25
21
or
21
cos 2v 2 cos2 v 1 is the best identity to use.
21
If you are only given the value of sin v, then cos v
5 (Quadrant I)
cos 2v 1 2 sin2 v is the best identity to use. If sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
you are given the values of both cos v and sin v,
21
25
5
2
then cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v is just as good as the
other two. 4
21
25
2. cos 2 1 2 sin2 v
cos 2v 1 2 sin2 v cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2
21 2 2
cos 2v 1
sin2 v
5 5
2
17
1 cos 2v
sin2 v 25
2
2 tan v
1 cos 2v tan 2v
sin v
2
1 tan2 v
2
221
21
a a 1 cos 2 2
Letting v 2 yields sin 2 ,
2 21 2
2
1 cos 1 21
a
or sin
2 .
2
4
21
3a. III or IV 3b. I or II 3c. I, II, III or IV
21 4
21
4. sin 2v 2 sin v
17 or
17
21
sin 22 2 sin 2
9. tan2 v 1 sec2 v sin2 v cos2 v 1
sin 2 sin 2 4 2 3 2
0 2(1)
3 1 sec2 v sin2 v 5 1
25 16
0
2 sec2 v sin2 v 2
9 5
Sample answer: v 2 5
3 sec v (Quadrant III)
4
sin v 5
5. Both answers are correct. She obtained two cos v
1
(Quadrant III)
sec v
different representations of the same number. One
1
way to verify this is to evaluate each expression 3
5 or 5
with a calculator. To verify it algebraically, square
3
each answer and then simplify. The same result is sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
obtained in each case. Since each of the original
255
4 3
answers is positive, and they have the same
24
square, the original answers are the same 25
number.
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
3 2 4 2
5 5
4
6. sin
8 sin
2 2
7
5
1 cos 2 tan v
4
(Quadrant I) tan 2v
1 tan2 v
2
23
4
2
1
2
4 2
2
1 3
2 2
2
8
3 24
7. tan 165 tan 2
330 or 7
7
9
1 cos 330
1 co
s 330 (Quadrant II)
10. tan 2v
2
cot v tan v
3
1 3 tan 2v
2 tan v
cot v tan v tan v
3 2 tan v
1 3 tan 2v
cot v tan v tan2 v
(2 3
) 2 tan v
tan 2v
1 tan2 v
32
tan 2v tan 2v
Chapter 7 220
1 sec A sin A 5
11. 1 2 sin 2A
sec A
6
5
1 16. tan tan
1 sin A
cos A
12 2
1 sin 2A 5
2
1 1 cos 6
cos A
5 (Quadrant I)
1
sin A
1 cos 6
cos A
1 cos A
1 2 sin 2A
1
3
cos A
cos A
1 2
1
1 2 sin 2A 1 sin A cos A 3
1 2
1 1
1 2 sin 2A 1 2 2 sin A cos A
2 3
1 1
1 2 sin 2A 1 2 sin 2A
2
x x sin x
2
3
12. sin 2 cos 2 2
2
x x (2 3
)(2 3
)
2 sin 2 cos 2
sin x
(2 3
)(2 3
)
2 2
(2 3
)2
sin 22
x
sin x 43
2 2 2 3
3
sin x sin x
2 3 4
2 17. sin
8 sin
2
13. cos 2v 2 cos2 v 1
3
cos 2v 1 2 cos2 v 1 cos 4
(Quadrant I)
1 1 2
2 cos 2v 2 cos2 v
2
P I02 R sin2 qt 1 2
P I02 R (1 cos2 qt) 2
P I02 R1 2 cos 2qt 2
1 1
7
2
1 1
7
P 2 I02 R 2 I02 R cos 2qt 6
2
18. cos 1
cos 2
7
1 cos 6
(Quadrant II)
Pages 454455 Exercises 2
30
14. cos 15 cos 2
1 2
3
1 cos 30
2 (Quadrant I)
2
3
1
2 3
2 2
2 45
19. tan 22.5 tan 2
2 3
2
150
1 cos
1 cos 45
45 (Quadrant I)
15. sin 75 sin 2
2
1 cos 150 1 2
2 (Quadrant I)
2
1 2
3 1 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
(2 2
)(2 2
(2 2
)
)(2 2
)
(2 2
42
)2
2 2
2
2
22
2
2
1
221 Chapter 7
20. tan 2
v
1 cos
1 cos v
v
23. tan2 v 1 sec2 v
(2)2 1 sec2 v
1
1 4
5 sec2 v
5 sec v (Quadrant II)
1
1 cos v sec v
4
1
5
3
5 or 5
4
5
sin2 v cos2 v 1
2
5
sin2 v 5 1
4
or3
5
15
5 sin2 v 25
20
sin v 2
5
21. sin2 v cos2 v 1 tan v
cos v sin v 5 (Quadrant II)
v
4
sin2 2 1 3 sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
5
5 2
5
255
5
sin2 v
9
4
25
3 5 4
sin v
5 3
5
(Quadrant I) 4 cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2
5 2
5 5
5 2
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
255
3 4 3
5
24
25 tan 2v
2 tan v
1 tan2 v
cos 2v cos2 v sin 2 v
2(2)
1 (2)2
4 2
5 5
3 2
4
4
7 3 or 3
2 1
5
2 tan v 24. cos v
sec v
tan 2v
1 tan2 v 1
4
3
2 4 3
3
4
1 4
3 2
3 sin2 v cos2 v 1
sin2 v 4 1
2 24 3 2
or
7 7
7
16 sin2 v 1
6
sin v
22. sin2 v cos2 v1 tan v
7
cos v sin v 4 (Quadrant II)
1
2
3 cos2 v1 1
3 tan v
sin v
8 cos v
cos2 v 9 2
2 7
3
2
2 4
cos v 3 1
2
or 4 3
22 4
(Quadrant I) 7
3
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
1 2 sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
2
2
7
244
3 3 3
42
9 3
7
8
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2 cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
3 3
2 2 1 2
2
7
4 4
3 2
7
9 2 1
2 tan v
1
6 or 8
tan 2v
1 tan2 v 2 tan v
tan 2v
1 tan2 v
2
2 2
7
3
4
2
2
1 7
4 1 3
2
2
2 7
2 4
2
14
or 7 3
2 or 37
16
9
Chapter 7 222
1 2 tan v
25. 1 cot2 v csc2 v tan v
cot v tan 2v
1 tan2 v
221
1 2 csc2 v 21
3 2 1
2
3
2
2
21 2
13
csc2 v
2
1 21
4 3
13 421
2 csc v (Quadrant III)
21 4
21
sin v
1
sin2 v cos2 v 1
17 or
17
csc v
21
1
213 2
13 13 cos v 1
2
27. sin2 a cos2 a 1 tan a
sin a
2 cos a
117
2 2
13 cos2 v
16 9 7
or
2 2
a
13
13 3 3
cos v
13
sin2 3 1
2
13
3
(Quadrant III)
7 7
14
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v sin2 a 9 or 2
2
2 3
2
13 13
13 13
7
sin a 3 (Quadrant II)
12
1
3 tan 2a
2 tan a
1 tan2 a
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v 14
13 2 13 2 2
13
3
2
13
2
1 2
5 14
13 2
2 tan v 14
214
tan 2v
5 or
5
1 tan2 v
2 2
2 3
1
28. csc 2v 2 sec v csc v
2 2
1 3
1
sin 2v
1
2 sec v csc v
1 1
4
2 sin v cos v 2 sec v csc v
3 12
or 1 1 1 1
5
5
2
sin v cos v 2 sec v csc v
9
1 1
1 csc v sec v 2 sec v csc v
26. sin v
csc v sin2 v cos2 v 1 2
1 1
1
5
252 cos2 v 1
2 sec v csc v 2 sec v csc v
cos 2A
2 21 29. cos A sin A
cos2 v 25 cos A sin A
2 cos2 A sin2 A
5 cos v
21 cos A sin A
cos A sin A
5
(cos A sin A)(cos A sin A)
(Quadrant IV) cos A sin A
cos A sin A
sin v
tan v
cos v
cos A sin A cos A sin A
2 30. (sin v cos v)2 1 sin 2v
5
sin v 2 sin v cos v cos2 v 1 sin 2v
2
21 2 sin v cos v 1 1 sin 2v
5
2 sin v cos v sin 2v
2 2
21
21 or
21 sin 2v sin 2v
cos 2x 1
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v 31. cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
25
5
2 21 2 cos2 x 1 1
cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
4
21 2 cos2 x 2
25 cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v 2(cos2 x 1)
cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
21 2 2
2 5 2(cos x 1)(cos x 1)
5 cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
17
25 cos x 1 cos x 1
cos2 v sin2 v
32. sec 2v
cos2 v sin2 v
1
sec 2v
cos 2v
sec 2v sec 2v
223 Chapter 7
A sin A L
33. tan 2
1 cos A tan 45 tan 2
39a. tan45 2
1
A
A
sin 2 2 L
1 tan 45 tan 2
tan 2
1 cos 22
A L
1 tan 2
A A
A 2 sin cos L
tan 2
2 2 1 1 tan 2
A 1 c os L
1 2 cos2 2 1 1
1 c os L
A A
2 sin 2 cos 2
1 c os L
A
tan 2 1
1 c os L
A
2 cos2 2 1 c os L 1 cos 60
1
1 c os L
1
1 cos 60
A
A sin 2 39b. 1 c os L 1 cos 60
tan
2 A
1
1 c os L
1
1 cos 60
cos 2
1
1 2
A A 1
tan 2 tan 2 1
1
2
34. sin 3x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
1
sin(2x x) 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 1 2
1
sin 2x cos x cos 2x sin x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 1
1
2 sin x cos2 x (1 2 sin2 x) sin x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 2
Chapter 7 224
17 17 180
43. s rv 1
0
10 7-5 Solving Trigonometric Equations
17 10 v 97.4
17
10 v
Page 458 Graphing Calculator Exploration
44. Let x the distance from A to the point beneath
the mountain peak. 1.
h
tan 2110
570 x
h (570 x) tan 2110
h
tan 3640 x
h x tan 3640
(570 x) tan 2110 x tan 3640
570 tan 2110 x tan 3640 x tan 2110
570 tan 2110 x(tan 3640 tan 2110) 2.
570 tan 2110
tan 3640 tan 2110 x
617.7646751 x
h
tan 3640 x
h
tan 3640
617.8
h 460 ft
45. (x (3))(x 0.5)(x 6)(x 2) 0 3. Exercise 1: (1.1071, 0.8944), (4.2487, 0.8944)
(x 3)(x 0.5)(x 6)(x 2) 0 Exercise 2: (5.2872, 0.5437), (0.9960, 0.5437)
(x2 2.5x 1.5)(x2 8x 12) 0 4. The x-coordinates are the solutions of the
x4 5.5x3 9.5x2 42x 18 0 equations. Substitute the x-coordinates and see
2x4 11x3 19x2 84x 36 0 that the two sides of the equation are equal.
46. y 2x 5 y 5.
x 2y 5
y 2x 5
x 5 2y
x5
2 y
O x
x5
y 2
[0, 2] sc14 by [3, 3] sc11
5a. The x-intercepts of the graph are the solutions of
47. x 2y 11 3x 5y 11
the equation sin x 2 cos x. They are the same.
x 11 2y 3(11 2y) 5y 11
33 6y 5y 11 5b. y tan 0.5x cos x or y cos x tan 0.5x
11y 22
y2
x 2y 11 Page 459 Check for Understanding
x 2(2) 11 1. A trigonometric identity is an equation that is
x 7 (7, 2) true for all values of the variable for which each
48. ab 3 side of the equation is defined. A trigonometric
3
b a equation that is not an identity is only true for
certain values of the variable.
(a b)2 64
2. All trigonometric functions are periodic. Adding
a2 2ab b2 64
the least common multiple of the periods of the
a2 2aa a 64
3 3 2
functions that appear to any solution to the
equation will always produce another solution.
a2 6 a 64
3 2
3. 45 360x and 135 360x, where x is any
a2 a 70
3 2
integer
a2 b2 70
The correct answer is 70.
225 Chapter 7
4. Each type of equation may require adding, 12. tan2 x 2 tan x 1 0
subtracting, multiplying, or dividing each side by (tan x 1)(tan x 1) 0
the same number. Quadratic and trigonometric tan x 1 0
equations can often be solved by factoring. Linear tan x 1
and quadratic equations do not require identities. 3
x 4 k
All linear and quadratic equations can be solved
algebraically, whereas some trigonometric 13. cos2 x 3 cos x 2
equations require a graphing calculator. A linear cos2 x 3 cos x 2 0
equation has at most one solution. A quadratic (cos x 1)(cos x 2) 0
equation has at most two solutions. A cos x 1 0 or cos x 2 0
trigonometric equation usually has infinitely cos x 1 cos x 2
many solutions unless the values of the variable x (2k 1) no solutions
are restricted. 14. sin 2x cos x 0
5. 2 sin x 1 0 6. 2 cos x 30 2 sin x cos x cos x 0
cos x (2 sin x 1) 0
2 sin x 1 2 cos x 3
cos x 0 or 2 sin x 1 0
3
sin x 12 cos x 2
x 2 k
1
sin x 2
x 30 x 30
3
x 6 2k
7. sin x cot x
2 5
3
or x 6 2k
sin x
cos x
sin x 2 15. 2 cos v 1 0
3
cos x
2
2 cos v 1
1
x 30 or x 330 cos v 2
8. cos 2x sin2 x 2 1 2
cos v 2 at 3 and 3
4
2 cos2 x 1 (1 cos2 x) 2 2 4
2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x 1 v 3
3
3 cos2 x 0 16. W Fd cos v
cos2 x 0 1500 100 20 cos v
cos x 0 0.75 cos v
x 90 or x 270
v 41.41
9. 3 tan2 x 1 0
3 tan2 x 1
1
tan2 x 3 Pages 459461 Exercises
3
tan x 3 17. 2
sin x 1 0 18. 2 cos x 1 0
5 7 11
x 6 or x 6 or x 6 or x 6 2 sin x 1 2 cos x 1
10. 2 sin2 x 5 sin x 3 1 1
sin x cos x 2
2 sin x 5 sin x 3 0
2 2
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 3) 0 2
sin x
2 x 120
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 3 0
x 45
sin x 12 sin x 3
19. sin 2x 1 0
7 11
x 6 or x 6 no solutions 2 sin x cos x 1 0
11. sin2 2x cos2 x 0 sin2 x cos2 x 14
1 cos2 2x cos2 x 0 1
1 (2 cos2 x 1)2 cos2 x 0 sin2 x (1 sin2 x) 4
1 (4 cos4 x 4 cos2 x 1) cos2 x 0 sin2 x sin4 x 4 0
1
4 cos4 x 5 cos2 x 0 1
cos2 x(4 cos2 x 5) 0 sin4 x sin2 x 4 0
cos2 x 0 4 cos2 x 5 0
or
5 sin2 x 12sin2 x 12 0
cos x 0 cos2 x 4 1
5 sin2 x 2 0
x
2 k cos x
2 1
sin2 x 2
no solutions
1
2
sin x or 2
2
x 45
Chapter 7 226
20. tan 2x 30 28. cos (x 45) cos (x 45) 2
tan 2x 3
cos x cos 45 sin x sin 45
2 tan x cos x cos 45 sin x sin 45 2
1 tan2 x 3
2
2
cos x 2 sin x 2
2 tan x 3 (1 tan2 x)
2
2
2 tan x 3 3 tan2 x cos x 2 sin x 2 2
3 tan x 2 tan x 3
2 0 2 cos x 2
(3 tan x 1)(tan x 3 ) 0 cos x 1
3 tan x 1 0 tan x 30 x 0
1 29. 2 sin v cos v 3 sin v 0
tan x tan x 3
3 sin v (2 cos v 3 ) 0
3 sin v 0 or 2 cos v + 3 0
tan x
3
x 60
v 0 or v 180 2 cos v 3
x 30
3
21. cos2 x cos x cos v 2
cos2 x cos x 0 v 150
cos x(cos x 1) 0 or v 210
cos x 0 or cos x 1 0 30. (2 sin x 1)(2 cos2 x 1) 0
x 90 cos x 1 2 sin x 1 0 or 2 cos2 x 1 0
x 0 2 sin x 1 2 cos2 x 1
22. sin x 1 cos2 x 1 1
sin x 2 cos2 x 2
sin x 1 1 sin2 x
2
sin2 x sin x 2 0 x 6 cos x 2
(sin x 1)(sin x 2) 0 5 3
or x 6 x 4 or x 4
sin x 1 0 or sin x 2 0
5 7
sin x 1 sin x 2 or x 4 or x 4
x 90 no solution
31. 4 sin2 x 1 4 sin x
23. 2 cos x 1 0 4 sin2 x 4 sin x 1 0
2 cos x 1 (2 sin x 1)(2 sin x 1) 0
2
2 sin x 1 0
cos x 2
2 sin x 1
x 135 or x 225 1
1 sin x 2
24. cos x tan x 2
7 11
sin x 1 x 6 or x 6
cos x 2
cos x
1 32. 2
tan x 2 sin x
sin x 2 sin x
2
cos x 2 sin x
x 30 or x 150
25. sin x tan x sin x 0 2
2 cos x
2
sin x (tan x 1) 0
2 cos x
sin x 0 or tan x 1 0 7
x 0 or x 180 tan x 1 x 4 or x 4
x 45 or x 225 2 tan x 2 sin x would also be true if both tan x
sin x
26. 2 cos2 x 3 cos x 2 0 and sin x equal 0. Since tan x
cos x , tan x equals
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 2) 0 0 when sin x 0. Therefore x can also equal 0 and
2 cos x 1 0 or cos x 2 0 .
7
2 cos x 1 cos x 2 0, 4, , 4
1
cos x 2 no solution 33. sin x cos 2x 1
x 60 or x 300 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 1
27. sin 2x sin x 2 sin2 x sin x 0
2 sin x cos x sin x sin x(2 sin x 1) 0
2 sin x cos x sin x 0 sin x 0 or 2 sin x 1 0
sin x (2 cos x 1) 0 x 0 or x 2 sin x 1
1
sin x 0 or 2 cos x 1 0 sin x 2
x 0 or x 180 2 cos x 1 7
1 x 6 or
cos x 2 11
x 6
x 120
or x 240
227 Chapter 7
34. cot2 x csc x 1 41.
1
cos x sin x
cos x sin x
csc2 x 1 csc x 1
(cos x sin x)(cos x sin x) 1
csc2 x csc x 2 0
cos2 x sin2 x 1
(csc x 2)(csc x 1) 0
cos2 x (1 cos2 x) 1
csc x 2 0 or csc x 1 0
2 cos2 x 1 1
csc x 2 or csc x 1
1 2 cos2 x 2
sin x 2 sin x 1 cos2 x 1
x
or x
5
3
x 2 cos x 1
6 6
x k
35. sin x cos x 0
42. 2 tan2 x 3 sec x 0
sin x cos x
2(sec2 x 1) 3 sec x 0
sin2 x cos2 x
(2 sec x 1)(sec x 2) 0
sin2 x cos2 x 0
2 sec2 x 3 sec x 2 0
sin2 x 1 sin2 x 0
2 sec x 1 0 or sec x 2 0
2 sin2 x 1 0
1
2 sec x 1 sec x 2
sin2 x 2 1 1
sec x 2 cos x 2
1 2
sin x or 2
2 cos x 2 x 3 2k or
3
sin x and cos x must be opposites, so x 5
4 no solution x 3 2k
7
or x . 1
4 43. sin x cos x 2
36. 1 3 sin v cos 2v 1
1 3 sin v 1 2 sin2 v sin2 x cos2 x 4
2 sin v 3 sin v 2 0
2
sin2 x(1 sin2 x) 4
1
(2 sin v 1)(sin v 2) 0 1
2 sin v 1 0 or sin v 2 0 sin2 x sin4 x) 4
2 sin v 1 sin v 2 sin4 x sin2 x 4 0
1
1
sin v 2 no solution
7 11 sin2 x 12sin2 x 12 0
v
6 or v
6 1
1 sin2 x 2 0
37. sin x 2 1
7 11 sin2 x 2
x
6 2 k or x 6 2k
2
sin x 2
38. cos x tan x 2 cos2 x 1
sin x x 4 k
cos x 2 cos x 1
cos x 2
3
sin x 2(1 sin2 x) 1 44. cos2 x sin2 x 2
2 sin2 x sin x 1 0 cos2 x (1 cos2 x) 2
3
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) 0
3
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 1 0 2 cos2 x 1 2
2 sin x 1 sin x 1 2 3
1 3
2 cos2 x 2
sin x
2 x
2 2k 2 3
5
cos2 x 4
x
6 2k or x
6 2k
2 3
cos x
2
39. 3 tan2 x 3 tan x 11
3 tan x 3
2 tan x 0 x 1
2 k or x 12 k
Chapter 7 228
47. sin x cos x 1 58a. n1 sin i n2 sin r
sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x 1 1.00 sin 35 2.42 sin r
sin2 x 2 sin x cos x 1 sin2 x 1 sin r
1.00 sin 35
2.42
2 sin x cos x 0
sin x cos x 0 sin r 0.2370150563
sin2 x cos2 x 0 r 13.71
sin2 x (1 sin2 x) 0 58b. Measure the angles of incidence and refraction
sin x 0
2 or 1 sin2 x 0 to determine the index of refraction. If the index
sin x 0 sin2 x 1 is 2.42, the diamond is genuine.
x 2k sin x 1 59. D 0.5 sin (6.5 x) sin (2500t)
x 2 2k 0.01 0.5 sin (6.5(0.5)) sin (2500t)
0.02 sin 3.25 sin 2500t
48. 2 sin x csc x 3
0.1848511958 sin 2500t
2 sin2 x 1 3 sin x
0.1859549654 2500t
2 sin x 3 sin x 1 0
2
The first positive angle with sine equivalent to
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) 0
sin (0.1859549654) is 0.1859549654 or
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 1 0
3.326477773.
2 sin x 1 sin x 1 3.326477773
1 t
sin x 2 x 2 2k 2500
t 0.0013 s
x 6 2k or a
5 60. a sin(bx c) d d 2
x
6 2k a
3 a sin(bx c) 2
49. cos v 2 1
3 5 7 sin(bx c) 2
cos v 2 at 6 and 6 360
The period of the function sin(bx c) is b, so
5 7
v 360
6 6 the given interval consists of
360
b periods.
1
50. cos v 2 0
b
1
1 The equation sin (bx c) 2 has two solutions
cos v 2
per period, so the total number of solutions is 2b.
1 5
cos v 2 at 3 and 3
5
61. xy 34
0 v
3 or 3
v
2
cos v sin v 17
51. 2
sin v 1
0 sin v cos v 4 22
3
2 sin v
1 17
v 4 sin v
2
sin v
2 33 cos
sin v 4 cos v 22
2 3
sin v 2 at 4 and 4 3 cos v 4 sin v 17
0v
or
3
v
2 3 sin v 4 cos v 22
4 4
52. 0.4636, 3.6052 53. 0, 1.8955
9 cos v 12 sin v 317
54. 0.3218, 3.4633
16 cos v 12 sin v 82
55. sin v D
5.5 107 25 cos v 82 317
sin v 317
82
0.003
cos v
25
sin v 0.0001833333333
v 0.01 v 18.68020037
360 v 341.32
56. sin 2x
sin x
2 sin x cos x
sin x
2 sin x cos x sin x
0
sin x(2 cos x 1)
0
The product on the left side of the inequality is
5
equal to 0 when x is 0, 3, , or 3. For the product
to be negative, one factor must be positive and the
5
other negative. This occurs if 3
x
or 3
x
2.
v2
57. R g sin 2v
152
20
9.8 sin 2v
0.8711111111 sin 2v
2v 60.5880156 or 2v 119.4119844
v 30.29 v 59.71
229 Chapter 7
0 3 2
135 1 67. 2 1
62. cot 67.5 cot 2 cot v
tan v
2 4 2
tan 2
135
1 co s 135
1 co s 135 (Quadrant 1) 1 2 1 0
x2 2x 1 0
2
1
2 (x 1)(x 1) 0
x10 x10
2
1
2
x 1 x 1
(x 2)(x 1(x 1)
2 2
2
2 2
68.
2
(2 2
)(2 2
)
(2 2
)(2 2
)
4
(2
2) 2
2
22
2
1
[5, 5] sc11 by [2, 8] sc11
cot 67.5 max: (1, 7), min: (1, 3)
2 2
2 69. 3x 4 16 6 2y
2 x4 y3 (4, 3)
2 2 70. x y z 1 xyz1
2 (2 2) 2x y 3z 5 x y z 11
(2 2 )(2 2) 3x 4z 6 2x 12
2
22 x6
42 3x 4z 6 x y z 11
2
1 3(6) 4z 6 6 y (3) 11
tan x
2 4z 12 y2
63. 5
sec x z 3
sin x
(6, 2, 3)
cos x
2
1
5
71. g (x)
cos x x g(x)
2 7 4
sin x 5
2 5 2
Sample answer: sin x 5 g (x ) |x 3|
3 0
2
64. A ,
3 2 1 2
y 1 4
2 O x
3
2
y cos
3
1
72. A 2bh
1
O 90 180 270 360 A 2(6)(1)
A3
The correct choice is C.
23
Chapter 7 230
Page 462 History of Mathematics 4.
Slope-Intercept Form: y mx b, displays
1. x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 10 slope and y-intercept
x 0.87
Point-Slope Form: y y1 m(x x1),
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 20
displays slope and a point on the line
x 1.74
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 30 Standard Form: Ax by C 0, displays
x 2.59 no information
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 40 Normal Form: x cos f y sin f p 0,
x 3.42 displays length of the normal and the angle
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 50 the normal makes with the x-axis
x 4.23
See students work for sample problems.
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 60
x5 5. x cos f y sin f p 0
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 70 x cos 30 y sin 30 10 0
3 1
x 5.74 x
2 2y 10 0
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 80
3 x y 20 0
x 6.43
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 90 6. x cos f y sin f p 0
x 7.07 x cos 150 y sin 150 3 0
3 1
2x 2y 3
0
Angle Length of
Measure Chord (cm) 3x y 23 0
10 0.87 7. x cos f y sin f p 0
7 7
20 1.74 x cos 4 y sin 4 52
0
30 2.59 2
x
2
2
2 y 52
0
40 3.42
2x 2y 102 0
50 4.23 x y 10 0
60 5.00 8. 4x 3y 10 A2
B2
42 32 or 5
70 5.74 4 3 10
4x 3y 10 0 x
5
5 y 5 0
80 6.43
4 3
90 7.07 5x 5y 2 0
3 4
sin f 5, cos f 5, p 2; Quadrant III
3
5 3
tan f
4
or 4
7-6 Normal Form of a Linear Equation 5
f 217
9. y 3x 2
Page 467 Check for Understanding 3x y 2 0
1. Normal means perpendicular A2
B2 32 12 or 10
2. Compute cos 30 and sin 30. Use these as the 3 1 2
x y 0
coefficients of x and y, respectively, in the normal
10
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
10
form. The normal form is 2x 2y 10 0. x
10 10 y 5 0
231 Chapter 7
10. 2x 2y 6 17. x cos f y sin f p 0
2
x 2y 6 0 x cos 210 y sin 210 5 0
3 1
B2
A2 22
(2)2 or 2 2x 2y 5 0
2 2 6
x
2 2y 2 0 3 x y 10 0
2 2 18. x cos f y sin f p 0
x
2 2y 3 0
4 4
2 2 x cos 3 y sin 3 5 0
sin f 2, cos f 2, p 3; Quadrant IV
1
3
2 2x 2y 5 0
2
tan f or 1 x 3y 10 0
2
2 19. x cos f y sin f p 0
3
f 315 x cos 300 y sin 300 2 0
11a. 3x 4y 8 y 1
3 3
x
2 2y 2 0
3
y x
4 2 x 3y 3 0
20. x cos f y sin f p 0
11 11
x cos 6 y sin 6 43
0
O x 3 1
x
2 2y 43
0
3x 4y 8
3x y 830
21.
A2
B2 52 1
22 or 13
5 12 65
x
13
13 y 13 0
11b. 3x 4y 8 5 12
1
3 x 13 y 5 0
3x 4y 8 0
12 5
A2
B2 32 (
4)2 or 5 sinf 1
3 , cos f 13 , p 5; Quadrant III
3 4 8
x
5 5y 5 0 1
12
3 12
8 tan f or 5
p or 1.6 miles 5
5 13
Chapter 7 232
24. y 2x 4 28.
x
y4
3
2x y 4 0 x
y40
A2
B2 (2)2
12 or 5
3
2 14 x 3y 12 0
x y 0
5 5
5 A2
B2
12 (
3)2 or 10
25 5 4 5
x
5 5y 5 0
1
x
3
y
12
0
10 10 10
5 2
5 4
5
sin f 5, cos f 5, p 5; Quadrant IV
10 3
10
10 x 10 y 5 0
610
5
5 3
10
10
610
1 sin f 10 , cos f 10 ,
p
5 ; Quadrant II
tan f or 2
25 310
5 10
f 333 tan f
10
or 3
25. x3 10
x30 f 108
x y
A2
B2
12 02 or 1 29.
20 24 1
1 3 x y
x
1
1 0 1
20 24 0
x30 6x 5y 124 0
sin f 0, sin f 1, p 3 A2
B2 62 52 or 61
0
tan f 1 or 0
6
x
5
y
124
0
61 61 61
f 0
661
561 12061
61 x 61 y
0
26. 3 x y 2 61
561 6
61
12061
3 x y 2 0 sin f , cos f
61
61 , p
61 ; Quadrant I
5
A2
B2 (3
)2 (
1)2 or 2
61
61
3 1 2 5
2x 2y 2 0 tan f 6 61 or 6
3 1 61
2x 2y 1 0 f 40
1
3
sin f 2, cos f 2, p 1; Quadrant III 30.
A2
B2
62 82 or 10; p 10
1 6 3 8 4
2 cos f 1
0 or 5 , sin f 10 or 5
3
tan f or 3 x cos f y sin f p 0
3
2 3 4
x
5 5y 10 0
f 210
1 3x 4y 50 0
27. y 2 4(x 20)
31.
A2
B2
(4)2
42 or 42
; p 42
1
y 2 4x 5 4 2 4 2
cos f or , sin f or
4 2 2 4 2 2
x 4y 28 0 x cos f y sin f p 0
A2
B2 (1)2
42 or 17
2
2
1 4 28
2x 2y 42
0
x y 0
17
17 17 xy80
17 417
2817
x
17
y
17
0
17
32. 22x y 18
4
17
17
2817 22x y 18 0
sin f 17 , cos f 17 ,
p
17 ; Quadrant II
4
17 A2
B2 2(2)2
(1)2 9
3
22 1 18
17 x y
tan f or 4 3 3 3 0
17
17
18
p 3 6 units
f 104
33a. y
45
O x
1.25 ft
233 Chapter 7
33b. p 1.25, f 45 36a. y
x cos (45) y sin (45) 1.25 0
2
2
x
2 2y 1.25 0
2
x 2
y 2.5 0
34a. y 2
1 x
O
Simplifying this equation gives v f 90. If the lines intersect so that a is an interior
angle of the quadrilateral, the equation works
34b. tan v. The slope of a line is the tangent of the tan f1 tan a
angle the line makes with the positive x-axis out to be tan f2
1 tan f1 tan a .
35a.
A2
B2
52 1
22 or 13 3x 4y 36
5 12 39 3x 4y 36 0
x y 0
13 13 13 A2 B2 32 42 or 5
5 12 3 4 36 36
x y 3 0 x y 0, p
13 13 5 5 5 5
12 5
35b. sin f 1
3 , cos f 13 ;
Quadrant I 5x 2y 20
12 5x 2y 20 0
13
12 52 (
2)2 25
4 or 29
tan f 5 or 5 5 2 20
x y 0
13
29
29 29
f 67 5
29 2
29
2029
2029
x y 0, p
f 90 67 90 or 157 29 29 29 29
x cos 157 y sin 157 3 0
1526 36
2029
12 5
26 5 29 13.85564879
1
3x y 30
13 13.85564879 500 6927.824395; $6927.82
y 38. 2 cos2 x 7 cos x 4 0
12 5
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 4) 0
13 x 13 y 30
2 cos x 1 0 or cos x 4 0
2 cos x 1 cos x 4
1
cos x 2 no solution
5
x
3 or x
3
39. sin x
1 co
s2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
1 2
1
3
2
O x
6
2
36
35
36 or 6
5
5
9 or 3
p 0 makes an angle of f with the positive sin(x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
5
6 3 6 3
35 2 1
x-axis and has a normal of length p. The graph
of Armandos equation is a line whose normal 5
235
makes an angle of f d with the x-axis and also
18
has length p. Therefore, the graph of Armandos
equation is the graph of the original line rotated
d counterclockwise about the origin. Armando is
correct. See students graphs.
Chapter 7 234
2
40. A 1, 4 2 or 90 1
y
45.
1 2
4 3
2
1
34 34 2 1
1
5
1 y sin 4
1
4
23 xy 150
1
5 3 2
4 1
1
4
23 xy 34 2
1
5 1
150
O 45 90
xy 30 1
15
5
1 xy 6
3
(6, 3)
d 46. The value of 2a b cannot be determined from
41. r
2 the given information. The correct choice is E.
13.4
r
2 or 6.7
x2 6.72 2(6.7)(6.7) cos 2620
6.72
x2 9.316604344
x 3.05 cm
7-7 Distance From a Point to a Line
x 17 1
42.
x5
25 x2 x 5
x 17 1 Page 474 Check for Understanding
x5
x2 25 x 5
1. The distance from a point to a line is the distance
(x 5)(x 5)
x 5
x
from that point to the closest point on the line.
17
(x 5)(x 5)
(x 5)(x 5) (x 5)(x 5) x 5
1 2. The sign should be chosen opposite the sign of C
where Ax By C 0 is the standard form of
x(x 5) 17 x 5 the equation of the line.
x2 5x 17 x 5
3. In the figure, P and Q are any points on the lines.
x2 4x 12 0
The right triangles are congruent by AAS. The
(x 6)(x 2) 0
corresponding congruent sides of the triangles
x 6 0 or x 2 0
show that the same distance is always obtained
x 6 x2
between the two lines.
43. original box: V wh
462 P
48
new box: V wh
1.5(48) (4 x)(6 x)(2 x)
72 x3 12x2 44x 48
0 x3 12x2 44x 24
Q
x V(x) 4. The formula is valid in either case. Examples will
0.4 4.416 vary. For a vertical line, x a, the formula
0.5 1.125 subtracts a from the x-coordinate of the point. For
a horizontal line, y b, the formula subtracts b
V(0.5) is closer to zero, so x 0.5. from the y-coordinate of the point.
4 x 4 0.5 or 4.5 5. 2x 3y 2 2x 3y 2 0
6 x 6 0.5 or 6.5 Ax1 By1 C
2 x 2 0.5 or 2.5 d
A2
B2
4.5 in. by 6.5 in. by 2.5 in. 2(1) (3)(2) 2
d
44. y x2 22 (
3)2
2 2
13
(2, 6) d or
13 13
xy8 6. 6x y 3 6x y 3 0
(5, 3) Ax1 By1 C
d
(2, 3) y3 A2
B2
6(2) (1)(3) 3
x d
62 (
1)2
O 12
1237
d or
37
37
f(x, y) 3x y 4
f(2, 3) 3(2) 3 4 or 7
f(2, 6) 3(2) 6 4 or 4
f(5, 3) 3(5) 3 4 or 16
16, 4
235 Chapter 7
7. 3x 5y 1 When x 2, y 1. Use (2, 1). 2
14. y 4 3x 2x 3y 12 0
3x 5y 3 3x 5y 3 0 Ax1 By1 C
Ax1 By1 C d
d A2
B2
A2 B2 2(2) 3(3) (12)
3(2) (5)(1) 3 d
d 22 32
32 (
5)2
25 25
13
4
d or
2
34 d or 1
17 1
3 3
34
2
34
2513
17 13
8.
1
y 3x 3 Use (0, 3). 15. y 2x 5 2x y 5 0
Ax1 By1 C
1 d
y 3x 7 x 3y 21 0 A2 B2
2(3) 3(1)(1) (5)
Ax1 By1 C d
d 22 (
1)2
A2 B2
0
1(0) 3(3) 21 d or 0
d 5
12 32 4
16. y 3x 6 4x 3y 18 0
30
d or 310 Ax1 By1 C
10 d
310 A2 B2
6x1 8y1 5 2x1 3y1 4 4(1) 3(2) (18)
9. d1 d2 d
62 82 22 (
3)2 42 32
6x1 8y1 5 2x1 3y1 4 16 16
d 5 or 5
10 13
16
x 813
613 y 513
20x 30y 40
5
(20 613
)x Ax1 By1 C
17. d
(30 813
)y 40 513
0; A2 B2
6x1 8y1 5 2x1 3y1 4 3(0) (1)(0) 1
d
10
13 32 (
1)2
x 813
613 y 513
20x 30y 40 1
10
d or
(20 613)x (813
30)y 40 513
0 10
10
10
10. (2000, 0) 10
When x 0, y 8. Use 0, 8.
Ax1 By1 C 3 3
d 18. 6x 8y 3
A2
B2
6x 8y 5 6x 8y 5 0
5(2000) (3)(0) 0 Ax1 By1 C
d d
52 (
3)2 A2 B2
10,000 3
d or about 1715
34
ft 8
6(0) (8) 1
d
62 (
8)2
8 4
d or
10 5
Pages 475476 Exercises 4
5
Ax1 By1 C
11. d 19. 4x 5y 12 When x 3, y 0. Use (3, 0).
A2
B2
3(2) (4)(0) 15 4x 5y 6 4x 5y 6 0
d Ax1 By1 C
32 (
4)2 d
21 A2
B2
d
5 4(3) (5)(0) (6)
21 d
42 (
5)2
5
Ax1 By1 C 6 6
41
12. d
d or
41 41
A2
B2
5(3) (3)(5) 10
20. y 2x 1 Use (0, 1).
d 2x y 2 2x y 2 0
52 (
3)2
Ax1 By1 C
10 5
34 d
d
34
or 17 A2
B2
5 2(0) (1)(1) (2)
34
d
17 22 (
1)2
13. 2x y 3 2x y 3 0 3
35
Ax1 By1 C d
5
or
5
d
35
A2 B2
2(0) (1)(0) 3 5
d
(2)2
(1)2
3 3 5
d or
5
5
Chapter 7 236
21. y 3x 6 Use (0, 6). 2
27. y 3x 1 2x 3y 3 0
3x y 4 3x y 4 0
Ax1 By1 C
y 3x 2 3x y 2 0
d 2x1 3y1 3 3x1 y1 2
A2
B2 d1
22 (
3)2 d2
32 12
3(0) 1(6)(1) (4)
d 2x1 3y1 3 3x y 2
32 12
1 1
10
2 10 13
d 10 or
5 x 310
210 y 310
313
x 13
y 213
8
22. y 5x 1 Use (0, 1). 313
(210 )x (13
310
)y 310
213
0
2x1 3y1 3 3x1 y1 2
8x 15 5y 8x 5y 15 0
Ax1 By1 C 13 10
d
A2
B2 210
x 310
y 310
313
x 13
y 213
8(0) (5)(1) 15 313
(210 )x (13
310
)y 310
213
0
d
82 (
5)2 28a. Linda: (19, 112)
20
2089 Ax1 By1 C
d or
d
89 89
A2 B2
2089
4(19) (3)(112) 228
89
d
3 42 (
3)2
23. y 2x Use (0, 0). 32
3
d or 6.4
5
y 2x 4 3x 2y 8 0
Father: (45, 120)
Ax1 By1 C
d Ax1 By1 C
A2 B2 d
A2 B2
3(0) 2(0) 8
d
d
4(45) (3)(120) 228
32 22
42 (
3)2
8 813 48
d or 13 d or 9.6
13
5
8
13
Linda
13
24. y x 6 Use (0, 6). 28b. 4x 3y 228 0
xy10 4x 3(140) 228 0
Ax1 By1 C 4x 192
d
A2
B2 x 48
1(0) 1(6) (1) 29. Let x 1.
d
12 12 y
tan v x
5 52
d or y
2 2
tan 40 1
3x1 4y1 10 5x1 12y1 26
25. d1 d2 y 0.8390996312
32 42 52 (
12)2 0.839 0
3x1 4y1 10 5x1 12y1 26 m
10 y y1 m(x x1)
5 13
m 0.839 y 0.839 0.839(x 1)
39x 52y 130 25x 60y 130
y 0.839x
14x 112y 0
0.839x y 0
x 8y 0 Ax1 By1 C
3x1 4y1 10 5x 12y 26 d
5
1
13
1
A2
B2
0.839(16) 1(12) 0
39x 52y 130 25x 60y 130 d
64x 8y 260 0 0.839
2 12
d 1.092068438
16x 2y 65 0
4x1 y1 6 15x1 8y1 68 1.09 m
26. d1 d2
4 1
2 2 (15)
2 82 30. The radius of the circle is
[(5)
(2)]2 (6 2)2
4x1 y1 6 15x1 8y1 68 or 5. Now find the distance from the center of the
17
17 circle to the line.
68x 17y 102 1512
x 817
y 6817
Ax1 By1 C
d
(68 1517
)x (17 817
)y 102 6817
0 A2 B2
4x1 y1 6 15x1 8y1 68 5(5) (12)(6) 32
d
17
17 52 (
12)2
68x 17y 102 1512
x 817
y 6817
65
d
13
(68 1517
)x (17 817
)y 102 6817
0
d5
Since the distance from the center of the circle to
the line is the same as the radius of the circle, the
line can only intersect the circle in one point. That
is, the line is tangent to the circle.
237 Chapter 7
47 3 33. 2x 7y 5
31. m1
3 1 or 4
3
2x 7y 5 0
y7 (x
4 1) A2
B2
22 (
7)2 or 53
3x 4y 25 0
2
x y
7
0
5
Ax1 By1 C
53 53
53
a1 2
53 7 5
53 53
A2 B2 53 x 0
3(1) (4)(3) 25 53 y 53
a1
32 (
4)2 34. cos 2A 1 2 sin2 A
3 2
34
a1 5 1 2 6
5
3 4 7 6
m2 or
1 (3) 2
2 60
7 35. 2, 60
y 4 2(x (3)) 1 1
7x 2y 13 0 y
Ax1 By1 C
a2
A2 B2
7(1) 2(7) 13
a2
1
72 22 y csc ( 60)
34
3453 O 120
a2 or
53
53
1 300 480
7 (3)
m3
1 (1) or 5
y 7 5(x 1)
5x y 2 0
Ax1 By1 C
a3 36. 110 3 330 180 (60 40) 80
A2
B2 x2 3302 3302 2(330)(330) cos 80
5(3) (1)(4) 2
a3 x2 179979.4269
52 (
1)2 x 424.24 miles
17
1726
a3 or
26
26 37. T 2 g
1726
34 3453
T 2
, 2
5 53 , 26
9.8
32. y T 2.8 s
10 2 1
38. 8 k
8 2 20
6 1 10 20 k
4 20 k 0
2
k 20
O 2 4 6 8 x 39. 2x y z 9 2x y z 9
2(x 3y 2z) 2(10) 2x 6y 4z 20
The standard form of the equation of the line 7y 5z 11
through (0, 0) and (4, 12) is 3x y 0. The x 2y z 7
standard form of the equation of the line through x 3y 2z 10
(4, 12) and (10, 0) is 2x y 20 0. The y 2z 3
standard form for the x-axis is y 0. To find the
3x y 5(y z) 5(3) 5y 5z 15
bisector of the angle at the origin, set y
3 10
7y 5z 11 7y 5z 11
and solve to obtain y x. To find the 2y 4
1 10
bisector of the angle of the triangle at (10, 0), set y 2
2x y 20 yz3 x 2y z 7
y and solve to obtain 2x (1 5
)y
5 2 z 3 x 2(2) (5) 7
20 0. The intersection of these two bisectors 5 z x 6
is the center of the inscribed circle. To solve the (6, 2, 5)
1
system of equations, substitute y
3
x into 40. square: A s2 triangle: A 2bh
1 10 1
the equation of the other bisector and solve for x to 16 s2 6 2(4)h
20(1 10
) 20(1 10
) 4s 3h
get x . Then y
5 3 5 210
5 3 5 210
AE s h
3 60
. This y-coordinate is the AE 4 3 or 7
1
10 5 35 210
EF AE
inradius of the triangle. The approximate value is EF 7
3.33. The correct choice is C.
Chapter 7 238
sin4 x cos4 x
Chapter 7 Study Guide and Assessment 19.
sin2 x
1 cot2 x
(sin2 x cos2 x)(sin2 x cos2 x)
1 cot2 x
Page 477 Understanding and Using the sin2 x
sin2 x cos2 x
Vocabulary 1 cot2 x
sin2 x
1. b 2. g 3. d 4. a cos2 x
1
sin2 x
1 cot2 x
5. i 6. j 7. h 8. f
9. e 10. c 1 cot2 x
1 cot2 x
20. cos 195 cos (150 45)
cos 150 cos 45 sin 150 sin 45
3
2
2
22 2 2
1
Pages 478480 Skills and Concepts
1
11. csc v 2
6
sin v
4
1
1 21. cos 15 cos (45 30)
2 cos 45 cos 30 sin 45 sin 30
2
2
3
2 1
2 2 2 2
12. tan2v1 v sec2 2
6
42 1 sec2 v
4
17 sec2 v 22. sin 1
17 17
2 sin 12
17
sec v 7
13. sin v
1
sin2 v cos2 v 1 sin 4 6
csc v
7 7
1
2
35 cos2 v 1 sin 4 cos 6 cos 4 sin 6
5
2
3
2
22 22
3 1
16
3 cos2 v 2
5
2
6
5
cos v 5
4
4
1 2
6
14. sec v
cos v tan2 v 1 sec2 v
4
5 2 11 2
tan2 v 1 4 2 tan 3 4
1
4 23. tan 1
5 2
tan tan
5 9 3 4
4 tan2 v 1
6
2
3 1 tan tan
3 4
tan v 4
3 1
(1 sin2 x)
1 1 1 (3)(1)
15. csc x cos2 x csc x
sin x sin x
1 3
1 1
sin x
sin x sin x
1 3
4 23
sin x or 2 3
2
16. cos2 x tan2 x cos2 x 1 24. cos x
1 si
n2 x sin y
1 co
s2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x
cos2 x
cos2 x1
1
7
2
25
1 3
2 2
cos2 x sin2 x 1
5
576 24 5
11 or
625 25
or
9 3
1 cos v
17.
1 cos v
(csc v cot v)2 cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
5
cos v 2
253 2
5 3
1 cos v 24 2 7
1
1 cos v sin v sin v
(1 cos v)2
48 75
1 cos v 7
1 cos v
sin2 v 5
1 cos v (1 cos v)2
1 cos v
1 cos2 v
1 cos v (1 cos v)2
1 cos v
(1 cos v)(1 cos v)
1 cos v 1 cos v
1 cos v
1 cos v
sec v 1 tan v
18.
tan v
sec v 1
sec v 1 tan v(sec v 1)
tan v
sec2 v 1
sec v 1 tan v(sec v 1)
tan v
tan2 v
sec v 1 sec v 1
tan v
tan v
239 Chapter 7
1
25. cos y sin y
1 co
s2 y
6
sec y 29. tan tan
12 2
1 3
1 2 2
3
1 cos 6
2 (Quadrant I)
5 1 cos
2 5 6
3
or
9 3
sin y
3
tan y 1
2
cos y
5
3
1
3 5 2
or
2 2
tan x tan y
3
2
2 3
3
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y
(2 3
)(2 3
)
5 5
(2 3
)(2 3
)
4 2
5 5
1 4
2
(2 3
43
)2
5 2
5
4
2 3
8 5
5 30. sin2 v cos2 v 1
3 2
sin2 v 5 1
8
10 45
16
8 55
sin2 v 25
180 825 180 255
61
or 61 sin v 5
4
150
26. cos 75 cos
2 sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
255
1 cos 150 4 3
(Quadrant I)
2
3 24
1 25
2
2 31. cos 2v 2 cos2 v 1
3 2
25 1
2
3
7
2 2
5
7 sin v 2 tan v
7
4 32. tan v
cos v tan 2v
1 tan2 v
27. sin sin
8 2 4 4
2 3
7
5 4
1 cos 4 or
3
3 4 2
2
(Quadrant II)
5
1 3
2 24
1 7
2
33. sin 4v sin 2(2v)
2
2 2
2 sin 2v cos 2v
2
2252
5
24 7
45
28. sin 22.5 sin 2 336
1 cos 45 625
(Quadrant I)
2
34. tan x 1 sec x
2 (tan x 1)2 sec2 x
1
2
tan2 x 2 tan x 1 tan2 x 1
2
2 tan x 0
2
2
2 tan x 0
x 0
35. sin2 x cos 2x cos x 0
1 cos2 x 2 cos2 x 1 cos x 0
cos2 x cos x 0
cos x (cos x 1) 0
cos x 0 or cos x 1 0
x 90 or x 270 cos x 1
x 0
Chapter 7 240
36. cos 2x sin x 1 45. 6x 4y 5
1 2 sin2 x sin x 1 6x 4y 5 0
2 sin2 x sin x 0 A2
B2 62 (
4)2 or 213
sin x (2 sin x 1) 0
6
x
4
y
5
0
sin x 0 or 2 sin x 1 0 2 13 2 13 213
1 313 2
13 513
x 0 or x 180 sin x 2 13 x 13 y 26 0
x 30 or 2
13 313 5
13
x 150 sin f 13 , cos f 13 , p
26 ; Quadrant II
2
2
13
37. sin x tan x 2 tan x 0
2
13
tan f or 3
tan x sin x 2 0
2
313
13
2
tan x 0 or sin x 2 0
x k f 146
2
sin x 2 46. 9x 5y 3
3 9x 5y 3 0
x 4 2k or 4 2k
A2
B2 92 52 or 106
38. sin 2x sin x 0 9 5 3
x y 0
2 sin x cos x sin x 0 106 106 1
06
sin x (2 cosx 1) 0 9106 5106
x y 0
31 06
sin x 0 or 2 cos x 1 0 106 106 106
5106 91 06 3
106
x k 1
cos x 2 sin f , cos f , p ; Quadrant I
106 106 106
2 106 5
x 3 2k tan f or 9
9
106
4
or x 3 2k 106
f 29
39. cos2 x 2 cos x
47. x 7y 5
cos x cos x 2 0
2
x 7y 5 0
(cos x 1)(cos x 2) 0
cos x 1 0 or cos x 2 0 A2
B2
12 (
7)2 or 52
cos x 1 cos x 2 1 7
x y 0
5
52 52 52
x 2k no solution 2 72 2
40. x cos f y sin f p 0 10x 1 0
y 0
2
72
2 2
x cos 3 y sin 3 23
0 sin f 10
, cos f , p
10
2; Quadrant II
1
3 72
x
2 2y 23
0
10
x 3y 43 0 tan f or 7
2
41. x cos f y sin f p 0 10
x cos 90 y sin 90 5 0 f 98
0x 1y 5 0 Ax1 By1 C
48. d 2
y50 2
A
B
1
3 6 6
13
2x 2y 3 0 d or
13
13
x 3 y 6 0 49. 2y 3x 6 3x 2y 6 0
Ax By C
43. x cos f y sin f p 0 d
1 1
2
2A B
x cos 225 y sin 225 42 0 3(3) 2(4) (6)
2
2 d
2 x 2y 42
0 32 22
23 2313
xy80 d or 13
3
1
44.
A2
B2
72 32 or 58
2313
7 3 8 13
x y 0
58 58 58 50. 4y 3x 1 3x 4y 1 0
758 3
58 4
58 Ax1 By1 C
x y 0
58 58 29 d 2
3
58 7
58
458
A
2 B
sin f 58 , cosf 58,
p ;
29
Quadrant I 3(2) (4)(4) (1)
d
3
58 32 (
4)2
58 3 23 23
tan f or 7 d 5 or 5
7
58
23
58 5
f 23
241 Chapter 7
1
51. y 3x 6 x 3y 18 0 57. x 3y 2 0
Ax1 By1 C 3
d y 5x 3 3x 5y 15 0
A2
B2 x1 3y1 2 3x1 5y1 15
1(21) (3)(20) 18 d1 d2
d (1)2
32 3 2 (
5)2
12
(3)2 x1 3y1 2 3x1 5y1 15
21
2110
d or
10
10 34
10
x 34
x 334
y 234 310
x 510
y
52. y 3 6 Use (0, 6).
1510
x
y 3 2 x 3y 6 0 310
(34 )x (334
510
)y
Ax1 By1 C 1510
234 0
d 2 x1 3y1 2 3x1 5y1 15
A B2
1(0) (3)(6) 6
d 10 34
12 (
3)2
x 510
310 y 1510
34
x 334
y
24 12 10
d or
5 234
10
12 10 310
(34 )x (334
d 5 )y 234
510 1510
0
3
53. y 4x 3 Use (0, 3).
3 1
y 4x 2 3x 4y 2 0
Ax1 By1 C
Page 481 Applications and Problem Solving
d 2 58. The formulas are equivalent.
A B2
sin2 v
3(0) (4)(3) (2)
v0 2
d v02 tan2 v cos2 v
32 (
4)2
2g sec2 v
1
14 14 2g
d 5 or 5 cos2 v
14 sin2 v
d 5 v0 2
cos2 v cos2 v
54. x y 1 Use (0, 1). 2g
1 cos2 v
xy5xy50 cos2 v
Ax By C v02 sin2 v
d
1 1
2 g
2
2 A B Ax1 By1 C
1(0) 1(1) (5) 59. d
d A2
B2
12 12 4(1600) (2)(0) 0
4 d
d or 22 42 ( 2)2
2
6400
d 22
d
20
2
55. y 3x 2 Use (0, 2). d 1431 ft
Ax1 By1 C x
d 60. sin 30
100 30 45 v 90
A2
B2
2(0) (3)(2) 3 100 sin 30 x v 15
d
22 (
3)2 50 x
x
9 9
13 cos v y
d or
13 13 50
56. y 3x 2 3x y 2 0 cos 15 y
x 3 50
y 2 2 x 2y 3 0 y
cos 15
d1
3x1 y1 2
d2
x1 2y1 3 y 51.76 yd
32 12 12 22
3x1 y1 2 x1 2y1 3
10 5 Page 481 Open-Ended Assessment
35x 5
y 25 10
x 210
y 310
30
1. Sample answer: 15; 15 2
(35 10
)x (5 210
)y 25
310
0
sin 2
3x1 y1 2 x 2y 3
30 1 cos 30
1 1
2
10 5
3
35x 5
y 25 10
x 210
y 310
1
2
10
(35 )x (5
210
)y 25
310
0
2
2
3
2
30
cos 2
1 cos 30
2
3
1
2
2
2 3
2
Chapter 7 242
30
tan 2
1 cos
1 cos 30
30
3. One way to solve this problem is to label the three
interior angles of the triangle, a, b, and c. Then
3 write equations using these angles and the
1
2
exterior angles.
3
1 a b c 180
2
x a 180
2 3
y b 180
2
z c 180
2 3
Add the last three equations.
2
x a y b z c 180 180 180
(2 3
)(2 3
)
x y z a b c 180 180 180
(2 3
)(2 3
)
Replace a b c with 180.
4
(2 3)2 x y z 180 180 180 180
3
x y z 180 180 or 360
2 3
The correct choice is D.
1 cos2 x
2. Sample answer: sin x tan x 4. Since x y 90, x 90 y.
cos x
1 cos2 x Then sin x sin (90 y).
sin x tan x
cos x sin (90 y) cos y
sin x sin2 x sin x sin(90 y) cos y
cos x cos x
sin x 1
cos y cos y cos y
sin2 x sin2 x
cos x
cos x
The correct choice is D.
Another solution is to draw a diagram and notice
b b
that sin x c and cos y c.
b
SAT & ACT Preparation sin x
cos y
c
1 x
b
c
c
a
Page 483 SAT and ACT Practice y
1. The problem states that the measure of A is 80. b
Since the measure of B is half the measure of
5. In order to represent the slopes, you need the
A, the measure of B must be 40. Because A,
coordinates of point A. Since A lies on the y-axis,
B, and C are interior angles of a triangle, the
let its coordinates be (0, y). Then calculate the two
sum of their measures must equal 180. y0 y
B 0 (3) 3 . The slope
is
slopes. The slope of A
mA mB mC 180 y0 y
80 40 mC 180 of ADis
0 3 3 . The sum of the slopes is
y y
120 mC 180 0.
3 3
mC 60 The correct choice is B.
The correct choice is B. 6. Since PQRS is a rectangle, its angles measure 90.
2. To find the point of intersection, you need to solve The triangles that include the marked angles are
a system of two linear equations. Substitution or right triangles. Write an equation for the measure
elimination by addition or subtraction can be used of PSR, using expressions for the unmarked
to solve a system of equations. To solve this angles on either side of the angle of x.
system of equations, use substitution. Substitute 90 (90 a) x (90 b)
2x 2 for y in the second equation. 0 90 a b x
7x 3y 11 a b 90 x
7x 3(2x 2) 11 The correct choice is A.
7x 6x 6 11
x5
Then use this value for x to calculate the value
for y.
y 2x 2
y 2(5) 2 or 8
The point of intersection is (5, 8). The correct
choice is A.
243 Chapter 7
7. Simplify the fraction. One method is to multiply 9. Look carefully at the figure. There is a right
y2 triangle. There are two pairs of vertical angles.
both numerator and denominator by .
y2 The measures of vertical angles are equal, so the
1 1
y y y y angles of the triangle are 90, x, and y. The sum
y2
y2 of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
2 1 2 1
1 y 1 y 90 x y 180
y2 y2
y3 y x y 90
y2 2y 1 This relationship is always true. The correct
y(y2 1) choice is C.
(y 1)(y 1) 10. Two sides have the same length. The lengths of all
y(y 1)(y 1) sides are integers. The third side is 13. From
(y 1)(y 1)
Triangle Inequality, the sum of the lengths of any
y2 y
y1 two sides must be greater than the length of the
Another method is to write both the numerator third side. Let s be the length of the other two
and denominator as fractions, and then simplify. sides. Write and solve an inequality.
y2 1
2s 13
1
y y y s 6.5
The length of the sides must be greater than 6.5.
2 1 y2 2y 1
1 y
y2 y2 But the length of the sides must be an integer.
y2 1 y2 The smallest integer greater than 6.5 is 7. The
y
y2 2y 1
answer is 7. If you answered 6.5, you did not find
y(y 1)(y 1)
(y 1)(y 1)
an integer. If you answered 6, you found a number
y2 y
that is less than 6.5.
y1
The correct choice is A.
8. Since the triangles are similar, use a proportion
with corresponding sides of the two triangles.
BC BD
AC AE
2 4
23 AE
2AE 4(2 3)
AE 10
The correct choice is E.
Chapter 7 244
Chapter 8 Vectors and Parametric Equations
11.
13 x
8-1 Geometric Vectors 2z
2.9 cm 13x
2z
3.5 cm
r
s
y 101
3 cm, 101
x 70
3.5 cm, 70 19. s t
3.4 cm
9. x
210 s
2.6 cm t
25
3.4 cm, 25
y
x
y 20.
s
u
z
4y 3.8 cm, 359
4y
12.9 cm
51
12.9 cm, 51
245 Chapter 8
21. 324 26. t
u
u
r
5.5 cm r 3.5 cm
22
r t u
3.5 cm, 22
27. r s
u
u r
u
5.5 cm, 324
5.4 cm
22.
r t r
s
3.9 cm
155
r
133
t
3.9 cm, 155
5.4 cm, 133
23.
28.
2s
u
5.2 cm
2r 12 r
358 5.5 cm
u 12 r
2s
5.5 cm, 358
r 128
29. Draw to scale:
2t
5.2 cm, 128 r
s
24.
301
3s
3.4 cm
4.2 cm
3u
r 2t s 3u
s 45 3.4 cm, 301
30. Draw to scale:
4.2 cm, 45 3t
25.
2u
11.7 cm
322
3u 2u
3t
357
Chapter 8 246
34. h 3.0 cos 340 v 3.0 sin 340 41. h 47 cos 40 v 47 sin 40
h 2.82 cm v 1.03 cm h 36 mph v 30 mph
35. c a b
2 2 2 42. It is true when k 1 or whenua is the zero vector.
c2 (29.2)2 (35.2)2 43. c2 a2 b2
c2 2091.68 c2 (50)2 (50)2
c 2091.
68 or about 45.73 m c 5000
or about 71 lb
36. The difference of the vectors; sample answer: The 44.
other diagonal would be the sum of one of the a 60 60
b
vectors and the opposite of the other vector, so it
would be the difference. 60 2.4 cm 60
37. Yes; sample answer:
60 60
s
ua u
r b 24
r s equilateral triangleua u b 24 lb
s r r 45. The origin is not in the interior of the acute angle.
d1 d2
xy2 xy2
s d1 2
or
1
2 (1) 2
y5
38. 35 N d2 2 2 or y 5
0 1
xy2
( y 5)
2
x y 2 2
(y 5)
40 N x y 2 2
y 52
x y 2 2y 520
x (1 2)y 2 520
1 sin v
60 N 46. csc v cos v tan v
sin v cos v cos v
sin v cos v
sin v cos v
1
6.1 47.
4 n where n is an integer
48.
23
61 N, 23 north of east
39. Sometimes;
b 5
a
2, 52 scl2 by [3, 3] scl1
b
2.3 2.7
b
a
3
x , 2 for 0 x 2
5 49. tan 1829
5
0.5b
a b
0.5 tan 1829
5
b 29.9 cm
5
sin 1829 h
5
a a 1.5
b h
a b
sin 1829
a 2.3 2.7
b h 15.8 cm
5
247 Chapter 8
u
50. vo volume of original box 2. Use XY (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2 and replace
vn volume of new box the values for x and y.
vo o wo ho x(5, 6), y(3, 4)
(w 1) w 2w u
XY [3 (5)]2 [4 ( 6)]2
(w 1)2w2 (8)
2 (2) 2
2w3 2w2
644 or 68
vn n wn hn
(w 2) (w 1) (2w 2) 3. Jacqui is correct. The representation is incorrect.
(w2 3w 2)(2w 2) 2, 0 0, 5 is not equal to 51, 0 (2)0, 1.
The correct expression is 2i u 5ju.
2w3 8w2 10w 4
u
2w3 8w2 10w 4 160 4. MP 3 2, 4 (1) or 5, 5
u
MP (5)2
(5)2
w 2 8 10 156
50 or 52 units
1 2 6 4 160 u
5. MP 0 5, 5 6 or 5, 1
1 2 10 20 136 u
MP (5)2
(1 )2
2 2 12 34 88
26 units
3 2 14 52 0 u
6. MP 4 (19), 0 4 or 23, 4
wo 3 u
MP (23)2 (4)2
o 2w 545 units
2 3 or 6
7. u
t u u u v
ho w 1
1, 4 3, 2
3 1 or 4
1 3, 4 (2) or 2, 2
So, the dimensions of the original box are
3 ft 4 ft 6 ft 8. u
t 1u
2
u u v
x2 1
51. g(x)
(x 1)(x 3) 1, 4 3, 2
2
vertical: As x approaches 1 and 3, the expression 12, 2 3, 2
approaches or . So, x 1 and x 3 are
vertical asymptotes. 12 3, 2 (2) or 312, 4
horizontal: y
x2 9. u u 6u
t 4u v
x2 2x 3
2
4 1, 4 63, 2
x
4, 16 18, 12
x2 x2
y 4 18, 16 (12) or 14, 4
x2 2x 3
x2 x2 x2 10. u
t 8uu
1 2
81, 4
x x2
y 8(1), 8(4) or 8, 32
2 3
1
x x2 11. 8, 6 82 (
6)2
As x increases positively or negatively, the 100
or 10
u 6ju
expression approaches 0. So, y 0 is a horizontal 8i
asymptote. 12. 7, 5 (7)2
(5 )2
52. Let x, x 2, and x 4 be 3 consecutive odd 74
intergers. u 5j
u
7i
3x 2(x 4) 3 x 4 15 u
13. Let T represent the force Terrell exerts.
3x 2x 8 3 u
Let W represent the force Mr. Walker exerts.
3x 2x 11 u u
Tx 400 cos 65 Wx 600 cos 110
x 11
169.05 205.21
The correct answer 15. u u
Ty 400 sin 65 Wy 600 sin 110
362.52 563.82
u u
T 169.05, 362.52, W 205.21, 563.82
u u
8-2 Algebraic Vectors T W 36.16, 926.34
u u
T W (36.16)2 (926.3
4)2
927 N
Pages 496497 Check for Understanding
1. Sample answer:u a 8, 6,u
b 6, 8; equal
vectors have the same magnitude and direction.
Pages 497499 Exercises
u
14. YZ 2 4, 8 2 or 2, 6
u
YZ (2)2 62
40
or 210
Chapter 8 248
u u
15. YZ 1 (5), 2 7 or 4, 5 32. u
a 0.4b 1.2u c
u 0.46, 3 1.24, 8
YZ 42 ( 5)2
41 2.4, 1.2 4.8, 9.6
u 2.4 (4.8), 1.2 9.6 or 7.2, 8.4
16. YZ 1 (2), 3 5 or 3, 2
u 1 u
YZ 32 ( 2)2 33. a (2b 5u
u
3 c)
13
1
(26, 3 54, 8)
u 3
17. YZ 0 5, 3 4 or 5, 7 1
u (12, 6 20, 40)
YZ (5)2 (7 )2 3
1
74 (12 (20), 6 40)
3
u
18. YZ 0 3, 4 1 or 3, 3
1 32 34
u 32, 34 or ,
3 3 3
YZ (3)2 32 u u u
u
34. a (3b c ) 5b
18 or 32
u 36, 3 4, 8 56, 3
19. YZ 1 (4), 19 12 or 5, 7
u 18, 9 (4, 8 30, 15
YZ 52 72
18 (4) 30, 9 8 15 or 44, 32
74 u 2.5n u 35, 6 2.56 9
u 35. 3m
20. YZ 7 5, 6 0 or 2, 6
u [15, 18 15, 22.5
YZ 22 62 [15 (15), 18 (22.5
40 or 210 30, 4.5
u
21. YZ 23 14, 14 (23) or 9, 9 36. 3, 4 32 42
u
YZ 92 92 25
or 5
162 or 92 u 4j
3i u
u
22. AB 36 31, 45 (33) or 5, 12 37. 2, 3 22 (3)2
u 13
AB 52 (12)2
u 3ju
169 or 13 2i
a u
23. u b u c 38. 6, 11 (6)2 (1 1)2
6, 3 4, 8 157
u 11j u
6 (4), 3 8 or 2, 11 6i
u u
24. u
a 2b c 39. 3.5, 12 (3.5)2
122
26, 3 4, 8 156.2
5 or 12.5
u 12j u
12, 6 4, 8 3.5i
12 (4), 6 8 or 8, 14 40. 4, 1 (4)2 12
a u
25. u b 2u c 17
u u
6, 3 24, 8 4i j
6, 3 8, 16 41. 16, 34 (16)2 ( 34)2
6 (8), 3 16 or 2, 19 1412
or 2353
u 3u u 34j u
26. u
a 2b c 16i
26, 3 34, 8 u
42. ST 4 (9), 3 2 or 5, 5
12, 6 12, 24 u 5ju
5i
12 (12), 6 24 or 0, 30
u 4c 43. Student needs to show that
27. u
a b u
(uv 1 uv 2) uv 3 uv 1 (uv 2 u v 3)
6, 3 44, 8 u u u
( v 1 v 2) v 3 [a, b c, d] e, f
6, 3 16, 32
6 (16), 3 32 or 22, 29 a c, b d e, f
a u
28. u b 2u c a c e, b d f
6, 3 24, 8 a c e, b d f
6, 3 8, 16 a, b c e, d f
6 (8), 3 (16) or 14, 13 a, b [c, d e, f]
u uv 1 (uv 2 u v 3)
29. u
a 3b
36, 3 44a.
3 6, 3 3 or 18, 9
100 N
30. a 1u
u c2
Fy
20
124, 8 Fx
249 Chapter 8
45a. Surfer 53. Let a 400, b 600, C 46.3
Vk c2 4002 6002 2(400)(600) cos 46.3
Vs 15 c2 18.8578.39
c 434
30
Pabc
Shore Vx 400 600 434
15 1434 ft
45b. sin 30
u 1
Vk s 2(a b c)
u 15
Vk
sin 30
1
s 2(1434) or 717
30 mph k s(sa)(s
b)(s
c)
u u u u
46a. Since QR ST 0, QR ST . k 717(7
17 400)(7
17 600)(7
17 434)
So, they are opposites. k 7,525
,766,0
79
u u
46b. QR and ST have the same magnitude, but k 86,751 sq ft
opposite direction. So, they are parallel. 54. Sample answer:
Quadrilateral QRST is a parallelogram.
d f(x) 3x2 2x 1
47a. t r An upper bound is 2.
150 m
r 3 2 1
5 m/s or 30 s 1 3 1 2
47b. d rt 2 3 4 9
(1.0 m/s)(30 s) or 30 m
u u
47c. V B V C 0.5 1.0 f(x) 3x2 2x 1
12 52 r 3 2 1 A lower bound
26
or about 5.1 m/s 1 3 5 6 is 1.
(x2 x1)
48. cos v (x x ) u
u 2v cos v
1
2 3 8 17
v
(y2 y1) 55.
sin v
u
(y2 y1) u
v sin v
v
u
49. PQ 2 8, 5 (7)
10, 12
u
PQ
(10)2 122
244
u
RS 7 8, 0 (7)
1, 7 [4, 4] scl1 by [4, 4] scl1
u
RS (1)2 72 max: (0, 3), min: (0.67, 2.85)
50
56.
f(x) x2 3x 1
none
Ax1 By1 C x f(x)
50. d 10,000 99,970,001
3(1) 7(4) 1 1000 997,001
d 100 9701
32 10 71
d or about 4.2
5
8
0 1
51. sin 255 sin (225 30)
10 131
sin 225 cos 30 cos 225 sin 30
2
1
100 10,301
2 2
22
2 3
1000 1,003,001
6
2
10,000 100,030,001
y as x , y as x
52. y A sin (kx c)
A: A 17 57. 7x 1
7x 1
A 17 or 17 7x 7x
1 2
2 0
2; true
k: The correct choice is A.
k 4
k8
c
c: 60
k
c
60
8
c 480
y 17 sin (8x 480)
Chapter 8 250
Vectors in Three-Dimensional 11. 132, 3454, 0 1322
34542
02
8-3 11,947
,540
Space 3457 N
u 121086422 2 4 y
OG 42 (
1)2 72 4
2
66 6 4
8
u x
5. RS 3 (2), 9 5, 3 8 or 5, 4, 11
u u
RS 52 42
(11)2 OB 102 (3)2 152
162 or 92 334
u u
6. RS 10 3, 4 7, 0 (1) or 7, 11, 1 15. TM 3 2, 1 5, 4 4 or 1, 4, 8
u u
RS 72 (
11)2 12 TM 12 (
4)2 (8)2
171
or 319 81
or 9
u u u
7. u
a 3f g 16. TM 3 (2), 5 4, 2 7 or 1, 1, 5
u
31, 3, 8 3, 9, 1 TM (1)2
12 (5)2
3, 9, 24 3, 9, 1 27
or 33
u
3 3, 9 9, 24 (1) or 6, 0, 25 17. TM 3 2, 1 5, 0 4 or 1, 4, 4
u u
8. u
a 2u g 5f TM 12 (
4)2 (4)2
23, 9, 1 51, 3, 8 33
6, 18, 2 5, 15, 40 u
18. TM 1 3, 1 (5), 2 6 or 4, 6, 4
6 5, 18 (15), 2 (40) or 1, 33, 38 u
u TM (4)2
62 (4)2
9. EF 6 (5), 6 (2), 6 4 68
or 217
11, 4, 2 u
u 4ju 2ku 19. TM 2 (5), 1 8, 6 3 or 3, 9, 9
11i u
u TM 32 (
9)2 (9)2
10. EF 12 (12), 17 15, 22 (9) 171
or 319
0, 2, 13
u 13ku
2j
251 Chapter 8
u u
20. TM 1 0, 4 6, 3 3 or 1, 2, 6 35. G1G2 (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2 (z2
z1)2
u u
TM 12 (
2)2 (6)2 (x1
x2)2 (y1 y2)2 (z1 z2)2 G1G2
41 because (x y)2 (y x)2 for all real numbers x
u
21. CJ 3 (1), 5 3, 4 10 and y.
or 4, 8, 14) 36. Ifu
m m1, m2, m3, then
u
CJ 42 (
8)2 (14)2 u u
m
(m )2 (m )2 (m
1 )2. If m
2 3
276
or 269
u
m1, m2, m3, then m
22. u u 2u
u 6w z
62, 6, 1 23, 0, 4
(m1)2
(
m2 )2
(m3
)2.
12, 36, 6 6, 0, 8 Since m12 (m1)2, m22 (m2)2, and m32
18, 36, 2 (m3)2, m u m u.
23. u
u u
v u w 2u
1
z u u
2 37. 3, 2, 4 6, 2, 5 F O
u u
u 1
u 24, 3, 5 2, 6, 1 23, 0, 4 9, 0, 9 F O
u
F 9, 0, 9 or
2, 2, 2
2, 6, 1 6, 0, 8
3 5
9, 0, 9
1
6, 72, 112
1 1
38. m 2(x1 x2, y1 y2, z1 z2)
1
24. u
u 4 u
v u
3
w 2(2 4, 3 5, 6 2)
3 1
44, 3, 5 2, 6, 1 2(6, 8, 8)
3, 4, 4
2, 6, 1
9 15 (3, 4, 4)
u
39a. OK 1 0, 4 0, 0 0 or 1, 4, 0
1, 84, 44
1 3
u u
i 4j
u
25. u
u 3u
v 3 u
w 2u
2
z 39b. TK 1 2, 4 4, 0 0 or 1, 0, 0
u
2 i
34, 3, 5 32, 6, 1 23, 0, 4 u
40. u
c b u a
12, 9, 15 3, 4, 3
6, 0, 8
4 2
u
c 3, 1, 5 1, 3, 1
u
c 2, 2, 4
163, 13, 233
2 2
41a. z
26. u
u 0.75vu 0.25u w
0.754, 3, 5 0.252, 6, 1 12
3, 2.25, 3.75 0.5, 1.5, 0.25
6
3.5, 0.75, 3.5
O 6 12
27. u
u 4w u u z 6
y
42, 6, 1 3, 0, 4 12
8, 24, 4 (3, 0, 4 x
5, 24, 8
28. 3u
f 3ug 5u
2 2 41b. Find distance between (0, 0, 0) and (15, 15, 15).
h
2
3, 4.5, 1 32, 1, 6
2
56, 3, 3 d
(15
0)2
(15
0)2
(15
0)2
3
675
or about 26 feet
2, 3, 3
6, 3, 18
2 12 6 6
, ,
5 5 5 15
41c. sin v 26
52 36 278
5, 5, 1
v sin1
5 15
u 6
29. LB 5 2, 6 2, 2 7 or 3, 8, 5 75
u 8j
u 5ku v 35.25
3i
u u
30. LB 4 (6), 5 1, 1 0 or 2, 4, 1 42. AB (1 2
)2 (
0
3 )2 (0
0)2
u 4j
u u
2i k 4
or 2
u
31. LB 7 9, 3 7, 2 (11) or 2, 4, 9
2iu 4j
u 9ku
u
BC
(1 1
)2
3
2
0
1
3
2 2
3
2
u
36
32. LB 8 12, 7 2, 5 6 or 20, 5, 11
63
3 or 1.69
u 5j
u 11ku
20i
u
33. LB 8 (1), 5 2, 10 (4)
or 7, 3, 6
u
AC
(1 2
)2
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
0
2
u u
7i 3j 6 k
u 2 or 1.41
u No, the distances between the points are not
34. LB 6 (9), 5 12, 5 (5) equal. A and B are 2 units apart, B and C are 1.69
or 15, 7, 0 units apart, and A and C are 1.41 units apart.
u 7j
u
15i
43. 3, 5 1, 2 3 (1), 5 2
2, 7
Chapter 8 252
u u u u
44. AB 3 5, 3 2 or 8, 1 i j k
u 2. u
a u
a ax ay az
CD d1 0, d2 0 or d1, d2
u u ax ay az
AB CD
8, 1 d1, d2
D (8, 1)
ay
ay az u
az
i ax az u
ax az
j ax ay u
ax ay
k
u (a a a a )j
u
sin 2X (ayaz ayaz)i x z x z
45. cot X
(a a a a )u
1 cos 2X
x y k x y
2 sin X cos X
1 cos2 X sin2 X cot X u 0j
0i u 0k
u
2 sin X cos X
0, 0, 0
cot X
2 sin2 X u0
cos X
sin X
cot X 3. Sample answer: No, because a vector cannot be
perpendicular to itself.
cot X cot X
2 4. 5, 2 3, 7 5(3) 2(7)
46. cos v
3 15 14
sin2 v 1 cos2 v 1, no
sin2 v 1 9
4
5. 8, 2 4.5, 18 8(4.5) 2(18)
5 36 36
sin2 v 9 0, yes
5
sin v 3 6. 4, 9, 8 3, 2, 2 4(3) 9(2) 8(2)
v 12 18 16
47. y 6 sin 2 10, no
amplitude 6 or 6 u u u
i j k
2
period k 7. 1, 3, 2 2, 1, 5 1 3 2
2 2 1 5
or 4
3 2u
i 1 2u j 1 3 u
1
k
2 1 5 2 5 2 1
rev 2 rad 1 min 8 u u u or 13, 1, 5, yes
48. 16
min
1 r ev 60 sec
15 radians per second 13i j 5k
49. Yes, because substituting 7 for x and 2 for y 13, 1, 5 1, 3, 2
results in the inequality 2
180 which is true. 13(1) 1(3) (5)(2)
y
4x2 3x 5 13 3 10 0
2
4(7)2 3(7) 5 13, 1, 5 2, 1, 5
2
180 13(2) 1(1) (5)(5)
3 31
50. 2
4 3 4 26 1 25 0
21 3 3
u
i uj u
2
k
So, A, C, and D are not correct.
2 21 3 2 3
8. 6, 2, 10 4, 1, 9 6 2 10
4
4 4 1 9
3 31 3
So, B is not correct.
The correct choice is E.
2 10 u
1 9
i
6 10 u
4 9
j
6 2u
4 1
k
u 14ju 2k u or 8, 14, 2, yes
8i
8, 14, 2 6, 2, 10
8(6) (14)(2) (2)(10)
8-4 Perpendicular Vectors 48 28 20 0
8, 14, 2 4, 1, 9
8(4) (14)(1) (2)(9)
Pages 508509 Check for Understanding 32 14 18 0
w
1. Sample answer: Vector v is the negative of 9. Sample answer: Let T(0, 1, 2), U(2, 2, 4), and
vector w v .
u u u V(1, 1, 1)
i j k u
u TU 2, 1, 2
v u w 1 0 3 u
1 2 4 UV 1, 3, 5
u u
TU UV
0 i 1 3 u
3u
j 1 0 u
k u u
j u
2 4 1 4 0 2 i k
u 7j
u 3k
u 2
6i 1 2
u u u 1 3 5
i j k
uv u
i 2 j 2
w 2u 2u 1u
1 2 4 1 k
1 0 3 3 5 1 5 1 3
u u 5ku or 1, 8, 5
2
0 3
4u
i 1 4u
1 3
j 1 2u
1 0
k i 8j
u u u
6i 7j 3k
253 Chapter 8
u ui uj u
10. AB (0.65, 0, 0.3) (0, 0, 0) k
0.65, 0, 0.3 21. 0, 1, 2 1, 1, 4 0 1 2
u
F 0, 0, 32 1 1 4
u u u
T AB F
u u u
1 2u
1 4 i
0 2u
1 4
j 0 1u
1 1
k
i j k
u 2j
u u
0.65 0 0.3 2i k or 2, 2, 1, yes
0 0 32 2, 2, 1 0, 1, 2
2(0) 2(1) (1)(2)
0
0 32
0.3
u
i 0.65
0 32
0.3 u
j
0.65 0.3 u
0 0
k 2220
u 20.8j u 0k
u 2, 2, 1 1, 1, 4
0i
u 2(1) 2(1) (1)(4)
T
02 (20.8 )2 02 2240
20.8 foot-pounds u
i u j u
k
22. 5, 2, 3 2, 5, 0 5 2 3
2 5 0
Pages 509511 Exercises
11. 4.8 6, 3 4(6) 8(3)
2
5 0
3
ui 5 3u
2 0
j 5 2u
2 5
k
24 24 u 6j u 29k
u or 15, 6, 29, yes
15i
0, yes
15, 6, 29 5, 2, 3
12. 3, 5 4, 2 3(4) 5(2)
(15)(5) (6)(2) 29(3)
12 10
75 12 87 0
2, no
15, 6, 29 2, 5, 0
13. 5, 1 3, 6 5(3) (1)(6) (15)(2) (6)(5) 29(0)
15 6 30 30 0 0
21, no u
i u j u
k
14. 7, 2 0, 2 7(0) 2(2) 23. 3, 2, 0 1, 4, 0 3 2 0
04 1 4 0
4, no
15. 8, 4 (2, 4 8(2) 4(4)
2 0u
4 0
i
3 0u
1 0
j
3 2u
1 4
k
16 16 u 0j
u 10k
u or 0, 0, 10, yes
0i
32, no
0, 0, 10 3, 2, 0
16. 4, 9, 3 6, 7, 5 4(6) 9(7) (3)(5)
0(3) 0(2) 10(0)
24 63 15
0000
24, no
0, 0, 10 1, 4, 0
17. 3, 1, 4 2, 8, 2 3(2) 1(8) 4(2)
0(1) 0(4) 10(0)
688
0000
6, no u u u
i j k
18. 2, 4, 8 16, 4, 2 2(16) 4(4) 8(2)
24. 1, 3, 2 5, 1, 2 1 3 2
32 16 16
5 1 2
0, yes
19. 7, 2, 4 3, 8, 1 7(3) (2)(8) 4(1) 3
2ui 1 2u j 1 3 u k
1 2 5 2 5 1
21 16 4 u 12ju 16ku or 4, 12, 16, yes
9, no 4i
a u
20. u b 3, 12 8, 2 4, 12, 16 1, 3, 2
24 24 4(1) 12(3) 16(2)
0, yes 4 36 32 0
u u 4, 12, 16 5, 1, 2
b c 8, 2 3, 2
4(5) 12(1) 16(2)
24 4
20 12 32 0
28, no u u
j u
u i k
a u c 3, 12 3, 2 25. 3, 1, 2 4, 4, 0 3 1 2
9 24 4 4 0
15, no
1 3 j 3 1 u
4 0
2 u
i
4 0
2u
4 4
k
u 8ju 16ku or 8, 8, 16, yes
8i
8, 8, 16 3, 1, 2
8(3) 8(1) 16(2)
24 8 32 0
8, 8, 16 4, 4, 0
8(4) 8(4) 16(0)
32 32 0 0
Chapter 8 254
u
i u u
j k 30. Sample answer:
26. 4, 0, 2 7, 1, 0 4 0 2 Let T(2, 1, 0), U(3, 0, 0), and V(5, 2, 0).
7 1 u
0 TU 1, 1, 0
2 2 u
0
1 0
u
i
7
4
0
u
j 4 0u
7 1
k UV 8, 2, 0
u u
j u
i k
u 14j u 4k
u or 2, 14, 4, yes u u
2i TU UV 1 1 0
2, 14, 4 4, 0, 2 8 2 0
1
2(4) 14(0) 4(2)
i 1 0 u
j 1 1 u
0 u
k
8080 2 0 8 0 8 2
2, 14, 4 7, 1, 0 u 0ju 6ku or 0, 0, 6
0i
2(7) 14(1) 4(0)
31. Sample answer:
14 14 0 0
Let T(0, 0, 1), U(1, 0, 1), and V(1, 1, 1).
27. Sample answer: u
TU 1, 0, 0
Letu u v , v , v
v v1, v2, v3 and v 1 2 3 u
u u u UV 2, 1, 2
i j k u u u
u u) i j k
v (v v v
1 v 2 3 u u
TU UV 1 0 0
v1 v2 v3
2 1 2
3 u v3 u v2 u
v v
2
v2 v3
i v1
v1 v3
j v1
v1 v2
k
01 2
0u
i 1
2 2
0uj 1
2 1
0u
k
u 0j u 0k u0
0i u 2ju u
u u u 0i k or 0, 2, 1
i j k
u u 32. The expression is false.u
m un andun u m have
28. a (b c ) a1 a2 a3
the same magnitude but are opposite in direction.
(b1 c1) (b2 c2) (b3 c3)
u u 33a.
a a3
a1 a3
2
(b2 c2) (b3 c3)
i
(b1 c1) (b3 c3)
j
600 N
u
a1 a2
(b1 c1) (b2 c2)
k
30
elbow
i j k
[(a1b2 a2b1) (a1c2 a2c1)]u k u u
AB F 0.023 0 0.02
u u
(a2b3 a3b2)i (a2c3 a3c2) i 0 0 600
(a1b3 a3b1)u j (a1c3 a3c1)u j u 123
0i u j 0ku
u u u u u
(a1b2 a2b1)k (a1c2 a2c1)k T AB F 123 or about 21 N-m
u u u
[(a2b3 a3b2) i (a1b3 a3b1)j i u j u
k
(a1b2 a2b1)u k ] [(a2c3 a3c2)u i 34. u
x u
y 2 3 0
(a1c3 a3c1)j (a1c2 a2c1)u
u k] 1 1 4
a2 a3 u
b2 b3 i a1 a3 u
b1 b3
j a1 a2 u
b1 b2
k
3 0u
1 4
i 2 0u
1 4 j 2 3u
1 1
k
a2 a3 u u 8ju 5k u
i a1 a3 u j a1 a2 u
c2 c3
c1 c3
c1 c2
k
12i
1 u
A 2x u
y
ua u b u a u c 1
29. Sample answer: 2
122
(8)2
(5)2
Let T(0, 2, 2), U(1, 2, 3), and V(4, 0, 1) 1
2233
u
TU 1, 4, 5 u
u 35a. o 120, 310, 60
UV 3, 2, 2 u
c 29, 18, 21
u u u
35b. u
o u
i j k c 120(29) 310(18) 60(21)
u u
TU UV 1 4 5 $10,320
3 2 2
5 5
2
4
2
u
i 1
3
2
u
j 1
3 2
4u
k
u 17ju 14ku or 2, 17, 14
2i
255 Chapter 8
u u2 2a
u2 b u cos v
u b
36a. 40. BA 2 a
(a1
b1)2 (a2 b2)2 2
a1
2 a2
2 2 b12 b22 2
2 a12 a22
b12 b22 cos v
F (a1 b1)2 (a2 b2)2
45 a12 a22 b12 b22 2
a12
a22
b12
b22 cos v a12 2a1b1 b12
u u a22 2a2b2 b22
36b. W F d cos v
W 120 4 cos 45 a12 a22 b12 b22
W 339 ft-lb 2a12 a22 b12 b22 cos v
u
37a. X 2 1, 5 0, 0 3 or 1, 5, 3) 2a1b1 2a2b2
u
Y 3 2, 1 5, 4 0 or 1, 4, 4 2 a12 a22 b12 b22 cos v
u u u
i j k a1b1 a2b2
u u
X Y 1 5 3
a12 a22 b12 b22 cos v
1 4 4
a1b1 a2b2
5 3 u i 1 3 u
5u
j 1 u cos v u a u
k u b
4 4 1 4 1 4 a b
u 7j u 9k u or 8, 7, 9 u cos v
u b
8i a
u
37b. The cross product of two vectors is always a 41. AB 5 3, 3 3, 2 (1) or 2, 0, 3
vector perpendicular to the two vectors and the 42. D(8, 3)
plane in which they lie. E(0, 2)
u
38a. v u u u
p (q r) DE 0 8, 2 3) or 8, 5
u u u u
i j k DE (8)2
(5 )2
u
q u r 2 1 4 89
3 1 5 43. 4x y 6 0
4 u
1
i 2 4 u
j 2 1u k A2 B2 42 12 or 17
1 5 3 5 3 1
417 17
617
u 22j
u 5k u or 1, 22, 5 x y 0
i 17 17 17
u u u 6
17
p (q r ) 0, 0, 1 1, 22, 5 p 17 1.46 units
0(1) 0(22) (1)(5) 17 4
17
sin f 1 cos f 17
5 or 5 units3 7
1
0 0 1 tan f 4
38b.
2 1 4
3 1 5
f 14
44. A 36, b 13, and c 6
1 4 2 4
2 1 a2 b2 c2 2 bc cos A
0 0 (1)
1 5 3 5 3 1 a2 132 62 2(13)(6) cos 36
5 or 5 units3 a 8.9
sin 36 sin B
They are the same.
8.9 13
u u w ) u
u 0. B sin1
39. Need (kv 13 sin 36
8.9
[k1, 2 1, 2] 5, 12 0
[k, 2k 1, 2] 5, 12 0 B 59.41 or 5925
k 1, 2k 2 5, 12 0 C 180 36 5925
(k 1)5 (2k 2)12 0 C 84.59 or 8435
h 4
5k 5 24k 24 0 45. tan 73 4 cos 73
29k 19 0 4
19 4 tan 73 h
cos 73
k 29
13.1 h; 13.1 m 13.7 m
46. 3 3x 4 10
3x 47
3x 4 49
x 17.67
47. 81 3 4
64 26 (22)3 or (23)2
4 22
2 21
9 32
So 64 43 82
The correct choice is B.
Chapter 8 256
Page 511 Mid-Chapter Quiz
8-4B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
1. Finding Cross Products
2.3 cm
46
Page 512
Fx 2.3 cos 46 Fy 2.3 sin 46 1. 49, 32 55 2. 168, 96, 76
1.6 cm 1.7 cm 3. 0, 0, 0 4. 11, 15, 3
2. 5. 0, 0, 7 6. 0, 40, 0
115 u u
7. u x 6, 6, 12
u u
u v 62 62 (12)2
2.7 cm 216
8. u
u u v 1, 13, 20
u u
u v 12 (
13)2 ( 20)2
Fx 27 cos 245 Fy 27 sin 245 570
11.4 mm 24.5 mm 9. Sample answer: Insert the following lines after
u
3. CD 4 (9), 3 2 or 5, 5 the last line of the given program.
u
CD 52 (
5)2 :Disp LENGTH IS
50 or 52 :Disp ((BZ CY)2 (CX AZ)2 (AY BX)2)
u
4. CD 5 3, 7 7, 2 (1) or 2, 0, 3
u
CD 22 0
2 32
13
u u 8-5 Applications with Vectors
5. u
r t 2s
6, 2 24, 3
6, 2 8, 6 Pages 516517 Check for Understanding
6 8, 2 6 or 14, 8 1. Sample answer: Pushing an object up the slope
6. u
r 3u u u v requires less force because the component of the
31, 3, 8 3, 9, 1 weight of the object in the direction of motion is
3, 9, 24 3, 9, 1 mg sin v. This is less than the weight mg of the
3 3, 9 9, 24 (1) or 6, 0, 25 object, which is the force that must be exerted to
7. 3, 6 4, 2 3(4) 6(2) lift the object straight up.
12 12 2. The tension increases.
0; yes 3. Sample answer: Forces are in equilibrium if the
8. 3, 2, 4 1, 4, 0 3(1) (2)(4) 4(0) u
resultant force is O .
38
4. Current
11; no
u u u 17
9. 1, 3, 2 2, 1, 1 u j k 23 knots
1 3 2
u u
2 1 1 5. F1 300i
u
F2 (170 cos 55)u u
3
1 1
2u
i 1
2 1
2u
j 1
2 1
3u
k u u
F1 F2 (300
i (170 sin 55)j
170 c
os 55
)2 (1
70 sin
55)2
u 5j u 7ku or 1, 5, 7, yes
i 421.19 N
1, 5, 7 1, 3, 2 170 sin 55
tan v
(1)(1) 5(3) (7)(2) 300 170 cos 55
1 15 14 0
v tan1
300 170 cos 55
170 sin 55
1, 5, 7 2, 1, 1
19.3
(1)(2) 5(1) (7)(1) u u
2 5 7 0 6. F1 50i
u u
10. Let X(2, 0, 4) and Y(7, 4, 6). F 100j
2
u u
XY (7 2)2 (4
0)2
(6
4)2 F1 F2 502
1002
45 or about 6.7 m 111.8 N
100
tan v 50 or 2
v tan1 2
63.43
7. horizontal 18 cos 40
13.79 N
vertical 18 sin 40
11.57 N
257 Chapter 8
u u (33 sin 90)j
u or 33j
u u u
8. F1 (33 cos 90)i 15. u
v 1 (115 cos 60)i (115 sin 60)j
u u (44 sin 60)j
u u u
F2 (44 cos 60)i or 57.5i 57.53 j
u u (115 sin 120)j
u
u u v2 (115 cos 120)i
or 22i 22 3 j u u
u u or 57.5i 57.53 j
F1 F2 22
2 (33 223
)2 u u
v v 02 (1153)2
1 2
74 N 1153
33 223
3 23
tan v 22 or 2 199.19 km/h
Since tan v is undefined and the vertical
v tan1 2
3 23
component is positive, v 90.
73 16. The force must be at least as great as the
A force with magnitude 74 N and direction 73 component of the weight of the object in the
180 or 253 will produce equilibrium. direction of the ramp. This is 100 sin 10, or about
9a. 4 mph 17.36 lb.
u u
17. F 105i
1
u u (110 sin 50)j
u
12 mph F2 (110 cos 50)i
u u
F1 F2 (105
110 cos 50
)2 (110 sin
50)2
194.87 N
110 sin 50
tan v
105 110 cos 50
9b. If v is the angle between the resultant path of
110 sin 50
v tan1 105 110 cos 50
the ferry and the line between the landings,
4
then sin v 1
1 1 1, or about 25.62
2 or 3 . So v sin
3
18. F w sin v
19.5.
52.1 75 sin v
52.1
sin v
75
sin1 7
5 v
52.1
Pages 517519 Exercises
10. 11. Wind 44 v
u u (250 sin 25)j
u
27 19. F1 (250 cos 25)i
42 N u u (45 sin 250)j
u
256 mph F2 (45 cos 250)i
53 u u
F1 F2
Chapter 8 258
22. a g sin 40
155
F1 sin 174.5 cos 174.5 tan 6.2
32 sin 40
20.6 ft/s2 760 lb
u u (36 sin 20)j
u F2
cos 174.5
23. F1 (36 cos 20)i cos 6.2 F1
u u u 761 lb
F (48 cos 222 i (48 sin 222)j
2
u u 30. Sample answer: Method b is better. Let F be the
F1 F2
force exerted by the tractor, T be the tension in
(36 co
s 20
48 co
s 222
)2 (3
6 sin 2
0 4
8 sin 2
22)2 the two halves of the rope, and v be the angle
19.9 N between the original line of the rope and half of
36 sin 20 48 sin 222 the rope after it is pulled. At equilibrium,
tan v
36 cos 20 48 cos 222 F
36 sin 20 48 sin 222 2T sin v F 0, or T 2 sin v . So, if 0 v 30,
v
tan1
36 cos 20 48 cos 222 the force applied to the stump using method b is
264.7 or 5.3 west of south greater than the force exerted by the tractor.
24a. 135 lb 31. Let T be the tension in each towline and suppose
165 the axis of the ship is the vertical direction.
70 lb 2T sin 70 6000 0
75 6000
120 T
2 sin 70
3192.5 tons
32. Let T be the tension in each wire. The halves of
the wire make angles of 30 and 150 with the
115 lb horizontal.
u u T sin 30 T sin 150 25 0
24b. F1 70i
u u (135 sin 165)j
u 1 1
2T 25 0
T
F2 (135 cos 165)i 2
u u u T 25 lb
F1 F2 F3
33. u
u
u v 9(3) 5(2) 3(5)
(70
135 c
os 165
11
5 cos 2
40)2
(135 s
in 165
11
5 sin 2
40)2 2
134.5 lb The vectors are not perpendicular sinceu
u u
v 0.
135 sin 165 115 sin 240 u
tan v
70 135 cos 165 115 cos 240
34. AB 0 12, 11 (5), 21 18
135 sin 165 115 sin 240
12, 6, 3
v tan1
70 135 cos 165 115 cos 240 2v02
35. d g sin v cos v
208.7 or 28.7 south of west
u u u 2 1002
Since F1 F2 F3 0, the vectors are not in 3
2 sin 65 cos 65
equilibrium. 239.4 ft
u
25. W F ud 36. Sample answer: A plot of the data suggests a
u (1600 sin 50)j
u] 1500i
u
[(1600 cos 50)i quadratic function. Performing a quadratic
(1600 cos 50)(1500) (1600 sin 50)(0) regression and rounding the coefficients gives
1,542,690 N-m y 1.4x2 2x 3.9.
26a. Sample answer: The horizontal forward force is 37. b
0.3 b
u (0.33, 0.33)
F cos v. You can increase the horizontal forward p
0.2 0.5 (0.2, 0.46)
force by decreasing the angle v between the b p 0.66
handle and the lawn. b
p 0.4
26b. Sample answer: Pushing the lawnmower at a
lower angle may cause back pain. 0.3
(0.2, 0.3)
3 1
27a. tan v
or 6
18 0.2 (0.3, 0.3)
1
v tan1 6 0.1
9.5 south of east p
27b. s
182
32 O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
18.2 mph The vertices are at (0.2, 0.3), (0.3, 0.3), (0.33, 0.33)
28. F cos v 100 cos 25 and (0.2, 0.46).
90.63 N cost function C(p, b) 90p 140b 32(1 p b)
29. F1 cos 174.5 F2 cos 6.2 0 32 58p 108b
F1 sin 174.5 F2 sin 6.2 155 0 C(0.2, 0.3) 32 58(0.2) 108(0.3) or 76
cos 174.5 C(0.3, 0.3) 32 58(0.3) 108(0.3) or 81.8
The first equation gives F2
cos 6.2 F1. C(0.33, 0.33) 32 58(0.33) 108(0.33) or 86.78
Substitute into the second equation. C(0.2, 0.46) 32 58(0.2) 108(0.46) or 93.28
cos 174.5 sin 6.2 The minimum cost is $76, using 30% beef and
F1 sin 174.5
cos 6.2 F1 155 0
20% pork.
F1 (sin 174.5 cos 174.5 tan 6.2) 155
259 Chapter 8
38. *4 *(3) (43 4) [(3)3 (3)] 11b. 50 10t 0
60 (24) 50 10t
84 5t
The correct choice is A. When t 5, the coordinates of the defensive
player are (10 0.9(5), 54 10.72(5)) or (5.5,
0.4), so the defensive player has not yet caught
the receiver.
8-6 Vectors and Parametric Equations
524525 Exercises
Pages 523524 Check for Understanding 12. x 5, y 7 t2, 0
1. When t 0, x 3 and y 1. When t 1, x 7 x 5 2t y 7 0t
and y 1. The graph is a line through (3, 1) and x 5 2t y7
(7, 1).
13. x (1), y 4 t6, 10
2. Sample answer: For every single unit increment of x 1, y 4 t6, 10
t, x increases 1 unit and y increases 2 units. Then, x 1 6t y 4 10t
the parametric equations of the line are x 3 t, x 1 6t y 4 10t
y 6 2t.
14. x (6), y 10 t3, 2
3. When t 0, x 1 and y 0, so the line passes x 6, y 10 t3, 2
through (1, 0). When t 1, x 0 and y 1, so x 6 3t y 10 2t
the line passes through (0, 1), its y-intercept. The x 6 3t y 10 2t
10
0 1 or 1.
slope of the line is 15. x 1, y 5 t7, 2
4. x (4), y 11 t3, 8 x 1 7t y 5 2t
x 4, y 11 t3, 8 x 1 7t y 5 2t
x 4 3t y 11 8t 16. x 1, y 0 t2, 4
x 3t 4 y 8t 11 x 1, y t2, 4
5. x 1, y 5 t7, 2 x 1 2t y 4t
x 1 7t y 5 2t x 1 2t
x 1 7t y 5 2t 17. x 3, y (5) t2, 5
6. 3x 2y 5 7. 4x 6y 12 x 3, y 5 t2, 5
2y 3x 5 6y 4x 12 x 3 2t y 5 5t
3 5 2 x 3 2t y 5 5t
y 2x 2 y 3x 2
18. x t
xt xt
3 5 2
y 2t 2 y 3t 2 y 4t 5 3 7
y 4t 4
8. x 4t 3 9. x 9t 19. 3x 4y 7
x 3 4t
x
t 4y 3x 7 20. 2x y 3
9
1 3 3 7 y 2x 3
4x t y 4t 2 y 4x 4
4 y 2x 3
y 49 2
x
y 5t 3 xt
y 54x 4 3
1 3 4
y 9x 2 xt xt
5 3 y 2t 3 y 9t 1
y 4x
4
21. 9x y 1 22. 2x 3y 11
10. y y 9x 1 3y 2x 11
t x y
2 11
1 2 2 y 3x 3
1 x
0 2 xt xt
O 2 11
y 4t 2
1 6 0 y 3t 3
2 10 1 23. 4x y 2 24. 3x 6y 8
y 4x 2 6y 3x 8
1 4
y 2x 3
11a. receiver: 1
x 5 0t y 50 10t The slope is 2.
x5 y 50 10t 1
y 5 2(x 2)
defensive player: 1
x 10 0.9t y 54 10.72t y 2x 6
x 10 0.9t y 54 10.72t
Chapter 8 260
xt y 1 2
x 33.
1
y t
2 6 1
y 2x 1
25. x 2t 26. x 7 2t
1
x
t 1
2 x 7 2t
y1t 2x 14 t
y 3t yt3
1 11
y 3(2x 14) y 4x 4 3
y 6x 42 1 23
y 4x 4
27. x 4t 11
x 11 4t 28. x 4t 8
1 11
x t
x 8 4t
4 4 1
x 2 t
4
29. x 3 2t
x 3 2t
1 3
x t [10, 10] Tstep1
2 2
[20, 20] Xscl2
y 1 5t
[20, 20] Yscl2
y 1 5 2x 2
1 3
34.
5 17
y 2x 2
30. Regardless of the value of t, x is always 8, so the
parametric equations represent the vertical line
with equation x 8.
31a. x 11, y (4) t3, 7
x 11, y 4 t3, 7
31b. x 11 3t y 4 7t
x 3t 11 y 7t 4
31c. x 3t 11
x 11 3t
1 11
x
3 3 t
y 7t 4
y 73x 3 4
1 11
7 89
y 3x 3
[10, 10] Tstep1
32. [10, 10] Xscl1
[10, 10] Yscl1
35a. x 2 3t and y 4 7t
If t
0, then x
2 and y
4, so the part of the
line to the right of point (2, 4) is obtained.
35b. x0
2 3t 0
3t 2
2
t 3
36. x y cos2 t sin2 t
1
0 cos2 t 1 and 0 sin2 t 1, so the graph is
the segment of the line with equation x y 1
from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
y
[5, 5] Tstep1
[10, 10] Xscl1
1 ( 12 , 12 )
x
[10, 10] Yscl1
1
261 Chapter 8
37a. target drone: 45. The slope is 1.
x 3 (1)t y 4 0t y 1 1[x (3)]
x3t y4 y1x3
missile: xy40
x2t y 2 2t 46. The linear velocity of the belt around the larger
37b. 3 t 2 t pulley is (120 rpm)2 2 in./rev 1080
9
1 2t
1
t
in./min. The linear velocity around the smaller
2 pulley must be the same, so its angular velocity is
1
When t 2, the missile has a y-coordinate of 3, (1080 in./min)
2 3 in. 180 rpm. The correct
1 rev
not 4, so it does not intercept the drone.
choice is D.
38a. Ceres: x 1 t, y 4 t, z 1 2t
Pallas: x 7 2t, y 6 2t, z 1 t
38b. Adding the equations for x and y for Ceres gives
x y 3. Subtracting the equations for x and y 8-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
for Pallas results in x y 1. The solution of Modeling with Parametric
this system is x 1 and y 2. Eliminating t Equations
from the equations for y and z results in the
system 2y z 7, y 2z 4 which has
solution y 2 and z 3. Hence, the paths cross Page 526
at (1, 2, 3). 1. 408.7t 418.3(t 0.0083)
408.7t 418.3t 3.47189
38c. 1 t 1 v t 2
9.6t 3.47189
7 2t 1 v t 4 3.47189
Ceres is at (1, 2, 3) when t 2 but Pallas is at t
9.6
(1, 2, 3) when t 4. The asteroids will not 0.362 hr or 21.7 min
collide.
2. d rt
39. The line is parallel to the vector 0 3, 5 1, 408.7 9.6
1 3.47189
u u 6.7 mph
v1 v2
(150 c
os 330
50
cos 2
45)2
(15
0 sin
330
50 sin
245)2
162.2 km/h
150 sin 330 50 sin 245 8-7 Modeling Motion Using
tan v
150 cos 330 50 cos 245 Parametric Equations
150 sin 330 50 sin 245
v tan1
150 cos 330 50 cos 245
Page 531 Check for Understanding
47534 or 47534 south of east
1. Sample answer: a rocket launched at 90 to the
41. 1, 3 3, 2 1(3) 3(2) horizontal; tip-off in basketball
3
2. Equal magnitude with opposite direction.
Since the inner product is not 0, the vectors are
not perpendicular. 3. The greater the angle of the head of the golf club,
the greater the angle of initial velocity of the ball.
42. Since A 90, a b, and a b sin A, no solution
u v
4. v u sin v u v
5. v u cos v
exists. y x
50 sin 40 20 cos 50
43. A graphing calculator indicates that there is one
32.14 ft/s 12.86 m/s
real zero and that it is close to 1. f(1) 0, so the
u v
6. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
zero is exactly 1. x y
3 45 cos 32 45 sin 32
44. x 2y 2 38.16 ft/s 23.85 ft/s
x 2 2y
3 u v
7. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
x y
2 4 7.5 cos 20 7.5 sin 20
x 3 y
3 7.05 m/s 2.57 m/s
2 4
y 3x 3
Chapter 8 262
16. To find the time the projectile stays in the air, set
8a. 300 mph mile 3600 s 440 ft/s
5280 ft h
y 0 and solve for t.
u cos v
x tv u sin v 1gt2 0
tv 2
x t(440) cos 0
u sin v 1gt) 0
t(v
x 440t 2
u sin v 1gt2 h
y tv u sin v 1gt 0
v
2 2
1 u sin v 1gt
v
y t(440) sin 0 2(32)t2 3500 2
u sin v
2v
y 16t2
3500
g t
8b. Sample graph: The greater the angle, the greater the time the
y projectile stays in the air. To find the horizontal
4000
distance covered, substitute the expression for t in
3000
Height the equation for x.
(feet) 2000 u cos v
x tv
1000 u sin v
x 2v
v u cos v
2000 4000 6000 g
Horizontal Distance u2g sin 2v
v
(feet)
g
As the angle increases from 0 to 45, the
8c. 16t2 3500 0
horizontal distance increases. As the angle
16t2 3500
3500 increases from 45 to 90, the horizontal distance
t2
16 decreases.
17a. y 300 when t 7
3500
t
16
u sin 78 1(32)72 300
7v
t 14.8 s 2
u sin 78 784 300
7v
8d. x 440t
u sin 78 1084
7v
440(14.8)
6512 ft u
v
1084
7 sin 78
u 158.32 ft/s
v
1 u
17b. x 3tv cos v 50 yd
Pages 531533 Exercises
1
u v
9. v u cos v u v
v u sin v 3(7)(158.32) cos 78 50
x y
65 cos 60 65 sin 60 127 yd
32.5 ft/s 56.29 ft/s 18. u cos v
x tv
u v
10. v u cos v u v
v u sin v x
t
x y
u
v cos v
47 cos 10.7 47 sin 10.7
46.18 m/s 8.73 m/s u sin v gt2
y tv
1
2
u v
u cos v u v
u sin v 2
11. vx vy
x
y v u sin v 1g x
u cos v
v 2 u cos v
v
1200 cos 42 1200 sin 42 g
891.77 ft/s 802.96 ft/s y x tan v
u2 cos2 v
2v
u v
12. v u cos v u v
v u sin v The presence of the x2-term
(due to the force of
x y
17 cos 28 17 sin 28 gravity) means that y is a quadratic function of x.
15.01 ft/s 7.98 ft/s Therefore, the path of a projectile is a parabolic
u u cos v
13. vx v u u sin v
vy v arc.
69 cos 37 69 sin 37 19. To find the time the projectile stays in the air if
55.11 yd/s 41.53 yd/s the initial velocity isu
v, set y 0 and solve for t.
u v
14. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
x y u sin v 1gt2 0
tv
46 cos 19 46 sin 19 2
263 Chapter 8
If the magnitude of the initial velocity is doubled 22b.
u)2 sin 2v
(2v
u, the range becomes
to 2v or
g
u2 sin 2v
v
4 g. The projectile will travel four times as
far.
20a. 800 km/h km 3600 s 222.2 m/s
1000 m h
u
x tv cos v
x 222.2 t cos 45 23a. y 300 when t 4.8
u sin v 1gt2
y tv u sin 82 1(32)(4.8)2 300
4.8v
2 2
1 u sin 82 368.64 668.64
4.8v
y 222.2t sin 45 2(9.8)t2
u
v
668.64
y 222.2t sin 45 4.9t2 4.8 sin 82
The negative coefficient in the t-term in the u 140.7 ft/s
v
equation for y indicates that the aircraft is 1 u cos v 100
23b. x 3tv
descending. The negative coefficient in the
equation for x is arbitrary. 131.3 yd
20b. y 222.2t sin 45 4.9t2 u cos v
24a. x tv u sin v 1gt2 h
y tv 2
222.2(2.5) sin 45 4.9 (2.5)2 x 155t cos 22 y 155t sin 22 16t2 3
423.4
24b. x 420
The aircraft has descended about 423.4 m.
423.4 m
155t cos 22 420
20c.
2.5 s 169 m/s t
420
155 cos 22
or y 155t sin 22 16t2 3
169 m/s
1000 m h 608.4 km/h
km 3600 s
2
155
155 cos 22 sin 22 16 155 cos 22 3
420 420
21a. 70 mph
5280 ft h 308
ft/s 36.04 ft
mi 3600 s 3
y0 Since 36.04
15, the ball will clear the fence.
t3 sin 35 16t2 10 0
308
24c. y0
155t sin 22 16t2 3 0
308 2
sin 35 3 sin 35 4(16)10
308
3 155 sin 22
(155 s
in 22 3
)2 4(16)
t t
2(16) 2(16)
t 3.84 s t 3.68 s
u cos v
x tv u cos v
x tv
323.2 ft 528.86 ft
21b. y8 25. x 11 t
t3 sin 35 16t2 10 8
308 x 11 t
x 11 t
16t2 t3 sin 35 2 0
308
y 8 6t
3038 si
n 35
y 8 6(x 11)
308 2
3 sin 35 4(16)2
t y 6x 58
2(16)
26a. mg sin v 300(9.8) sin 22
t 3.71 s 1101.3 N
u cos v
x tv
26b. mg cos v 300(9.8) cos 22
312.4 ft
2725.9 N
21c. From the calculations in part b, the time is 17.4
about 3.71s. 27. cos A
21.9
17.4
22a. y A cos1
21.9
A 37
t
O x
Chapter 8 264
u
28. 2(2x y z) 2(2) 5a. BE 0 5, 2 5, 4 0 or 5, 3, 4
x 3y 2z 3.25 A(5, 5 (3), 0) A(5, 2, 0)
5x y 0.75 C(5 (5), 5, 0) C(0, 5, 0)
1(2x y z) 1(2) D(5 (5), 5 (3), 0) D(0, 2, 0)
4x 5y z 2.5 F(5, 5 (3), 0 4) F(5, 2, 4)
6x 4y 0.5 G(5, 5, 0 4) G(5, 5, 4)
H(5 (5), 5, 0 4) H(0, 5, 4)
4(5x y) 4(0.75)
5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
6x 4y 0.5
The matrix is 2 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 .
14x 3.5
3.5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
x 14
54 54 04 04
x 0.25
5x y 0.75 2x y z 2
5b.
2 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1) 2 (1)
02 02 02 02
5(0.25) y 0.75 2(0.25) 0.5 z 2 04 54 54 04
y 0.5
29. 52 32 25 9
z1 2 (1) 2 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1)
42 42 42 42
16 9 9 4 4 4 9 9 4
The correct choice is B. 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 4
2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6
1 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
Page 534 History of Mathematics 5c. 0 1 0 2 5 5 2 2 2 5 5
712 7.2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
1.
360
360
1 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
5
0 2 5 5 2 2 2 5 5
1 5000 stadia 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
50 x
x 50(5000) z
H E
x 250,000 stadia
250,000(500) 125,000,000 ft
G F
125,000,000 5280 23,674 mi O
The actual circumference of Earth is about C D y
24,901.55 miles.
A
2. See students work. No solution exists. B x
3. See students work.
The image is the reflection over the xz-plane.
5d. The dimensions of the resulting figure are half
the original.
8-8 Transformation Matrices in 6a. The scale factor of the dilation is 4. The
Three-Dimensional Space translation increases x-coordinates by 2. The
matrices are
Pages 539540 Check for Understanding
4 0 0
1. Matrix T multiplies x-coordinates by 2 and D 0 4 0 and
y- and z-coordinates by 2, so it produces a 0 0 4
reflection over the yz-plane and increases the 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
dimensions two-fold. T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
u
2. CC 8 6, 8 7, 2 3 or 2, 1, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
The matrix is 1 1 1 1 1 1 .
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0
0
3. VU 0 1 0 T, so the transformations
0 0 1
are the same.
4a-c.
265 Chapter 8
6b. Sample answer: If the original prism has z
vertices A(3, 3, 0) B(3, 3, 3), C(3, 3, 3), C
D
D(3, 3, 0), E(5, 3, 0), F(5, 3, 3), G(5, 3, 3), F H
and H(5, 3, 0), then the image has vertices A B
A(10, 12, 0), B(10, 12, 12), C(10, 12, 12),
E G
D(10, 12, 0), E(22, 12, 0), F(22, 12, 12),
G(22, 12, 12), and H(22, 12, 0).
z O
y
x
C B
The result is a translation of 2 units along the y-
axis and 4 units along the z-axis.
D C B
A 01 01 01 01
G G D A
F F 11. 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 0 (2)
H E 1 (2) 2 (2) 5 (2) 4 (2)
21 21 21 21
H
x
E 0 (2) 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2)
1 (2) 4 (2) 5 (2) 2 (2)
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
1 0 3 2 1 2 3 0
z
Pages 540542 Exercises C
u D
7. FB 3 3, 1 7, 4 4 or 0, 6, 0
A(2, 3, (6), 2) A(2, 3, 2 F G
C(4, 7 (6), 1) C(4, 1, 1) B y
A
H
2 3 4 4 2 3 E
The matrix is 3 1 1 7 3 7 . x
2 4 1 1 2 4
u The result is a translation of 1 unit along the x-
8. AH 4 (3), 1 (2), 2 2 or 7, 3, 4
B(3, 2 3, 2) B(3, 1, 2) axis, 2 units along the y-axis, and 2 units
C(3, 2 3, 2 (4)) C(3, 1, 2) along the z-axis.
01 01 01 01
D(3, 2, 2 (4)) D(3, 2, 2)
E(3 7, 2, 2 (4)) E(4, 2, 2) 12. 05 35 35 05
F(3 7, 2, 2) F(4, 2, 2) 1 (3) 2 (3) 5 (3) 4 (3)
G(3 7, 2 3, 2) G(4, 1, 2) 21 21 21 21
The matrix is 2
3 3 3 3
1
4
1 2 2 2 1
4 4
4
1
05 05 35
1 (3) 4 (3) 5 (3) 2 (3)
35
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
u 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
9. CF 6 4, 0 (1), 0 2 or 2, 1, 2 5 8 8 5 5 5 8 8
D(2 2, 2 1, 3 (2)) D(4, 1, 1) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
E(1 2, 0 1, 4 (2)) E(3, 1, 2)
z
2 1 4 4 3 6
The matrix is 2 0 1 1 1 0 .
3 4 2 1 2 0 C
D
00 00 00 00 G
10. 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 0 (2)
14 24 54 44 x
F
A
H
y
B
20 20 20 20
E
0 (2) 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2)
14 44 54 24 The results is a translation of 1 unit along the x-
axis, 5 units along the y-axis, and 3 units along
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 the z-axis.
5 6 9 8 5 8 9 6
Chapter 8 266
0.75 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
13. 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 18. 0 0.75 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 0 0 0.75 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0.75 0 0
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0.75 0 , so the figure is three-fourths
1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 0 0 0.75
z the original site and reflected over all three
C coordinate planes.
D G
2x 2 0 0 x
F 19a. 2y 0 2 0 y , so the transformation can
B
A 5z 0 0 5 z
H
2 0 0
E y
be represented by the matrix 0 2 0 .
x 0 0 5
The transformation does not change the figure. 19b. The transformation will magnify the x- and
y-dimensions two-fold, and the z-dimension
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
14. 0 1 5-fold.
0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3
0 0 1 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6
20a. 72 72 72 72 72
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
20 23.6 136 23.6 247 23.6
1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2
20b. 58 72 71 72 74 72
z6
96 3O
3
3 6 9
27 0 53 0 59 0
302 23.6 351 23.6
A
9 y
12 6
3
83 72 62 72
x E B
37 0 52 0
D H
43.6 159.6 270.6 325.6 374.6
F C 14 1 2 11 10
27 53 59 37 52
G
20c. The result is a translation 23.6 units along the
The transformation results in reflections over the x-axis and 72 units along the y-axis.
1 0 0
xy and xz-planes.
1 21. The matrix 0 1 0 would reflect the prism
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
15. 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 0.5 0 0
0 2 2 2 2 over the yz-plane. The matrix 0 0.5 0
0 0 0
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0.5
1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 would reduce its dimensions by half.
0 1 0 0 0.5
0.5 0 0 0
z 0 0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0.5
E
H y 22a. Placing a non zero element in the first row and
B A third column will skew the cube so that the top
x F is no longer directly above the bottom.
G
D 1 0 1
C Sample answer: 0 1 0
0 0 1
The transformation results in reflections over all
22b. Sample graphs:
three coordinate planes.
16. The matrix results in a dilation of scale factor 2, z
so the figure is twice the original size.
G F
3 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0
17. 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 , so the C
B z
0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 H y
E G F
figure is three times the original size and reflected x
over the xy-plane. D A
C B E
H y
D A
x
267 Chapter 8
23. The first transformation reflects the figure over 29. 80x3 80x2 80x 24.2
all three coordinate planes. The second 80x3 80x2 80x 24.2 0
transformation stretches the dimensions along the A graphing calculator indicates that there is a
y- and z-axes and skews it along the xy-plane. solution between 0 and 1. By Descartes Rule of
(The first row of T changes the x-coordinate of Signs, it is the only solution. When x 0.2, 80x3
(x, y, z) to x 2z.) 80x2 80x 24.2 4.36 and when x 0.3,
24. To multiply the x-coordinate by 3, the first row of 80x3 80x2 80x 24.2 9.16. So the solution
the matrix must be 3 0 0. Since the y-coordinate is to the nearest tenth is 0.2.
multiplied by 2, the second row is 0 2 0. To convert 30. Divide each side of the equations by 2, 3, 4, and 6,
a z-coordinate to x 4z, use a third row of 1 0 4. respectively, so that the left side is x 2y.
3 0 0 I. x 2y 4 II. y 4
The matrix is 0 2 0 . 8
III. x 2y 2 IV. x 2y 3
1 0 4
Only I and II are equivalent, so the correct choice
25a. The x-coordinates are unchanged, the
is A.
y-coordinates increase, and the z-coordinates
decrease, so the movement is dip-slip.
123.9 41.3 201.7 73.8 129.4
36.4
25b. 88.0 145.8 28.3 82.6 97.1 123.9
205.3 246.6 261.5 212.0 166.4 85.3 Chapter 8 Study Guide and Assessment
123.9 41.3 201.7 73.8 129.4
36.4
86.4 144.2 29.9 84.2 95.5 125.5 Page 543 Understanding and Using the
206.5 247.8 262.7 213.2 165.2 84.1
Vocabulary
0 0 0 0 0 0
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
1. resultant 2. unit
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 3. magnitude 4. cross
26a. La Shawna Jaimie 5. inner 6. vector
x0 x 35t 7. parallel 8. standard
y 16t2 150 y 16t2 150 9. direction 10. components
16t2 150 0
150 16t2
150
16 t2 544546 Skills and Concepts
11. 1.3 cm, 50 12. 2.9 cm, 10
150
t
16 13.
q q
p
3.06 t
x 35t
35
150 p 4.1 cm
16 23
107 ft
26b. Since the stones have the same parametric 4.1 cm, 23
equations for y, they land at the same time. In 14. q q
2p
part a, it was calculated that the elapsed time is
about 3.06 seconds.
27. x 5t 1
2p 5.3 cm
x 1 5t
x1
5 t 25
y 2t 10 5.3 cm, 25
x1
y 2
5 10
15.
q
2 48
y 5x 5 q
3p
28. sec
2 1
cos1 5 2
cos cos1
5
2.5 cm
3p
1
2
98
5
5
2
5.9 cm, 357
Chapter 8 268
16.
q 31. u
u 2w u 5v u
u
u 24, 1, 5 51, 7, 4
q
4p
u
u 8, 2, 10 (5, 35, 20
u
u 8 (5), 2 35, 10 (20)
u
u 13, 37, 30
3.5 cm
4p
32. u
u 0.25v u 0.4wu
u
u 0.251, 7, 4 0.44, 1, 5
u
u 0.25, 1.75, 1 1.6, 0.4, 2
u
u 0.25 1.6, 1.75 (0.4), 1 2
82 u
u 1.35, 1.35, 1
33. 5, 1 2, 6 5(2) (1)6
5 cm, 70 10 6
17. h 1.3 cos 50 v 1.3 sin 50 16; no
h 0.8 cm v 1 cm 34. 2, 6 3, 4 2(3) 6(4)
18. h 2.9 cos 10 v 2.9 sin 10 6 24
h 2.9 cm v 0.5 cm 18; no
u 35. 4, 1, 2 3, 4, 4 4(3) 1(4) (2)4
19. CD 7 2, 15 3 or 5, 12
u 12 4 8
CD
52 1
22
169
or 13 0; yes
u 36. 2, 1, 4 6, 2, 1 2(6) (1)(2) 4(1)
20. CD 4 (2), 12 8 or 6, 4
u 12 2 4
CD
62 42
18; no
52
or 2 13
u 42; no
CD 5 (6), 4 4 or 1, 8 u uj u
22.
u i k
CD
12 (
1 0 3
23. u
u u v u w
u
u 2, 5 3, 1 2 5 u
u 5 5uj 5 2 u
k
0 3 1 3 1 0
u
u 2 3, 5 (1) or 5, 6 u 10j u 2k
u or 6, 10, 2
6i
24. u
u u v u w
u
u 2, 5 3, 1 6, 10, 2 5, 2, 5
u
u 2 3, 5 (1) or 1, 4 6(5) 10(2) (2)(5)
u u 2wu 30 20 10 0
25. u 3v
u 6, 10, 2 1, 0, 3
u 32, 5 23, 1
u 6(1) 10(0) (2)(3)
u 6, 15 6, 2
u 6 0 6 0
u 6 6, 15 (2) or 12, 17 u u u
39. 2, 3, 1 2, 3, 4 i j k
26. u
u 3vu 2wu
u 2 3 1
u 32, 5 23, 1
u 2 3 4
u 6, 15 6, 2
u
u 6 6, 15 (2) or 0, 13 3
i 2
1u j 2 3 u
1u
k
u 3 4 2 4 2 3
27. EF 6 2, 2 (1), 1 4 or 4, 1, 3 u 6j
u 0k
u or 9, 6, 0
u 9i
EF
42 (
1)2
(3)2
26
9, 6, 0 2, 3, 1
u 9(2) (6)(3) 0(1)
28. EF 1 9, 5 8, 11 5 or 10, 3, 6
u 18 18 0 0
EF
(10)2
(
3)2
62 9, 6, 0 2, 3, 4
145
9(2) (6)(3) 0(4)
u
29. EF 2 (4), 1 (3), 7 0) or 6, 2, 7 18 18 0 0
u
EF
62 2
2 72
89
u
30. EF 4 3, 0 7, 5 (8) or 7, 7, 13
u
EF
(7)2
(7
)2 1
32
267
269 Chapter 8
u u u 47. x 4, y 0 t3, 6
40. 1, 0, 4 5, 2, 1 k i j
41 0 x 4, y t3, 6
1 5 2 x 4 3t y 6t
x 4 3t
i 1
j 1
4u 4u 0u
0 k
2 1 5 1 5 2 48. x t 49. x t
u u u y 8t 7 1 5
8i 19j 2k or 8, 19, 2 y 2t 2
8, 19, 2 1, 0, 4 7 8t
(8)(1) 19(0)(2)(4) u v
50. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
x y
8080 15 cos 55 15 sin 55
8, 19, 2 5, 2, 1 8.60 ft/s 12.29 ft/s
(8)(5) 19(2) (2)(1) u v
51. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
x y
40 38 2 0 13.2 cos 66 13.2 sin 66
41. 7, 2, 1 2, 5, 3 ui u j u 5.37 ft/s 12.06 ft/s
k
7 2 1 u v
52. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
x y
2 5 3 18 cos 28 18 sin 28
15.89 m/s 8.45 m/s
2 1u 7 1u 7 2u
i j k u
5 3 2 3 2 5 53. CH 4 3, 2 4, 2 (1) or 7, 6, 3
u i 19ju 31k u or 1, 19, 31 A(3, 4 (6), 1 3) A(3, 2, 2)
1, 19, 31 7, 2, 1 B(3, 4 (6), 1) B(3, 2, 1)
1(7) (19)2 31(1) D(3, 4, 1 3) D(3, 4, 2)
7 (38) 31 0 E(3 (7), 4, 1 3) E(4, 4, 2)
1, 19, 31 2, 5, 3 F(3 (7), 4, 1) F(4, 4, 1)
1(2) (19)5 31(3) G(3 (7), 4 (6), 1) G(4, 2, 1)
2 (95) 93 0 The matrix for the figure is
3 3 4 4 4 4
3 3
42. Sample answer:
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 .
Let x(1, 2, 3), y(4, 2, 1) and z(5, 3, 0)
u 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
xy 4 1, 2 2, 1 3 or 5, 0, 4
u The matrix for the translated figure is
yz 5 (4), 3 2, 0 (1) or 9, 5, 1
5 5 5 2 2 2 2
5
5, 0, 4 9, 5, 1 u u u
i j k 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 .
5 0 4 5 2 2 5 5 2 2 5
9 5 1
z
0 4 u
i 5 4 u
j 5
0 uk
5 1 9 1 9 5 H E
u u u
20i 31j 25k or 20, 31, 25
u u
43. F1 320i G
A
u u D F
F 260j
2
u u
F1 F2
3202
2602
412.31 N C y
B
260 13
tan v
320or 1
6 x
1 13
v tan 16
The figure moves 2 units along the x-axis and 3
39.09 units along the z-axis.
u
44. u
v1 12j
u u (30 sin 116)j
u
v2 (30 cos 116)i
u u
v v
(30 co
s 116
)2 (1
2 3
0 sin
116)2
1 2
41 m/s
12 30 sin 116
tan v
30 cos 116
12 30 sin 116
v tan1
30 cos 116
108.65
45. x 3, y (5) t4, 2
x 3, y 5 t4, 2
x 3 4t y 5 2t
x 3 4t y 5 2t
46. x (1), y 9 t7, 5
x 1, y 9 t7, 5
x 1 7t y 9 5t
x 1 7t y 9 5t
Chapter 8 270
1 0 0 u
54. 0 1 0 58. F1 90i
u u u
0 0 1 F2 (70 cos 30)i (70 sin 30)j or
u u
3 4 4 4 4
i 35j
3 3 3 35 3
2 2 4 2 2 u u
4 4 4 F1 F2
(90
35 3
)2 3
52
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 154.6 N
3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 35 7
tan v or
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 90 35 3
18 7 3
v tan1
7
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
18 7 3
z 13.1
E H
Page 547 Open-Ended Assessment
F 1a. Sample answer: X(4, 1), Y(1, 1)
D G u
A O XY 1 4, 1 (1) or 3, 2
y u
1b. XY
(3)2
22 or 13
x u
The magnitude of XY only depends on the
C B differences of the coordinates of X and Y, not the
actual coordinates.
The figure is reflected over the xz-plane.
2a. Sample answer: P(1, 1), Q(3, 3), R(3, 1), S(5, 3)
u
PQ 3 1, 3 1 or 2, 2
u
Page 547 Applications and Problem Solving RS 5 3, 3 1 or 2, 2
u u
u PQ and RS are parallel because they have the
55. AB 1 cos 120, 0, 1 sin 120 or 2, 0, 2
1
3
same direction. In fact, they are the same vector.
u
F 0, 0, 50 2b. Sample answer:u a 8, 4,u b 3, 6
u u u u u
T AB F a b 8(3) (4)6 or 0
1 ft
u u u a andu
u
i j k b are perpendicular because their inner
50 lb
1 3
product is 0.
2 0
2
60
0 0 50
3
1
3 1
2 2 j 2 0u
u u
0 2 i k Chapter 8 SAT & ACT Preparation
0 50 0 50 0 0
u 25j
u 0k u or 0, 25, 0
0i
u Page 549 SAT and ACT Practice
T
02 (
25)2
02
25 lb-ft 1. Recall that the formula for the area of a
u sin v 1gt2 h parallelogram is base times height. You know the
56. y tv 2
1
base is 5, but you dont know the height. Dont be
0.5(38) sin 40 2(32)(0.5)2 2 fooled by the segment BD; it is not the height of
10.2 ft the parallelogram. Try another method to find
the area. The parallelogram is made up of two
57a.
triangles. Find the area of each triangle. Since
16 km/h 3 km/h
ABCD is a parallelogram, AB DC and AD BC.
35
The two triangles are both right triangles, and
they share a common side, BD. By SAS, the two
triangles are congruent. So you can find the area
of one triangle and multiply by 2. The hypotenuse
250 m
of the triangle is 5 and one side is 3. Use the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the other side.
u u
u (16 sin 55)j 52 32 b2
b (16 cos 55)c
u 25 9 b2
u
c 3j 16 b2
u u
b c
(16 co
s 55)2
(1
6 sin
55
3)2 4b
13.7 km/h The height is 4.
u 16 sin 55 3 Use the formula for the area of a triangle.
57b.
250
16 cos 55
1
16 sin 55 3 A 2bh
u 250
16 cos 55
1
u 275.3 m A 2(4)(3) or 6
271 Chapter 8
Since the parallelogram consists of two triangles, 6. This figure looks more complex than it is. A semi-
the area of the parallelogram is 2 6 or 12. The circle is just one half of a circle. Notice that the
correct choice is A. answer choices include , so dont convert to
2. In order to write the equation of a circle, you need decimals. Find the radius of each semi-circle.
to know the coordinates of the center and the Calculate the area of each semi-circle.
length of the radius. The general equation for a The area of the shaded region is the area of the
circle is (x h)2 (y k)2 r2, where the center large semi-circle minus the area of the medium
is (h, k) and the radius is r. From the coordinates semi-circle plus the area of the small semi-circle.
1 9
of points A and B, you know the length of the side Large semi-circle area 2 32 2
is 4. So the center Q, has coordinates (0, 4). 1 4
Medium semi-circle area 2 22 2
To calculate the length of the radius, draw the
1 1
radius OB. This creates a 45-45-90 right Small semi-circle area 2 12 2
triangle. The two legs each have length 2. The 9 4 1 6
hypotenuse has length 2 2
. Shaded area 2 2 2 2 3
(x 4) (y 0) (2 2
2 2
)2 The correct choice is A.
(x 4)2 y2 4(2) 7. There are two ways to solve this problem. You
(x 4)2 y2 8 could use your calculator to change the fractions
The correct choice is B. to decimals and then add them. You could also
3. Write the equation for the perimeter of a write equivalent fractions with a denominator of
rectangle. then replace x with its value in terms 100 and easily convert the sum to a decimal.
1 2 3 20 8 6 34
of y. Solve the equation for y.
5 2
5 50 100 100 100 100 0.34
3 9
x3 x 3 x 9 The value of is 3.14, which is larger than 3. The
2 1
x3 x3 value of x2 is the same in both expressions. So the
2 1
3 3)
x ( quantity in Column B is always greater. The
x1 or x correct choice is B.
The correct choice is E.
Chapter 8 272
10. Write an expression for the sum of the areas of the 1 1 1 1
(AC)(AB)
2 2(CE)(ED) 2(AC)2 2(CE)2
two triangles. Recall the area of a triangle is one
1
half the base times the height. 2[(AC)2 (CE)2]
1 1
(AC)(AB)
2 2(CE)(ED) Using the Pythagorean Theorem for ACE, you
From the figure, you know that ABC and CDE know that (AC)2 (CE)2 (AE)2 or 1.
1 1
are both isosceles, because of the angles marked x So the sum of the two areas is 2(1) 2. You can
and because B
C
D
is a line segment. These two grid the answer either as .5 or as 12.
triangles have equal corresponding angles.
Since they are isosceles triangles, AC AB and
CE ED. Use these equivalent lengths in the
expressions for the area sum.
273 Chapter 8
Chapter 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers
11. 90 12.
120 60 2 2
9-1 Polar Coordinates 3 3
150 30 5
6 6
0
Pages 557558 Check for Understanding 180
1 2 3 4
0
1 2 3 4
1. There are infinitely many ways to represent the
angle v. Also, r can be positive or negative. 210 330
7 11
2. Draw the angle v in standard position. Extend the 240 300 6 6
270 4 5
terminal side of the angle in the opposite 3 3
3
2
direction. Locate the point that is r units from
13. 90
the pole along this extension. 120 60
3. Sample answer: 60 and 300
150 30
Plot (4, 120) such that v is in standard position
and r is 4 units from the pole. Extend the 180
0
terminal side of the angle in the opposite 1 2 3 4
Chapter 9 274
18. 90 19.
120 60 2 2 29. Sample answer: (1.5, 540), (1.5, 900), (1.5, 0),
3 3 (1.5, 360)
150 30 5
6 6 (r, v 360k)
0 H (1.5, 180 360(1)) (1.5, 540)
180 0
2 4 6 8 (1.5, 180 360(2)) (1.5, 900)
1 2 3 4
G (r, v (2k 1)180)
210 330
7 11 (1.5, 180 (1)180) (1.5, 0)
240 300 6 6 (1.5, 180 (1)180) (1.5, 360)
270 4 5
7
3 3
2
3 30. Sample answer: 1, 3, 1, 3
, 1, ,
13 4
3
3
10
20. 2
2 21. 120
90
60 1,
3 3
5
(r, v 2k)
150 30
7
1, 3 2(1) 1, 3
6 6 K
0
13
1, 3 2(2) 1, 3
0 180
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
J
210 330 (r, v (2k 1))
7 11 4
6 6 240 300 1, 3 (1) 1, 3
4 5 270
10
1, 3 (3) 1, 3
3 3 3
2
90 31. Sample answer: (4, 675), (4, 1035), (4, 135),
22. 2 2 23. 120 60
3 3 (4, 495)
5 150 30 (r, v 360k)
6 6
0
(4, 315 360(1)) (4, 675)
0 180
1 2 3 4 (4, 315 360(2)) (4, 1035)
1 2 3 4 (r, v (2k 1)180)
L
7 11
210 M 330 (4, 315 (1)180) (4, 135)
6 6 240 300 (4, 315 (1)180) (4, 495)
4 5 270
3 3 3 32. 90 33.
2 120 60 2 2
3 3
24. 90 25. 5
120 60 2 2 150 30
3 3 6 6
150 30 5 0
180 0
6 6 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0
180 0
1 2 3 4 210 330
N P 1 2 3 4 7 11
240 300 6 6
210 330 270 4 5
7 11 3 3 3
240 300 6 6 2
270 4 5
3 3 3 34. 2 2 35. 90
2 120 60
3 3
26. 27. 90 5 30
2 2 150
120 60 6 6
3 3
5 0
150 R 30 0 180
6 6 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0
0 180 330
1 2 3 4 7 11 210
1 2 3 4
6 6
240 300
210 330 4 5 270
7 Q 11 3 3 3
6 6 2
240 300
4 5 270
3 3 3 36. 90 37.
2 120 60 2 2
3 3
30
7
28. Sample answer: 2, 3, 2, 3, (2, 240),
150 5
6 6
(2, 600) 180
0
1 2 3 4 0
(r, v 2k)
1 2 3 4
2, 3 2(0) 2, 3 210 330
7 11
7
2, 2(1) 2, 240 300 6 6
3 3 270 4 5
3 3 3
(r, v (2k 1)180) 2
(2, 60 (1)180) (2, 240)
(2, 60 (3)180) (2, 600)
275 Chapter 9
90 90
38. 120
60 39. 120 60 49a. When v 120, r 17. The maximum speed at
120 is 17 knots.
150 30 150 30
r0 49b. When v 150, r 13. The maximum speed at
180
0
180
0 150 is 13 knots.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
50a. 2 2
210 330 210 330 3 3
5
240 240 300 6 6
270 300 270
0
40. 90
120 60 1 2 3 4
150 30 7 11
6 6
0 4 5
180 3 3 3
1 2 3 4
2
2
210 330
50b.
3 3 3 or 120
240 300
270 Let R 3 100 or 300 and let r 0.25 100
or 25.
41. r 2
or r 2 for any v. N N
A
360 (R ) 360 (r )
2 2
42. P1P2 42 6
2 2(4)(6) c
os (10
5 170)
120 120
16
36 48 cos)
(65
360 ((300 ) 360 ((25) )
2 2
52
48 cos)
(65 120
360 (90,000 625)
5.63
93,593 ft2
1 34
43. P1P2 2 52 2(1)(5) cos 6 If each persons seat requires 6 ft2 of space,
1 2
5 1
0 cos
7
12
93,593
there are 6 or 15,599 seats.
26
cos
7
10 12
51. The distance formula is symmetric with respect to
(r1, v1) and (r2, v2). That is,
5.35
r22
r12
2r2r1
cos (v1
v2)
44. P1P2
r12
r22
2r1r2 cos[(v2
v1)]
(2.5)2 (1.75)2 2(2.5)(1.75)cos
2
5 8
r12
r22
2r1r2
cos(v2
v1)
21
6.25 30.0625 8.75 cos
40 52a. 120
90
60
9.3125
8.75
cos
21
40 150 30
3.16 0
180
45. P1P2
1.32
(3.6
)2 2(1.3)(3.6) co
s (62
(47)) 2 4 6 8
1.69
12.966
9.3(62
cos )
47
210 330
14.65
6 9.3(15
cos )
4.87 240
270
300
46. r
(3)2
42 5
4 52b. P1P2 52 62 2(5)(6) c
os (34
5 310)
sin v 5, v 53
2536 60 cos
(35)
180 53 127 6160 cos
(35)
Sample answer: (5, 127)
3.44
47. There are 360 in a circle. If the circle is cut into 6 No; the planes are 3.44 miles apart.
360
equal pieces, each slice measures 6 or 60. 53. Draw a picture.
Beginning at the origin, the equation of the first
Boat sin v 38
line is v 0. The equation of the next line, sin (sin v) sin138
1
rotating counterclockwise, is v 0 60 or 60.
v 22.0
The equation of the last line is v 60 60 or
8 mph
120. Note that lines extend through the origin, so
3 lines create 6 pieces.
48. P1P2
r12
r22
2r1r2
cos (v
v) 3 mph
r12
r22
2r1r2
cos 0 54. 3, 2, 4 1, 4, 0 (3)(1) (2)(4) (4)(0)
380
r12 r22
2r1r2
11
(r
1 r2) 2
No, the vectors are not perpendicular because
r1 r2 their inner product is not 0.
Chapter 9 276
55. Rewrite y 9x 3 as 9x y 3 0. 2 4 1
1 1 0 2 1
1 1
0 4 0
Ax1 By1 C 63. 4 (1)
4 5 3 5 3 4
d A2 B2 3 4 5
9(3) (1)(2) (3) 2(5) 4(5) 1(1)
92 (
1)2 11
32
64. 11 (3) 14
82
32
11 (2) 13
82
11 (1) 12
82 82
11 0 11
3282
82 {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12), (0, 11)}
1682 For each x-value, there ia a unique v-value.
41 Distance is always positive. Yes, the relation is a function.
1 sin2a 1 65. Since the two triangles formed are right triangles,
56.
sin2a
1
sin2a the side opposite the right angles, A B, intercept
csc2a 1 an arc measuring 180, or half the circle. A B
is a
cot2a diameter.
3
C d
57. Arc cos 2 30 50 d
2
In a 30-60-90 right 1 50 d
triangle, the angle opposite The correct choice is E.
the smallest leg is 30.
3
58. y 5 cos 4v
Amplitude 5; Period 24 or 2
9-2 Graphs of Polar Equations
59. b sin A 18.6 sin 30
9.3
Since a b sin A, there is one solution. Page 565 Check for Understanding
Find B. Find C. 1. Sample answer: r sin 2v
18.6 9.3
sin B
sin 30
C 180 90 30 The graph of a polar equation whose form is
18.6 sin 30 9.3 sin B 60 r a cos nv or a sin nv, where n is a positive
18.6 sin 30 integer, is a rose.
sin B
9.3 2. 1 sin v 1 for any value of v. Therefore, the
90 B maximum value of r 3 5 sin v is r 3 5(1)
Find c. or 8. Likewise, the minimum value of r 3 5
c
9.3
sin v is r 3 5(1) or 2.
sin 60 sin 30
3. The polar coordinates of a point are not unique. A
c sin 30 9.3 sin 60
9.3 sin 60
point of intersection may have one representation
c
sin 30 that satisfies one equation in a system, another
c 16.1 representation that satisfies the other equation,
60. 3 or 1 positive but no representation that satisfies both
f(x) x3 4x2 4x 1 simultaneously.
0 negative 4. Barbara is correct. The interval 0 v is not
P always sufficient. For example, the interval 0 v
1
Q only generates two of the four petals for the
Since there are only positive real zeros, the only rose r sin 2v. r sin 2v is an example where
rational real zero is 1. values of v from 0 to 4 would have to be
61. x 3 considered.
x 5
x2 2x 3 5. 90 6. 90
120 60 120 60
x2 5 x
3x 3 150 30 150 30
3x
15
180 0
10 180 0
1 2 2 4 6 8
10
As x , 0. Therefore, the slant
x5
asymptote is y x 3. 210 330 210 330
277 Chapter 9
7. 2 2 8. 2 2 Pages 565567 Exercises
3 3 3 3
5 5 11. 90 12. 90
6 6 6 6 120 60 120 60
150 30 150 30
0 0
1 3 6 9 12
180 0 180 0
7 11 7 11 1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8
6 6 6 6
4 5 4 5 210 330 210 330
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2
240 300 240 300
270 270
rose spiral of Archimedes
circle cardioid
9. 2 2
13. 2 14. 90
3 3 2 120 60
5 3 3
6 6 5
6 6 150 30
0 180 0
1 2 0 1 2 3 4
5 10 15 20
7 11
6 6 7 11 210 330
4 5 6 6
3 4 5 240 300
3 3 270
2 3 3 3
2
2 sin 2 cos 2
spiral of Archimedes lemniscate
sin cos 2
sin 1 2 sin2 15. 90 16. 90
120 60 120 60
2 sin2 sin 1 0
(2 sin 1)(sin 1) 0 150 30 150 30
2 sin 1 0 or sin 1 0
180 0 180 0
sin 12 sin 1 1 2 1 2
cardioid lemniscate
Chapter 9 278
21. 90 22. 90 28. (1, 0.5), (1, 1.0), (1, 2.1), (1, 2.6), (1, 3.7), (1, 4.2),
120 60 120 60
(1, 5.2), (1, 5.8)
150 30 150 30
180 0 180 0
1 1 2 3 4
7 11 0
6 6 180
2 4 6 8
4 5
3 3 3
2 210 330
2 sin 2 sin 2 240 300
270
sin sin 2
sin 2 cos sin This microphone will pick up more sounds from
0 2 cos sin sin behind than the cardioid microphone.
0 sin (2 cos 1) 33. 0 v 4: Begin at the origin and curl around
sin 0 or 2 cos 1 0 once, or through 2 radians. Curl around a second
cos 12 time and go through 2 2 or 4 radians.
34. All screens are [1, 1] scl1 by [1, 1] scl1
0 or or 3 or 53
If 0 or is substituted in either original
equation, r 0. If 3 or 53 is substituted in
either original equation, r 3 or r 3 ,
respectively. The solutions are (0, 0), (0, ),
3, 3, and 3, 53.
279 Chapter 9
34a. r cos 2 r cos 7
r cos 4 r cos 9
Chapter 9 280
i j k
w
39. v 2 3 0
1 2 4
3. x2
r cos 2
2
r
cos
3 0
2 4
i 2 0
1 4
j
2 3
1 2
k r 2 sec
12i 8j 7k 4. To convert from polar coordinates to rectangular
12, 8, 7 coordinates, substitute r and v into the equations
2, 3, 0 12, 8, 7 24 (24) 0 or 0 x r cos v and y r sin v. To convert from
1, 2, 4 12, 8, 7 12 (16) 28 or 0 rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, use
40. 3.5 cm, 87 the equation r x2 y2 to find r. If x 0, v
sin x 2 Arctan yx. If x 0, v Arctan yx . If x 0, you
41.
cos4 x cos2 x sin2 x tan x
2
can use 2 or any coterminal angle for v.
sin2 x
tan2 x
cos2 x (cos2 x sin2 x) y
sin2 x
tan2 x
(cos2 x)(1)
sin2 x
tan2 x
cos2 x
r
y r sin
tan2 x tan2 x
42. Find C.
C 180 2115 4940 O x
x r cos
1095
Find b.
b 28.9
)2 v Arctan
2
sin 4940 sin 1095
5. r
(2)2 (
2
b sin 1095 28.9 sin 4940 2
28.9 sin 4940
4
or 2 34
b sin 1095
281 Chapter 9
13a. 120
90
60 22. x 1 cos 6 y 1 sin 6
2
150 30
3
1
112
3
2 12
180 0
1 2 3 4
23 , 12
210 330 23. x 2 cos 270 y 2 sin 270
240 300 0 2
270
(0, 2)
13b. No. The given point is on the negative x-axis, 24. x 4 cos 210 y 4 sin 210
directly behind the microphone. The polar
pattern indicates that the microphone does not 4
3
2 412
pick up any sound from this direction. 23 2
(23 , 2)
25. x 14 cos 130 y 14 sin 130
Pages 572573 Exercises 9.00 10.72
2
14. r 22 (
2) 2 v Arctan 2 (9.00, 10.72)
26. x 7
8
or 22
4 r cos v 7
7
Add 2 to obtain v 74. r
cos v
22, 74 r 7 sec v
15. r
02 12 27. y5
r sin v 5
1 or 1 5
r
Since x 0 when y 1, v 2. sin v
r 5 csc v
1, 2 3
28. x2 y2 25
16. r
12 (
3
)2 v Arctan 1 (r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 25
r2(cos2 v sin2 v) 25
4
or 2 3 r2 25
2, 3 r 5 or r 5
3 x2 y2 2y
29.
(r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 2r sin v
4
17. r 4
1 2 3
4
2
v Arctan
14 r2 (cos2 v sin2 v) 2r sin v
3 r2 2r sin v
4
16
Arctan or 43 r 2 sin v
1
24 or 12 30. x2 y2 1
(r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 1
1 4
,
2 3 r2 (cos2 v sin2 v) 1
18. r
32 82 v Arctan 83 r2 (cos 2v) 1
1
73 8.54 1.21 r2
cos 2v
(8.54, 1.21) r2 sec 2v
4
7
19. r
42 (
7)2 v Arctan 31. x2 (y 2)2 4
65 8.06 1.05 x y2 4y 4 4
2
42 , 42 x2 y2 9
Chapter 9 282
34. v 3 y 43. horizontal distance: y
y 25(4 2 cos 120) 75 m east 120
Arctan x 3 vertical distance:
2
2
y
3
6
3 25(3 2 sin 120) 118.30 m north
x 1 3
O x
y 3
x 1 x
44a. x 4 cos 20 y 4 sin 20
3.76 1.37
3.76, 1.37
x 5 cos 70 y 5 sin 70
35. r 2 csc v 1.71 4.70
r
2 1.71, 4.70
r r sin v
44b. 3.76, 1.37 1.71, 4.70
1 2y 3.76 1.71, 1.37 4.70
y2 5.47, 6.07
36. r 3 cos v 44c. 5.47 r cos v; 6.07 r sin v
r2 3r cos v 6.07
r sin v
5.47 r cos v
x2 y2 3x
6.07
37. r2sin 2v 8
5.47
tan v
r22 sin v cos v 8 47.98 v; 47.98
2r sin v r cos v 8 5.47 r cos 47.98
2yx 8
5.47
r
xy 4 cos 47.98
8.17 r
38. yx
y 8.1747.98
x 1 44d. 8.17 sin (3.14t 47.98)
y
Arctan
x Arctan 1 45. r 2a sin v 2a cos v
r2 2ar sin v ar cos v
v 4
x2 y2 2ay 2ax
39. r sin v x 2ax y 2ay 0
2 2
r2 r sin v (x a)2 (y a)2 2a2
x2 y2 y The graph of the equation is the circle centered at
40. x 325 cos 70 y 325 sin 70 (a, a) with radius 2a.
111.16 305.40 46. 90
120 60
(111.16, 305.40)
5 150 30
4 4 5
6 6
41.
24 24 180 0
1 2 3 4
4
24
210 330
0.52 unit
42. Drop a perpendicular from the point with polar 240 300
270
coordinates (r, v) to the x-axis. r is the length of
47. Sample answer: (2, 405), (2, 765), (2, 225),
the hypotenuse in the resulting right triangle.
(2, 585)
x is the length of the side adjacent to angle v, so
(r, v 360k)
cos v xr. Solving for x gives x r cos v. y is the
y (2, 45 360(1)) (2, 405)
length of the side opposite angle v, so sin v r. (2, 45 360(2)) (2, 765)
Solving for y gives y r sin v. (The figure is drawn (r, v (2k 1)180)
for a point in the first quadrant, but the signs (2, 45 (1)180) (2, 225)
work out correctly regardless of where in the (2, 45 (3)180) (2, 585)
plane the point is located.)
48. r2 502 4252 2 50 425 cos 30
y r 382.52 mph
(r, ) 50 382.52 r
sin v
sin 30
283 Chapter 9
49. sin2 A cos A 1 3. The graph of the equation x k is a vertical line.
1 cos2 A cos A 1 Since the line is vertical, the x-axis is the normal
0 cos2 A cos A 2 line through the origin. Therefore, f 0 or f
0 (cos A 2)(cos A 1) 180, depending on whether k is positive or
cos A 2 0 or cos A 1 0 negative, respectively. The origin is k units
cos A 2 cos A 1 from the given vertical line, so p k. The polar
A 0 form of the given line is k r cos (v 0) if k is
50. y positive or k r cos (v 180) if k is negative.
2
Both equations simplify to k r cos v.
y 2 cos 4. You can use the extra ordered pairs as a check on
1
your work. If all the ordered pairs you plot are not
collinear, then you have made a mistake.
O 90 180 270 360
1 5. A2 B2 32 (
4)2
5
2
Since C is negative, use 5.
3
x
5
45y 2 0
51. The terminal side is in the y 4
third quadrant and the cos f 35, sin f 5, p 2
reference angle is 30 f Arctan 43
210 180 or 30.
x 53 or 307
3
cos 210 2 p r cos (v f)
3, 1
( )
2 2 2 r cos (v 307)
0 x 3y 6 or
9-4 Polar Form of a Linear Equation
x 3y 6 0
8. r 2 sec v 4
Pages 577578 Check for Understanding
r cos (v 4) 2
1. The polar equation of a line is p r cos (v f).
r and v are the variables. p is the length of the r cos v cos 4 sin v sin 4 2 0
normal segment from the line to the origin and 2 2
f is the angle the normal makes with the positive
2
r cos v
2
r sin v 2 0
Chapter 9 284
9. 2 2 10. 120
90
60 14. A2 B2 62 (
8)2
3 3 10
5
6 6
150 30 Since C is negative, use 10.
6
0 180
0 x
10
18
0
y 21
1
0
0
1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8 3 4
cos f 5, sin f 5, p 2.1
210 330 4
7 11 f Arctan 3
6 6 240 300
4 5 270 53
3
3
2
3 Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in
the fourth quadrant.
11a. p r cos (v f) 5 r cos v 56 f 360 53 or 307
Since the shortest distance is along the normal, p r cos (v f)
2.1 r cos (v 307)
the answer is (p, f) or 5, 56.
15. A2 B2 32 22
11b.
2 2 13
3 3
Sinc C is negative, use 13 .
5
3 2 5
6 6 x
13
y
13
0
13
0 3
13 2
13 5
13
2 4 6 8 cos f , sin f , p
13 13 13
f Arctan 23
7 11
6 6 34
4
3
5 p r cos (v f)
3 3
2 5
13
r cos (v 34)
13
16. A2
B2 42 (
5)2
14
Pages 578579 Exercises Since C is negative, use 41
.
12. A2 B 2 72 (
24)2 4 5 10
x
41
y
0
1
4
25 41
4
541
1041
Since C is positive, use 25. cos f 41
, sin f , p
41 41 41
7 24
f Arctan 4
5
2
5 x 25 y 4 0
cos f 2
724 51
5 , sin f
25
, p 4
Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in
f Arctan 274 the fourth quadrant.
74 f 360 51 or 309
Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in p r cos (v f)
the second quadrant.
1041
r cos (v 309)
f 180 74 or 106 41
p r cos (v f) 17.
A2
B2 (1)2
32
4 r cos (v 106) 10
13. A2 B2 212 202 .
Since C is negative, use 10
1 3 7
29 x y 0
10
10
10
Since C is negative, use 29. 10 3
10 7
10
21 cos f
sin f , p
x
29
2209y 8279 0 10 10 10
f Arctan (3)
cos f 2219, sin f 2209, p 3 72
f Arctan 2201 Since cos f < 0, but sin f > 0, the normal lies in
the second quadrant.
44 f 180 72 or 108
p r cos (v f)
p r cos (v f)
3 r cos (v 44)
7
10
r cos (v 108)
10
18. 6 r cos (v 120)
0 r (cos v cos 120 sin v sin 120) 6
3
0 12 r cos v
2
r sin v 6
3
0 12x
2
y 6
0 x 3y 12 or
x 3y 12 0
285 Chapter 9
19. 4 r cos v 4 28. 2 2 29. 2 2
3 3 3 3
0
r cos v cos 4 sin v sin 4 4 5
6
6
5
6
6
2 2
0 r cos v r sin v 4
2 2 0 0
2 2 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
0 x y 4
2 2
0 2 x 2 y 8 or 7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
2x 2 y 8 0 4 5 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
20. 2 r cos (v ) 2 2
0 r (cos v cos sin v sin ) 2 4 2
0 r cos v 2 30. m or
6 3
2
0 x 2 (y 1) 3(x 4) 2x 3y 5 0
x 2
A2
B2
22 32
21. 1 r cos (v 330)
0 r (cos v cos 330 sin v sin 330) 1 13
3 1 Since C is negative, use 13
.
0 r cos v r
2 2
sin v 1 2 3 5
3 1 13
13
13
0
0 x y 1
2 2
2
13 3
13 5
13
0 3x y 2 or cos f ,
13
sin f , p
13 13
3x y 2 0 f Arctan 32
22. r 11 sec v 76 56
r cos v p r cos (v f)
7
6 11 5
13
r cos (v 56)
r cos v cos 7
6
sin v sin 7
6 11 0 13
3 1
31. p r cos (v f)
r cos v r sin v 11 0
2 2 p 3 cos 4 f
3 1
x y 11 0
2 2 p 2 cos 76 f
3 x y 22 0
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERJECT
23. r 5 sec (v 60)
feature to find solutions to the system at (2.25,
r cos (v 60) 5
0.31) and (5.39, 0.31). Since p, the length of the
r (cos v cos 60 sin v sin 60) 5 0
normal, must be positive, use f 2.25 and p
1 3
r cos v r sin v 5 0 0.31.
2 2
1 3 0.31 r cos (v 2.25)
x y 5 0
2 2
32a. p r cos (v f) 6 r cos (v 16)
x 3
y 10 0
Since the shortest distance is along the normal,
24. 90 25. the closest the fly came was p or 6 cm.
120 60 2 2
3 3 32b. (p, f) or (6, 15)
150 30 5 33. Since both normal segments have length 2, p must
6 6
0
be 2 in both equations. Since the two lines
180 0 intersect at right angles, their normals also
3 6 9 12
1 2 3 4
intersect at right angles. This can be achieved by
210 330
7 11 having the two f-values differ by 90. To make
240 300
6 6 sure neither line is vertical, neither f-value
270 4 5
3 3 3 should be a multiple of 90. Therefore, a sample
2 answer is 2 r cos (v 45) and 2 r cos (v
26. 90 27.
120 60 120
90
60
135).
34. m 0
150 30 150 30 (y 4) 0(x 5) y 4 0
0 0 cos f 0, sin f 1, p 4
180 180
1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8 Since cos f 0 when sin f 1, f 90.
p r cos (v f)
210 330 210 330 4 r cos (v 90)
240 300 240 300
270 270
Chapter 9 286
90
35a. 120 60 40. x 3y 6
x 6
150 30 y3
0 y 13x 2
180
x t, y 13t 2
5
0
505
0
12
25
37
360
r2
210 330 N
41. A
360
62
240 300 65
270
35b. p r cos (v f) 20.42 ft2
p 125 cos (130 f) 42. Since 360 lies on the x-axis y
p 300 cos (70 f) of the unit circle at (1, 0),
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERSECT sin 360 y or 0. (1, 0)
feature to find the solutions to the system at
(45, 124.43) and (135, 124.43). Sinc p, the x
length of the normal, must be positive, use f
135 and p 124.43.
124.43 r cos (v 135)
43. 2x3 5x2 12x 0
36. k r sin (v a)
x(2x2 5x 12) 0
k r [sin v cos a cos v sin a]
x(2x 3)(x 4) 0
k r sin v cos a r cos v sin a
k y cos a x sin a x 0 or x 32 or x 4
This is the equation of a line in rectangular 44. c2 d2 48
coordinates. Solving the last equation for y yields (c d)(c d) 48
k
y (tan a)x . The slope of the line shows
cos a 12(c d) 48
that a is the angle the line makes with the x-axis. cd4
To find the length of the normal segment in the
figure, observe that the complementary angle to a
in the right triangle is 90 a, so the v-coordinate Page 579 Mid-Chapter Quiz
of P in polar coordinates is 180 (90 a) 90
1. 2.
a 90. Substitute into the original polar 120 60 2 2
3
3
equation to find the r-coordinate of P: 150 30 5
k r sin (a 90 a) 6 6
k r sin 90 180
0
0
2 4 6 8
kr 1 2 3 4
Therefore, k is the length of the normal segment. 210 330
7 11
y 6 6
240 300
270 4 5
3 3 3
2
90
3. 120 60 4. 2 2
P 3 3
150 30 5
6 6
O x 180 0
2 4 6 8 0
1
210 330
7 11
6 6
37. p r cos (v f) 240
270
300
4 5
3
p 40 cos (0 f) 3
2
3
p 40 cos (72 f)
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERSECT
feature to find the solutions of the system at
5. r
(2)2 (
2
)2 v Arctan 2
(144, 32.36) and (36, 32.36). Since p, the length 4
or 2 4
of the normal, must be positive, use f 36 and Since (2 , 2 ) is in the third quadrant,
p 32.36. v 4 or 54.
32.36 r cos (v 36)
2, 54
38. r6
6. r 02 (
4)2
x2 y2 6
16
or 4
x2 y2 36
Since x 0 when y 4, v 32.
39. The graph of a polar equation of the form
r a sin nv is a rose. 4, 32
287 Chapter 9
7. x2 y2 36 4. Sample answer: x2 1 0
x2 y2 36 (x i)(x i) 0, where the solutions are x i.
r 6 or r 6 x2 xi xi i2 0
8. r 2 csc v x2 (1) 0
r sin v 2 x2 1 0
6 2
5. i (i ) i2
4
y2
9. A2
B2 52 (
12)2 12 (1)
13 1
Since C is positive, use 13. 6. i i2 (i4)2 i2 i2
10
5 12 3 (1)2i2 i2
1
3x y 0
13 13 1 (1) or 2
5 12 3
cos f 1
3 , sin f , p
13 13 7. (2 3i) (6 i) (2 (6)) (3i i)
4 4i
f Arctan 15
2
8. (2.3 4.1i) (1.2 6.3i)
67 (2.3 (1.2)) (4.1i (6.3i))
Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in 3.5 10.4i
the second quadrant.
9. (2 4i) (1 5i) (2 (1)) (4i 5i)
f 180 67 or 113
1 9i
p r cos ( f)
3 10. (2 i)2 (2 i)(2 i)
13
r cos (v 113) 4 4i i2
10.
A2
B2
(2)2
(6
)2 3 4i
210 i i 1 2i
11.
1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
Since C is negative, use 210
. i 2i2
2 6 2
1 4i2
x
y 0
210
210
210 i2
10 310 10 5
cos f 1 , sin f 10, p
0 10 25 15i
f Arctan 3
1 12. (2.5 3.1i) (6.2 4.3i)
72 (2.5 (6.2)) (3.1i 4.3i)
Since cos f 0 and sin f 0, the normal lies in 3.7 7.4i N
the third quadrant.
f 180 72 or 252
p r cos (v f) Pages 583585 Exercises
10
10
r cos (v 252) 13. i6 i4 i2
1 1
1
14. i19 (i4)4 i3
9-5 Simplifying Complex Numbers 14 i
i
15. i1776 (i4)444
Page 583 Check for Understanding 1444
1. Find the (positive) remainder when the exponent 1
is divided by 4. If the remainder is 0, the answer 16. i9 i5 (i4)2 i (i4)2 i3
is 1; if the remainder is 1, the answer is i; if the 12 i 12 i
remainder is 2, the answer is 1; and if the i (i) or 0
remainder is 3, the answer is i.
17. (3 2i) (4 6i) (3 (4)) (2i 6i)
2. Complex Numbers (a bi ) 1 8i
18. (7 4i) (2 3i) (7 2) (4i 3i)
Reals Imaginary
9 7i
(b 0) (b 0)
19. 12 i (2 i) 12 (2) (i (i))
Pure 32 2i
Imaginary
(a 0) 20. (3 i) (4 5i) (3 (4)) (i (5i))
7 4i
21. (2 i)(4 3i) 8 10i 3i2
3. When you multiply the denominators, you will be 5 10i
multiplying a complex number and its conjugate. 22. (1 4i)2 (1 4i)(1 4i)
This makes the denominator of the product a real 1 8i 16i2
number, so you can then write the answer in the 15 8i
form a bi.
Chapter 9 288
23. (1 7
i)(2 5i) 3i 3i
34.
(2 i)2 (2 i)(2 i)
2 5 i 27
i 35
i2 3i
(2 35) (27 5
)i
4 4i i2
24. (2 3
)(1 12) (2 3 i)(1 12
i) 3i
3 4i
2 212i 3i 3i 3 4i
36i2
3 4i 3 4i
2 43 i 3
i 6 9 9i 4i2
9 16i2
8 33 i
13 9i
2i 2i 1 2i
25. 25
1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
2 3i 2i2 1235 295i
1 4i2
(1 i)2 (1 i)(1 i)
4 3i
35.
(3 2i)2
(3 2i)(3 2i)
5
1 2i i2
45 35i
9 12i 4i2
3 2i 3 2i
4 i
26. 4 i
2i
4 i 4 i
5 12i
12 11i 2i2
16 i2 2i 5 12i
5 12i 5 12i
10 11i 10i 24i2
17
25 144i2
11
11
0
7
17i 24 10i
169
5i 5i 5i
27.
5i
5i
5i 24 10
i
169 169
25 10i i2
25 i2 36a. Z R (XL XC )j
24 10i Z 10 (1 2)j Z 10 j ohms
26 Z 3 (1 1)j Z 3 0j ohms
12 5
i
13 13 36b. (10 j) (3 0j) (10 3) (1j 0j)
28. (x i)(x i) 0 13 j ohms
1
x2 i2 0 36c. S Z S 1
6 3j
x2 1 0
1 6 3j
29. (x (2 i))(x (2 i)) 0
6 3j 6 3j
(x 2 i)(x 2 i) 0
6 3j
x2 2x xi 2x 4 2i xi 2i i2 0 36 9j2
6 3j
x2 4x 4 1 0
45
x2 4x 5 0 0.13 0.07j siemens
30. (2 i)(3 2i)(1 4i) (6 i 2i2)(1 4i) 8i
(8i)2
4(1)(
25)
(8 i)(1 4i) 37a. x 2(1)
8 31i 4i2 8i 36
12 31i 2
3 4i
31. (1 3i)(2 2i)(1 2i) (2 8i 6i2)(1 2i)
(4 8i)(1 2i) 37b. No
4 16i 16i2 37c. The solutions need not be complex conjugates
12 16i because the coefficients in the equation are not
1 1 all real.
3
i 3
i
32.
2
2
1 2
i 37d. (3 4i)2 8i(3 4i) 25 0
1 2i 1 2i 1 2
i 7 24i 24i 32 25 0
1 2
i 3i 6i2
00
2 2 (3 4i)2 8i(3 4i) 25 0
2 1 2i
7 24i 24i 32 25 0
12 6 22 3i 00
3 38. f(x yi) (x yi)2
16 x2 2xyi y2
3
i
6 3 2
3 6 (x2 y2) 2xyi
2 2
i 2 2
i 3 6
i
33. 39a. z0 2 i
3 6
i 3 6
i 3 6
i
6 2
6i 3 2i
12i2
z1 i(2 i) i2 or 1 2i
z2 i(2i 1) 2i2 i or 2 i
9 6i2
(6 2
3) (2
6 3
2)i z3 i(2 i) 2i i2 or 1 2i
15 z4 i(1 2i) i 2i2 or 2 i
23
26 z5 i(2 i) 2i i2 or 1 2i
25
15
i
2
5
15
289 Chapter 9
39b. z0 1 0i 46. tan a 43 cot B 152
z1 (0.5 0.866i)(1 0i) 0.5 0.866i
tan2 a 1 sec2 a 1 cot2 B csc2 B
z2 (0.5 0.866i)(0.5 0.866i) 4 2 2
0.25 0.866i 0.75
3 1 sec2 a 1 1
2 csc B
5
2
0.500 0.866i 25
sec2 a
169
csc2 B
9 144
z3 (0.5 0.866i)(0.500 0.866i) 9 144
0.250 0.750
25 cos2 a
169 sin2 B
1.000 0.000i 3
cos a
12
sin B
5 13
z4 (0.5 0.866i)(1.000) 0.500 0.866i
sin2 a cos2 a 1 sin2 B cos2 B 1
z5 (0.5 0.866i)(0.500 0.866i) 3 2 2
0.250 0.866i 0.75 sin2 a 5 1 1123 cos2 B 1
16 25
0.500 0.866i sin2 a cos2 B
25 169
1
40. (1 2i)3
(1 2i)3 sin a
4
5
cos B 13
5
1
cos (a B) cos a cos B sin a sin B
(3 4i)(1 2i)
51
3 5 13
3 5 4 12
1
11 2i
33
1 11 2i
65
11 2i 11 2i
1
11 2i
47. amplitude 2(7) or 3.5
125
2
11 2 period 1
2 or 6
12 5
i
125
41. c1(cos 2t i sin 2t) c2(cos 2t i sin 2t) y 3.5 cos 6t
c1 cos 2t c1i sin 2t c2 cos 2t c2i sin 2t 48. h x3
(c1 c2)(cos 2t) (c1 c2)(i sin 2t) x
3
(c1 c2)(cos 2t) only if c1 c2 tan 52
x 45
18 30
Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in 120 h
the second quadrant.
f 180 18 or 162 52
60
p r cos (v f) 45 ft x
3
10
r cos (v 162) 49. Enter the x-values in L1 and the f(x)-values in L2
20
of your graphing calculator. Make a scatter plot.
43. 2 2 The data points are in the shape of a parabola, so
3 3
5 a quadratic function would best model the set of
6 6 data.
50. Let d depth of the original pool.
0
7 14 21 28 The second pools width 5d 4, the length
10d 6, and the depth d 2.
7 11
6 6 (5d 4)(10d 6)(d 2) 3420
4 5 (50d2 70d 24)(d 2) 3420
3 3 3
2 50d3 100d2 70d2 140d 24d 48 3420
50d3 170d2 164d 3372 0
44. x (3), y 6 t1, 4
25d3 85d2 82d 1686 0
x 3, y 6 t1, 4
Use a graphing calculator to find the solution
18, 6, 4 22, 6, 3
45. u d 3.
4
The dimensions of the original pool are 15 ft by
2, 32, 1 4, 12, 6
30 ft by 3 ft.
6, 227, 5 51. 80 k(5)(8)
2k
y 2(16)(2)
64
Chapter 9 290
52. y 7 x2 4. The conjugate of a bi is a bi.
x 7 y2 (a
i)(a
b bi) a2 b2, so the friends
x 7 y2 method gives the same answer.
x 7 y2 Sample answer: The absolute value of 2 3i is
x7 y 22 32 13
. Using the friends method, the
f1(x) 7 x absolute value is (2
i)(2
3 3i) 4 9
53. y 13
.
(6, 8) 5. 2x y (x y)i 5 4i
2x y 5 xy4
2x (x 4) 5 y x 4
x1
y (1) 4 or 3
(6, 1)
6. 7.
O (1, 1) x i i
f(x, y) 2x y 2 2 (1, 2 )
f(1, 1) 2(1) 1 or 3
1 1
f(6, 1) 2(6) 1 or 11
f(6, 8) 2(6) 8 or 4 O
2 1 1 2 2 1 O 1 2
The maximum value is 3 and the minimum value
is 11. 1 1
(2, 1)
54. x 2y 7z 14 2 2
x 3y 5z 21
y 2z 7
x 3y 5z 21 5x 15y 25z 105 z (22 (1)2 z 12 (
2 )2
5x y 2z 7 5x y 2z 7 5 3
16y 27z 112 8. r 2 (
2 2)2
2
v Arctan 2 2
y 2z 7 16y 32z 112 7
16y 27z 112 8
or 22
4
1
6y
2z
7
1
1
2
59z 0 v is in the fourth quadrant.
7 7
z0 2 2i 22 cos 4 i sin 4
y 2(0) 7 y7
v Arctan 4
5
9. r 42 52
x 2(7) 7(0) 14 x 0
(0, 7, 0) 41 0.90
4 5i 41 (cos 0.90 i sin 0.90)
55. Since BC BD, mBDC m DCB x 0
m DBC 180 120 or 60. 10. r
(2)2
02 v Arctan
2
x x 60 180 4 or 2
2x 120 is on the x-axis at 2.
x 60 2 2 (cos i sin )
x 40 60 40 or 100
11. 2 12. 2
The correct choice is A. i 2
i 2
3 3 3 3
5 5
6 (4, 3 ) 6 6 6
of Complex Numbers 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4
7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
Pages 589590 Check for Understanding 4 5 4 5
3 3
1. To find the absolute value of a bi, square a and 3
2
3 3
2
3
b, add the squares, then take the square root of
the sum. 4cos 3 i sin 3 2(cos 3 i sin 3)
2. i 0 i; cos 2 0 and sin 2 1
4 i
1 3
2(0.99 i(0.14))
i cos 2 i sin 2 2 2
2 23
i 1.98 0.28i
3. Sample answer: z1 i, z2 i
z1 z2 z1 z2
i (i) i i
0 i i
0 2i
291 Chapter 9
13.
2 2 19. 20.
3 i 3
i i
5
6 6
3 (2, 3)
( 2 , 2) 0
1 2 3 4
7 11 O O
6 6
4 5
3
3
2
3 (3, 4)
3
(cos 2 i sin 2)
2
3
2 (1 i(0)) z
22 32 z
32 (
4)2
3
2 13
25
or 5
14. i 21. 22.
1 i i
0.63
0.90
1 O 0.36 1 1.30 O
0.38i
O
1 (0, 3)
(1, 5)
1 (4, 2 )
Pages 590591 Exercises
16. 2x 5yi 12 15i
2x 12 5y 15 2 1 O 1 2 O
x6 y 3 1
17. 1 (x y)i y 3xi
2
1y x y 3x
x (1) 3x
1 2x
1 z (1)2
(5)2 z
42 (
2
)2
x
2 6 18
or 32
18. 4x (y 5)i 2x y (x 7)i
25. r (4)2
62
y5x7 4x 2x y
y x 12 4x 2x (x 12) 52
or 213
v Arctan 3
3
3x 12 26. r
32 32
x 4
18
or 32
4
y (4) 12 or 8
cos 4 i sin 4
3 3i 32
3
27. r
(1)2
(
)2
3 v Arctan
1
4
4
or 2 3
v is in the third quadrant.
4 4
i 2cos 3 i sin 3
1 3
8
28. r
62 (
8)2 v Arctan 6 2
100
or 10 5.36
v is in the fourth quadrant.
6 8i 10(cos 5.36 i sin 5.36)
Chapter 9 292
4
v Arctan
1
29. r
(4)2
12 39. 2
i 2 40. 2 2
3 3 3 i 3
17 2.90 5 5 (2.5, 1)
v is in the second quadrant. 6 6 6 6
4 i 17 (cos 2.90 i sin 2.90) 0 0
21
30. r
202
(21
)2 v Arctan 20 2 (2, 5 )
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4
841
or 29 5.47 7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
v is in the fourth quadrant. 4 5 4 5
20 21i 29(cos 5.47 i sin 5.47) 3 3
2
3 3 3 3
2
v Arctan
2
4
31. r
(2)2
42
5 5
2cos 4 i sin 4 2.5(cos 1 i sin 1)
20 or 25 2.03
2
2 i
2
v is in the second quadrant. 2 2 2.5(0.54 i(0.84))
2 4i 25 (cos 2.03 i sin 2.03)
2
2
i 1.35 2.10i
v Arctan 3
0
32. r
32 02 41.
42.
2 2 2 2
i i
9 or 3 0 3 3 3 3
5 5
v is on the x-axis at 3. 6 6 6 6
3 3(cos 0 i sin 0)
0 (5, 0) 0 (3, ) 0
33. r (4)2
2 02 v Arctan
2 4 6 8
1 2 3 4
42
32 or 42
7 11 7 11
v is on the x-axis at 42 . 6 6 6 6
42 42 (cos i sin ) 4
3
5 4
3
5
3 3 3 3
34. r 02 (2)2 2 2
293 Chapter 9
46a. 4030 40(cos 30 j sin 30) 51. (6 2i)(2 3i) 12 22i 6i2
40
j 6 22i
3
2
1
2
52. x 3 cos 135 y 3 sin 135
34.64 20j
32 32
2 2
6060 60(cos 60 j sin 60)
602 j 2
1 3 32 32
2 2
30 51.96j 32 32
2 , 2
46b. (34.64 20j) (30 51.96j)
53. magnitude (3)2
72
(34.64 30) (20j 51.96j) 58
64.64 71.96j u 7ju
3, 7 3i
46c. v(t) r sin (250t v) 54. tan 105 tan (60 45)
71.96
r
64.64
2 71
.962 v Arctan tan 60 tan 45
64.64 1 tan 60 tan 45
96.73 48 31
v(t) 96.73 sin (250t 48)
1 (3)(1)
47. The graph of the conjugate of a complex number is 3 1 1 3
obtained by reflecting the original number about 1 3 1 3
Chapter 9 294
3 2
9-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration: 5. r 4 v 6 3
Geometry in the Complex Plane 3
6 or 2
Page 592
3
4 cos 2 i sin 2 34(0 (1)i)
3
1. They are collinear. 4i
9
v 4 2
4
6. r 2 or 2
9 2 11
4 4 or 4
11 11
2cos 4 i sin 4 22 i2
2 2
2
2
i
1 5
7. r (6)
2 or 3 v 3 6
2 5 7
6 6 or 6
2. Yes. M is the point obtained when T 0, and N is 7 7
3cos 6 i sin 6 32 i2
3 1
the point obtained when T 1.
33 3
3. The points are again collinear, but closer together. 2 2i
8. r1 22 (23)2 r2
(3)2
(3)2
16
or 4 12
or 23
r 4(23) or 83
v1 Arctan 2 v2 Arctan 3
23 3
5
3 6
5
v 3 6
2 5 7
4. The points are on the line through M and N. 6 6 or 6
5. If one of a, b, or c equals 0, then aK bM cN is 7
cos 6 i sin 6 83
83
7
2 i2
3 1
on KMN. If none of a, b, or c equals 0, then
aK bM cN lies on or inside KMN. 12 43
i
6. M is the point obtained when T 0 and N is the 9. E IZ
11 11
point obtained when T 1. Thus, a point between 2cos 6 j sin 6 3cos 3 j sin 3
M and N is obtained when 0
T
1. 11
r 2(3) or 6 v 6 3
7. The distance between z and 1 i is 5. This
11 2
defines a circle of radius 5 centered at 1 i. 6 6
8. The distance between a point z and a point at 13
6 or 6
2 3i is 2.
z (2 3i) 2 V 6cos 6 j sin 6 volts
295 Chapter 9
13. r 5(2) or 10 v 4
3 24. r1
22 (
2)2 r2 (3)2
32
4 3 7 8
or 22 18
or 32
4 4 or 4 r 22
(32 ) or 12
7 7
10cos 4 i sin 4 102 i2 v1 Arctan 2 2 v2 Arctan
3
2
2 2 3
7 3
52
52
i 4 4
5
14. r 6(3) or 18 v 3 6 7
v 4 4
3
2 5
6 6 10
4 or 2
3
6 or 2
12cos 2 i sin 2 12(0 i(1))
18cos
2 i sin
2 18(0 i(1)) 12i
18i
3 7 25. r1 (2)2 )2 r2 (3
(2 )2 (
2
32)2
15. r 1 or 3 v 3 2 4 or 2 36
or 6
14 3 11
6 6 or 6 r 2 6 or 12
v1 Arctan 2 v2 Arctan
11 11 3 2 32
3cos 6 i sin 6 32 i 2
1
2 32
7 5
33 3 4 4
2 2i
7 5
16. r 2(3) or 6 v 240 60 v 4 4
300 12
4 or
6(cos 300 i sin 300) 6 i
1 3
2 2 12(cos i sin ) 12(1 i(0))
3 33
i 12
2
17. r 7
v 4 4
3 26. r1 )2
(3 ( 1)2 r2
22 (23)2
2
2 4
4 or 2 16
or 4
4 or 2 1
22
r 4 or 2
or 2 23
v1 Arctan 2 v2 Arctan 2
2 1
2(cos i sin ) 2(1 i(0)) 11
3
5
2 6 3
18. r 3(0.5) or 1.5 v 4 2.5 or 6.5 11 5
v 6 3
1.5(cos 6.5 i sin 6.5) 1.46 0.32i 11 10
4 6 6 or 6
19. r 1 or 4 v 2 3.6 or 5.6
cos 6 i sin 6 1223 i12
1
4[cos (5.6) i sin (5.6)] 3.10 2.53i 2
20 4 7 11
3
20. r 15 or 3 v 6 3 4 4i
1
7 22
6 6 27. r1 (4
)2
2 )2
(42 r 2
62 62
15 64
or 8 72
or 62
6 or 2 8
r
4
3 cos 2 i sin 2 4
(0
3
i (1))
6
4
2
2
4 32
2
3i 42 2
2
3
or 3
6
21. r 2(2
) or 22
v 4 2
3 2 5
v1 Arctan
42
42
v2 Arctan 6
6
4 or 4 3
4
4 4
5 5
cos 22
2 2
22 i sin 2 i 2 3
4 4
v 4 4
2 2i 2
4 or 2
22. r 2(6) or 12 v 3 6
2 22
2
6 6 or 6
3
2
cos i sin
2 2 3 (0 i(1))
2
2
3i
12cos 6 i sin 6 122 i2
3 1
63
6i
4 5
23. r 1 or 8 v 3 3
2 4
3
4 4
8cos 3 i sin 3 82 i2
1 3
4 43
i
Chapter 9 296
5
r 5 secv 6
E
28. I Z 34.
5
r cos v 6 5
13
3 2j
r1 13 r 2
32 (
2)2 5 5
rcos v cos 6 sin v sin 6 5 0
13
3 1
13 2r cos v 2r sin v 5 0
r or 13
13
3 1
2x 2y 5 0
v2 Arctan 3
2
v1 0
3
x y 10 0
0.59
v 0 (0.59) or 0.59 35. 130
I 13
(cos 0.59 j sin 0.59) 3 2j amps x lb x lb
E x lb 23 lb
29. Z
I 23 lb
100 50
4 3j
x lb
r1 100 r 2
42 (
3)2 Prop
25
or 5
100 Since the triangle is isosceles, the base angles are
r 5 or 20 180 50
3 congruent. Each measures 2 or 65.
v1 0 v2 Arctan 4 23 x
0.64 sin 50 sin 65
2 3
2i
3 2
33
9-8 Powers and Roots of Complex
Therefore, the equation is z2 2 3
3 Numbers
33 2
iz (33
2 3i) 0. Page 602 Graphing Calculator Exploration
12
33. r
52 (
12)2 Arctan 5 2 1. Rewrite 1 in polar form as 1(cos 0 i sin 0).
Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at 1,
169
or 13 5.11
0.5 0.87i, and 0.5 0.87i.
5 12i 13(cos 5.11 i sin 5.11)
2. Rewrite i in polar form as 1cos 2 i sin 2.
Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at
0.92 0.38i, 0.38 0.92i, 0.92 0.38i, and
0.38 0.92i.
297 Chapter 9
cos 4
3. Rewrite 1 i in polar form as 2 7. r
02 12 or 1 v 2
i sin
4 . 1
1
a O a 3.605240263 1
1
(2 i) 3 [5
(cos (v 2i) i sin (v 2n))] 3
a ai a ai 1
v 2n v 2n
) 3 cos 3 i sin 3
a (5
1
Chapter 9 298
11. For w1, the modulus ( 0.82 (0.7 v Arctan
2
)2)2 or 1.13. 21. r
(2)2
12 5
1
(22
) 3
13. 25
cos (5) 4 i sin (5) 4 1.37 0.37i
5 5
32 cos 4 i sin 4 24. r
(1)2
(1
)2 2
v Arctan
1
1
2
2
32 2 i 2 4
3
162 162 i 1
v Arctan
2 4
2
14. r
(2)2
22 22
7 7 0.91 0.61i
)3cos (3)9 i sin (3)4
(22
21 21
25. r
02 12 1 v 2
cos 4 i sin 4
162 1
2 2 12
162 i
2 2 0.71 0.71i
16 16i 26. x3 1 0 x3 1
15. r
12 (
3
)2 2 v Arctan 1 3
3
Find the third roots of 1.
24 cos (4)3 i sin (4)3
r 1
12 02 1 v0 1
4 4 1 [1 (cos (0 2n) i sin (0 2n))] 3
3
0.9827937232
)2 (cos (2)(v) i sin (2)(v))
(13 1 O 1
0.03 0.07i
v Arctan 2
4
18. r
22 42 25
1 3 i
2 2
1.107148718 1
(25
)4 (cos (4)(v) i sin (4)(v))
112 384i
1
2 2
19. 32 5 cos 53 i sin 53
1 1
2 2
2cos
15 i sin
15
1.83 0.81i
20. r (1)2
02 1 v
1
299 Chapter 9
27. x5 1 x5 1 i
2
2i
2
2i
Find the fifth roots of 1.
r (1)2 02 1 v 1
1 1
(1) [1 (cos ( 2n) i sin ( 2n))]
5 5
2n 2n
cos 5 i sin 5 1 O 1
x1 cos i sin 0.81 0.59i
5 5 1
3 3
x2 cos i sin 0.31 0.95i
5 5
5 5
2
2i
2
2i
x3 cos i sin 1
5 5
7 7 30. x4 (1 i) 0 x4 1 i
x4 cos i sin 0.31 0.95i
5 5 Find the fourth roots of 1 i.
9 9
x5 cos i sin 0.81 0.59i
v Arctan 1 4
1
5 5 r
12 12 2
1 1
(1 i) 4 2
cos 4 2n i sin 4 2n 4
i
1 1
8n 8n
) 4 cos 16 i sin 16
0.31 0.95i 0.81 0.59i (2
i
1
0.21 1.07i
1 O 1
1.07 0.21i
2 ) 4 cos 1
x2 (2
1
17 17
6 i sin 16 1.07 0.21i
1
x3 (2
) 4
cos 1
1
25 25
cos 16 i sin 16 0.21 1.07i
2
2 2
2 x4 (2
) 4
1 1
(1 3
i) 4
1
64 [64 (cos (0 2n) i sin (0 2n))] 4 4
2 cos 3 2n i sin 3 2n 4
4 4
n n
cos 2 i sin 2
1
22 4 6n 4 6n
2 4 cos 12 i sin 12
x1 22
(cos 0 i sin 0) 22
1
4 4
cos 12 i sin 12 0.59 1.03i
x1 2 4
cos
x2 22 i sin 22i 1
10 10
2 i sin 12 1.03 0.59i
2 2
x2 2 4 cos 1
x3 22
(cos i sin ) 22
1
22 22
cos 12 i sin 12 0.59 1.03i
3 3 x3 2 4
x4 22
cos 2 i sin 2 22i 1
28 28
x4 2 4 cos 12 i sin 12 1.03 0.59i
Chapter 9 300
32. Rewrite 10 9i in polar form as 38a. The point at (2, 2) becomes the point at (0, 2).
9 9 From the origin, the point at (2, 2) had a length
cos tan1
181 i sin tan1 .
10 10 of 22 and the new point at (0, 2) has a length
Use a graphing calculator to find the fifth roots at 2
of 2. The dilation factor is 2.
0.75 1.51i, 1.20 1.18i, 1.49 0.78i,
0.28 1.66i, and 1.66 0.25i. 2 y (2, 2)
33. Rewrite 2 4i in polar form as (0, 2) 2
2
25[cos (tan1 (2)) i sin (tan1 (2))]. 1
Use a graphing calculator to find the sixth roots at x
1.26 0.24i, 0.43 1.21i, 0.83 0.97i, 2 1 O 1 2
1.26 0.24i, 0.43 1.21i, and 0.83 0.97i. 1
34. Rewrite 36 20i in polar form as
2
cos tan1 9 i sin tan1 9.
5 5
4106
Use a graphing calculator to find the eighth roots 2
(cos 45 i sin 45)
at 1.59 0.10i, 1.05 1.19i, 0.10 1.59i, 2
2 2
2
1.19 1.05i, 1.59 0.10i, 1.05 1.19i,
2 2 i sin 2
0.10 1.59i, and 1.19 1.05i. 0.5 0.5i
35. For w1, the modulus 2 or 0.81.
122
23
4 38b. 22 (cos 45 i sin 45)
2 1
2(cos 90 i sin 90)
For w2, the modulus (0.81)2 or 0.66. The square is rotated 90 counterclockwise and
For w3, the modulus (0.66)2 or 0.44. dilated by a factor of 0.5.
This moduli will approach 0 as the number of 39. The roots are the vertices of a regular polygon.
iterations increase. Thus, it is a prisoner set. Since one of the roots must be a positive real
36a. In polar form the 31st roots of 1 are given by number, a vertex of the polygon lies on the
2n 2n positive real axis and the polygon is symmetric
1 i sin 31 , n 0, 1, . . . , 30. Then
cos 3
2n about the real axis. This means that the non-real
a cos 31 . The maximum value of a cosine
complex roots occur in conjugate pairs. Since the
expression is 1, and it is achieved in this
imaginary part of the sum of two complex
situation when n 0.
conjugates is 0, the imaginary part of the sum of
36b. From the polar form in the solution to part a, we all the roots must be 0.
2n 2n
get b sin 3
1 . b will be maximized when 31 is 5
40. r 2(3) or 6 v 6 3
as close to 2 as possible. This occurs when n 8, 10 11
16 6 6 or 6
so the maximum value of b is sin 3 1 , or about
11 11
3
6cos 6 i sin 6 6 2 i 2
0.9987. 1
37. x6 1 0 x6 1
Find the sixth roots of 1. 33 3i
r 12 02 1 v0 41. (2 5i) (3 6i) (6 2i)
1
1
(2 (3) (6)) (5i 6i 2i)
1 6 [1 (cos (0 2n) i sin (0 2n))] 6 5i
n n
cos 3 i sin 3 42. x t, y 2t 7
43. cos 22.5 cos 2
45
x1 cos 0 i sin 0 1
1
3
x2 cos 3 i sin 3 2 2i
2 2 1 3
1 cos 45
2
x3 cos i sin 2 i
3 3 2 2
3 3 1
x4 cos
3 i sin
3 1
2
2
4 4 1
3
x5 cos i sin 2 2i
x6 cos
3
5
i sin
3
5
1 3
i
4
2 2
3 3 2 2
2 2
2
44. Find B.
B 180 90 8115
845
Find a.
a
tan 8115 2
8
28 tan 8115 a
181.9 a
301 Chapter 9
Find c. 15. Sample answer: (4, 585), (4, 945), (4, 45),
28 (4, 405)
cos 8115 c
28 (r, v 360k)
c
cos 8115 (4, 225 360(1)) (4, 585)
c 184.1 (4, 225 360(2)) (4, 945)
45. Let x the number of large bears produced. (r, v (2k 1)180)
Let y the number of small bears produced.
(4, 225 (1)180) (4, 45)
x 300 y
y 400 1200 (4, 225 (1)180) (4, 405)
(300, 900)
x y 1200 1000 16. 120
90
60 17. 2
800 2
f(x, y) 9x 5y (800, 400) 3 3
600 5
f(300, 400) 9(300) 5(400) 400 150 30
6 6
4700 200 (300, 400) x 0
180
f(300, 900) 9(300) 5(900) O 200 600 1000 1 2 3 4
0
1 2 3 4
7200
f(800, 400) 9(800) 5(400) 210 330
7 11
9200 240 300 6 6
270 4 5
Producing 800 large bears and 400 small bears 3 3 3
yields the maximum profit. 2
18. 19.
46. 0.20(6) 1.2 quarts of alcohol 90 2 2
120 60 3 3
0.60(4) 2.4 quarts of alcohol
5
1.2 2.4 3.6
64
1
0
or 36% alcohol 150 30 6 6
0 0
180
180
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 180 0 0
B 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
A
210 330 210 330 210 330 7 11
6 6
240 300 240 300 240 300 4 5
270 270 270 3
3 3
2
13. 14.
2 2 2 2 limaon rose
3 3 3 3
5 5 24. x 6 cos 45 y 6 sin 45
22 22
6 6 6 6
C 6 6
0 0
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 32 32
(32, 32)
7 11 7 D 11
6 6 6 6 25. x 2 cos 330 y 2 sin 330
4
3 3
2
5
3
4
3 3
2
5
3 2 3
2
2 2 1
3 1
, 1)
(3
Chapter 9 302
26. x 2 cos34 y 2 sin 34 34. 3 r cos v 3
22 22
2 2 0 r cos v cos 3 r sin v sin 3 3
1 3
2 2
0 2r cos v 2 r sin v 3
, 2
(2 ) 1
3
0 2x 2 y 3
27. x 1 cos y 1 sin
2 2 0 x 3y 6 or
0 1 x 3y 6 0
35. 4 r cos v 2
(0, 1)
28. r
(3)2 (
3)2 v Arctan 3
3
0 r cos v cos 2 r sin v sin 2 4
4
12
or 23
3 0 0 r sin v 4
23, 43 0 y 4
v Arctan 5
5
29. r
52 52 0 y 4 or
50
or 52
4 y40
36. i10 i25 (i4)2
i2 (i4)6
i
52, 4 (1)2
(1) (1)6
i
v Arctan
3
1 i
1
30. r
(3)2
12
f 180 18 or 198 4
or 2
2
3
p r cos (v f)
2cos 3 i sin 3
2 2
210
r cos (v 198) 4
5
46. r
(6)2
(4
)2 v Arctan
6
52
or 213
3.73
(cos 3.73 i sin 3.73)
213
1
47. r
(4)2
(1
)2 v Arctan
4
17
3.39
17
(cos 3.39 i sin 3.39)
303 Chapter 9
48. r 42 02 v0 60. r ( )2
3 (1
)2 2
16
or 4 v Arctan
1
6
4(cos 0 i sin 0)
49. r (2 )2
2 02 v 27 cos (7)6 i sin (7)6
8 or 22 7 7
128 cos 6 i sin 6
22(cos i sin )
128 2 i2
3 1
50. r
02 32 v 2
9 or 3 643
64i
v Arctan
1
1
3cos 2 i sin 2
61. r
(1)2
12 2
3
51. 2
52. 2
4
i 2 3 i 2 3 3 3
)4 cos (4)4 i sin (4)4
3 3
5 5 (2
6 ( 2, 6 ) 6 6 6
4(cos 3 i sin 3)
0
0 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2
62. r
(2)2
(2
)2 22
v Arctan
2
7
6
11
6
7
6 ( 3, 5
3)
11
6
5
4
4 5 4 5 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 )3 cos (3)4 i sin (3)4
(22
2 2
15 15
5 5 cos 4 i sin 4
162
2 cos 6 i sin 6
3 cos 3 i sin 3 2
2 i 2
2
162
3
2 2 i 2
1
1
3 2 i 2
3
16 16i
3 33
3
i 2 2i
63. r
02 12 1 v 2
2
53. r 4(3) or 12 v 3 3 or 3 1
1 cos 42 i sin 42
1 1
4
2 2
12 cos 3 i sin 3
cos 8 i sin 8
1
3
12 2 i 2
0.92 0.38i
v Arctan 6
1
6 63
i 64. r )2
(3 12 2 3
1
2 cos 36 i sin 36
1 1
54. r 8(4) or 32 v 4 2 3
3 3 2 3
32cos 4 i sin 4
1
2 cos 1
8 i sin 18
4 4 or 4 3
2
322 i 2 1.24 0.22i
2
162 162 i
55. r 2(5) or 10 v 2 0.5 or 2.5 Page 611 Applications and Problem Solving
10 (cos 2.5 i sin 2.5) 65. lemniscate
8.01 5.98i
v Arctan 7
5
125
8 7 5
66. r
752
1252
56. r or 4 v
2 6 3 21,25
0 145.77 59.04
7 10
4cos 2 i sin 2
6
6 or 2 (145.77, 59.04)
4(0 i(1)) 67. r cos v 2 5 0
4i r cos cos 2 r sin v sin 2 5 0
6 3
57. r
4 or
2 v
2
6 r sin v 5 0
3 y50
3
2cos i sin
3
3
6
6 or
3 y 5
2 2 i 2
3 1 3 E
68. I Z
3 50 180j
3
4 4i
2
4 5j
50 180j 4 5j
58. r
2.2
v 1.5 0.6 or 0.9
4 5j
4 5j
4.4 or 0.5
200 470j 900j2
0.5 (cos 0.9 i sin 0.9)
16 25j2
0.31 0.39i 1100 470j2
v Arctan 2 4
2
59. r 22 22 22 41
26.83 11.46j amps
)8 cos (8)4 i sin (8)4
(2
4096 (cos 2 i sin 2)
4096
Chapter 9 304
Page 611 Open-Ended Assessment 180 (c b) 180 x
1a. Sample answer: 4 6i and 3 2i xcb
(4 6i) (3 2i) (4 3) (6i 2i) The correct choice is E.
7 4i 4. Volume wh
1b. No. Sample explanation: 2 3i and 5 i also 16,500 75
w
10
h 10 ft
have this sum. 16,500 750w
(2 3i) (5 i) (2 5) (3i (i)) 22 w
7 4i w 75 ft
2a. Sample answer: 4 i The correct choice is A.
1 1 1 10
z 42 12 5.
100100
1099 100100 10100
17 9
10100
2b. No. Sample explanation: 1 4i also has this
absolute value. The correct choice is A.
z 12 42 6. Consider the three unmarked angles at the
17 intersection point. One of these angles, say the top
one, is the supplement of the other two unmarked
angles, because of vertical angles. So the sum of
the measures of the unmarked angles is 180.
The sum of the measures of the marked angles
Chapter 9 SAT & ACT Preparation and the three unmarked angles is 3(180), since
these angles are the interior angles of three
Page 613 SAT and ACT Practice triangles.
1. a and b form a linear pair, so b is m(sum of marked angles)
supplementary to a. Since b and d are m(sum of unmarked angles) 3(180)
vertical angles, they are equal in measure. So d m(sum of marked angles) 180 3(180)
is also supplementary to a. Since d and f are m(sum of marked angles) 360
alternate interior angles, they are equal. So f is The correct choice is C.
supplementary to a. And since f and h are 7. Subtract the second equation from the first.
vertical angles, h is supplementary to a. The 5x2 6x 70
angles supplementary to a are angles b, d, f, and 5x2 6y 10
h. The correct choice is A.
6x 6y 60
2. Draw the given triangle and draw the height h x y 10, so 10x 10y 100.
from point B. The correct choice is E.
B 8. Since B is a right angle, C is a right angle also,
because they are alternate interior angles.
In the triangle containing C, 90 x y 180 or
8
h x y 90.
The straight angle at D is made up of 3 angles.
x
120 x x 180
A 10 C
2x 60 or x 30
The answer choices include sin x. Write an x y 90
expression for the height, using the sine of x. (30) y 90
h 1
sin x 8 A 2bh y 60
1 The correct choice is B.
8 sin x h 2 (10)(8 sin x)
9. You can conclude that g j because they are
40 sin x vertical angles. But you cannot conclude anything
The correct choice is B. about h and i, even though they may look equal.
3. Since PQRS is a parallelogram, sides PQ and SR You can conclude that k h i, but that does not
are parallel and mQ mS b. help you solve the problem.
M Q The relationship cannot be determined from the
information given.
c T b
The correct choice is D.
P x
R 10. Note that consecutive interior angles are
a supplementary.
O
110 2x 180 y x 180
S N 2x 70 y (35) 180
In SMO, c b a 180 or a 180 (c b). x 35 y 145
Also, x a 180 or a 180 x since consecutive The answer is 145.
interior angles are supplementary.
305 Chapter 9
Chapter 10 Conics
8. AB
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
10-1 Introduction to Analytic Geometry (6 3
)2 (2
4)2
13
Pages 619620 Check for Understanding B
slope of A
1. negative distances have no meaning y2 y1
m
x x
2. Use the distance formula to show that the 2
24
1
2
measure of the distance from the midpoint to
6 3 or 3
d
100 or 10 B (0, 0)
x1 x2 y1 y2 5 5 1 11
2 , 2 ,
2 2 O C (c, 0) x
(5, 6)
6. d
(x2
x2)2
(y2
y1)2 10b. BD
(c 0
)2 (a
0)2
d
(4 0)2 (3
0)2
c a
2 2
d
(4)
2 (3) 2 AC (c 0
)2 (0
a)2
d 25
or 5 c a
2 2
x1 x2 y1 y2
0 (4) 0 (3)
2, 2 , C
Thus, A B D.
2 2
is 2, 2. The midpoint of
c a
(2, 1.5) 10c. The midpoint of A C
is 2, 2. Therefore, the diagonals intersect
c a
7. d
[0 (
2)]2
(4
2)2 D
B
at their common midpoint, E2, 2. Thus,
c a
d
2 2
2 2
d 8
or 22 E
A E C and B E
E D.
x1 x2 y1 y2
2 0 2 4
2, 2 2
,
2
10d. The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
(1, 3) 11a. Both players are located along a diagonal of the
field with endpoints (0, 0) and (80, 120). The
kickers teammate is located at the midpoint of
this diagonal.
x1 x2 y1 y2
0 80 0 120
2, 2
2 , 2
(40, 60)
Chapter 10 306
11b. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 19. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d (40
0)2 (60 0)2 d
(c 2
c)2 (d
1
d)2
d 40
2 60 2 d
2 (
2 1) 2
d 5200
d 5
x1 x2 y1 y2
cc2 dd1
d 2013
or about 72 yards 2, 2 ,
2 2
2c 2 2d 1
2 , 2
12. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
20. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
[4 (
1)]2
(13
1)2
d
[w (
w 2
)]2 (
4w
w)2
d
52 1
22
d
22 (
3w)2
d 169
or 13
x1 x2 y1 y2
1 4 1 13 d
4 9
w2 or 9w2 4
2, 2 , x1 x2 y1 y2
w 2 w w 4w
2 2
(1.5, 7) 2, 2 ,
2 2
w 1, 2w
5
13. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
(1 1)2 (3
3)2 21. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
(2)
2 (6
) 2
20 (2a
a)2
[7 (9)]2
d 40
or 210 20 (3a)
2 16
2
x1 x2 y1 y2
1 (1) 3 (3)
2, 2 2
,
2 20 9a2 256
(0, 0) 400 9a2 256
14. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 144 9a2
a2 16
d
(0 8
)2 (8
0)2
a 16 or 4
d
(8)2
82
22. Let D have coordinates (x2, y2).
d 128
or 82 4 x2 1 y2
x1 x2 y1 y2
80 80 2, 2 3, 52
2, 2 2 , 2
4 x2 1 y2 5
(4, 4)
2 3
2 2
15. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 4 x2 6 1 y2 5
x2 10 y2 6
d
[5 (
1)]2
[3
(
6)]2
Then D has coordinates (10, 6).
d
6 3
2 2
y
23. Let the vertices A(2, 3)
d 45
or 35 of the quadrilateral
x1 x2 y1 y2 D (3, 2)
1 5 6 (3)
2, 2 2
,
2
be A(2, 3), B(2, 3),
(2, 4.5) C(2, 3), and D(3, 2).
A quadrilateral is a O x
16. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
parallelogram if one pair
d
(72 3 )2
2 [1
(5)]2 of opposite sides are B (3, 2)
d )
(42 2 42 C (2, 3)
parallel and congruent.
d 48
or 43 D
A and BC are one pair of opposite sides.
x1 x2 y1 y2 72
5 (1)
2, 2
32
2 , 2 D
slope of A
y2 y1
C
slope of B
y2 y1
(52
, 3) m
x x m
x x
2 1 2 1
23 3 (2)
17. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
3 (2)
2 (3)
d
(a a
)2 (
9 7
)2 5
1
5
1
d
0 (
2 16) 2
D
Their slopes are equal, therefore A B
C
.
d 256
or 16
x1 x2 y1 y2
AD (x2
x1)2
(y2 y1)2
a a 7 (9)
2, 2
2 , 2
[3 (
2)]2
(2 3)2
(a, 1)
5 (
2 1) 2
18. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 26
d
[r 2 (6
r)]2
(s
s)2 BC
(x2
x1)2
(y2 y1)2
d
(8)
2 0 2
[2 (
3)]2
[3 (2)]2
d 64
or 8 5 (
2 1) 2
x1 x2 y1 y2
6rr2 ss
2, 2 ,
2 2
26
2r 4 2s D
The measures of A and B
C are equal.
2 , 2
D
Therefore A B C. Since A
DBC and A
DB
C
,
(r 2, s) quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram; yes.
307 Chapter 10
24. Let the vertices of the y C (4, 19) 1
20 F
E H G
since the slope of E F is 2 and the slope
quadrilateral be 1
A(4, 11), B(8, 14), 16
G
of H is 2 . Thus the points form a
FH
E G since EF 5
and HG 5
.
Chapter 10 308
30. In ABC, let the vertices be A(0, 0) and B(a, 0). 32. Let the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD be A(a, e),
C
Since A and B C are congruent sides, let the third B
B(b, f), C(c, g), and D(d, h). The midpoints of A ,
vertex be C2, b. Let D be the midpoint of A C
, C
D , and DA , respectively,
a B
C
ab ef bc fg
and let E be the midpoint of B C
. are L2, 2, M2, 2,
cd gh ad eh
y C ( a2, a) N2, 2, and P2, 2.
y B (b, f )
L
A(a, e)
D E
O O M x
P
C (c, g)
D (d, h) N
O A(0, 0) B (a, 0) x
fg ef
2 2 ge
or M
is or
The slope of L
c a.
a
0 b0
bc ab
The coordinates of D are: 2
2
,
2
a b
4 2 .
,
2 2
eh gh
2 2 eg
or P
is or
a
The slope of N
a b0 a c.
ad cd
The coordinates of E are:
2
,
2 2
3a b
,
4 2 .
2 2
These slopes are equal, so LN
M P
.
0
0
3a 2 b 2 1 9a2 fg gh
AE b2 2 2 f h
4 2 2 4
N
The slope of M is
bc cd or
bd .
a a
4
0 2 4
2 b 1 9a 2 2 2 2
BD
2
b2 eh ef
Since AE BD, the medians to the congruent 2 2 hf
The slope of P is
L ad ab or
d b.
sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
2 2
31. Let A and B have coordinates (0, 0) and (b, 0)
These slopes are equal, so M P
N L
. Since
respectively. To make a parallelogram, let C have
M
L N P, and M
N PL, PLMN is a parallelogram.
coordinates (b a, c) and let D have coordinates
(a, c). 33. Let the vertices of the y
rectangle be A(3, 1), B
y
B(1, 3), C(3, 1), and
D(1, 3). Since the area A
D (a, c) C (a b, c) of a rectangle is the length
times the width, find the O x
C
measure of two consecutive
D
sides, A and D
C. D
O A(0, 0) B (b, 0) x AD
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
[1 (
3)]2
(3
1)2
ab 0c ab c
is
D
The midpoint of B , or
2 2 , .
2 2
4 (
2 4) 2
10
20 10 O 10 20 30 x
10
309 Chapter 10
34b. The two regions are closest between (12, 12) 37a. Find a representation for MA and for MB.
and (31,0). MA t2 (
3t 1
5)2
d (x2
x1)2
(y2 y1)2 t2 9
t2 90t 2
25
[31 (12)]2 (
0 12)2 10t2 90t 225
43
2 (12) 2 MB
(t 9
)2 (3
t 12
)2
1993
or about 44,64
t 1
2 8t 81 9
t 7
2
2t 144
The distance between these two points is about
10t2 90t 225
44.64 pixels, which is greater than 40 pixels. By setting these representations equal to each
therefore, the regions meet the criteria. other, you find a value for t that would make the
35. Let the vertices of the isosceles trapezoid have two distances equal.
the coordinates A(0, 0), B(2a, 0), C(2a 2c, 2b), MA MB
D(2c, 2b). The coordinates of the midpoints are: 10t
2 90t 225 10t2 90t 225
P(a, 0), Q(2a c, b), R(a, 2b), S(c, b). Since the above equation is a true statement,
y t can take on any real values.
37b. A line; this line is the perpendicular bisector of
D (2c, 2b) R C (2a 2c, 2b) B
A .
b
38. r a2 b2 v Arctan a
12
(5)2
122 Arctan
5
S Q
169
or 13 1.176005207
(5 12i)2 132 [cos 2v i sin 2v]
119 120i
u
39. If v (115, 2018, 0), then
O A (0, 0) P B (2a, 0) x
u
v 1152 20182 02
PQ (2a c a)2 (b 0)2 40855
49 or about 2021
(a c) b
2 2 The magnitude of the force is about 2021 N.
1 1
QR (2a c a)2 (b 2b)2 40. 2 sec2 x
1 sin x 1 sin x
Chapter 10 310
2. Sample answer: (x 4)2 (y 9)2 1, 9. 2x2 2y2 20x 8y 34 0
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 2, (x 4)2 (y 9)2 3, 2x2 20x 2y2 8y 34
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 4, (x 4)2 (y 9)2 5 2(x2 10x 25) 2(y3 4y 4) 34 2(25)
3. Find the center of the circle, (h, k), by finding 2(4)
the midpoint of the diameter. Next find the 2(x 5)2 2(y 2)2 24
radius of the circle, r, by finding the distance (x 5)2 (y 2)2 12
from the center to one endpoint. Then write y (5,2 23)
the equation of the circle in standard form as
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2.
4. The equation x2 y2 8x 8y 36 0 written O x
in standard form is (x 4)2 (y 4)2 4. (5, 2)
Since a circle cannot have a negative radius, the
graph of the equation is the empty set.
5. Ramon; the square root of a sum does not equal (5 23, 2)
the sum of the square roots.
6. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 10. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 92 02 02 D(0) E(0) F 0
x2 y2 81 42 02 D(4) E(0) F 0
02 42 D(0) E(4) F 0
y
F0 F0
4D F 16 D 4
4E F 16 E 4
x2 y2 4x 4y 0
(9, 0)
O x x2 4x 4 y2 4y 4 0 4 4
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 8
center: (h, k) (2, 2)
radius: r2 8
(0, 9) r 8 or 22
11. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
7. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 12 32 D(1) E(3) F 0 D 3E F 10
[x (1)]2 (y 4)2 [3 (1)]2 52 52 D(5) E(5) F 0 5D 5E F 50
(x 1)2 (y 4)2 16 52 32 D(5) E(3) F 0 5D 3E F 34
(1, 8) y D 3E F 10
(1)(5D 5E F) (1)(50)
4D 2E 40
(1, 4)
5D 5E F 50
(3, 4) (1)(5D 3E F) (1)(34)
2E 16
E 8
4D 2(8) 40
O x
4D 24 (6) 3(8) F 10
8. x2 y2 4x 14y 47 0 D 6 F 20
x2 4x 4 y2 14y 49 47 4 49 x2 y2 6x 8y 20 0
(x 2)2 (y 7)2 100 x2 6x 9 y2 8y 16 20 9 16
(x 3)2 (y 4)2 5
y (2, 3) center: (h, k) (3, 4)
radius: r2 5
O x r 5
12. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(8, 7) (2, 7) [x (2)]2 (y 1)2 r2
(x 2)2 (y 1)2 r2
(1 2)2 (5 1)2 r2
25 r2
(x 2)2 (y 1)2 25
311 Chapter 10
13. midpoint of diameter: 18. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
x1 x2 y1 y2 9 2
[x (5)]2 (y 0)2 2
2 10 6 (10)
2 , 2 ,
2 2
(4, 2) 81
(x 5)2 y2 4
radius: r
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
y
[4 (
2)]2
[6
(2)]2
6 8
2 2 ( 5, 9
2 )
100
or 10 (5, 0)
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2 O x
(x 4)2 [y (2)]2 102 ( 19 ,
2
0 )
(x 4)2 (y 2)2 100
14. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 (1740 185)2
x2 y2 19252 19. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 6)2 (y 1)2 62
(x 6)2 (y 1)2 36
Pages 627630 Exercises y
15. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 (6, 7)
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 52
x2 y2 25
y (0, 5) (6, 1)
(0, 1)
O x
(5, 0) O x
21. 36 x2 y2 y
(0, 6)
O x x2 y2 36
Chapter 10 312
23. x2 y2 4x 12y 30 0 27. x2 y2 14x 24y 157 0
x2 4x 4 y2 12y 36 30 4 36 x2 14x 49 y2 24y 144 157 49 144
(x 2)2 (y 6)2 10 (x 7)2 (y 12)2 36
y y
O x O x
(2, 6
10 ) (7, 6)
313 Chapter 10
30. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 32. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
(2)2 72 D(2) E(7) F 0 42 52 D(4) E(5) F 0
2D 7E F 53 4D 5E F 41
(9)2 02 D(9) E(0) F 0 (2)2 32 D(2) E(3) F 0
9D F 81 2D 3E F 13
(10)2 (5)2 D(10) E(5) F 10 (4)2 (3)2 D(4) E(3) F 0
10D 5E F 125 4D 3E F 25
2D 7E F 53 4D 5E F 41
(1)(9D F) (1)(81) (1)(2D 3E F) (1)(13)
7D 7E 28 6D 2E 28
DE4 3D E 14
10D 5E F 125 4D 5E F 41
(1)(9D F) (1)(81) (1)(4D 3E F) (1)(25)
D 5E 44 8D 8E 16
D 5E 44 D E 2
D E4 3D E 14
4E 40 (1)(D E) (1)(2)
E 10 2D 12
D 6
D (10) 4
D 6 6 E 2
9(6) F 81 E4
F 135 2(6) 3(4) F 13
F 37
x2 y2 6x 10y 135 10
x2 6x 9 y2 10y 25 135 9 25 x2 y2 6x 4y 37 0
(x 3)2 (y 5)2 169 x2 6x 9 y2 4y 4 37 9 4
center: (h, k) (3, 5) (x 3)2 (y 2)2 50
radius: r2 169 center: (h, k) (3, 2)
r 169
or 13 radius: r2 50
r 50 or 52
31. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
(2)2 32 D(2) E(3) F 0 33. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
2D 3E F 13 12 42 D(1) E(4) F 0
62 (5)2 D(6) E(5) F 0 D 4E F 17
6D 5E F 61 22 (1)2 D(2) E(1) F 0
02 72 D(0) E(7) F 0 2D E F 5
7E F 49 (3)2 02 D(3) E(0) F 0
2D 3E F 13 3D F 9
(1)(6D 5E F) (1)(61) D 4E F 17
8D 8E 48 (1)(2D E F) (1)(5)
D E 6 D 5E 12
6D 5E F 61 D 4E F 17
(1)(7E F) (1)(49) (1)(3D F) (1)(9)
6D 12E 12 4D 4E 8
D 2E 2 D E 2
D E 6 D 5E 12
D 2E 2 D E 2
E 4 6E 14
7
E 4 E 3
D 2(4) 2 D 3 2
7
D 10 1
7(4) F 49 D 3
F 21
33 F 9
1
x2 y2 10x 4y 21 0
x2 10x 25 y2 4y 4 21 25 4 F 8
(x 5)2 (y 2)2 50 x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
1 7
center: (h, k) (5, 2) x2 y2 3x 3y 8 0
radius: r2 50 1 1 7 49 1 49
x2 3x 3
6 y 3 y 36 8 36 36
2
r 50 or 52
2 7 2
x 16 y 6 1
169
8
Chapter 10 314
center: (h, k) 6, 6
1 7 39. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
169
(x 5)2 (y 1)2 r2
radius: r2 1
8 x 3y 2
x 3y 2 0 A 1, B 3, and C 2
r
169
18
132
Ax1 By1 C
r
B2
13
or
32
6 A2
34. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 (1)(5) (3)(1) 2
02 02 D(0) E(0) F 0
F0
or 10
10
(2.8)2 02 D(2.8) E(0) F 0
10
2
2.8D F 7.84
(5)2 22 D(5) E(2) F 0
(x 5)2 (y 1)2 10
(x 5)2 (y 1)2 10
5D 2E F 29
40. center: (h, 0), radius: r 1
2.8D 0 7.84 5(2.8) 2E (0) 29
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2.8D 7.84 2E 15 2 2
D 2.8 E 7.5 22 h 2 0 12
2
1 1
x2 y2 2.8x 7.5y 0 0 2 2
h h2 2 1
x2 2.8x 1.96 y2 7.5y 14.0625 1.96 14.0625
h2 2
h 1 1
(x 1.4)2 (y 3.75)2 16.0225
or about (x 1.4)2 (y 3.75)2 16.02
h h 2
0
35. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 h 0 or h 2
2
[x (4)]2 (y 3)2 r2
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 r2
(x 0) (y 0) 1
2 2 x 2
(y 0)2 1
2
(0 4)2 (0 3)2 r2 x2 y2 1 or x 2 y2 1
25 r2 41a. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 25 12 2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 2
36. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 r2 x2 y2 36
(5 2)2 (6 3)2 r2 41b. x2 y2 36
18 r2 y2 36 x2
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 18 y 36
x2
37. midpoint of diameter: dimensions of rectangle:
x1 x2 y1 y2
2 (6) 3 (5) 2x by 2y 2x by 236
x2
2, 2 2
,
2
(2, 1) 41c. A(x) 2x 2
36
x2
r
(x2
x1)2 (y2
y1)2 4x
36
x2
(2 2)2 (1 3)2 41d.
(4) 2 (4) 2
32
(x h)2 y k)2 r2
2
[x (2)]2 [y (1)]2 32
(x 2) (y 1) 32
2 2
17
2
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2 2 2
x 12 y 52 2
17
2 2
x 12 y 52 127
[15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
42b. a circle centered at (2, 3) with radius 4
42c. (x 2)2 (y 3)2 16
315 Chapter 10
42d. center: (h, k) (4, 2) 2(13) (9) F 5
radius: r2 36 F 30
r 36 or 6 x y 13x 9y 30 0
2 2
2nd [DRAW] 9:Circle( - 4 , 2 , 6 ) x2 13x 42.25 y2 9y 20.25 30 42.25 20.25
(x 6.5)2 (y 4.5)2 32.5
45a. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 y yx
(x k)2 (y k)2 22
(x k)2 (y k)2 4
45b. (x 1)2 (y 1)2 4
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 4 O x
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 4
the radius of the largest circle and dividing by 46b. No, if x 7, then y 147 12.1 ft, so the
two. truck cannot pass.
12 2.5 47. x2 y2 8x 6y 25 0
r2 2 or 7.25
x 8x 16 y2 6y 9 25 16 9
2
area of area of area of (x 4)2 (y 3)2 0
region B middle circle smallest circle radius: r2 0
r22 r12 r 0 or 0
(r22 r12) center: (h, k) (4, 3)
(7.252 2.52) Graph is a point located at (4, 3).
(46.3125) or about 145.50
48a. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
The area of region B is about 145.50 in2.
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 r2
44. y
x2 y2 r2
x 5y 3 0 (475) (1140)2 r2
2
(2, 1) (12, 3)
1,525,225 r2
x2 y2 1,525,225
O (5, 1) x 48b. r2 1,525,225
2x 3y 7 0 r 1,525
,225 or 1235
4x 7y 27 A r2
(1235)2 or approximately 4,792,000 ft2
25002 4,792,000
x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 48c.
25002 0.23328
2 12 D(2) E(1) F 0
2
about 23%
2D E F 5 y4
49a. PA has a slope of B
x 3 and P has slope of
52 (1)2 D(5) E(1) F 0
y4 y4 y4
5D E F 26 . If P
x3 A P
B x 3 x 3 1.
then
122 32 D(12) E(3) F 0 y4 y4
1
12D 3E F 153 x3 x3
y2 16
2D E F 5 1
x2 9
(1)(5D E F) (1)(26)
y 16
2 x2 9
3D 2E 21
x2 y2 25
2D E F 5
(1)(12D 3E F) (1)(153) A
49b. If P P B, then A, P, and B are on the circle
10D 2E 148 x2 y2 25.
3D 2E 21 50. d (x2
x1)2 (y2 y1)2
10D 2E 148 d
(2 4)2
[6
(3)]2
13D 169 d
(6)2
92
D 13 d 117
3(13) 2E 21
2E 18
E 9
Chapter 10 316
51. (2 i)(3 4i)(1 2i) (6 8i 3i 4i2)(1 2i) (0, 0), (0, 9), (5, 8), (10, 5)
[6 8i 3i 4(1)](1 2i) f(x, y) 320x 500y
(10 5i)(1 2i) f(0, 0) 320(0) 500(0) 0
10 20i 5i 10i2 f(0, 0) 320(0) 500(9) 4500
10 20i 5i 10(1) f(5, 8) 320(5) 500(8) 5600
20 15i f(10, 5) 320(10) 500(5) 5700
u u sin v 1gt2 The maximum profit occurs when 10 cases of
52. x tv cos v y tv 2 drug A and 5 cases of drug B are produced.
1
x t(60) cos 60 y t(60) sin 60 2(32)t2 57b. When 10 cases of drug A and 5 cases of drug B
x 60t cos 60 y 60t sin 60 16t2 are produced, the profit is $5700.
x 60(0.5) cos 60 y 60(0.5) sin 60 16(0.5)2 58. y
x 15 y 21.98076211
15 ft horizontally, about 22 ft vertically
5
53. A 2 or 2.5
x x x x x
2
20 k and k 1
0
y A cos (kt) y
y 2.5 cos 1
0 t x x x x x y y 5x 2x
1 The correct choice is A
54. s (a b
2 c)
1
(15 25
2 35)
37.5
k s(s
a)(s
b)(s
c) 10-3 Ellipses
37.5(3
7.5 7.5
15)(3 7.5
25)(3
3.5)
26,36
7.187 5
162 units2 Pages2 637638 Check For Understanding
y x2
55. v v20 6 a2 b2 1
4h 1.
y2 x2
95
152
64h 82 52 1
952 152 64h y2 x2
952 152 1
h 6 4
64 25
2. Since the foci lie on the major axis, determine
h 137.5 ft
whether the major axis is horizontal or vertical. If
56. y 6x4 3x2 1 the a2 is the denominator of the x terms, the major
b 6a4 3a2 1 (x, y) (a, b) axis is horizontal. If the a2 is the denominator of
x-axis: (x, y) (a, b) the y terms, the major axis is vertical.
b 6a4 3a2 1; no
3. When the foci and center of an ellipse coincide,
y-axis: (x, y) (a, b)
c 0.
b 6(a)4 3(a)2 1 c2 a2 b2
c
e a
b 6a4 3a2 1; yes 0 a2 b2 0
y x: (x, y) (b, a) e a
b2 a2
a 6b4 3b2 1; no ba e0
origin: f(x) f(x) The figure is a circle.
f(x) 6(x)4 3(x)2 1 f(x) (6x4 3x2 1) c
4. In an ellipse, b2 a2 c2 and a e.
f(x) 6x4 3x2 1 f(x) 6x4 3x2 1 c
e b2 a2 c2
no a
The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. c ae b2 a2 a2e2
c a e
2 2 2 b2 a2(1 e2)
57a. Let x number of cases of drug A.
Let y number of cases of drug B. 5. Shanice; an equation with only one squared term
x 10 cannot be the equation of an ellipse.
y 6. center: (h, k) (7, 0)
y9 x 10
3x 5y 55 12 (0, 9) a 0 6 or 6
y9
x 5y 45 b 7 (4) or 3
8 (y k)2 (x h)2
x 5y 45
(5, 8)
a2 b 2 1
4 (10, 5) (y 0)2 [x (7)]2
3x 5y 55 3 1
x0 (0, 0) 62 2
y2 (x 7)2
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 x 1
36 9
y0
c a2 b2 foci: (h, k c) (7, 0 33)
c 62 32 (7, 33)
c 33
317 Chapter 10
7. center: (h, k) (0, 0) 10. 9x2 4y2 18x 16y 11
a2 36 b2 4 c a2 b2 9(x2 2x ?) 4(y2 4y ?) 11 ? ?
a 36 or 6 b 4 or 2 c 36 4 or 42 9(x2 2x 1) 4(y2 4y 4) 11 9(1) (4)
foci: (h c, k) (0 42 , 0) or (42, 0) 9(x 1)2 4(y 2)2 36
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (0 6, 0) or (6, 0) 36
4 9
minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (0, 0 2) or (0, 2)
center: (h, k) (1, 2)
y a2 9 b2 4 c
a2 b2
a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9
4 or 5
(6, 0)
(0, 2)
(6, 0)
foci: (h, k c) 1, 2 5
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (1, 2 3) or
O x (1, 1), (1, 5)
(0, 2)
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (1 2, 2) or
(3, 2), (1, 2)
y
(1, 1)
8. center: (h, k) (0, 4)
a2 81 b2 49 c a2 b2
O x
a 81 or 9 b 49 or 7 c 819 4 or 42
(1, 2)
(3, 2)
foci: (h c, k) (0 42, 4) or (42 , 4) (1, 2)
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (0 9, 4) or
(9, 4)
minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (0, 4 7) or (1, 5)
(0, 11), (0, 3)
11. center: (h, k) (2, 3)
y 8
(0, 11) a 2 or 4
2
b 2 or 1
(9, 4) (0, 4) (y k)2 (x h)2
(9, 4)
a2 b 2 1
[y (3)]2 [x (2)]2
42 1 2 1
O x
(y 3)2 (x 2)2
(0, 3) 1
16 1
12. The major axis contains the foci and it is located
9. 25x2 9y2 100x 18y 116 on the x-axis.
25(x2 4x ?) 9(y2 2y ?) 116 ? ? 1 1 0 0
25(x2 4x 4) 9(y2 2y 1) 116 25(4) 9(1) center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (0, 0)
25(x 2)2 9(y 1)2 225 c 1, a 4
(x 2)2 (y 1)2
1 c2 a2 b2
9 25
12 42 b2
center: (h, k) (2, 1) b2 15
a2 25 b2 9 c a2 b2 (x h)2 (y k)2
a 25 or 5 b 9 or 3 c 25 9 or 4
a2 b
2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
foci: (h, k c) (2, 1 4) or (2, 5), (2, 3) 15 1
42
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (2, 1 5) or x2 y2
(2, 6), (2, 4)
16 15 1
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (2 3, 1) or 13. center: (h, k) (1, 2)
(1, 1), (5, 1)
y The points at (1, 4) and
(2, 6) y (5, 2) are vertices of the
(1, 4) ellipse.
(5, 2)
(5, 1) (2, 1) (1, 1) (1, 2)
O x O x
a 4, b 2
(2, 4) (x h)2 (y k)2
a2 b
2 1
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
42 2
2 1
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
16 4 1
Chapter 10 318
14. center: (h, k) (3, 1) 19. center: (h, k) (2, 1)
a6 2c a2 4 b2 1 c a2 b2
c
e a c2 a2 b2 a 4 or 2 b 1 or 1 c 4 1 or 3
1 c 22 62 b2 foci: (h, k c) (2, 1 3 )
3 6 4 36 b2 major axis vertices: (h, k a) (2, 1 2) or
(2, 3), (2, 1)
b2 32 minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (2 1, 1) or
(y k)2 (h h)2 (1, 1), (3, 1)
a2 b 2 1
(y 1)2 (x 3)2 y
62 32 1
(y 1)2 (x 3)2
1 (2, 3)
36 32 (2, 1)
15. The major axis contains the foci and is located on
(3, 1) (1, 1)
the x-axis.
center: (h, k) (0, 0) O x
c 0.141732 (2, 1)
1
a 2(3.048) or 1.524
c2 a2 b2 20. center: (h, k) (6, 7)
(0.141732)2 (1.524)2 b2 a2 121 b2 100
0.020 2.323 b2 a 121
or 11 b 100
or 10
b2 2.302 c a2 b2
b 1.517 c 121 100 or 21
(x h)2 (y k)2 foci: (h, k c) (6, 7 21
)
a2 b 2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 major axis vertices: (h, k a) (6, 7 11) or
1.5242 1.5172 1
(6, 18), (6, 4)
x2 y2 minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (6 10, 7) or
1.5242 1.5172 1
(16, 7), (4, 7)
y
(6, 18)
Pages 638641 Exercises
16. center: (h, k) (0, 5)
a 0 (7) or 7
b 5 0 or 5
(x h)2 (y k)2
(6, 7)
b 1 (4, 7)
a2 2 (16, 7)
(x 0)2 (y (5)]2
72 5 2 1
x2 (y 5)2
1 O x
49 25
c a2 b2 (6, 4)
c 72 52 or 26
foci: (h c, k) (0 26 , 5) 21. center: (h, k) (4, 6)
(26 , 5) a2 16 b2 9 c a2 b2
17. center: (h, k) (2, 0) a 16 or 4 b 9 or 3 c 169 or 7
a 2 2 or 4 foci: (h c, k) (4 7
, 6)
b 0 2 or 2 major axis vertices: (h a, k) (4 4, 6) or
(x h)2 (y k)2 (8, 6), (0, 6)
a2 b 2 1 minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (4, 6 3) or
[x (2)]2 (y 0)2
2 1 (4, 3), (4, 9)
42 2
(x 2)2 y2 y
1
16 4
c a2 b2 O x
c 42 22 or 23
(4, 3)
foci: (h c, k) (2 23
, 0)
18. centers: (h, k) (3, 4) (4, 6)
a 4 12 or 8 (0, 6)
(8, 6)
b 3 2 or 5
(y k)2 (x h)2 (4, 9)
a2 b 2 1
(y 4)2 [x (3)]2
82 5 2 1
(y 4)2 (x 3)2
1
64 25
c a2 b2
c
82 52 or 39
319 Chapter 10
22. (h, k) (0, 0) y
(3, 8)
a2 9 b2 4 c a2 b2
a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9 4 or 5
foci: (h, k c) 0, 0 5 or 0, 5 (3, 4)
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (0, 0 3) or (8, 4)
(2, 4)
(0, 3)
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (0 2, 0) or
(2, 0)
y O (3, 0) x
(0, 3)
25. 3x2 y2 18x 2y 4 0
(2, 0) (2, 0) 3(x2 6x ?) (y2 2 ?) 4
3(x2 6x 9) (y2 2y 1) 4 3(9) 1
O x
3(x 3)2 (y 1)2 24
(x 3)2 (y 1)2
24 1
(0, 3) 8
center: (h, k) (3, 1)
a2 24 b2 8
23. 8x 6y 9 0
4x2 y2
a 24 or 26 b 8 or 22
4(x2 2x ?) (y2 6y ?) 9 ? ?
4(x2 2x 1) (y2 6y 9) 9 4(1) 9 c a2 b2
4(x 1)2 (y 3)2 4 c 24 8 or 4
(x 1)2
(y 3)2
4 1 foci: (h, k c) (3, 1 4) or (3, 5), (3, 3)
1
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (3, 1 26 )
center: (h, k) (1, 3) minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (3 22 , 1)
a2 4 b2 1 c
a2 b2
(3, 1 26) y
a 4 or 2 b 1 or 1 c 4
1 or 3
foci: (h, k c) 1, 3 3
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (1, 3 2)
or (1, 1), (1, 5) (3, 1) (3 22, 1)
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (1 1, 3)
or (2, 3), (0, 3) (3 22, 1) O x
y
(3, 1 2
6)
O (1, 1) x
26. 6x2 12x 6y 36y 36
(0, 3) (2, 3)
6(x2 2x ?) 6(y2 6y ?) 36
(1, 3) 6(x2 2x 1) 6(y2 6y 9) 36 6(1) 6(9)
(1, 5) 6(x 1)2 2 6(y 3)22 96
(x 1) (y 3)
1
16 16
24. 16x2 25y2 96x 200y 144 center: (h, k) (1, 3)
16(x2 6x ?) 25(y2 8y ?) 144 ? ?
a2 16 b2 16 c a2 b2
16(x2 6x 9) 25(y2 8y 16)
a 16 or 4 b 16 or 4 c 16 16 or 0
144 16(9) 25(16)
16(x 3)2 25(y 4)2 400 foci: (h c, k) or (h, k c) (1, 3)
(x 3)2 (y 4)2 Since a b 4, the vertices are (h 4, k) and
25 16 1 (h, k 4) or (5, 3), (3, 3), (1, 1), (1, 7)
center: (h, k) (3, 4) y
(1, 1)
a2 25 b2 16 c a2 b2
a 25 or 5 b 16 or 4 c 25 16 or 3
O x
foci: (h c, k) (3 3, 4) or (6, 4), (0, 4)
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (3 5, 4) or (1, 3) (5, 3)
(8, 4), (2, 4) (3, 3)
major axis vertices: (h, k b) (3, 4 4) or
(3, 8), (3, 0)
(1, 7)
Chapter 10 320
27. 18y2 12x2 144y 48x 120 29. 49x2 16y2 160y 384 0
18(y2 8y ?) 12(x2 4x ?) 120 ? ? 49x2 16( y2 10y ?) 384 ?
18(y2 8y 16) 12(x2 4x 4) 49x2 16( y2 10y 25) 384 16(25)
120 18(16) 12(4) 49x2 16( y 5)2 784
18(y 4)2 12(x 2)2 216 x2 ( y 5)2
16 49 1
(y 4)2 (x 2)2
12 18 1 center: (h, k) (0, 5)
center: (h, k) (2, 4) a2 49 b2 16 c a2 b2
a2 18 b2 12 a 49 or 7 b 16 or 4 c 4916 or 33
a 18 or 32 b 12
or 23
foci: (h, k c) (0, 5 33
)
c a2 b2 major axis vertices: (h, k a) (0, 5 7) or
c 18 12 or 6 (0, 2), (0, 12)
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (0 4, 5) or
foci: (h c, k) (2 6
, 4)
(4, 5)
major axis vertices: (h g, k) (2 32 , 4)
minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (2, 4 23 ) y
y (0, 2)
(2, 4 23)
O x
(0, 12)
O (2, 4 23) x
30. 9y2 108y 4x2 56x 484
12y ?) 4(x2 14x ?) 484 ? ?
9(y2
28. 4x2 8y 9x2 54x 49 0
9(y2 12y 36) 4(x2 14x 49)
4(y2 2y ?) 9(x2 6x ?) 49 ? ?
484 9(36) 4(49)
4(y 2y 1) 9(x2 6x 9) 49 4(1) 9(9)
2
9( y 6)2 4(x 7)2 36
4(y 1)2 9(x 3)2 36 (y 6)2 (x 7)2
( y 1)2 (x 3)2 9 1
9
4 1 4
center: (h, k) (7, 6)
center: (h, k) (3, 1) a2 9 b2 4 c a2 b2
a2 9 b2 4 c a2 b2 a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9 4 or 5
a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9 4 or 5 foci: (h c, k) (7 5, 6)
foci: ( j, k c) (3, 1 5) major axis vertices: (h a, k) (7 3, 6) or
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (3, 1 3) or (3, 4), (10, 6)(4, 6)
(3, 2) minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (7, 6 2) or
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (3 2, 1) or (7, 4), (7, 8)
(5, 1), (1, 1)
y
y
(3, 4) O x
(7, 4)
(1, 1) (3, 1)
(5, 1)
(10, 6)
O x (4, 6)
(7, 6)
31. a 7, b 5
(x h)2 ( y k)2
a2 b 2 1
[x (3)]2 [y (1)]2
72 5 2 1
(x 3)2 ( y 1)2
1
49 25
321 Chapter 10
32. The major axis contains the foci and it is located 36. The major axis contains the foci and it is the
on the x-axis. vertical axis of the ellipse.
2 2 0 0
center: (h, k) 0, 2 or (0, 0) 5 (1)
c 2 or 3
c 2, a 7 1 1 1 5
center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (1, 2)
c2 a2 b2 ( y k)2 (x h)2
22 72 b2
a2 b
2 1 c2 a2 b2
b2 45 (2 2)2 (y 1)2 32 a2 9
b 1
(x h)2 ( y k)2 a2 2
18 a2
a2 b 2 1 02 32
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2
a2
b2 1
72 45 1 9
x2 y2
b2
1
1
49 45 9 b2
3 ( y k)2 (x h)2
33. b a
4 1
a2 b2
3 ( y 2)2 (x 1)2
6 a
4 1
18 9
8a 1 c
(x h)2 ( y k)2
37. 2 a b2 a2 c2
a2 b
2 1 a b2 102 52
c
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2 2 b2 75
82 6
2 1 10
c
x2 y2 2
36 1
64 5c
34. The major axis contains the foci and it is the (x h)2 ( y k)2
a2 b
2 1
vertical axis of the ellipse.
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2
1 (1) 1 (5) 75 1
center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (1, 2) 102
x2 y2
c 1 k a 213
100 7
5 1
c 1 (2) or 3 38. y tangent vertices:
c2 a2 b2 (4, 0) (4, 0), (0, 7)
2
32 213 b2 O 4 8 12 x a 7 0 or 7
b2 52 9 4 b 4 0 or 4
(0, 7)
b2 43 8 (4, 7)
(y k)2 (x h)2
a2 b 2 1
12
[y (2)]2 [x (1)]2
(213)2
43
1
( y 2)2 (x 1)2
1 ( y k)2 (x h)2
52 43
a2
b 2 1
35. y The horizontal axis of [y (7)] (x 4)2
the ellipse is the major
72
4 2 1
12
(2, 9) axis. ( y 7) 2 (x 4)2
1
49 16
8
(11, 5) 39. b a2(1 e2)
2
(7, 5)
3 2
(2, 1)
4
b2 221 4
28
12 8 4 O 4 8x b2
16 or 1.75
Case 1: Horizontal axis is major axis.
11 7 5 5 (x h)2 ( y k)
enter: (h, k) ,
2 2 or (2, 5)
a2
b 2 1
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2
ha7 kb9 1.75
1
22
2 a 7 5b9 x2 y2
1
a9 b4 4 1.75
(x h)2 ( y k)2 Case 2: Vertical axis is major axis.
a2
b2
1
( y k)2 (x h)2
[x (2)]2 ( y 5)2 b 1
92
42
1 a2 2
( y 0)2 (x 0)2
(x 2)2 ( y 5)2
1.75 1
81
16
1 22
y2 x2
4
1.75 1
Chapter 10 322
40. The major axis contains the foci and it is the 44. 4x2 y2 8x 2y 1
horizontal axis of the ellipse. 4(x2 2x ?) (y2 2y ?) 1 ? ?
31 55
center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (2, 5) 4(x2 2x 1) (y2 2y 1) 1 4(1) 1
4(x 1)2 (y 1)2 4
foci: (3, 5) (h c, k)
(y 1)2 4 4(x 1)2
3hc
32c y 1 4 4(x 1)2
1c y 4 4 (x 1
)2 1
e a
c Vertices: (0, 1),
b2 a2(1 e2)
(2, 1), (1, 1),
1 b2 42(1 0.252)
0.25 (1, 3)
a b2 15
a4
(x h)2 ( y k)2
a2
b 2 1
(x 2)2 ( y 5)2
42
15 1
(x 2)2 ( y 15)2 [4.7, 4.7] scl:1 by [3.1, 3.1] scl:1
1
16 15
20 45. 4x2 9y2 16x 18y 11
41. a 2 or 10
4(x 4x ?) 9(y2 2y ?) 11 ? ?
2
b2 a2(1 e2) 4(x2 4x 4) 9(y2 2y 1) 11 4(4) 9(1)
2
b2 1021 1
0 or 51
7
4(x 2)2 9(y 1)2 36
( y k)2 (x h)2 9(y 1)2 36 4(x 2)2
b 1
36 4(x 2)
a2 2 2
(y 0)2 (x 3)2 y1 9
102
51 1
y 1
36 4(x 2) 2
y2 (x 3)2
1 9
100 51
42. focus: (1, 1 5) (h, k c) Vertices: (1, 1),
(5, 1), (2, 3),
1 5 kc
(2, 1)
1 5 1 c
5 c
c
e a b2 a2(1 e2)
2
b2 321 3
5 5
5
3
a
a3 b2 4 [7.28, 7.28] scl:1 by [4.8, 4.8] scl:1
major axis: vertical axis 46. 25y2 16x2 150y 32x 159
( y k)2 (x h)2 25(y2 6y ?) 16(x2 2x ?) 159 ? ?
b 1
a2 2
25(y2 6y 9) 16(x2 2x 1)
[y (1)]2 (x 1)2
4 1 159 25(9) 16(1)
32
( y 1) 2 (x 1)2 25(y 3)2 16(x 1)2 400
1
9 4 25(y 3)2 400 16(x 1)2
x2 4y2 6x
24y 41
25
400 16(x 1) 2
43.
(y 3)
(x2 6x ?) 6y ?) 41 ? ?
4(y2
y
5 3
(x2 6x 9) 4(y2 6y 9) 41 9 4(9) 400 16(x 1) 2
(x 3)2 4(y 3)2 4
4(y 3)2 4 (x 3)2 Vertices: (4, 3),
4 (x 3)2 (6, 3), (1, 7),
(y 3)2
4 (1, 1)
4 (x 3)
2
y3 4
y
3
4 (x 3) 2
4
vertices: (5, 3),
(1, 3), (3, 2), [15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [10, 10] scl:1
(3, 4)
323 Chapter 10
47. The target ball should be placed opposite the 8
52a. a 2 or 4
pocket, 5 feet from the center along the major
axis of the ellipse. The cue ball can be placed b3
anywhere on the side opposite the pocket. The c a2 b2
ellipse has a semi-major axis of length 3 feet and a c 42 32
semi-minor axis of length 2 feet. Using the c 7
equation c2 a2 b2, the focus of the ellipse is
foci: (h c, 0) (0 7
, 0) or (7, 0)
found to be 5 feet from the center of the ellipse.
Thus the hole is located at one focus of the ellipse. The thumbtacks should be placed (7 , 0) from
The reflective properties of an ellipse should the center of the arch.
insure that a ball placed 5 feet from the center 52b. With the string anchored by thumbtacks at the
of the ellipse and hit so that it rebounds once off foci of the arch and held taunt by a pencil, the
the wall should fall into the pocket at the other sum of the distances from each thumbtack to the
focus of the ellipse. pencil will remain constant.
48. A horizontal line; see students work. 53a. GOES 4; its eccentricity is closest to 0.
96 c
49a. a 2 or 48 53b. y e
a
46 c
b
2 or 23
6955 0.052
(h, k) (0, 0) x c 361.66
(x h)2 ( y k)2 O
a2
b 2 1 x
a c
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2
482
232
1
x2 y2
1
2304 529
49b. c
a2 b2 [figure not drawn to scale]
c 2304
529 x a c Earths radius
c
42.13 x 6955 361.66 6357
He could have stood at a focal point, about 42 x 959.66
feet on either side of the center along the major x
960 km
axis. 54. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
49c. The distance between the focal points is 2c. 0 (9)2 D(0) E(9) F 0
2
2c 2(42) 9E F 81
84 72 (2)2 D(7) E(2) F 0
about 84 ft 7D 2E F 53
50a. x2 y2 r2 (5)2 (10)2 D(5) E(10) F 0
x2
y2
r2 1 A r2 5D 10E F 125
r2
x2 y2 9E F 81
a2
b2 1 Arr (1)(7D 2E F) (1)(53)
Aab 7D 7E 28
A ab DE4
x2 y2 7D 2E F 53
50b. 1
9 4
(1)(5D 10E F ) (1)(125)
a2 9 b2 4
a3 b2 12D 8E 72
A ab (8)(D E) (8)(4)
A (3)(2) 12D 8E 72
A 6 units2 4D 40
51. If (x, y) is a point on the ellipse, then show that D 10
(x, y) is also on the ellipse. DE4 9E F 81
x2 y2 10 E 4 9(6) F 81
a2
b2 1 E 6 F 135
(x)2 (y)2
b 1 x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
a2 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 10x 6y 135 0
a2
b2 1 (x2 10x 25) (y2 6y 9) 135 25 9
Thus, (x, y) is also a point on the ellipse and (x 5)2 (y 3)2 169
the ellipse is symmetric with respect to the origin.
Chapter 10 324
center: (h, k) (5, 3) 60. Let h 0.1.
radius: r2 169 x h x 0.1
r 13 1 0.1 or 1.1
y f(x 0.1) f(1.1)
(5, 16) (1.1)2 4(1.1) 12
15.19
(5, 3) (8, 3)
x h x 0.1
1 0.1 or 0.9
O x f(x 0.1) f(0.9)
(0.9)2 4(0.9) 12
14.79
f(x) 16
f(x) f(x 0.1) and f(x) f(x 0.1), so the point
55. Graph the quadrilateral with vertices A(1, 2), is a location of a minimum.
B(5, 4), C(4, 1), and D(5, 4).
61. The graph of the parent function g(x) x is
A quadrilateral is a D (5, 4) y translated 2 units right.
parallelogram if one
pair of opposite sides g (x )
C (4, 1)
are parallel and
congruent. x
O
A(1, 2)
B (5, 4) O x
A
slope of D B
slope of C
y2 y1 y2 y1
m
x2 x1 m
x x 62. Initial location: (2, 0)
2 1
2 4 4 1 0 1 2 0 or (0, 2)
1 (5)
6 3
54
5
Rot90
1 0 0
2
or 1 1 2 or (2, 0)
4 2 0 2
Rot80
A
The slopes are not equal, so D C
B
. The 0 1 0 0
quadrilateral is not a parallelogram; no. 0 1 2 0
Rot270 or (0, 2)
56. cos 2v 1 2 sin2 v 1 0 0 2
7 2
cos 2v 1 28 63. mQTS mTSR 180
34 17 a b c d 180 p b c 180
cos 2v 64 or 32 b b c c 180 p 90 180
57. A 4
2
180 2b 2c 180 p 90
k
b c 90
A 4 k2 The correct choice is C.
c
k 20 h0
c
2 20
Page 641 Graphing Calculator Exploration
c 40 1. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units to the
y A cos(kx c) h right.
y 4 cos[2x (40)] 0
y 4 cos(2x 40)
58. A 180 (121 32 42 5) or 16 23
a b a c
sin A
sin B
sin A
sin C
4.1 b 4.1 c
sin 16 23
sin 42 5
sin 16 23
sin 121 32
4.1 sin 42 5 4.1 sin 121 32
sin 16 23 b
sin 16 23 c
9.7
b 12.4
c
59. P(x) x4 4x3 2x2 1 [15.16, 15.16] scl:2 by [10, 10] scl:2
P(5) 54 4(5)3 2(5)2 1
P(5) 74
P(5) 0; no, the binomial is not a factor of the
polynomial.
325 Chapter 10
2. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units to the 2. transverse axis: vertical
left. 2a 4
a2
An equation2in standard form of the hyperbola
y y2
must have 22 or 4 as the first term; b.
c
3. e a, so ae c and a2e2 c2.
Since c2 a2 b2 we have
a2e2 a2 b2
a e a2 b2
2 2
a2(e2 1) b2
[15.16, 15.16] scl:2 by [10, 10] scl:2
4. With the equation in standard form, if the first
3. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units up.
expression contains x, the transverse axis is
horizontal. If the first expression contains y, the
transverse axis is vertical.
5. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
a2 25 b2 4 c a2 b2
a5 b2 c 254 or 29
transverse axis: horizontal
foci: (h c, k) (0 29
, 0) or (29, 0)
vertices: (h a, k) (0 5, 0) or (5, 0)
[15.16, 15.16] scl:2 by [10, 10] scl:2 b
asymptotes: y k a(x h)
4. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units down. 2
y 0 5(x 0)
2
y 5x
y
8
(5, 0) 4 (5, 0)
8 4 O 4 8 x
[18.19, 18.19] scl:2 by [12, 12] scl:2 4
5. Sample answer: The graph will rotate 90. 8
(2, 3)
10-4 Hyperbolas
O x
(2, 1)
Pages 649650 Check For Understanding
1. The equations of both hyperbolas and ellipses
have x2 terms and y2 terms. In an ellipse, the
terms are added and in a hyperbola these terms
are subtracted.
Chapter 10 326
7. y2 5x2 20x 50 11. 2b 6
y2 5(x2 4x ?) 50 ? b3
x1 x2 y1 y2 33 40
y2 5(x2 4x 4) 50 (5)(4) center: 2, 2 2, 2
y2 5(x 2)2 30 (3, 2)
y2 (x 2)2
30 6 1 transverse axis: vertical
xhx2 yky a 4 2 or 2
( y k)2 (x h)2
h2 k0 b 1
a2 2
center: (h, k) (2, 0) ( y 2)2 (x 3)2
a2 30 b2 6 c
a2 b2
22
3
2 1
( y 2)2 (x 3)2
a 30 b 6 c 30
6 or 6 9 1
4
transverse axis: vertical x1 x2 y1 y2 0 0 6 (6)
foci: (h, k c) (2, 0 6) or (2, 6) 12. center: 2, 2 2, 2
vertices: (h, k a) 2, 0 30 or 2, 30 (0, 0)
asymptotes: y k
a
b(x h) transverse axis: vertical
c distance from center to a focus
30
y0 (x 2) 0 6 or 6
6
y 5
(x 2) b2 c2 a2 b2 a2
a c a
2 2 2 b2 18
y
2a2 c2
8 c2
a2 2
4 (2, 30) 62
a2 2 or 18
(2, 0)
( y k)2 (x h)2
4 O 4 8x
a2
b
2 1
4 (2,
30) ( y 0)2 (x 0)2
18 18 1
y2 x2
8 1
18 18
x1 x2 y1 y2 10 (10) 0 0
13. center:
2 , 2 2, 2
8. center: (h, k) (0, 5) (0, 0)
transverse axis: horizontal transverse axis: horizontal
a 5, b 3 c distance from center to a focus
(x h)2 ( y k)2
b 1 10 0 or 10
a2 2
c
(x 0)2 ( y 5)2 e a b2 c2 a2
52
3
2 1
5 10
x2 ( y 5)2 a b2 102 62
25 9 1 3
b2 64
9. c 9
a6
quadrants: II and IV (x h)2 ( y k)2
transverse axis: y x
a2
b
2 1
vertices: xy 9 xy 9 (x 0)2 ( y 0)2
64 1
3(3) 9 3(3) 9 62
x2 y2
(3, 3) (3, 3)
36 64 1
y 14a. The origin is located midway between stations A
and B; (h, k) (0, 0). The stations are located at
the foci, so 2c 130 or c 65.
(3, 3)
y
O x
(3, 3)
A(65, 0) O B (65, 0) x
10. center: (h, k) (1, 4) The difference of the distances from the plane to
(x h)2 ( y k)2 each station is 50 miles.
a2
b 2 1
50 2a (Definition of hyperbola)
(x 1)2 [y (4)]2
52
22
1 25 a
(x 1)2
( y 4)2 b2 c2 a2
1
25 4 b2 652 252
b2 3600
327 Chapter 10
transverse axis: horizontal 16. center: (h, k) (0, 5)
(x h)2 ( y k)2
b 1 a2 9 b2 81
a2 2
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2 a 9 or 3 b 81 or 9
252
3600
1 c a2 b2
x2 y2
1 c 9 1
8 or 310
625 3600
transverse axis: horizontal
14b. Vertices: (h a, k) (0 25, 0) or (25, 0)
b
foci: (h c, k) (0 310
, 5) or (310 , 5)
asymptotes: y k a(x h) vertices: (h a, k) (0 3, 5) or (3, 5)
3
b
600
y 0 25(x 0) asymptotes: y k a(x h)
9
12
y 5x y 5 3(x 0)
y y 5 3x
Plane
60
located y
on this
branch 40
(0, 5)
Station A 20 Station B
(65, 0) (3, 5) (3, 5)
(65, 0)
60 40 20 O 20 40 60 x
20 O x
40
60
17. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
a2 4 b2 49
14c. Let y 6. a 4 or 2 b 49
or 7
x2 y2 c a2 b2
3600 1
625 c 4 9 4 or 53
x2 62
625
3600 1
transverse axis: horizontal
x2 36 foci: (h c, k) (0 53
, 0) or (53, 0)
625
3600 1
vertices: (h a, k) (0 2, 0) or (2, 0)
x2 36
625 1
3600 asymptotes: y k a(x h)
b
x2
625 1.01 y 0 2(x 0)
7
625(1.01)
x2 y 2x
7
x2 631.25
x 631.2
5 y
8
x 25.1
Since the phase is closer to station A than 4
station B, use the negative value of x to locate (2, 0) (2, 0)
the ship at (25.1, 6). 4 2 O 2 4x
4
8
Pages 650652 Exercises
15. center: (h, k) (0, 0) 18. center: (h, k) (1, 7)
a2 100 b2 16
a2 64 b2 4
a 100 or 10 b 16
or 4
a 64
or 8 b 4 or 2
c a b
2 2
c a2 b2
c 100
16 or 229
c 644 or 217
transverse axis: horizontal
transverse axis: vertical
foci: (h c, k) (0 229, 0) or (229
, 0)
foci: (h, k c) (1, 7 217
)
vertices: (h a, k) (0 10, 0) or (10, 0)
b vertices: (h, k a) y
asymptotes: y k a(x h) (1, 7 8) or (1, 15), (1, 1)
4 y a
y 0 1
0 (x 0) asymptotes: y k b(x h)
2 8 (1, 15)
8
y 5x y 7 2[x (1)]
4 y 7 4(x 1) (1, 7)
(10, 0) (10, 0)
16 8 O 8 16 x
4 O
(1, 1) x
8
Chapter 10 328
19. x2 4y2 6x 8y 11 21. 16y2 25x2 96y 100x 356 0
(x2 6x ?) 4( y2 2y ?) 11 ? ? 16(y2 6y ?) 25(x2 4x ?) 356
(x2 6x 9) 4( y2 2y 1) 11 9 (4)(1) 16(y2 6y 9) 25(x2 4x 4) 356 16(9) 25(4)
(x 3)2 4( y 1)2 16 16(y 3)2 25(x 2)2 400
(x 3)2 (y 1)2 (y 3)2 (x 2)2
16 4 1 1
25 16
center: (h, k) (3, 1) center: (h, k) (2, 3)
a2 16 b2 4 c
a2 b2 a2 25 b2 16 c a2 b2
a 16 or 4 b 4
2 or 2 c 16
4 or 25
a 25 b 16
c 25 16
transverse axis: horizontal or 5 or 4 or 41
foci: (h c, k) (3 25 , 1) transverse axis: vertical
vertices: (h a, k) (3 4, 1) or (1, 1), foci: (h, k c) (2, 3 41
)
(7, 1) vertices: (h, k a) (2, 3 5) or (2, 8), (2, 2)
b a
asymptotes: y k a(x h) asymptotes: y k b(x h)
2 5
y (1) 4[x (3)] y 3 4(x 2)
1
y 1 2(x 3) y
y
(2, 8)
O (2, 3)
x
(7, 1) (1, 1)
(3, 1)
O x
(2, 2)
20. 4x 9y2 24x 90y 153 0 22. 36x2 49y2 72x294y2169
9(y2 10y ?) 4(x2 6x ?) 153 36(x2 2x?)49(y2 6y?)2169??
9(y2 10y 25) 4(x2 6x 9) 153 36(x2x1)49(y2 6y9)216936(1)49(9)
9(25) 4(9) 36(x1)2 49(y3)2 1764
9( y 5)2 4(x 3)2 36 (x 1)2 (y 3)2
1
( y 5)2 (x 3)2 49 36
1
4 9 center: (h, k) (1, 3)
center: (h, k) (3, 5) a2 49 b2 36 c a2 b2
a2 4 b2 9 c a2 b2 a 49 b 36
c 49
36
a 4 or 2 b 9 or 3 c 4 9 or 13 or 7 or 6 or 85
transverse axis: vertical transverse axis: horizontal
foci: (h, k c) (3, 5 13) foci: (h c, k) (1 85
, 3)
vertices: (h, k a) (3, 5 2) or (3, 7), (3, 3) vertices: (h a, k) (1 7, 3) or (8, 3),
a
asymptotes: y k b(x h) (6, 3)
b
2
y 5 3[x (3)] asymptotes: y k a(x h)
6
2
y 5 3(x 3) y (3) 7(x 1)
6
y y 3 7(x 1)
y
(3, 7)
(3, 5)
O x
(3, 3) x (6, 3) (8, 3)
(1, 3)
O
329 Chapter 10
23. 25y2 9x2 100y 72x 269 0 27. c 49
25(y2 4y ?) 9(x2 8x ?) 269 ? ? quadrants: I and III
25(y2 4y 4) 9(x2 8x 16) 269 25(4) 9(16) transverse axis: y x
25(y 2)2 9(x 4)2 225 vertices: xy 49 xy 49
(y 2)2 (x 4)2
1 7(7) 49 7(7) 49
9 25
(7, 7) (7, 7)
center: (h, k) (4, 2)
a2 9 b2 25 c a2 b2 y
a 9 b 25 c 9 5
2
or 3 or 5 or 34
(7, 7)
transverse axis: vertical
foci: (h, k c) 4, 2 34
O x
vertices: (h, k a)
(4, 2 3) or (4, 5), (4, 1) (7, 7)
a
asymptotes: y k b(x h)
3
y 2 5[x (4)]
3 28. c 36
y 2 5(x 4)
quadrants: II and IV
y (4, 5) transverse axis: y x
(4, 2
34) vertices: xy 36 xy 36
6(6) 36 6(6) 36
3
y 2 (x 4) 3 (6, 6) (6, 6)
5 y 2 (x 4)
(4, 2) 5
O y
x
(4, 1)
(4, 2
34) (6, 6)
Chapter 10 330
30. 9xy 16 34. 2b 8
xy
16
b4
9 x1 x2 y1 y2 3 (3) 9 (5)
16 center: 2, 2 2, 2
c
9
(3, 2)
quadrants: I and III
transverse axis: vertical
transverse axis: y x
16 16
a distance from center to a vertex
vertices: xy 9 xy 9 2 9 or 7
(y k)2 (x h)2
4 4
16
3 3 9 33 9
4 4 16
a2 b 2 1
(y 2)2 [x (3)]2
4 4
,
3 3 43, 43
72 4 2 1
(y 2)2 (x 3)2
1
y 49 16
x1 x2 y1 y2 8 (8) 0 0
35.
center: 2, 2 2
,
2
(0, 0)
( 43, 43 ) transverse axis: horizontal
O x c distance from center to a focus
( 43, 43 ) 0 8 or 8
b2 c2 a2 b2 a2
a2 c2 a2 b2 32
2a2 c2
c2
a2 2
31. center: (h, k) (4, 2)
(y k)2 (x h)2 82
b 1 a2 2 or 32
a2 2
[y (2)]2 (x 4)2 (x h)2 (y k)2
3 1
a2 b
2 1
22 2
(y 2)2 (x 4)2 (x 0)2 (y 0)2
9 1
32 32 1
4
x1 x2 y1 y2 0 0 3 (3) x2 y2
32. center: 2, 2 2, 2 32 1
32
331 Chapter 10
38. center: (h, k) (3, 1) transverse axis: horizontal
a distance from center to a vertex (x h)2 (y k)2
a2 b
2 1
3 5 or 2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
transverse axis: horizontal __
__
1
81 81
3x 11 2y
2
2
3x 11 4 2y 4
2x2 2y2
3x 15 2y 4 1
81 81
3(x 5) 2(y 2) x1 x2 y1 y2 1 1 5 (3)
3
42. center: ,
2 2
2 , 2
(x 5) y 2
2 (1, 1)
3
y 2 2(x 5) c distance from center to a focus
b 3 1 5 or 4
a 2
transverse axis: vertical
b 3
2 a
2
b 2 a2 (2b)2
b3
a 2b a2 45
16
(x b)2 (y k)2
a2 b 2 1 c2 a2 b2 64
(x 3)2 [y (1)]2 42 (2b)2 b2 a2 5
3 1
22 16 5b2
2
(x 3)2 (y 1)2
1 16
4 9 b2
x1 x2 y1 y2 5
0 0 8 (8)
39. center:
2 ,
2 ,
2 2 (y k)2
a2
(x h)2
b 2 1
(0, 0) (y 1)2 (x 1)2
1
c distance from center to a focus 64
16
0 8 or 8 5 5
5(y 1)2 5(x 1)2
c 1
e a b2 c2 a2 64 16
4 8 b2 82 62 43a. quadrants: I and II
3 a b2 28 transverse axis: y x
a6
transverse axis: vertical V
250
(y k)2 (x h)2
a2 b 2 1 200
(y 0)2 (x 0)2
150
62 28 1 100
y2 x2 50
1
36 28 864 O 2 4 6 8 10 P
x1 x2 y1 y2 10 (2) 3 (3)
40.
centers: 2, 2 ,
2 2 100
150
(4, 3) 200
c distance from center to a focus 250
4 10 or 6
e a
c
b2 c2 a2 43b. PV 505
6 6 b2 62 52 (101)V 505
a V 5.0 dm3
5 b2 11
a5 43c. PV 505
transverse axis: horizontal (50.5)V 505
(x h)2 (y k)2 V 10.0 dm3
a2 b 2 1
43d. If the pressure is halved, then the volume is
(x 4)2 [y ( 3)]
52 11 1 doubled, or V 2(original V ).
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 44. In an equilateral hyperbola, a b and
1
25 11
x1 x2 y1 y2 9 (9) 0 0
c2 a2 b2.
41. center:
2 ,
2 0
,
2 c2 a2 a2 ab
(0, 0) c2 2a2
c distance from center to a focus c a2
c
0 9 or 9 Since e a, we have
b2 c2 a2 b2 a2 e a
c
81
a2 92 a2 b2 a2
2 e
2a2 81 a
81
a2 2 e 2
Thus, the eccentricity of any equilateral hyperbola
is 2
.
Chapter 10 332
45a. y The lightning is 2200 feet farther from station B
than from station A. The difference of distances
equals 2a.
150 ft
2200 2a (Definition of hyperbola)
O x 1100 a
b2 c2 a2
b c2 a2
b 10,56 02 1
1002
b 10,503
2a 150 center: (h, k) (0, 0)
a 75 transverse axis: horizontal
b2 c2 a2 (x h)2 (y k)2
e a
c
a2 b
2 1
b2 1252 752 (x 0)2 (y 0)2
5
c
b2 10,000
11002
10,5032 1
3 75
b 100 x2 y2
125 c
11002
10,5032 1
A B
(10,560, 0) O (10,560, 0) x
333 Chapter 10
48b. They are the same lines. 51. y
(y 2)2 (x 3)2 D (3, 6)
48c.
25
16 1
(x 3)2 (y 2)2
48d.
16
25 1 A (1, 3)
center: (h, k) (3, 2) C (6, 2)
a2 16 b2 25
a 16 or 4 b 25 or 5
O x
transverse axis: horizontal
B (2, 1)
vertices: (h a, k) (3 4, 2) or (7, 2), (1, 2)
b
asymptotes: y k a(x h) AB (2 1)2 (
1 3
)2 5
5 BC (2 6) (
2 1 2)2 5
y2 4(x 3)
(y 2)2 (x 3)2 CD (6 3
) (2
2 6) 5
2
25
16 1 AD (3 1)2 (6
3)2 5
center: (h, k) (3, 2) D
Thus, ABCD is a rhombus. The slope of A
a2 25 b2 16 63 3
31 4
B 1 2 or 3 .
or 4 and the slope of A
31
a 25 or 5 b 16 or 4
transverse axis: vertical Thus, A D
is perpendicular to A
B and ABCD is a
vertices: (h, k a) (3, 2 5) or (3, 7), (3, 3) square.
a 52. (r, v) (90, 208)
asymptotes: y k b(x h)
(r, v 360 k) (90, 208 360(1))
5
y 2 4(x 3) (90, 152)
y
(r, v (2k 1)(180))
(90, 208 (2(1) 1)(180))
8 (90, 28)
53. 4(5) 1(2) 8(2) 6
4
No, the inner product of the two vectors is not
zero.
4 O 4 8 x
54. x cos f y sin f p 0
4
x cos 60 y sin 60 3 0
1 3
x
2 2 y 3 0
x1 x2 y1 y2 2 2 3 (3)
49. center: 2, 2 2, 2 x 3
y 6 0
(2, 0) 55. x
a4
c distance from center to a focus
0 3 or 3 9000 m
b2 a2 c2 30
b2 42 32 or 7
major axis: vertical 60
(y k)2 (x h)2
a2
b
2 1 x
( y 0)2 (x 2)2 tan 30
9000
7 1
42 9000 tan 30 x
y2 (x 2)2
16 7 1 5196 x
50. x2 y2 4x
14y 28 0 d rt
d
(x2 4x ?) (y2 14y ?) 28 ? ?
t r
(x2 4x 4) (y2 14y 49) 28 4 49 5196
(x 2)2 (y 7)2 81
15 r
y 346.4 r
about 346 m/s
56.
O x
(2, 7)
(11, 7)
(2, 16)
Since 0.2506 is closer to zero than 0.6864, the
zero is about 1.3.
Chapter 10 334
7. y2 4x 2y 5 0
y2 2y 4x 5
y2 2y ? 4x 5 ?
y2 2y 1 4x 5 1
(y 1) 4(x 1)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1)
4p 4
p1
Since 0.0784 is closer to zero than 0.2446, the focus: (h p, k) (1 1, 1) or (2, 1)
zero is about 0.6. directrix: x h p
57. Case 1: r is positive and s is negative. x11
Case 2: r is negative and s is positive. x0
I. r3 s3 is false if r is negative. axis of symmetry: y k
II. r3 s2 is false for each case. y 1
III. r4 s4 is true for each case. y
The correct choice is C.
x0
(1, 1)
Pages 658659 Check for Understanding
1. The equation of a parabola will have only one
squared term, while the equation of a hyperbola
will have two squared terms.
2. vertex: (h, k) (2, 1)
8. x2 8x 4y 8 0
p 4
x2 8x 4y 8
(x h)2 4p( y k)
x2 8x ? 4y 8 ?
(x 2)2 4(4)(y 1)
x2 8x 16 4y 8 16
(x 2)2 16( y 1)
(x 4)2 4(y 2)
3. The vertex and focus both lie on the axis of vertex: (h, k) (4, 2)
symmetry. The directrix and axis of symmetry are 4p 4
perpendicular to each other. The focus and the p 1
point on the directrix collinear with the focus are focus: (h, k p) (4, 2 (1)) or (4, 1)
equidistant from the vertex. directrix: y k p
4. (h, k) (4, 5) y 2 (1)
p 5 y3
(y k)2 4p(x h) axis of symmetry: x h
(y 5)2 4(5)[x (4)] x 4
(y 5)2 20(x 4) y
5a. ellipse 5b. parabola
5c. hyperbola 5d. circle y3
(4, 2)
6. vertex: (h, k) (0, 1)
4p 12 (4, 1)
p3 O x
focus: (h, k p) (0, 1 3) or (0, 4)
directrix: y k p
y13
y 2
axis of symmetry: x h
x0 9. vertex: (h, k) (0, 0)
y opening: downward
p 4
(x h)2 4p(y k) y
(0, 4)
(x 0)2 4(4)(y 0)
(0, 1) x2 16y
O x
O x
y 2
335 Chapter 10
10. (y k)2 4p(x h) 12b. The maximum height is s 52 ft.
(1 5)2 4p[2 (7)] (h, k) (7, 5); 12c. Let s 0.
(6)2 36p (x, y) (2, 1) s 56t 16t2 3
1p 0 16t2 56t 3
(y k)2 4p(x h) b
b2 4
ac
t
(y 5)2 4(1)[x (7)] 2a
16t2 5t ? s 3 ?
7
Chapter 10 336
16. y 2 12x 2y 13 18. x2 10x 25 8y 24
y2 2y 12x 13 (x 5)2 8(y 3)
y2 2y ? 12x 13 ? vertex: (h, k) (5, 3)
y2 2y 1 12x 13 1 4p 8
( y 1)2 12(x 1) p 2
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1) focus: (h, k p) (5, 3 (2)) or (5, 1)
4p 12 directrix: y k p
p 3 y 3 (2)
focus: (h p, k) (1 (3), 1) or (4, 1) y5
directrix: x h p axis of symmetry: x h
x 1 (3) x 5
x2 y
axis of symmetry: y k
y1
y5
y
(5, 3)
x2
(5, 1)
x
(4, 1) (1, 1)
O
O x
O 1 2 3 x
1 (2, 74 ) ( 72 , 7)
(2, 2)
y 94
(4, 7)
337 Chapter 10
20. y2 2y 12x 13 0 vertex: (h, k) (3, 2)
y2 2y 12x 13 4p 10
y2 2y ? 12x 13 ? 10 5
p 4 or 2
y2 2y 1 12x 13 1
focus: (h, k p) 3, 2 2 or 3, 2
5 9
(y 1)2 12(x 1)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1) directrix: y k p
4p 12 5
y 2 2
p3
1
focus: (h p, k) (1 3, 1) or (4, 1) y 2
directrix: x h p axis of symmetry: x h
x13 x3
x 2 y
axis of symmetry: y k
y1 (3, 92 )
y
x 2
(3, 2) y 12 x
O
(1, 1)
(4, 1)
O x 23. 2y2 16y 16x 64 0
2y2 16y 16x 64
2(y2 8y ?) 16x 64 ?
2(y2 8y 16) 16x 64 2(16)
2(y 4)2 16x 32
21. 2x2 12y 16x 20 0 ( y 4)2 8x 16
2x2 16x 12y 20
(y 4)2 8(x 2)
2(x2 8x ?) 12y 20 ?
2(x2 8x 16) 12y 20 2(16) vertex: (h, k) (2, 4)
2(x 4)2 12y 12 4p 8
(x 4)2 6(y 1) p 2
vertex: (h, k) (4, 1) focus: (h p, k) (2 (2), 4) or (4, 4)
4p 6 directrix: x h p y
6 3 x 2 (2)
p 4 or 2
x0 O x
focus: (h, k p) 4, 1 2 or 4, 2
3 1
axis of symmetry: y k
y 4 x0
directrix: y k p
3
(4, 4) (2, 4)
y 1 2
5
y 2
axis of symmetry: x h
x4
y 24. vertex: (h, k) (5, 1)
opening: right
hp2
5 p 2
(4, 12 ) p7
( y k)2 4p(x h)
O x ( y 1)2 4(7)[x (5)]
(4, 1)
( y 1)2 28(x 5)
y 52
y
8
22. 3x2 30x 18x 87 0
3x2 18x 30y 87 4
3(x2 6x ?) 30y 87 ? (5, 1)
3(x2 6x 9) 30y 87 3(9) 12 8 4 O x
3(x 3)2 30y 60 4
(x 3)2 10y 20
(x 3)2 10(y 2) 8
Chapter 10 338
25. opening: left 28. vertex: (h, k) (2, 3)
focus: (h p, k) (0, 6) ( y k)2 4p(x h)
hp0 k6 [1 (3)]2 4p[3 (2)] (h, k) (2, 3);
h (3) 0 y 42 4p (x, y) (3, 1)
h3 16 4 p
y
(y k)2 4p(x h) 12 ( y k)2 4p(x h)
( y 6)2 4(3)(x 3) ( y 3)2 4(4)(x 2) O x
( y 6)2 12(x 3) 8 ( y 3)2 16(x 2)
(3, 6)
4 (2, 3)
8 4 O 4 8 x
4
O x O x
30. opening: downward
(4, 3) vertex: (h, k) (5, 3) (maximum)
(x h)2 4p(y k)
(1 5)2 4p[7 (3)] (h, k) (5, 3);
27. opening: downward (4)2 16p (x, y) (1, 7)
vertex: (h, k) (4, 3) 1 p
(x h)2 4p(y k) (x h)2 4p(y k)
(5 4)2 4p(2 3) (h, k) (4, 3); (x 5)2 4(1)(y 3)
12 4p (x, y) (5, 2) (x 5)2 4(y 3)
1
4 p y
(x h)2 4p( y k) O x
4 (y 3)
1 (5, 3)
(x 4)2 4
(x 4)2 ( y 3)
y (4, 3)
O x
339 Chapter 10
32. opening: upward 34a. Let y income per flight.
x1 x2
h 2 Let x the number of $10 price decreases.
12 3 Income number of passengers cost of a ticket
2 or 2 y (110 20x) (140 10x)
vertex: (h, k) 2, 0
3 y
15,400 1100x 2800x 200x2
(x h)2 4p(y k)
y 200x2 2x 15,400
17
2
1 32 4p(1 0) (h, k) 2, 0;
3
Chapter 10 340
35a. Let (h, k) (0, 0). 38b. 4p 16
x2 4py x2 4py p 4
x2 48y x2 44y
1 1 1 1
p 8 p 4 focus of parabola center of circle
vertex: (h, k) (1, 4)
2x2 y x2 y
focus: (h, k p) (1, 4 (4)) or (1, 0)
x2 4py y
x2 y diameter latus rectum
x2 1(1)y p1 2x 2 y
1
16
x y 1
4 radius 2(16)
The opening becomes 8
narrower.
1 2 (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
x y
4 (x 1)2 (y 0)2 82
O x (x 1)2 y2 64
39. center: (h, k) (2, 3)
35b. The opening becomes wider. a2 25 b2 16
36a. Sample answer: a 25 or 5 b 16
or 4
opening: upward c a2 b2
vertex: (h, k) (0, 0) c 25 16 or 41
y transverse axis: vertical
foci: (h, k c) (2, 3 41
)
(2100, 490) vertices: (h, k a) (2, 3 5) or (2, 8), (2, 2)
a
asymptotes: y k b (x h)
(0, 0) 500 ft 5
y 3 4(x 2)
2100 10 ft O 2100 x
y
roadway (2, 8)
(0, 7)
341 Chapter 10
41.
12 cos 2 (r, ) 45. 19 t 14 19
19 t 33
0 12 (12, 0)
t 33 or 27
6 6 6, 6 perimeter 14 19 t
14 19 27
3 6 6, 3 60
The correct choice is C.
2 12 12, 2
2
3 6 6, 23 Page 661 Mid-Chapter Quiz
5
6 6 6, 56 1a. AB
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
12 (12, )
(6 3
)2 (9 3)2
7
3 6
2 2
6 6 6, 76 45
4 BC
(x2
x1)2 (y2 y1)2
3 6 6, 43
(9 6
)2 (3 9)2
3 3
2 12 12,
2 3 (
2 6) 2
5 45
3 6 6, 53 Since AB BC, triangle ABC is isosceles.
11
6 6 6, 116 1b. AC (x2
x1)2 (y2 y1)2
(9 3
)2 (3 3)2
2 2 6 0
2 2
3 3 6
5
6 6 perimeter AB BC AC
45 45 6
0 19.42 units
3 6 9
2. Diagonals of a rectangle intersect at their
7 11 midpoint.
x1 x2 y1 y2
2, 2
6 6
4 5 C
midpoint of A
3 3 3 4 5 9 5
2 2, 2
42. 2n, where n is any integer (0.5, 7)
43. The measure of a is 3. x2 y2 6y 8x 16
360 12 or 30. (x2 8x ?) (y2 6y ?) 16 ? ?
a (x2 8x 16) (y2 6y 9) 16 16 9
cos 30
6.4 (x 4)2 (y 3)2 9
6.4 cos 30 a center: (4, 3): radius: 9 or 3
6.4 cm
a
5.5 a; 5.5 cm y
(4, 6)
44. 4 (4, 3)
g(x)
x2 1 (7, 3)
x y g(x)
10,000 4
108 O x
1000 4
106
100 4
104
10 0.04 4. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2
0 4 [x (5)]2 (y 2)2 7
10 0.04 (x 5)2 (y 2)2 7
100 4
104 5a. y
1000 4
106 Let d1 be the greatest
distance from the
10,000 4
108 d2
d1 satellite to Earth. Let
O
y 0 as x , y 0 as x x
d2 be the least
a c distance from the
satellite to Earth.
Chapter 10 342
1
a 2(10,440) 7. 3y2 24y x2 2x 41 0
3(y2 8y ?) (x2 2x ?) 41 ? ?
a 5220 3(y2 8y 16) (x2 2x 1) 41 3(16) 1
c
e 3(y 4)2 (x 1)2 6
a
c (y 4)2 (x 1)2
5220 0.16
2 6 1
c 835.20 center: (h, k) (1, 4)
1
radius of Earth 2(7920) a2 2 b2 6 c
a2 b2
a 2 b 6 c 2
6 or 22
3960
transverse axis: vertical
d1 a c Earth radius
vertices: (h, k a) 1, 4 2
d1 5220 835.20 3960
d1 2095.2 miles foci: (h, k c) 1, 4 22
d2 major axis d1 Earth diameter a
asymptotes: y k b(x h)
d2 10,440 2095.2 7920 2
d2 424.8 miles y (4) [x (1)]
6
5b. (h, k) (0,0) 3
y4 (x 1)
a 5220 3
b2 a2(1 e2) y
b2 (5220)2 (1 0.162) x
b2 26,550,840.96 O
(x b)2 (y k)2
(1, 4 2)
a2 b 2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 (1, 4)
1
5220 26,550,840.96
x2 y2
1
27,248,400 26,550,840.96 (1, 4 2)
6. 9x2 25y2 72x 250y 554 0
9(x2 8x ?) 25(y2 10y ?)
8. To find the center, find the intersection of the
544 ? ?
asymptotes.
9(x2 8x 16) 25(y2 10y 25)
y 2x 4
544 9(16) 25(25)
2x 2x 4
9(x 4)2 25(y 5)2 225
4x 4
(x 4)2 (y 5)2
25 9 1 x1
center: (h, k) (4, 5) y21
a2 25 b2 9 c a2 b2 y2
a5 b3 c 259 or 4 The center is at (1, 2).
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (4 5, 5) or Notice that (4, 2) must be a vertex and a equals
(9, 5), (1, 5) 4 1 or 3.
minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (4, 5 3) or Point A has an x-coordinate of 4.
(4, 2), (4, 8) Since y 2x, the y-coordinate is 2 4 or 8.
foci: (h c, k) (4 4, 5) or (8, 5), (0, 5) The value of b is 8 2 or 6.
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
y The equation is 9 36 1.
9. y2 4x 2y 5 0
y2 2y 4x 5
O x
(4, 2) y2 2y ? 4x 5 ?
y2 2y 1 4x 5 1
(y 1)2 4(x 1)
(1, 5) (4, 5)
(9, 5)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1)
4p 4
p1
(4, 8) focus: (h p, k) (1 1, 1) or (2, 1)
axis of symmetry: y k
y 1
directrix: x h p y
x0
x11
x0 (1, 1)
O x
(2, 1)
343 Chapter 10
10. vertex: (h, k) (5, 1) 3. Sample answer:
(x h)2 4p(y k) (h, k) (5, 1) rectangular equation: y2 x
(9 5)2 4p[2 (1)] (x, y) (9, 2) parametric equations: y t y2 x
42 4p t2 x
4 p t2 x
(x h)2 4p(y k) y t, x t2, t
(x 5)2 4(4)[y (1)] 4. A 1, c 9; since A and C have the same sign
(x 5)2 16(y 1) and are not equal, the conic is an ellipse.
x2 9y2 2x 18y 1 0
(x2 2x ?) 9( y2 2y ?) 1 ? ?
(x2 2x 1) 9( y2 2y 1) 1 1 9(1)
10-6 Rectangular and Parametric (x 1)2 9( y 1)2 9
Forms of Conic Sections (x 1)2
( y 1)2
1 1
9
(1, 2)
(4, 1)
(2, 1)
Tmin: [0, 6.28] step: 0.1
[7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1 (1, 0) O (1, 1) x
1a. (1, 0) 1b. clockwise
2.
5. A 1, C 0; since C 0, the conic is a parabola.
y2 8x 8
y
y2 8x 8
y2 8(x 1)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 0)
opening: right (1, 0)
O x
Tmin: [0, 6.28] step: 0.1
[7.58, 7.58] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl1
2a. (0, 1) 2b. clockwise
3.
6. A 1, C 1; since A and C have different signs,
the conic is a hyperbola.
x2 4x y2 5 4y 0
(x2 4x ?) ( y2 4y ?) 5 ? ?
(x2 4x 4) (y2 4y 4) 5 4 4
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 5
(x 2)2 ( y 2)2
5 5 1
Tmin: [0, 6.28] step: 0.1 center: (h, k) (2, 2)
[7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1 a2 5
an ellipse a 5
4. The value of a determines the length of the radius vertices: (h a, k) (2 5
, 2)
b
of the circle. asymptotes: y k a(x h)
5. Each graph is traced out twice. 5
y (2)
5
(x 2)
y y 2 (x 2)
Page 667 Check for Understanding
1. For the general equation of a conic, A and C have
O x
the same sign and A C for an ellipse. A and C
have opposite signs for a hyperbola. A C for a (2
5, 2) (2
5, 2)
circle. Either A 0 or C 0 for a parabola.
(2, 2)
2. t
Chapter 10 344
7. A 1, C 1; since A C, the conic is a circle. 10. Sample answer:
x2 6x y2 12y 41 0 Let x t.
(x 6x ?) (y2 12y ?) 41 ? ?
2 y 2x2 5x
(x2 6x 9) (y2 12y 36) 41 9 36 y 2t2 5t
(x 3)2 (y 6)2 4 x t, y 2t2 5t, t
center: (h, k) (3, 6) 11. Sample answer:
radius: r2 4 x2 y2 36
r2 x2 y2
1
36 36
y x 2 y 2
6 6 1
(3, 8)
cos2 t sin2 t 1
x 2 y 2
(5, 6)
6 cos2 t 6 sin2 t
(3, 6) x y
6 cos t
6 sin t
x 6 cos t y 6 sin t
x 6 cos t, y 6 sin t, 0 t 2
t2
12. x 8
0
O x y2
x 80
80x y2
8. y t2
6t 2 y2 80x
y x2 6x 2
O (3, 0) x
345 Chapter 10
15. A 1, C 3; since A and C have different signs, 17. A 1, C 0; since C 0, the conic is a parabola.
the conic is a hyperbola. x2 y 8x 16
x2 3y2 2x 24y 41 0 x 8x ? y 16 ?
2
x2 3y2 2x 24y 41 0 x2 8x 16 y 16 16
3(y2 8y ?) (x2 2x ?) 41 ? ? (x 4)2 y y
3(y2 8y 16) (x2 2x 1) 41 3(16) 1 vertex: (h, k) (4, 0)
3(y 4)2 (x 1)2 6 opening: upward
( y 4)2 (x 1)2
2 6 1
center: (h, k) (1, 4)
a2 2
a 2 O x
(4, 0)
vertices: (h, k a) (1, 4 2
)
a
asymptotes: y k b(x h) 18. A C D E 0; the conic is a hyperbola.
2
2xy 3
y (4)
6
[x (1)] 3
xy 2
3
y4 (x
3
1) quadrants: I and III
y transverse axis: y x
vertices: or , ,
2 ,
3 3 6 6
(1, 4 2)
2 2 2
(26 , 26 )
(1, 4 2)
O x
(4, 5
10)
O x
Chapter 10 346
20. A 1, C 1; since A C, the conic is a circle. 23. 4y2 10x 16y x2 5
x2 8x 11 y2 x2 4y2 10x 16y 5 0
(x 8x ?) y2 11 ?
2
A 1, C 4; since A and C have different signs,
(x2 8x 16) y2 11 16 the conic is a hyperbola.
(x 4)2 y2 5 x2 4y2 10x 16y 5 0
center: (h, k) (4, 0) (x 10x ?) 4(y2 4y ?) 5 ? ?
2
radius: r2 5 (x2 10x 25) 4(y2 4y 4) 5 25 4(4)
r 5 (x 5)2 4( y 2)2 4
(x 5)2 ( y 2)2
y 1 1
4
(4,
5) center: (h, k) (5, 2)
a2 4
(4 5, 0)
a2
O (4, 0) x vertices: (h a, k) (5 2, 2) or (3, 2),
(7, 2)
b
asymptotes: y k a(x h)
1
y (2) 2[x (5)]
21. A 9, C 8; since A and C have different signs,
1
the conic is a hyperbola. y 2 2(x 5)
8y2 9x2 16y 36x 100 0
y
8(y2 2y ?) 9(x2 4x ?) 100 ? ?
8(y2 2y 1) 9(x2 4x 4) 100 8(1) 9(4) (5, 2)
8(y 1)2 9(x 2)2 72
( y 1)2 (x 2)2
8 1 O x
9
center: (h, k) (2, 1)
a2 9
(7, 2) (3, 2)
a3
vertices: (h, k a) (2, 1 3) or (2, 4), (2, 2)
a
asymptotes: y k b(x h)
y1 (x 2)
3 24. Ax2 Bxy Cy2 Dx Ey F 0
22 2x2 0 2y2 (8)x 12y 6 0
32
y 1 4(x 2) 2x2 2y2 8x 12y 6
A C; circle
y 2(x2 4x ?) 2(y2 6y ?) 6 ? ?
2(x2 4x 4) 2(y2 6y 6y 9)
(2, 4)
6 2(4) 2(9)
(2, 1) 2(x 2)2 2(y 3)2 20
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 10
O x y
center: (h, k) (2, 3)
radius: r 10
2
(2, 3
10)
(2, 2)
r 10
O x
22. A 0, C 4; since A 0, the conic is a parabola. (2
10, 3)
4y2 4y 8x 15
(2, 3)
4(y2 y ?) 8x 15 ?
4 8x 15 4
1 1
y2 y 4
4
1 2
4 y 2 8x 16 y
1 2
25. y 2t2 4t 1
y 2 2x 4 y 2x2 4x 1
1 2
y 2 2(x 2)
vertex: (h, k) 2, 2
1
O x
opening: left
y
t x y (x, y)
( 2 , 12 )
1 1 7 (1, 7)
O x 0 0 1 (0, 1)
1 1 1 (1, 1)
2 2 7 (2, 7)
347 Chapter 10
26. x cos 2t y sin 2t 29. x sin 2t y 2 cos 2t
cos2 2t sin2 2t 1 x sin 2t
y
cos 2t
2
x2 y2 1
cos2 2t sin2 2t 1 y t0
y 2
t x y (x, y)
2 (x)2 1
0 1 0 (1, 0) y2
4 x2 1
0 1 (0, 1) y2
2 x2
4 1 O x
1 0 (1, 0)
3
2 0 1 (0, 1)
t x y (x, y)
t0 0 0 2 (0, 2)
O x
4 1 0 (1, 0)
2 0 2 (0, 2)
3
1 0 (1, 0)
4
0 1 0 (1, 0)
0 1 (0, 1)
2
1 0 (1, 0)
3
2 0 1 (0, 1) t x y (x, y)
0 1 0 (1, 0)
y
1 1 1 (1, 1)
2 3 2
(3, 2)
t0 3 5 3
(5, 3)
O x 4 7 2 (7, 2)
31. x 3 cos 2t y 3 sin 2t
x y
3 cos 2t
3 sin 2t
cos2 2t sin2 2t 1
28. x 3 sin t y 2 cos t 2 y 2
x y 3x 3 1
3 sin t
2 cos t x2 y2
9 9 1
cos2 t sin2 t 1 y
2 x 2 y2 9 x2
2y 3 1
t0 32. Sample answer:
y2 x2
4 9 1 x2 y2 25
x2 y2 x2 y2
1
9 4 1 O x 25 25
x 2 y 2
5 5 1
cos2 t sin2 t 1
2 2
5x cos2 t 5y sin2 t
x y
t x y (x, y)
5 cos t
5 sin t
0 2 0 (0, 2) x 5 cos t y 5 sin t
x 5 cos t, y 5 sin t, 0 t 2
3 0 (3, 0)
2
0 2 (0, 2)
3
2 3 0 (3, 0)
Chapter 10 348
33. Sample answer: 39b.
t x y (x, y)
x2 y2 16 0
x2 y2 16 0 0 0 (0, 0)
x2
y2 1 1 1 (1, 1)
16 16 1
2 2 4 (2, 4)
x 2 y 2
4 4 1 3 3 9 (3, 9)
cos2 t sin2 t 1 y
x 2 y 2
4 cos2 t 4 sin2 t
x y
4 cos t
4 sin t
x 4 cos t y 4 sin t
x 4 cos t, y 4 sin t, 0 t 2
34. Sample answer:
x2 y2 O x
4 2
5 1
2 y 2
2x 5 1
cos2 t sin2 t 1
2 y 2
2x cos2 t 5 sin2 t
x y
2 cos t
5 sin t
x 2 cos t y 5 sin t
x 2 cos t, y 5 sin t, 0 t 2
35. Sample answer: Tmin: [0, 5] step: 0.1
y2
16 x2 1 [7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1
y 2
x2 4 1
39c. yes
39d. There is usually more than one parametric
cos2 t sin2 t 1 representation for the graph of a rectangular
y 2
x2 cos2 t 4 sin2 t equation.
x cos t y 40a. a circle with center (0, 0) and radius 6 feet
4 sin t
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
y 4 sin t (x 0)2 (y 0)2 62
x cos t, y 4 sin t, 0 t 2 x2 y 2 36
36. Sample answer: 40b. Sample answer:
Let x t. x2 y2 36
y x2 4x 7 x2 y2
1
y t2 4t 7 36 36
x t, y t2 4t 7, t x 2 y 2
6
6 1
37. Sample answer:
sin2 (qt) cos2 (qt)
1
Let y t.
x y2 2y 1 Since the paddlewheel completes a revolution in
2
x t2 2t 1 2 seconds, the period is q 2, so q .
x t2 2t 1, y t, t sin2 (t) cos2(t) 1
2 2
38. Sample answer:
Let y t.
6x sin2(t) 6y cos2 (t)
x y
(y 3)2 4(x 2)
6 sin(t)
6 cos(t)
(t 3)2 4(x 2) x 6 sin(t) y 6 cos (t)
0.25(t 3)2 x 2
x 6 sin (t), y 6 cos (t), 0 t 2
0.25(t 3)2 2 x
x 0.25(t 3)2 2, y t, t 40c. C 2r
C 26
39a. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
C 37.7 ft
Let x t.
x y The paddlewheel makes 1 revolution, or moves
t y 37.7 ft in 2 seconds.
37.7 ft
t2 y
2s 60 s 1131 ft
x t, y t2, t
0
The paddlewheel moves about 1131 ft in
Let y t.
1 minute.
x y
x t
x t, y t, t
0
349 Chapter 10
41a. A 2, C 5; since A and C have the same sign 44. After drawing a vertical line through (x, y) and a
and A C, the graph is an ellipse. horizontal line through the endpoint opposite
2x2 5y2 0 (x, y), two right triangles are formed. Both
5y2 2x triangles contain an angle t, since corresponding
2
y2 5x angles are congruent when two parallel lines are
cut by a transversal. Using the larger triangle,
y
2 x
5x cos t a or x a cos t. Using the smaller triangle,
y
This equation is true for (x, y) (0, 0). sin t b or y b sin t.
The graph is a point at (0, 0); the equation is 45. x2 12y 10x 25
that of a degenerate ellipse. x2 10x ? 12y 25 ?
41b. A 1, C 1; since A C, the graph is a circle. x 10x 25 12y 25 25
2
x2 y2 4x 6y 13 0 (x 5)2 12y
(x2 4x ?) (y2 6y ?) 13 vertex: (h, k) (5, 0)
(x2 4x 4) (y2 6y 9) 13 4 9 4p 12
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 0 p3
center: (h, k) (2, 3) focus: (h, k p) (5, 0 3) or (5, 3)
radius: 0 axis of symmetry: x h
The graph is a point at (2, 3); the equation is x 5
that of a degenerate circle. directrix: y k p
41c. A 9, C 1; since A and C have different y03
signs, the graph is a hyperbola. y 3
y2 9x2 0 y
y2 9x2
y 3x
The graph is two intersecting lines y 3x; the
equation is that of a degenerate hyperbola.
42. The substitution for x must be a function that
allows x to take on all of the values stipulated by
(5, 0) O x
the domain of the rectangular equation. The
domain of y x2 5 is all real numbers, but
using a substitution of x t2 would only allow for
values of x such that x
0.
46. c 25
43a. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
quadrants: II and IV
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
transverse axis: y x
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 6
vertices: xy 25 xy 25
x2 y2 36
5(5) 25 5(5) 25
43b. x y2 36
2
(5, 5) (5, 5)
x2 y2
1
36 36 y
x 2 y 2
6 6 1
sin2 t cos2 t 1 (5, 5)
x 2 y 2
6 sin2 t
6 cos2 t O x
x y
6 sin t
6 cos t
(5, 5)
x 6 sin t y 6 cos t
x 6 sin t, y 6 cos t
Since the second hand makes 2 revolutions, 47. 3x2 3y2 18x 12y 9
0 t 4. 3(x2 6x ?) 3(y2 4y ?) 9 ? ?
43c. 3(x2 6x 9) 3(y2 4y 4) 9 3(9) 3(4)
3(x 3)2 3(y 2)2 48
(x 3)2 (y 2)2 16
center: (h, k) (3, 2)
y (3, 2)
radians: r2 16
r4
O x
(7, 2)
Tmin: [0, 4] step: 0.1 (3, 2)
[9.10, 9.10] scl1 by [6, 6] scl1
Chapter 10 350
48. x 53. y kxz y kxz
60 16 k(5)(2) y 1.6(8)(3)
1.6 k y 38.4
y 9 5(3) 7(9)
30 54. 5
7 3
78
Yes, an inverse exists since the determinant of the
x y matrix 0.
cos 60 3
0 sin 60 3
0 y2 y1
55. m
x 30 cos 60 y 30 sin 60 x x 2 1
x 15 lb y 153 lb 74
3 (6)
49. y 0.13x 37.8 1
0.13x y 37.8 0 3
A 0.13, B 1, C 37.8 y y1 m(x x1)
Car 1: (x1, y1) (135, 19) 1 1
y 4 3(x 6) or y 7 3(x 3)
Ax1 By1 C
d1
A2
B2
y mx b y mx b
1 1
0.13(135) 1(19) (37.8)
4 (6) b y 3x 6
d1 (0.13)
2 12
3
6b
d1 1.24 56. (1 # 4) @ (2 # 3) 1 @ 2
The point (135, 19) is about 1 unit from the line 2
y 0.13x 37.8. The correct choice is B.
Car 2: (x2, y2) (245, 16)
Ax2 By2 C
d2
A2
B2
d2
0.13(245) 1(16) (37.8)
10-7 Transformation of Conics
(0.13)2
12
d2 9.97
The point (245, 16) is about 10 units from the line Pages 674675 Check for Understanding
y 0.13x 37.8. 1. Sample answers:
Car 1: the point (135, 19) is about 9 units closer (h, k) (0, 0)
to the line y 0.13x 37.8 than the point x y2
(245, 16). y
1
50. Let v Sin1 2. x y2
1
Sin v 2
v 30 O x
sin 2 Sin1 2 sin (2v)
1
sin (2 30)
sin 60
3
2 (h, k) (3, 3)
1
51. s 2(a b c) (x h) (y k)2
1 (x 3) (y 3)2
s 2(48 32 44)
y
s 62 x 3 (y 3)2
K s(s
a)(s
b)(s c)
K 62(62
)(62
48 232)(64)
4
K 46872
0
K 685 units2
52. 2y
3 2y
3 1
2y
3 2y 31 O x
2y 3 2y 3 22y
31
7 22y 3 2. Replace x with x cos 30 y sin 30 or
7 3 1
2 2y
3 x
2 2y.
49
2y 3 Replace y with x sin 30 y cos 30 or
4
1 2
37 2x, y.
4 2y 2
37
8 y
351 Chapter 10
3. y 90 or 270 8. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(1)
x2 y2
100
25 1 4
A C 1; circle
x2 5x y2 3
90 2
x
x cos 4 y sin 4 5 x cos 4 y sin 4
270 O 2
xsin 4 y cos 4 3
2
x2 y2 22 x 22 y 522 x 22 y
100 1 2
2x 2y 3
25 2 2
2 1 1 5 5
4. Ebony; B2 4AC 63 4(7)(13) 0
2 2
(x)2 xy (y)2 x y
2 2 2 2
and A C 1 1
2(x)2 xy 2(y)2 3
5. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(1) 5 2 5 2
4 (x)2 (y)2 2x 2y 3
A C 1; circle 2(x)2 2(y)2 52 x 52 y 6
(x h)2 (y k)2 7 2(x)2 2(y)2 52
x 52
y 6 0
(x 3)2 (y 2)2 7 (h, k) (3, 2) 9.B2 4AC 42 4(9)(4)
x 6x 9 y2 4y 4 7
2
128
x2 y2 6x 4y 6 0
A C; ellipse
6. B 4AC 0 4(2)(0)
2
B
0 tan 2v
AC
parabola 4
tan 2v
94
y 2x2 7x 5
y 5 2x2 7x tan 2v 0.8
2v 38.65980825
y5 7
2 x2 2x v 19
7 2 7 2
y 5 2 4 7
2 x2 2x 4 10. B2 4AC 52 4(8)(4)
7 2 153
y 5 8
49
2 x 4 hyperbola
7 2
9
y 8
2 x 4 tan 2v
AC
B
2
9
y 8 k 7
2 x 4 h tan 2v
8 (4)
5
2
9
y 8 5 7
2 x 4 4 (h, k) (4, 5) tan 2v 0.416666667
9 2 2v 22.61986495
y 8
31
2 x 4 v 11
y 8
31
18 81
2 x2 4x 16 11. 3(x 1)2 4(y 4)2 0
31 81 3(x2 2x 1) 4(y2 8y 16) 0
y 8 2x2 9x 8
3x2 6x 3 4y2 32y 64 0
0 2x2 9x y 14 4y2 32y (3x2 6x 67) 0
2x2 9x y 14 0
7. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(1) a b c
4 b
b2 4ac
hyperbola y
2a
x2 y2 9 32
322
4(4)(3
x2 6
x 67)
y
(x cos 60 y sub 60)2 2(4)
32
48x2
96
x 48
(x sin 60 y cos 60)2 9 y
8
2 2
12 x 23 y 2x 2y 9
3
1
y
32 48(x
1)2
1 3
3 8
(x)2
4 2xy 4(y)2 x 1, y 4; point
34(x)2 23 xy 14(y)2 9 y
1 1
2(x)2 3
xy 2(y)2 9
O x
(x)2 23 xy (y)2 18
(x) 23
2 xy (y)2 18 0
(1, 4)
Chapter 10 352
12a.
1
y 6x2 14. B2 4AC 0 4(4)(5)
1 80
x sin 30 y cos 30 6(x cos 30 y sin 30)2 A C; ellipse
2
2x 2 y 62x 2y
1
3 1 3
1 4x2 5y2 20
4(x h)2 5(y k)2 20
2x 2y 64(x)2 4 xy
1 3
1 3 2
3
4(x 5)2 5(y 6)2 20
4(y)2
1
(h, k) (5, 6)
1 3
1
3
2x 2y 8(x)2 12xy 2 2 1 4(x2 10x 25) 5(y2 12y 36) 20
4 (y)
4x2 40x 100 5y2 60y 180 20
12x 123 y 3(x)2 23 xy (y)2 4x2 5y2 40x 60y 260 0
0 3(x)2 23 xy
15. B 4AC 0 4(3)(1)
2
(y)2 12x 123 y
12
3(x) 23
xy (y)2 12x 123 y 0
A C; ellipse
12b. 3x2 23 xy y2 12x 123 y 0 3x2 y2 9
1y (23
2 x 123 )y (3x2 12x) 0 3(x h) (y k)2 9
2
3(x 1)2 (y 3)2 9 (h, k) (1, 3)
a b c 3(x2 2x 1) y2 6y 9 9
y
b
b2 4
ac 3x2 6x 3 y2 6y 9 9
2a
3x2 y2 6x 6y 3 0
(23 )
x 123 x
(23 12 )2
3 4(1
)(3x2
12x) 16. B 4AC 0 4(12)(4)
2
y
2(1)
192
12x2
144x
432
12
x2 4
8x A C; ellipse
y 3
x 63
2
4y2 12x2 24
192
x2 43 1 4(y k) 12(x h)2 24
2
y 3
x 63
2 and y 6x2
4(y 4)2 12(x 1)2 24
(h, k) (1, 4)
4(y2 8y 16) 12(x2 2x 1) 24
4y2 32y 64 12x2 24x 12 24
y2 8y 16 3x2 6x 3 6
3x2 y2 6x 8y 13 0
17. B 4AC 0 4(9)(25)
2
900
hyperbola
9x2 25y2 225
9(x h) 25(y k)2 225
2
Pages 675677 Exercises 9(x 0)2 25(y 5)2 225 (h, k) (0, 5)
13. B2 4AC 0 4(3)(0) 9x2 25(y2 10y 25) 225
0 9x2 25y2 250y 850 0
parabola 18. (x 3)2 4y
y 3x2 2x 5 x 6x 9 4y 0
2
y 5 3x2 2x B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0)
y 5 3x2 3x 0
2
1 2 1 2 parabola
y 5 33 3x2 3x 3
2
(x 3)2 4y
1 2 (x 3 h)2 4(y k)
y
14
3
3 x 3 (x 3 7)2 4(y 2) (h, k) (7, 2)
2
y
14
3 k 1
3 x 3 h (x 10)2 4y 8
2 x2 20x 100 4y 8
y
14
3 3 1
3 x 3 2 (h, k) (2, 3)
x 20x 4y 108 0
2
7 2
y
5
3
3 x 3 19. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0)
y
5
14 49
3 x2 3x 9 0
3
5 49
parabola
y
3 3x2 14x 3 x2 8y 0
0 3x2 14x y 18 (x cos 90 y sin 90) 8(x sin 90 y cos 90) 0
2
353 Chapter 10
20. B2 4AC 0 4(2)(2) 24. B2 4AC 0 4(16)(4)
16 256
A C; circle hyperbola
2x2 2y2 8 16x2 4y2 64
2(x cos 30 y sin 30)2 16(x cos 60 y sin 60)2
2(x sin 30 y cos 30)2 8 4(x sin 60 y cos 60) 64
2 2
162x 2y 42x 2y 64
2 2 3
3
3
3
1 1 1 1
2 2x 2y 2 2x 2y 8
164(x)2 2xy 4(y)2
1
3 3
3
3 1
2 4(x)2 2xy 4(y)2
44(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 64
3 3
1
1 3
3
2 4(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 8
3
(x)2 3
1 1 4(x)2 83 xy 12(y)2
xy 2(y)2 2(x)2
2 3(x)2 23xy (y)2 64
3
3 xy 2(y)2 8 (x)2 103 xy 11y)2 64 0
2(x)2 2(y)2 8 25. 6x2 5y2 30
(x)2 (y)2 4 0 6(x cos 30 y sin 30) 2
5(x sin 30 y cos 30)2 30
21. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0) 2 2
62x 2y 52x 2y 30
3
1 1 3
0
A C; parabola
64(x)2 2 xy 4(y)2
3
3 1
y2 8x 0
54(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 30
2 1 3
3
x sin 6 y cos 6 8x cos 6 y sin 6 0
2 18 63 6 5
53
12x 23 y 823 x 12y 0 (x)2
4
2 xy 4(y)2 4(x)2 2xy
15
1 3
(x)2
xy
3
4(y)2 43
x 4y 0 4(y)2 30
4 2
23 3 21
(x)2 23 xy
3(y)2 163
x 16y 0 (x)2 xy (y)2 30 0
4 2 4
22. B 4AC 1 4(0)(0)
2 2 23(x)2 23xy 21(y)2 120 0
1 26. 32 4AC 4(9)(5)
42
hyperbola 164
xy 8 A C; ellipse
x cos 4 y sin 4x sin 4 y cos 4 8
B
tan 2v
AC
Chapter 10 354
30. B2 4AC 42 4(2)(5) 36. (x 2)2 (y 2)2 4(x y) 8
24 x2 4x 4 y2 4y 4 4x 4y 8
A C; ellipse (1)y2 0y x2 0
tan 2v
B
AC
4 a b c
tan 2v
25 b b2 4
ac
4
y
2a
tan 2v 3 0
0 4
(1)(x2)
2v 53.13010235 y
2(1)
v 27
4x2
y
31. B2 4AC 43 4(2)(6)
2 2
x 0, y 0; point
0
parabola y
B
tan 2v
AC
43 (0, 0)
tan 2v
26
O x
tan 2v 3
2v 60
v 30
32. B2 4AC 42 4(2)(2) 37. x2 2xy y2 5x 5y 0
0 (1)y2 (2x 5)y (x2 5x) 0
parabola
A C; v 4 or 45 a b c
b b2 4
ac
33. (x 2)2 (x 3)2 5(y 2) y
2a
x 4x 4 x2 6x 9 5(y 2)
2
(2x 5) (2x 5)2
4(1)(x2
5x)
10x 5 5(y 2) y
2(1)
2x 1 y 2 y
2x 5
4x2
20x
25
4x2
20x
y 2
2x 3 y
2x 5 40x
25
y 2x 3 line y
2
O x
y 2x 3
2a
(6)
(6)2
4(3
)(x2
4x
7)
y
2(3) a b c
6
12x2 48
x 48 b b2 4
ac
y y
2a
6
6
12(x
2)2 9x
(9x)2 4(14)
(2x2
5)
y y
2(14)
6
x 2, y 1; point 9x
21x2
28
0
y
28
y
(2, 1)
O x
35. y2 9x2 0 y
y2 9x2
y 3x [7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1
y 9x2
y 3x O x
intersecting lines y 3x
355 Chapter 10
39. 8x2 5xy 4y2 2 42. 9x2 4xy 6y2 20
(4)y2 (5x)y (8x2 2) 0 6y2 (4x)y (9x2 20) 0
a b c a b c
b b2 4ac b b2 4
ac
y
2a y
2a
5x (5x)2 4(4
)(8x2
2) 4x
(4x)2 4(6)(9
x2 2
0)
y y
2(4) 2(6)
5x
153x2
32 4x
212
x2 4
80
y
8 y
12
[7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1 [7.85, 7.85] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1
40. 2x2 43 xy 6y2 3x y 43a. y
6y (43
2 x 1)y (2x2 3x) 0 (0, 5280)
(1320, 1320)
a b c
b b2 4
ac
y
2a O (5280, 0) x
(43
x 1) x
(43 1)2
4(6
)(2x2
3x)
y
2(6)
x 1
43 48x2 x
83 1
48x2
72x
y
12
x 1
43
83x 72
x1
T(1320, 1320)
y
12 43b. circle
center: (h, k) (1320, 1320)
radius: r 1320
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 1320)2 (y 1320)2 13202
(x 1320)2 (y 1320)2 1,742,400
44a. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0)
0
parabola; 360
[8.31, 2.31] scl1 by [2, 5] scl1 44b. B2 4AC 0 4(8)(6)
41. 2x2 4xy 2y2 22 x 22y 12 192
A C; ellipse; 180
2y2 (4x 22)y (2x2 22x 12) 0
44c. B2 4AC 42 4(0)(0)
16
a b c hyperbola; 180
b b2 4ac
y
2a
44d. 32 4AC 0 4(15)(15)
(4x 22)
(4x )2
22 4(2
)(2x2 x
22 12) 900
y
2(2) A C; circle; There is no minimum angle of
4x 22 16x2
162
x8
16x2
16x
2 96 rotation, since any degree of rotation will result
y
4 in a graph that coincides with the original.
4x 22 32
x 8
2 8 45. Let x x cos v y sin v and
y
4
y x sin v y cos v.
x2 y2 r2
(x cos v y sin v)2 (x sin v y cos v)2 r2
(x)2 cos2 v xy cos v sin v (y)2 sin2 v
(x)2 sin2 v xy cos v sin v (y)2 cos v r2
[(x)2 (y)2] cos2 v [(x)2 (y)2] sin2 v r2
[(x)2 (y)2](cos2 v sin2 v) r2
[(x)2 (y)2](1) r2
(x)2 (y)2 r2
46a. B 4AC 103 4(31)(21)
2
[10.58, 4.58] scl1 by [2, 8] scl1 2
2304
A C; elliptical
Chapter 10 356
46b. 31x2 103 xy 21y2 144 48a. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
21y2 (103x)y (31x2 144) 0 major axis: horizontal
a 81
or 9
b 36
or 6
a b c
b b2 4
ac
c a2 b2
y
2a c 81
36
x)
(103 (10 x)2
3 4(21)
(31x2
144) c 45
or 35
y
2(21)
y
x 230
103 4x2
12,096 8
y
42
4
y
8 4 O 4 8 x
4
O x 8
48b. T(35, 0)
x2 y2
1
81 36
B (x h)2 (y k)2
1
46c. tan 2v
AC 81 36
103 (x 35 )2 (y)2
1
tan 2v 31 21
48c. 36 81
357 Chapter 10
52. N 58.
x h(x) [[x]] 3
8 c2 a2 b2
c2 82 52 3 x 2 6
W E
5 c 89
2 x 1 5
c
c 9.4 1 x 0 4
about 9.4 m/s 0x 1 3
S
1x 2 2
53. cos 70 0.34 2x 3 1
cos 170 0.98 3x 4 0
cos 70 4x 5 1
5 5 180
54.
16 1
6
5x 6 2
56.25 6x 7 3
15
566
0 h (x )
56 15
2y 5 2y 5
55.
y2 3y 2
(y 2)(y 1)
2y 5 A B
y2 3y 2
y2 y1
x
2y 5 A(y 1) B(y 2)
2(2) 5 A(2 1) B(2 2)
1 A
1 A
2y 5 A(y 1) B(y 2)
2(1) 5 A(1 1) B (1 2) 120a5b6
3B 59. 3
8a b2 12a2b4
A B 1 3 13
y2 y1
120a4b
2
y2 y1 1
20a4b7
x1 x2 6a0b2
y2 y1
56.
If 2 b a, then 20a4b7
12a2b4.
12 5 The correct choice is B.
y2
4
y2 9.6
57. 8m 3n 4p 6
8m 6 3n 4p 10-8 Systems of Second-Degree
m
3
3
n
1
p
Equations and Inequalities
4 8 2
4m 9n 2p 4 Page 682 Check for Understanding
44 8n 2p 9n 2p 4
3 3 1
1. Possible number of solutions: 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
3
3 2n 2p 9n 2p 4
21
n
2 7
2
n 3
8m 3n 4p 6 6m 12n 5p 1
8m 33 4p 6 6m 123 5p 1
2 2
8m 2 4p 6 6m 8 5p 1
8m 4p 4 6m 5p 7
2m p 1
2m p 1 10m 5p 5
6m 5p 7 () 6m 5p 7
16m 12
3
m 4
8m 3n 4p 6
8 323 4p 6
3
4
6 2 4p 6
1
p 2
34, 23, 12
Chapter 10 358
2. Sample answer: y x2, x2 (y 3)2 9 7. x2 y2 4
y y2 4 x2
9x2 4y2 36 x2 y2 4
y x2
9x 4(4 x2) 36
2 22 y2 4
O x 13x2 16 36 y2 0
x2 4 y0
x 2 (y 3)2 9 x 2
(2, 0)
y
6. x 2y 10 8
x 10 2y 12
x2 y2 16
(10 2y)2 y2 16
100 40y 5y2 16 11. y
5y2 40y 84 0
8
b b2 4
ac
y
2a
4
(40)
(40)
2 4(
5)(84)
y
2(5)
40 80 8 4 O 4 8 x
y
10 4
no solution
8
y
O x
359 Chapter 10
12a. Let x side length of flowerbed 1. (2, 1), (2, 1)
Let y side length of flowerbed 2.
y
A1 x x or x2
A2 y y or y2
Total Area x2 y2 (2, 1)
680 x2 y2
x y2 680
2 O x
Difference of Areas x2 y2 (2, 1)
288 x2 y2
x2 y2 288
12b. y Since side length 15. 1 2x y
40 cannot be negative, an 1 2x y
20 estimated solution is 4x2 y2 25
(22, 14) (22, 14).
4x2 (1 2x)2 25
4x2 1 4x 4x2 25
40 20 O 20 40 x
8x2 4x 24 0
20
4(2x2 x 6) 0
40 4(2x 3)(x 2) 0
2x 3 0 x20
12c. x2 y2 680 x 1.5 x 2
y2 680 x2 1 2x y 1 2x y
x2 y2 288 x2 y2 680 1 2(1.5) y 1 2(2) y
x2 (680 x2) 288 222 y2 680 4 y 3y
2x2 968 y2 196 (1.5, 4), (2, 3)
x2 484 y 14
y
x 22
22 ft and 14 ft
(2, 3)
(6, 8)
Chapter 10 360
17. x y 0 19. x y 1
xy y 1 x
(x 1)2
y2 1 (y 1)2 4 x
9
(y 1)2
(1 x 1)2 4 x
y2 1 (2 x)2 4 x
9
(y 1)2 9y2 9 4 4x x2 4 x
y2 2y 1 9y2 9 x2 3x 0
8y2 2y 8 0 x(x 3) 0
4y2 y 4 0 x0 x30
x 3
b b2 4
ac
y
2a x y 1 x y 1
1
12 4(4)(4)
0 y 1 3 y 1
y
2(1) y 1 y2
1 63
(0, 1), (3, 2)
y
2
y
no solution
(3, 2)
y
O
x
(0, 1)
O x
20. xy 6 0
6
y x
18. x2 2y2 10
x2 10 2y2 x2 y2 13
6 2
3x2 9 y2 x2 x 13
3(10 2y2) 9 y2 36
30 6y2 9 y2 x2 x2 13
5y2 21 x4 36 13x2
y2 4.2 x4 13x2 36 0
y 2.0 (x2 9)(x2 4) 0
3x2 9 y2 3x2 9 y2 x2 9 0 x2 4 0
3x2 9 (2.0)2 3x2 9 (2.0)2 x2 9 x2 4
x2 1.6 x2 1.6 x 3 x 2
x 1.3 x 1.3 xy 6 0 xy 6 0
(1.3, 2.0), (1.3, 2.0) 3y 6 0 2y 6 0
y y 2 y 3
xy 6 0 xy 6 0
(1.3, 2.0) (1.3, 2.0) 3y 6 0 2y 6 0
y2 y3
(3, 2), (3, 2) (2, 3), (2, 3)
O x
y
(1.3, 2.0)
(2, 3)
(1.3, 2.0)
(3, 2)
O x
(3, 2)
(2, 3)
361 Chapter 10
21. x2 y 3 0 23. xy 4
x2 y 3 4
y x
x2 4y2 36
y 3 4y2 36 x2 25 9y2
4 2
4y2 y 33 0 x2 25 9x
(y 3)(4y 11) 0 144
x2 25 x
y30 4y 11 0 2
4
O
22. 2y x 3 0 8 4 4 8 x O x
2y 3 x 4
x2 16 y2
(2y 3)2 16 y2 8
4y2 12y 9 16 y2
5y2 12y 7 0 26. y
b
b2 4ac
y
2a
12
122 4(5)(
7)
y
2(5)
12 284
y
10
O x
y 0.5 or y 2.9
2y x 3 0 2y x 3 0
2(0.5) x 3 0 2(2.9) x 3 0
x 4.0 x 2.8
(4.0, 0.5), (2.8, 2.9)
y 27. y
8
(4, 0.5)
4
O x
8 4 O 4 8x
4
(2.8, 2.9)
8
Chapter 10 362
28. 29. 37a. 2x 2y P xy A
y y 2x 2y 150 xy 800
8
37b. A system of a line and a hyperbola may have 0,
4 1, or 2 solutions.
37c. y
8 4 O 4 8x
O x 80
4
40
8
80 40 O 40 80 x
40
30. 31.
y y 80
8
4 37d. xy 800
800
y x
8 4 O 4 8 x
2x 2y 150
4 O x
2x 2x 150
800
8
1600
2x x 150
32. 33. 2x2 1600 150x
y y x2 75x 800 0
8
4 b b2 4
ac
x
2a
4
(75) (75) )
2 4(1)(800
8 4 O 4 x x
2(1)
8 4 O 4 8x 4 75 2425
4 x
2
8 x 12.88 or x 62.12
8 xy 800 xy 800
12.88y 800 62.12y 800
34. parabola: y 62.11 y 12.88
vertex: (1, 3) 12.9 m by 62.1 m or 62.1 m by 12.9 m
(y k)2 4p(x h)
38a. (h, k) (0, 4)
(5 3)2 4p(1 1)
1
(x, y) (6, 0)
2 p (x h)2 4p(y k)
(6 0)2 4p (0, 4)
(y 3)2 42(x 1)
1
36 16p
(y 3)2 2(x 1) 2.25 p
line: (x h)2 4p(y k)
m 2, b 7 (x 0)2 4(2.25)(y 4)
y mx b x2 9(y 4)
y 2x 7 x 9(y 4), y
0
2
35. circle: 38b. y
center: (0, 0), radius: 22
x2 y2 r2
x2 y2 8
hyperbola:
(2)(2) 4 x
xy 4 O
36. large ellipse:
a 5, b 4, center (0, 0)
y2 x2
a2 b2 1
y2 x2
25 16 1 (interior is shaded)
small ellipse:
a 3, b 2, center (0, 1)
x2 (y k)2
a2 1
b2
x2 (y 1)2
1 (exterior is shaded)
9 4
363 Chapter 10
38c. (h, k) (0, 3) 40b. y estimate: (40, 30)
(x, y) (6, 0) 80
(x h)2 4p(y k)
(6 0)2 4p(0 3) 40
36 12p O
3 p 80 40 40 80x
(x h)2 4p(y k) 40
(x 0)2 4(3)(y 3)
x2 12(y 3)
x 12(y 3), y
0
2 40c. x2 y2 2500
39. xy 12 x2 2500 y2
y x
12 x2 (y 30)2 1600
2500 y2 y2 60y 900 1600
x y 1 60y 1800 0
x x 1
12
y 30
x2 12 x (x 35)2 (y 18)2 169
x2 x 12 0 x2 70x 1225 (30 18)2 169
(x 4)(x 3) 0 x2 70x 1200 0
(x 30)(x 40) 0
x40 x30
x4 x 3 x 30 0 or x 40 0
x 30 x 40
xy 12 xy 12
4y 12 3y 12 Check (30, 30) and (40, 30):
y 3 y4 x2 y2 2500 x2 y2 2500
(4, 3) (3, 4) 30 30 2500
2 2 40 302 2500
2
Check that (4, 3) and (3, 4) are also solutions 1800 2500 2500 2500
of y2 25 x2. (40, 30)
y2 25 x2 y2 25 x2 41. x 3y k
(3) 25 (4)
2 2 (4)2 25 (3)2 2y2 3y k
99 16 16 2y2 3y k 0
(4, 3), (3, 4) 3
y2 2y 2k 0
1
3 2
y y2 2y 4 0 Complete the square.
3
2
(3, 4) y 34 0
3 2
2k 4
1
1 9
2k 1
6
O x 9
k 8
(4, 3)
42a. y
8
Chapter 10 364
asteroid: 49. No; the domain value 4 is mapped to two elements
Let y2 t. in the range, 0 and 3.
x2 0.25y2 5 50. area of rectangle q
x2 0.25 t2 5 8(4) or 32
42d. area of circles 2 (r2)
2(4p) or 8p
area of shaded region 32 8p
The correct choice is E.
between 1 and 2
48. y (x 2)2 3
x (y 2)2 3
x 3 (y 2)2
x 3y2
x 32y [9.1, 9.1] scl1 by [6, 6] scl1
y 5a. 3
y (x 2)2 3
5b. Find the points of intersection for the boundary
equation by using the TRACE function.
O
x
y
x32
365 Chapter 10
5c. SHADE(((36X2)/9),((36X2)/9),6,2,3,4); 14. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 33
2
SHADE(X22,((36X2)/9),2,2,3,4,);
SHADE(((36X2)/9), ((36X2)/9),2,6,3,4) x2 y2 27
y
(0, 33)
(33, 0)
O x
Chapter 10 366
19. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (3, 1 2) or
12 12 D(1) E(1) F 0 (3, 1), (3, 3)
D E F 2 y
(2)2 22 D(2) E(2) F 0
2D 2E F 8 (3, 1)
(5)2 12 D(5) E(1) F 0
5D E F 26 O (8, 1) x
D E F 2 (3, 1)
(1)(5D E F) (1)(26) (2, 1) (3, 3)
6D 24
D4
2D 2E F 8 22. 6x2 4y2 24x 32y 64 0
(1)(D E F) (1)(2) 6(x2 4x ?) 4(y2 8y ?) 64 ? ?
3D E 6 6(x2 4x 4) 4(y2 8y 16) 64 6(4) 4(16)
3(4) E 6 6(x 2)2 4(y 4)2 24
E6 (x 2)2 (y 4)2
24
D E F 2 4 6
(x 4x ?) (y2 6y ?) 12 ? ?
2 c 6 4 or 2
(x2 4x 4) (y2 6y 9) 12 4 9 foci: (h, k c) (2, 4 2)
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 25 major axis vertices: (h, k a) 2, 4 6
center: (h, k) (2 3) minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (2 2, 4) or
r 25 or 5 (0, 4), (4, 4)
20. center: (h, k) (5, 2) y
a2 36 b2 16 (2, 4
6)
a 36 or 6 b 16
or 4
c a2 b2 (2, 4)
c 6 4 or 2 (4, 4) (0, 4)
foci: (h, k c) (5, 2 2 )
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (5, 2 6) or (2, 4
6)
(5, 8), (5, 4) O x
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (5 4, 2) or
(9, 2), (1, 2) 23. x2 4y2 124 8x 48y
(x2 8x ?) 4(y2 12y ?) 124 ? ?
y (5, 8)
(x2 8x 16) 4(y2 12y 36) 124 16 4(36)
(x 4)2 4(y 6)2 36
(5, 2) (x 4)2 (y 6)2
(1, 2) (9, 2) 36
36 9
O x center: (h, k) (4, 6)
a2 36 b2 9
(5, 4) a 36 or 6 b 9 or 3
c a b
2 2
c 36 9 or 33
21. 4x2 25y2 24x 50y 39 foci: (h c, k) (4 33, 6)
4(x2 6x ?) 25(y2 2y ?) 39 ? ? major axis vertices: (h a, k) (4 6, 6) or
4(x2 6x 9) 25(y2 2y 1) 39 4(9) 25(1) (10, 6), (2, 6)
4(x 3)2 25(y 1)2 100 minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (4, 6 3) or
(x 3)2 (y 1)2 (4, 9), (4, 3)
1
25 4 y
center: (h, k) (3, 1)
a2 25 b2 4 (4, 9)
a 25 or 5 b 4 or 2 (2, 6)
(4, 6)
c a2 b2
(10, 6)
c 25 4 or 21
(4, 3)
foci: (h c, k) (3 21
, 1)
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (3 5, 1) or O x
(8, 1), (2, 1)
367 Chapter 10
24. (h, k) (4, 1) center: (h, k) (0, 2)
a9 a2 4 b2 1
b6 a 4 or 2 b 1 or 1
(y k)2 (x h)2
b 1 c a2 b2
a2 2
(1, 1) O x
(2, 3)
O x
(1, 5) (2, 6)
(1, 11)
Chapter 10 368
29. c 9 33. vertex: (h, k) (1, 2)
quadrants: I and III 4p 16
transverse axis: y x p 4
vertices: xy 9 xy 9 focus: (h p, k) (1 (4), 2) or (3, 2)
3(3) 9 (3)(3) 9 directrix: x h p
(3, 3) (3, 3) x 1 (4)
y x5
axis of symmetry: y k
(3, 3) y 2
y
O x
(3, 3)
O x
(3, 2) (1, 2)
30. 2b 10
b5
x1 x2 y1 y2 1 1 1 5
center: 2, 2 2, 2 x5
(1, 2)
transverse axis: vertical 34. y2 6y 4x 25
a distance from center to a vertex y2 6y ? 4x 25 ?
2 (1) or 3 y2 6y 9 4x 25 9
(y k)2 (x h)2
b 1 (y 3)2 4(x 4)
a2 2
(y 2)2 (x 1)2 vertex: (h, k) (4, 3)
5 1
32 2
4p 4
(y 2)2 (x 1)2
9 25 1 p1
focus: (h p, k) (4 1, 3) or (5, 3)
x1 x2 y1 y2 2 6 3 (3)
31. center: 2, 2 2, 2 directrix: x h p
x41
(2, 3)
x3
a distance from center to a vertex axis of symmetry: y k
2 (2) or 4 y 3
c distance from center to a focus
y
2 (4) or 6
b c2 a2
2
O x
b2 62 42
(4, 3)
b2 20 (5, 3)
transverse axis: horizontal
(x h)2 (y k)2 x3
a2 b 2 1
(x 2)2 [y (3)]2
42 20 1
(x 2)2 (y 3)2
1 35. x2 4x y 8
16 20
x2 4x 4 y 8 4
32. vertex: (h, k) (5, 3) (x 2)2 y 4
4p 8 vertex: (h, k) (2, 4)
p2 4p 1
focus (h, k p) (5, 3 2) or (5, 5) 1
directrix: y k p p 4
focus: (h, k p) 2, 4 4 or (2, 4.25)
1
y32
y1
directrix: y k p
axis of symmetry: x h 1
x5 y 4 4
y
y 3.75
axis of symmetry: x h y
x 2 (2, 4.25)
(5, 5)
y 3.75
y1 (2, 4)
(5, 3)
O x
O x
369 Chapter 10
36. vertex: (h, k) (1, 3) 44. x 2 sin t y 3 cos t
(y k)2 4p(x h) x
sin t
y
cos t
2 3
(7 3)2 4p[3 (1)]
16 8p sin2 t cos2 t1
x 2 y 2
2p
2
3 1
Since parabola opens left, p 2. x2 y2
1
(y k)2 4p(x h) 4 9
(y 3)2 4(2)[x (1)]
(y 3)2 8(x 1) t x y (x, y)
24 0 0 3 (0, 3)
37. vertex: (h, k) 5,
2 or (5, 1)
2 0 (2, 0)
focus: (h, k p) (5, 2) 2
kp2 0 3 (0, 3)
1 p 2 3
p3
2 2 0 (2, 0)
(x h)2 4p(y k)
(x 5)2 4(3)[y (1)] y
t0
(x 5)2 12(y 1)
38. A 5, c 2; ellipse
t
39. A C 0; equilateral hyperbola 2
t 3 O x
40. A C 5; circle 2
41. C 0; parabola
t
42. y t2 3
y x2 3
45. x t
t x y (x, y) x2 t
t
2 2 1 (2, 1) y 2 1
1 1 2 (1, 2) x2
y 2 1
0 0 3 (0, 3)
1 1 2 (1, 2) t x y (x, y)
2 2 1 (2, 1) 0 0 1 (0, 1)
y 4 2 1 (2, 1)
9 3 3.5 (3, 3.5)
y t9
O x
O x
t0
43. x cos 4t y sin 4t
cos2 4t sin2 4t 1 46. Sample answer:
x2 y 2 1 Let x t.
y 2x2 4
t x y (x, y) y 2t2 4, t
0 1 0 (1, 0) 47. Sample answer:
8 0 1 (0, 1) x2 y2 49
x2 y2
1
4 1 0 (1, 0) 49 49
x 2 y 2
3
8 0 1 (0, 1)
7 7 1
sin2 t cos2 t 1
y x 2 y 2
7 sin2 t 7 cos2 t
t 8 x y
7 sin t
7 cos t
t4 t0
x 7 sin t y 7 cos t, 0 t 2p
O x
3
t 8
Chapter 10 370
48. Sample answer: 54. B2 4AC (6)2 4(1)(9)
x2 y2 0
1
36 81
x 2 y 2 parabola
6 9 1
tan 2v
B
AC
cos2 t sin2 t 1 6
x 2 y 2 tan 2v
6 cos2 t 9 sin2 t 19
3
x y tan 2v 4
6 cos t
9 sin t
2v 36.86989765
x 6 cos t y 9 sin t, 0 t 2p
v 18
49. Sample answer:
55. (x 1)2 4(y 1)2 20
Let y t.
(y 1)2 4(y 1)2 20
x y2
5(y 1)2 20
x t2, t
(y 1)2 4
50. B2 4AC 0 4(4)(9) y 1 2
144 y 3 or 1
A C; ellipse
y3 xy
4x2 9y2 36
x3
p 2 p 2
4
p p
x cos y sin 6 9 x sin 6 y cos 6
6 36 y 1 xy
2 2 x 1
3
1
1 3
4 2x 2y 9 2x 2y
36
(3, 3), (1, 1)
3 3 1
4 4(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 y
(3, 3)
1
3 3
9 4(x)3 2xy 4(y)2 36
3(x)2 23 xy (y)2
9 9
3 27
4(x)2 2 xy 4(y)2 36 O x
21 5
3 31 (1, 1)
2 xy 4(y)2 36
(x)2
4
21(x)2 103 xy 31(y)2 144 0
51. B 4AC 0 4(0)(1)
2
0 56. 2x y 0
parabola 2x y
y2 4x 0 y2 49 x2
(x sin 45 y cos 45) 4(x cos 45 y sin 45) 0
2
(2x)2 49 x2
2
22 x 22 y 42x 2y 0
2
2
4x2 49 x2
1 1 3x2 49
(x)2 xy (y)2 22
x 22
y 0
2 2 x 4.04
(x)2 2xy (y)2 42x 42
y 0 2x y 0 2x y 0
52. B2 4AC 0 4(4)(16) 2(4.04) y 0 2(4.04) y 0
256 y 8.08 y 8.08
hyperbola (4.0, 8.1), (4.0, 8.1)
4x2 16(y 1)2 64 y
4(x h)2 16(y k 1)2 64
4(x 1)2 16(y 2 1)2 64
4(x 1)2 16(y 1)2 64 (4.0, 8.1)
(4.0, 8.1)
4(x2 2x 1) 16(y2 2y 1) 64
O x
4x2 8x 4 16y2 32y 16 64 0
x2 4y2 2x 8y 19 0
53. B2 4AC 23
4(6)(8)
2
180
A C; ellipse
B
tan 2v
AC
23
tan 2v
68
tan 2v 3
2v 60
v 30
371 Chapter 10
57. x2 4x 4y 4 61. 62.
x2 4x 4 4y y y
(x 2)2 4y 0
(x 2) x2 4x 4 0
2
x 4x 4 x2 4x 4 0
2 2
2x2 8x 0 O 2 x O x
2x(x 4) 0
2x 0 x40
x0 x4
(x 2)2 4y 0 (x 2)2 4y 0
(0 2)2 4y 0 (4 2)2 4y 0
y 1 y 1
(0, 1), (4, 1) Page 691 Applications and Problem Solving
63a. r
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
y
r (12 0)2 (16 0)2
r 20
O
x2 y2 r2
(0, 1) x
x2 y2 202
(4, 1) x2 y2 400
63b. area of watered portion pr2
p202
1256.6 ft2
58. xy 4 area of backyard q
4
y x 50(40)
2000 ft2
x2 y2 12
4 2 area of nonwatered portion 2000 1256.6
x2 x 12 743.4 ft2
16 743.4
x2 x2 12 percent not watered
2000
x4 16 12x2 0 0.37
(x2)2 12(x2) 16 0 about 37%
c
b b2 4
ac 64. 2a 2,000 e a
x2
2a a 6000 c
12
122 4(1)(1
6) 0.2
6000
x2
2(1)
1200 c
x2 10.472 or x2 1.528
b2
a2 c2
x 3.236 x 1.236
b2 60002 12002
xy 4 xy 4
b2 34,560,000
3.236y 4 1.236y 4 (x h)2 (y k)2
y 1.236 y 3.236
a2 b
2 1
xy 4 xy 4 (x 0)2 (y 0)2
60002 1
3.236y 4 1.236y 4 34,560,000
y 1.236 y 3.236 x2 y2
1
36,000,000 34,560,000
(3.2, 1.2), (3.2, 1.2), (1.2, 3.2), (1.2, 3.2)
65. a 3.5
y b3
c a2 b2
(1.2, 3.2)
c 3.52 32
(3.2, 1.2) x c 1.8
O about 1.8 feet from the center
(3.2, 1.2)
(1.2, 3.2)
59. 60.
y y
O x 4 O 4 x
4
Chapter 10 372
Page 691 Open-Ended Assessment 3. The information in the question confirms the
1. Sample answer: information given in the figure. Recall the formula
c for the area of a triangle one half the base
e a
times the height. The triangle DCB is obtuse, so
1 c
9 a the height will lie outside of the triangle.
Let DC
be the base. The length of the base is 6.
Let a 9.
1 c
The height will be equal to 7, since it is a line
9 9 b2 a2 c2 segment parallel to A D
through point B.
c1 b2 92 12 1
A 2bh
x2 y2 b2 80
a2 b2 1
1
2(6)(7) or 21
x2 y2
92 80 1
The correct choice is A.
x2 y2 4. The problem asks how many more girls there are
1
81 80
than boys. First find how many girls and how
2. Sample answer:
many boys there are in the class.
axis of symmetry: x h
One method is to find the fraction of girls in the
x 2, so h 2
whole class and the fraction of boys in the whole
focus: (h, k p) (2, 5)
class. Since the ratio of girls to boys is 4 to 3, the
kp5 4
fraction of girls in the whole class is 7. Find the
Let k 2, p 3.
number of girls in the class by multiplying this
(x h)2 4p(y k)
fraction by 35.
(x 2)2 4(3)(y 2) 4
(35) 20 There are 20 girls in the class.
(x 2)2 12(y 2) 7
3
Using the same process, the fraction of boys is 7.
3
(35)
7 15 There are 15 boys in the class.
SAT & ACT Preparation So there are 5 more girls than boys. The correct
choice is D.
Another method is to use a Ratio Box. First
Page 693 SAT & ACT Practice enter the given information, shown in the darker
1. Add the two numbers of parts to get the whole, 8. cells below. Then enter the number for the total of
3
The fraction of red jelly beans to the whole is 8. the first row, 7. To go from the total of 7 to the
The total number of jelly beans is 160. The total of 35, you must multiply by 5. Write a 5 in
3 each cell in the second row.
number of red jelly beans is 8(160) or 60. The
correct choice is C.
Girls Boys Total
Or you can use a ratio box. Multiply by 20.
4 3 7
Green Red Whole
5
5
5
5 3 8 20 15 35
60 160
Then multiply the two numbers in the first
2. Notice the capitalized word EXCEPT. You might column to get 20 girls, shown with a dark border.
want to try the plug-in method on this problem. Multiply the second column to get 15 boys.
Choose a value for b that is an odd integer, say 1. Subtract to find there are 5 more girls than boys.
Then substitute that value for b in the equation. 5. The figure is not drawn to scale. This means that
a2b 122 it is misleading. Start by drawing your own figure.
a (1) 122
2
B
A C
a2 122 x x
a 12 3
Check the answer choices for divisors of this value
of a. 12 is divisible by 3, 4, 6, and 12, but not by 9. x x
E D
The correct choice is D.
Use the information given in the problem. Since
C
A LED
, there are alternate interior angles formed
by parallel lines and a transversal. These angles
also have measure x. Since two angles in EBD
are congruent, the sides opposite those angles are
congruent. Since the length of BD is 3, the length
E
of B is also 3. The correct choice is A.
373 Chapter 10
6. Use the formula for slope. 9. You dont know the number of coins in either jar,
y2 y1 but you need to compare the ratios of nickels to
m
x2 x1
dimes, not the totals.
54 1
m
13 6 7
Let x be the number of dimes in Jar A. So x 4 is
The correct choice is C. the number of nickels.
x4 x 4
7. On the SAT, if you forget the relationships for 45 Jar A ratio: x x x
right triangles, look at the Reference Information 4
1 x
in the gray box at the beginning of each
mathematics section of the exam. The measure of Let y be the number of dimes in Jar B. So y 4 is
each leg of a 454590 triangle is equal to the the number of nickels.
y4 y 4
length of the hypotenuse divided by 2 . Multiply Jar B ratio: y y y
both numerator and denominator by 2 and 4
simplify. 1 y
8 The values of x and y are always greater than zero
BC
2
and are always integers, because they represent
8 2
2
2 the number of dimes. So regardless of the values
8
2 of x and y, the Jar A ratio is always greater. The
2 or 42
correct choice is A.
The correct choice is D. You could also use the Another method is to plug-in specific numbers
Pythagorean Theorem and the fact that the two for the numbers of nickels and dimes. Let Jar A
legs must be equal in length, but that method contain 7 nickels and 3 dimes. The ratio of nickels
might take more time. 7
to dimes in Jar A is 3. Let Jar B contain 3 nickels
8. Form a ratio using the given fractions as 3
and 7 dimes. The ratio for Jar B is 7. Try other
numerator and denominator. Write a proportion,
using x as the unknown. Multiply the cross- positive integers for the numbers of nickels and
products. Solve for x. dimes. The Jar A ratio is always greater. The
correct choice is A.
1
7 100 10. Set up a proportion.
1
x total liters x liters
5
total bottles
1 bottle
8 x
1
x
1
5(100)
20
1
7
1
x 20 20x 8
7 2
x 140 x 0.4 or 5
The correct choice is E. The correct answer is .4 or 2/5.
Chapter 10 374
Chapter 11 Exponential and Logarithmic Function
3 3
8. 32 5 (25) 5
11-1 Real Exponents 15
25
23
Page 695 Graphing Calculator Exploration 8
1. 9. (3a )3 3a5 33 a6 3a5
2
34a1
81
81a1 or a
1 1
10.
m3n2
m4n5 (m3n2) 2 (m4n5) 2
3 2 4 5
m2n2 m2n2
7 7
m 2 n 2 or m3n3mn
1
8n 27 8n 27
2. 11. 2
4 n 4 n
n 7
82 22
n
4 2
n 7
(23) 2 2 2
n
(22) 2
3n 7
3. am an amn 2 2 22
4. (am)n amn 2n
2
2
a m
5.
b
am
bm, when b 0 3n
7
2n
2 22 2 2
2
5n 7
2 2
n1
Page 700 Check for Understanding 22n3 2
2
9 2
1
16
6b3c
4 1
625 15 (x5y3) 15
16 2
15
15
9 x5y3
162
1
17.
3
92
p4q6r5 (p4q6r5) 3
256
1 1 1
1 1
81
1 1
(p4) 3 (q6) 3 (r5) 3
6. 216 (63) 7. 27
3
27 3 2 2 4 5
3 3
3 1
1
p 3 q2r 3
6 3
(33) 3 2 2
pq2r
3
3 1
pr2
6
3 3
2
2
4
4
18. y 34
5
32
4 5 5
y 5 4
34 4
32 1
9 y (345) 4
y 82.1
375 Chapter 11
19. A r2 r 3.875 107 m 2 1
33. 216
(216 3 )2
3
7
8
[(2)7] 7
1
8 3 (2)
4
7 1
83 1
6
73
512
36. (3n ) 33(n2)3
2 3
343 27n6
1
1 37. (y2)4 y8 y8
25. (31 33)1
31 31
(y2)4
1
1 y8 y8
1 1
1
3 9 3 3 3
1
38. (4y4) 2 4 (y4) 22
4 3 3
(22) 2 (y4) 2
9
6 12
9
4 22y 2
1 1 1 1
26. 81 2 (92) 2 27. 729 3 (93) 3 8y6
9 9
1 1 1 1 1
Chapter 11 376
(245
1
1
4 1
4 1
4
1
44. 3m 2 27n 4 34m 2 274n4
3
61. x ) 5
3
34m2(33)4n 0.33
316m2n 0.69
1 1 1
f 1 6 1 1 62. d3e2f 2 (d3) 2 (e2) 2 (f 2) 2
45.
256g4h4
4
(f16 2561 g4 h4) 4
ab2
3
4 f4g
a2bc
4 f 4gh1 or 1
1
1
h 64.
20x3y6 (20) 2 (x3) 2 (y6) 2
2xy35x
3 3 3 3 1
x2x x x2x
6 4
46. 4 4 4
x 6
3 5
2
14.2 x 724 15a 2 12
3 6 1
x2 xx 1
4
4
6 65. 66.
2 3 2 5
2 3
(14.2) 3 (x 712 15a 2
5 3 1
x x 1
4 2 6 )
0.17 x 712
5
a2
1 1 1 2 2 3
47. 2x y 4 3
3x y 6x
4 3 4
y 3
15
2 5 2
712
(a 2 ) 5
1
5
6x y 2
15
m 1 1
1
1
4.68 a
a n m m6n (m6) 2 n 2
n
48. a 49. 1
1 1
1
67. 8
x5 3.5
a n m
m3n 2
5
1
x 2 28
a nm
5 2
2
1
(x 2 ) 5 (28) 5
a mn
mn x 3.79
a
1 1
68. d 6.794 103 km so r 3.397 103 km
4
50.
xy3 (x) 2 (y3) 2 V 3r3
1 3
4
x 2 y 2 3(3.397 103 km)3
1 1 1
51.
3
8x3y6 8 (x3) (y6) 3 3 3 1.64 1011 km3
10 1 2 10 5 7
2xy2 69. y 3x; x 8, 6, 5, 33, 2, 3, 9, 3, 2
1 1 1
52. 17 17(x14) 2 (y7) 7 (z12) 7
7
x14y7z12 x 3x y
12
17x2yz 7 8 38
9
1 1 1
6561
53.
a10b2
5 4
c2 (a10) 5 (b2) 5 (c2) 4 6 36
1
2 1
729
a2b c 5 2
5 35
1
1
1
1
243
54. 60
r80s56
8
t27 60(r80) 8 (s56) 8 27 8 10
27
(t ) 10
3 33 1.395
33
60r st
10 8
1
1
1
5
3
32
1.732
56. (7a) b
75a5b3
5 8
55. 16 16
5 8 8 2
2
2
2
33
2.080
2
1 1
4
3 2
3 1
3
2
57. p 3 q 2 r 3 p 6 q 6 r 6 58. 23 10
10
1
9 3 9
3.389
23
6
p4q3r2 3 5
5
2
33
14.620
3
1 1 3 7 7
7
59. 13a b 13a b 7 3 21 21 32
46.765
2
21
13 a3b7
1 1
1
69a. If x 0 then y
0. If x 0 then y 1. Since
60. (n3m9) 2 (n3) 2 (m9) 2 x 0, y
0 and y 1. So, 0 y 1.
3 9
n2m2
69b. If x
0 then y
1. If x 1 then y 3. So,
1 y 3.
nm4mn
69c. If x
1 then y
3. So, y
3.
377 Chapter 11
69d. If the exponent is less than 0, the power is greater n factors
than 0 and less than 1. If the exponent is greater m factors m factors m factors
than 0 and less than 1, the power is greater than 1 74b. (am)n a a ... a a a ... a ... a a ... a
and less than the base. If the exponent is greater m n factors
than 1, the power is greater than the base.
a a ... a amn
Any number to the zero power is 1. Thus, if the m factors m factors m factors
exponent is less than zero, the power is less than
74c. (ab)m ab ab ... ab a a ... a b b ... b ambm
1. A power of a positive number is never
negative, so the power is greater than 0. m factors
a m
Any number to the zero power is 1 and to the 74d.
b
a
b
a a
b ... b bm
am
am a a ... a
between 1 and the base. 74e.
an
mn
n factors a
a a ... a
Any number to the first power is itself. Thus, if
the exponent is greater than 1, the power is 75. y
greater than the base.
1
70. r (1.2 1015)A 3
If r 2.75 1015 then 1
2.75 105 (1.2 1015)A 3 O x
2.75 1015
1
1.2 1015 A 3
1
2.29 A 3
12.04 A 76. y2 12x
Since 12.04 12, which is the mass number of (y 0)2 4(3)(x 0)
carbon, the atom is carbon. Vertex is at (0, 0) and p 3. The parabola opens
32(x 4x) 16(x 4x3) to the right so the focus is at (0 3, 0) or (3, 0).
2 2
71.
(25)(x 4x) (24)(x 4x3)
2 2
Since the directrix is 3 units to the left of the
2(5x 20x) 2(4x 16x12) vertex, the equation of the directrix is x 3.
2 2
23
22
2
25 35.3 r v Arctan
2
23
30 39.2
3
16
Arctan 3
72b. A 5-mile per hour increase in the wind speed
when the wind is light has more of an effect on 4 6
perceived temperature than a 5-mile per hour 2i) 4cos 6 i sin 6.
So, (23
increase in the wind speed when the wind is Use De Moivres Theorem.
1 1
heavy.
4cos 6 i sin 6
1 1
45 cos 5 6sin 5 6
5
GM e t2 1 1
73a. r3 G 6.67 1011
4 cos 3
0 4 i sin 30
5 5
42
Mt 5.98 1024 1.31 0.14i
t 1 day 86,4000 seconds 78.
2 2
(6.67 1011)(5.98 1024)(86,400)2 3 3
r3
42 5
r 42,250,474.31 m 6 6
4 5
74a. aman a a ... a a a ... a a a ... a amn 3 3 3
2
Lemniscate
Chapter 11 378
u sin v 1qt2 h. 87. The time it takes to paint a building is inversely
79. Use the equation y tv 2
u proportional to the number of painters.
v 105 g 32 h3 v 42 k
1 48 8
y t(105)(sin 42) 2(32)t2 3
k 384
16t2 (105 sin 42)t 3 384
Find t when y 0 (i.e., the ball is on the ground). So t 1
6
t
105 sin 42 (105
in s)4216)(
4(3)
t 24
2(16)
The correct choice is E.
t 0.04, 4.43
So, the ball hits the ground after about 4.43 s.
u
80. TC (2 3), (6 (4)), (5 6)
1, 10, 11 Exponential Functions
u 11-2
TC (2 3)2 (6
(
4))2 (5 6)2
222
81. Sample answer: Page 705 Graphing Calculator Exploration
1
tan S cos S 2 1. positive reals
sin S cos S 1 2. (0, 1)
cos S 1 2
1
3. For a 0.5 and 0.75, y as x , y 0 as
sin S 2 x . For a 2 and 5, y 0 as x , y as
82. cot v 0 x .
v 2 4. horizontal asymptote at y 0, no vertical
asymptotes
Period of cot v is so
cot v 0 5. Yes; the range of an exponential function is all
positive reals because the value of any positive
v 2 n, where n is an integer.
real number raised to any power is positive.
83. r 6h 150 m
6. Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is 1.
150 m
r
6h 7. The graph of y bx is decreasing when 0 b 1
r 25 m/h because multiplying by number between 0 and 1
84. 90, 270 results in a product less than the original number.
The graph of y bx is increasing when b
1
85. x3 25x 0
because multiplying by a number greater than 1
Degree of 3 so there are 3 complex roots.
results in a product greater than the original
x3 25x 0
number.
x(x 5)(x 5) 0
x0 x50 x50 8. There is a horizontal asymptote at y 0 because a
x5 x5 power of a positive real number is never 0 or less.
3; 5, 0, 5 As a number between 0 and 1 is raised to greater
and greater powers, its value approaches 0. As a
86.
number greater than 1 is raised to powers
approaching negative infinity, its value
approaches 0.
379 Chapter 11
5. x y y 11. x y y
1 1 O x
1
9 1 2
y 3x y 2x
0 1 0 1
1 3 1 2
2 9 2 4
O x
6. x y y 12. x y y
2 9 2 4
1 3 1 2
y 3x
0 1
0 1 1
1
1 2
1 9 y 2x
O x O x
7. x y 13. x y y
2
3
34 Use (0, 0) as a test point. 3 1
1
2 2
?
1 32 0
20 4 1 4 y 2x 3
? 0 8
0 4 0 14
1 2 0
3
2 0 The statement is true so shade
the region containing (0, 0). O x
y 14. x y y
3 1 O x
2 2
1 4
y 2x 3
O x 0 8
y 2x 4
2109.38 1 2 0 1; no O x
9a. 9,145,219 8,863,052 282,167 2 14
282,167
y 4x 2
40,309.57
7
40,309.57
0.0045
8,863,052
0.45% 16. x y y
9b. Use N N0(1 r)t. 1 5
N 8,863,052(1 0.0045)20 0 1
N 9,695,766 1
1
y ( 15 ) x
5
O x
Chapter 11 380
18. x y (0, 0) y 23b. The graph of y 3x is a reflection of the graph
3
1
?
0 204 of y 3x across the x-axis.
2
?
4 1 0 24 y 2x 4
1
5 2 0 1
6
6 4
O x
19. x y y
1 100
0 1 [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 10] scl:1
1 y 0.01x
1
100
23c. The graph of y 7x is a reflection of the graph
B 1 of y 7x across the y-axis.
(0, 1) (1, 100 )
O x
20. x y y
1 5 (1, 5)
0 1 y 5x
1
1
5
C (0, 1)
(1, 15 )
21. x y [10, 10] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1
O x 1 x
1 49 23d. The graph of y 2 is a reflection of the graph
0 7 y
of y 2x across the y-axis.
1 1 (0, 7)
A
y 71 x
(1, 1)
O x
22.
381 Chapter 11
25b. y 28d. Sample answer: A borrower might choose the
1.3
1.2
30-year mortgage in order to have a lower
1.1 monthly payment. A borrower might choose the
1.0 20-year mortgage in order to have a lower
0.9 interest expense.
0.8
0.7 29a. P 4000, n 43, i 0.0475
(1 0.0475)43 1
0.6 Fn 4000
0.0475
0.5
0.4 535,215.918; $535,215.92
0.3
0.2 29b. P 4000, n 43, i 0.0525
(1 0.0525)43 1
0.1 Fn 4000
0.0525
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x 611,592.1194 or $611,592.12
25c. y (0.85)12 $611,592.12 535,215.92 $76,376.20
0.14 or 14% 30. The function y dx is undefined when a 0 and x
25d. No; the graph has an asymptote at y 0, so the is an even fractional exponent.
percent of impurities, y, will never reach 0. 31a. Compounded once:
26a. N 836,231(1 0.007)25 I 1000[(1 0.05)1 1]
995,549.8864 or 995,550 50; $50
Compounded twice:
26b. N 2,240,384(1 0.0045)18 0.05 2
2,065,690.351 or 2,065,690 I 1000[1 2 1]
26c. 139,510 139,420 90 50.625; $50.63
90 Compounded four times:
10 9
0.05 4
9 I 1000[1 4 1]
0.000065
139,420
0.0065% 50.9453; $50.94
N 139,4201 139,420
9 Compounded twelve times:
35
0.05 12
139,735.3459 or 139,735 I 10001 12 1
26d. 168,767 169,775 1008 51.1619; $51.16
1008 Compounded 365 times:
100.8
10 0.05 365
100.8
0.00059
I 10001
365
1
169,775
0.059% 51.2675; $51.26
N 169.7751
169.775
100.8 35
31b. Let x represent the investment.
166,282.3779 or 166,280 Statement savings: I x[(1 0.051)1 1]
35
0.051x
27a. O 100(3 5 ) The return is 5.1%
100(33) 0.0505 12
Money Market Savings: I x1 1 2 1
2700 units
4.2 mi 5280 ft 1 hr 0.517x
27b. s
1 hr 1 mi 3600 s
The return is 5.17%
0.05 365
6.16 ft/s
36.16
Super Saver: I x1
365
1
O 100(3 5 ) 0.513x
5800.16 The return is 5.13%
5800 units Money Market Savings
28a. Pn 121,000, n 30 12 or 360, 365
(1 0.05) 1
365
x
31c.
i 0.075 12 or 0.00625 1
x
1 (1 0.00625)360 (1.05) 365 1
121,000 P
0.00625
1
365
365[(1.05) 1] x
365
P 846.04955; $846.05
0.04879 x; 4.88%
28b. Pn 121,000, n 20 12 or 240,
32. 4x2(4x)2 4x2(4)2(x)2
i 0.0725 12 or 0.00604 4x2
0.0725 240
1 1 1
2
16x2
1
121,000 P 4
0.0725
12 33. y 15
P 956.35494; $956.35 Use y r sin v.
28c. 30 year: I 360(846.05) 121,000 y 15
$183.578 So, 15 r sin v.
20 year: I 240(956.35) 121,000 34. 3, 9 2, 1 (3)(2) (9)(1)
$108,524 3
3; no because the inner product does not equal 0.
Chapter 11 382
35.
1
3 cos 78 i sin 78 33 cos 4 i sin 4 42. y
7 7
y 1x
3 33 cos 8 4 i sin 8 4 y x 1 3
1
5 5
3 cos 8 i sin 8
O x
0.66 1.60i
36. s 72t 16t2 4
s 4 16t2 72t
s 4 (16)(5.0625) 16(t2 4.5 5.0625)
(s 85) 16(t 2.25)2 The parent graph is translated 3 units left. The
Vertex: (2.25, 85) vertical asymptote is now x 3. The horizontal
Maximum height: 85 feet. asymptote, y 0, is unchanged.
37a. y 43. CAC 32 CAB 16
(12, 8) 100.53 50.27
100.53 50.27 50.26 or about 50.
The correct choice is E.
(7, 6)
383 Chapter 11
11a. Annually: I 100[(1 0.08)1 1] 14b. 2 decimal places; 4 decimal places; 6 decimal
80 $80.00; 8% places
0.08 2
Semi-annually: I 10001 2 1 14c. always greater
15a. 5 days: P 1 e0.047(5)
81.6 $81.60; 8.16%
0.08 4
0.20943 20.9%
Quarterly: I 10001
4 1 20 days: P 1 e0.047(26)
82.4316 $82.43; 8.243% 0.60937 60.9%
0.08 12 90 days: P 1 e0.047(90)
Monthly: I 10001
12 1 0.98545 98.5%
82.9995 $83.00; 8.3% 20.9%; 60.9% 98.5%
0.08 365
Daily: I 10001
365 1 15b.
83.2776 $83.28; 8.328%
Continuously: I 1000(e 0.08(1) 1)
83.2871 $83.98; 8.329%
Effective
Interest Annual
Compounded Interest Yield
Annually $80.00 8% about 29 days
Semi-annually $81.60 8.16% 15c. Sample answer: The probability that a person
Quarterly $82.43 8.243% who is going to respond has responded
approaches 100% as t approaches infinity. New
Monthly $83.00 8.3%
ads may be introduced after a high percentage of
Daily $83.28 8.328% those who will respond have responded. The
Continuously $83.29 8.329% graph appears to level off after about 50 days.
r n
So, new ads can be introduced after an ad has
11b. continuously 11c. E 1 n 1 run about 50 days.
11d. E e 1
r
16a. all reals
12a. y 525(1 e0.038(24)) 16b. 0 f(x) 1
314.097 314 people 16c. c shifts the graph to the right or left
(1 0.035)8 1
12b. after about 61h 17. 120,000 P
0.035
120,000 P(9.051687)
P 13,257.19725
$13,257.20
8 3 1
18. x 5 y 5 z 5 x
5
x3y3z
19. y 6x2 v 45
x sin 45 y cos 45 6(x cos 45 y sin 45)2
[0, 100] scl:10 by [0, 550] scl:50 2
2 2
2 2
2 x
y 6
2 x
y
13a. P 1 e6(0.5) 2 2
0.95021 95% 2 2
6
1 1
2 x y x2 xy y2
13b. 2 2 2
26
3.34
26
(cos 3.34 i sin 3.34)
2.718304481
2(1000) 1 1000 2001 1000
For x 1000:
2(1000) 1
1999
2.718282055
2.720551414; 2.718304481; 2.718282055
Chapter 11 384
21. y Page 717 Mid-Chapter Quiz
(0, 150) 1. 642 8 1
343 2 (343 31 )2
3
2. ( )
((73) 3 )2
7 2
1
49
8x3y6 1 1
27w z
27w6y6
8x3z9
(x, y) 3. 6 9
3 3
d 1
1
1
y (23) 3 (x3) 3 (z9) 3
28 1
1
1
(33) 3 (w6) 3 (y6) 3
O x x
2xz3 2
or w2xy2z3
3w2y2 3
u u
d x, y F 0, 150
1
x x 4.
a6b3 (a4b3) 2
cos 28 10
sin 28
10
1
1
(a6) 2 (b3) 2
x 10 cos 28 x 10 sin 28 3
0.94
2x 3 16
2x 13 151.34 A
13 1.51 102 mm2
x 2
7. 1,786,691 1,637,859 (1 r)8
24. 3x 2 6 1,786,691
3x 2 6 3x 2
6
1,637,859 (1 r)8
3x 4 3x
8
1 1
1,637,859 [(1 r) ]
1,786,691
8 8 8
4 8
x 3 x
3 1
1,637,859 1 r
1,786,691
8
x 8
3 x
4
3
r 0.011
Store the exact value in
3 2 2 3 9 6
25. 3
2 6 5 1
6 18 15 3
6 9
your calculators
memory.
J(9, 6), K(6, 18), L(6, 15), M(9, 3); The
N 1,637,859 (1 0.011)24 Use the stored
dilated image has sides that are 3 times the
2,216,156.979 value for r.
length of the original figure.
2,126,157
4x y
26. x
2y 12
6
8. A 3500 1 4
0.052 (4)(3.5)
385 Chapter 11
2
14. log7 n 3 log7 8
11-4 Logarithmic Functions 2
log7 n log7 8 3
2
Log5 x is an increasing function and log1 x is a t 16(33 log4 1024) log4 1024 x
decreasing function.
5
t 16(33 5) 4x 1024
4. Sean is correct. The product property states that t 264 h 22x 210
logb mn logb m logb n. 2x 10
1 x5
5. In half-life applications r 2. So, (1 r)
becomes
1 1
1 2 or 2 . Thus, the formula
1 t
N N0(1 r)t becomes N N0 2 . Pages 723725
1
Exercises
1
3 1
Chapter 11 386
3
10x 10
3
x2 3x 1 1
1
1 log12 x log12 9 log12 27 3 2
x
3 1
1
3x 4
2
5x
x 1
4
x 3
2 4 51. 2 (log7 x log7 8) log7 16
1
x8 (log 8x) log 16
2 7 7 1
40. 104 log102 x 41. logx 49 2 log7 (8x) 2 log7 16
10log1024 x x2 49 1
(8x) 2 16
2 x
4 x7
8x 256
16 x
x 32
42. log3 3x log3 36
52. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 36
3x 36
log5 (x 2)2 log5 36
x 12
(x 2)2 36
43. log6 x log6 9 log6 54 x26
log6 9x log6 54 x8
9x 54
53. x y y
x6
1 0
44. log8 48 log8 w log8 6 1
48 2 y log4 x
log8 w log8 6 2
48 4 1
w 6 O x
6w 48
w8
45. log6 216 x 46. log5 0.04 x
6x 216 5x 0.04
6x 63 5x 52
x3 x 2
387 Chapter 11
r 410
62a. 5000
25001 4
54. x y y
20
1 0 15 r 40
2 3 10 27
1 4
y 3 log2 x
r 40
2 1 4
4 6 5
62b.
O
5 5 10 1520 2530 3540 x 1
r 40
1
2 40 1 4
40
10
15 1.0175 1 4
r
20
0.0699 r
55. x y y 6.99%
r 28
2 0 62c. 2 1 4
6 1 y log5 (x 1) 1
r
2 1 4
28
x r
1.0251 1 4
0.1004 r
10.04%
1 1
y 63a. n log2 63b. 3 log2 p
56. x y 1
4 1
1 0 y log2 x n log2 4 23 p
2 1
2n 4 8 p1
4 2 1
x n2
8 p
1
less light; 8
64. Let y loga x, so x ay.
x ay
57. x y y logb x logb ay
1 0 logb x y logb a
logb x
2 2 y
log a b
4 4 logb x
x loga x
logb a
y 2 log2 x 65a. P
16
15.5
15 log2.72 (14.7) 0.02h
P
58. x y y 14.5
14
0 0 13.5
9 1 13
12.5
x 4 2 O 2 4h
y log10 (x 1)
P
14.7 0.02(1)
65b. log2.72
P
2.720.02
59. Use N N0(1 r)t; r 1 since the rate of growth 14.7
Chapter 11 388
67. 69.6164 75. cos (A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
5 35
0.115 12.30
cos A 1 cos B 37
1 1 3
______ 12
68. 90,000 P 0.115 x2 52 132 x2 352 372
12
x2 144 x2 144
P 891.262 x 12 x 12
$891.26 12 12
So, sin A 1
3 So, sin B 3
7
69. ellipse 5 35 12 12
9x2 18x 4y2 16y 11 0 cos (A B) 1
3 37 13 37
O D x
B
389 Chapter 11
3x3 2
4
16. 4x1
11-5 Common Logarithms 3x3 24
x1
4
x1
(x 3) log 3 log 2 4 log 4
Page 730 Check for Understanding
(4x 12)log 3 4 log 2 (x 1) log 4
1. log 1 0 means log10 1 0. So, 10 1.
4x log 3 12 log 3 4 log 2 x log 4 log 4
log 10 1 means log10 10 1. So, 101 10.
4x log 3 x log 4 4 log 2 log 4 12 log 3
2. Write the number in scientific notation. The x(4 log 3 log 4) 4 log 2 log 4 12 log 3
exponent of the power of 10 is the characteristic. 4 log 2 log 4 12 log 3
x
4 log 3 log 4
3. antilog 2.835 102.835 683.9116
4. log 15 1.1761 x 4.84
log 5 0.6990 17.
log 3 0.4771
log 5 log 3 0.6990 0.4771 1.1761
5. log 80,000 log (10,000 8)
log 104 log 8
4 0.9031
4.9031
6. log 0.003 log (0.001 3)
log 103 log 3 [10, 10] scl:1 by [20, 100] scl:10
3 0.4771 5.5850
18a. R log 1.6 4.2
200
2.5229
8. 2.6274 9. 74,816.95 logarithm, 10. 105 is ten times greater than 104.
10. y
x 7.83 42
1
14. 4x
6x2 log 0.01 log 12 2 log 4
(x 2) log 6 x log 4 1
2 1.0792 2(0.6021)
x log 6 2 log 6 x log 4
2 log 6 x log 4 x log 6 1.2218
2 log 6 x (log 4 log 6) 23. log 36 log (4 9)
2 log 6 log 4 log 9
log 4 log 6 x
0.6021 0.9542
8.84 x 1.5563
15. 4.3x 76.2 24. log 108,000 log (1000 12 9)
x log 4.3 log 76.2 log 1000 log 12 log 9
log 76.2
x
log 4.3 3 1.0792 0.9542
x 2.97 5.0334
Chapter 11 390
25. log 0.0048 log (0.0001 12 4) 46. 3x1
2x7
log 0.0001 log 12 log 4 (x 1) log 3
(x 7) log 2
4 1.0792 0.6021 x log 3 log 3
x log 2 7 log 2
2.3188 x log 3 x log 2
log 3 7 log 2
26. log 4.096 log (0.001 46) x(log 3 log 2)
log 3 7 log 2
log 0.001 6 log 4 log 3 7 log 2
x
log 3 log 2
3 6(0.6021)
0.6124 x 9.2571
47. logx 6 1
1
log 6
log 100 log 9 2 log 4
1
log x 1
1 log 6 log x
2 0.9542 2(0.6021)
6x
3.2553 log 6
When x 1, log 1 0, which means
log x is
28. 1.9921 29. 2.9515 log 6
undefined. When x 1,
log x is negative, which is
30. 0.871 31. 2.001 not greater than 1. So, x must also be greater than
32. 3.2769 33. 2.1745 1. Therefore, 1 x 6.
log 8 log 625
34. log2 8
log 2 35. log5 625
log 5 48. 42x5
3x3
3 4 (2x 5) log 4
(x 3) log 3
log 24 log 4 2x log 4 5 log 4
x log 3 3 log 3
36. log6 24
log 6 37. log7 4
log 7 2x log 4 x log 3
5 log 4 3 log 3
1.7737 0.7124 x(2 log 4 log 3)
5 log 4 3 log 3
log 0.0675 5 log 4 3 log 3
38. log6.5 0.0675
log 0.5 x
2 log 4 log 3
3.8890 x
2.1719
log 15
39. log 15 1
1 40. 2x 95 49. 0.52x4
0.15x
log
2
391 Chapter 11
t
1 0.8
0.9535 2
54.
60b.
1
log 0.9535 0.8t log 2
log 0.9535
1 0.8t
log
2
log 0.9535
log
1 t log 0.8
log
2
[10, 1] scl:1 by [2, 10] scl:1 12.0016 t
12 years
55. x 0.3210
61. Sample answer: x is between 2 and 3 because 372
is between 100 and 1000, and log 100 2 and log
1000 3.
1
62a. L 10 log
1.0 1012
10(log 1 log (1.0 1012))
120 dB
I
62b. 20 log
1.0 1012
[5, 5] scl:1 by [10, 50] scl:10
2 log I log (1.0 1012)
56. x 0.1975 2 log I 12
10 log I
1 1010 I; 1 1010 W/m2
1 t
63. Use N N02 .
N 630 micrograms 63 104 gram
N0 1 milligram 1.0 103 gram
1 t
6.3 104 (1.0 103)2
[5, 5] scl:1 by [3, 10] scl:1 6.3 104 1
1.0 103 t log 2
log
57. x2
0.6666 t
0.6666 5730 3819 yr
64. loga y loga P loga q loga r
p
loga y loga q loga r
pr
loga y loga q
pr
y q
[5, 5] scl:1 by [5, 10] scl:1 65. logx 243 5
100 10.3
58a. h 9 log
14.7 x5 243
1.7 mi x3
58b.
100
4.3 9 log
P
66.
14.7
0.3870 log P log 14.7
0.3870 log 14.7 log P
0.7803 log P
6.03 P; 6 psi
59a. M 5.3 5 5 log 0.018
1.58
59b. 5.3 8.6 5 5 log P increasing from to
8.3 5 log P 1 2
1
1
1
Chapter 11 392
5D 0E F 25 0 74. f(x) x3 2x2 11x 12
() D 2E F 5 0 f(1) 1 2(1) 11(1) 12 Test f(1).
4D 2E 20 0 f(1) 0 (x 1) is a factor.
4D 3E F 25 0 1 1 2 11 12
() D 2E F 5 0 1 1 12
3D E 20 0 1 1 12 0
4D 2E 20 0 x2 x 12 0
2(3D E 20 0) (x 4)(x 3) 0
10D 60 0 So, the factors are (x 4)(x 3)(x 1).
D 6 75. y
4(6) 2E 20 0
2E 4 0
E2 y 5x 3 2x 5
5(6) 0(2) F 25 0
F50
F5 O x
x2 y2 6x 2y 5 0
(x2 6x 9) (y2 2y 1) 5 9 1
Neither; the graph of the function is not
(x 3)2 (y 1)2 5
18 4
symmetric with respect to either the origin or the
69. , (25
25
65
2 2 , 11) y-axis.
70. r6 76. 7 5 4 1 17
r2 36 17,000,000
x2 y2 36 The correct choice is D.
71. 90
120 60
150 30
11-6 Natural Logarithms
180 0
2 4 6
210 330
Page 735 Check for Understanding
1. ln e 1 is the same as loge e 1. And e1 e. So,
240 300
270 ln e 1.
u 2. The two logarithms have different bases.
72. AB (6 5), (5 6) log 17 10x 17 or x 1.23
1, 1 ln 17 ex 17 or x 2.83
u
AB (6 5
)2 (5 6
)2 3. ln 64 4.1589
2 1.414 ln 16 2.7726
73. ln 4 1.3863
ln 16 ln 4 2.7726 1.3863 4.1589
4. The two equations represent the same thing,
A Pert is a special case of the equation
N N0ekt and is used primarily for computations
involving money.
3.65 cm 5. 4.7217 6. 1.1394
a 7. 15.606 8. 0.4570
ln 132
9. log5 132
ln 5
b 3.0339
ln 64
v 36 10 360 10. log3 64
ln 3
cos 36
a
sin 36
b
3.7856
3.65 3.65
11. 18 e3x
a 3.65 cos 36 b 3.65 sin 36
ln 18 3x ln e
2.9529 2.1454 ln 18
1 x
Use A 2aP, where P 10(2.1454) 21.454. 3
1 0.9635 x
A 2(2.9529)(21.454)
31.6758 or 31.68 cm2
393 Chapter 11
12. 10 5e5k 33. log8 0.512
ln 0.512
ln 8
2 e5k
ln 2 5k ln e 0.3219
ln 303
ln 2
k 34. log6 323
1.6
5
0.1386 k 3.2246
ln 2
88
13. 25ex 100 35. log5 288
ln 5
ex 4 1.7593
x ln e ln 4
36. 6x 72 37. 2x 27
x 1.3863
x ln 6 ln 72 x ln 2 ln 27
14. 4.5 e0.031t ln 72 ln 27
ln 4.5 0.031t ln e x
ln 6 x
ln 2
ln 4.5
t 2.3869 4.7549
0.031
38. 9x4 7.13
48.5186 t
(x 4) ln 9 ln 7.13
15. x 13.57 x ln 9 4 ln 9 ln 7.13
x ln 9 ln 7.13 4 ln 9
ln 7.13 4 ln 9
x
ln 9
x 4.8940
39. 3x 32 40. 25ex 1000
x ln 3 ln 3 ln 2 ex 40
x
ln 3 ln 2
x ln e ln 40
ln 3
[20, 20] scl:2 by [4, 20] scl:2 x 3.6889
x 1.3155
16. x 26.90
41. 60.3 e0.1t
ln 60.3 0.1t ln e
ln 60.3
0.1 t
40.9933 t
42. 6.2e0.64t 3et1
ln 6.2 0.64t ln e ln 3 (t 1) ln e
ln 6.2 ln 3 1 0.36t
[15, 30] scl:5 by [50, 150] scl:10 ln 6.2 ln 3 1
0.36 t
17a. p 760e0.125(3.3)
760e0.4125 0.7613 t
503.1 torrs 43. 22 44 (1 e2x)
1
17b. 450 760e0.125a
2 1 e2x
450
760 e0.125a 1
e2x
2
0.125a ln e
ln
450
760 ln 2
1
2x ln e
450 1
ln ln
760
0.125 a
2
x
2
4.1926 a; 4.2 km 0.3466 x
44. 25 e0.075y
ln 25 0.075y ln e
Pages 736737 Exercise ln 25
y
18. 5.4931 19. 0.2705 0.075
Chapter 11 394
45. 5x
76 52. x 4.72
x ln 5
ln 7 ln 6
ln 7 ln 6
x
ln 5
x
1.7657
46. 12x4 4x
(x 4) ln 12 x ln 4
x ln 12 4 ln 12 x ln 4
x ln 12 x ln 4 4 ln 12 [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 75] scl:5
x(ln 12 ln 4) 4 ln 12
4 ln 12
53. x 0.37
x
ln 12 ln 4
2
x 9.0474
47. x 3 27.6 3
x (27.6) 2
x 144.9985
48. x 3.76
1.6845 t
1.6845 8 24 323.4236
324 h
[70, 10] scl:1 by [3, 10] scl:1
56a. ln 180 72 k(0) c
50. t 133.14 4.6821 c
56b. ln 150 72 k(2) 4.6821
ln 78 4.6821
2 k
0.1627 k
56c. ln 100 72 (0.1622)t 4.6821
ln 28 4.6821
0.1627 t
8.3 t 8.3 2 6.3
[10, 150] scl:10 by [100, 2000] scl:100
about 6.3 min
51. x 2.14
57. e2x 4ex 3 0
(ex 3)(ex 1) 0
ex 3 0 ex 1 0
ex 3 ex 1
x ln e ln 3 x ln e ln 1
x 1.0986 x0
0 or 1.0986
58a. 2 e0.063t
[6, 6] scl:1 by [4, 24] scl:2 ln 2 0.063t ln e
ln 2
0.063 t
11.0023 t
about 11 years
58b. See students work.
395 Chapter 11
59. 1800 5000 ln r 68. 2x 5y 3 0
1800
ln r A2
B2
22 (
5)2 29
5000
2x 5y 3
antiln
1800 0
r
5000 2
9 2
9 29
2 5 3
0.6977 r; about 70% 29 29
29 x 29y 29 0
29
1
60a. 1ek(1622) 3
29
2 p 29 0.56 units
1
ln 1622 k ln e 5 2
2 sin
29
cos
29
1
ln 2 5 29
k ___29
1622 tan
2 29
0.000427 k
29
60b. 1.7 23e(0.000427)(t) 5
1.7 tan 2
2.3 0.000427t ln e
ln
112
1.7
ln 229 5
29 3
29 3
29
2.3
t 29 x 29y 29 0; 29 0.56; 112
0.000427
707.9177 t 69. y 70 cos 4v
about 708 yr 70. d 800 (10 55)
61. y is a logarithmic function of x. The pattern in the 250
table can be determined by 3y x which can be The correct answer is 250.
expressed as log3 x y.
62. 1.2844
11-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
3
63. 16 4 8
64. x2 y 4 Natural Logarithms and Area
x2 4y2 8
(y 4) 4y2 8 Pages 738739
4y2 y 4 0 1. 0.69314718
1 1
(4)(4
4) 2. 0.6931471806; It is the same value as found in
y
8
1 65
Exercise 1 expressed to 10 decimal places.
y
8 3a. The result is the opposite of the result in
y 0.9, 1.1 Exercise 1.
x2 0.9 4 x2 11 4 3b. Sample answer: a negative value
x 4.9
x 2.9
4a. 0.69314718
x 2.2, 2.2 x 1.7, 1.7 4b. 1.0986123
y 4c. 1.3862944
4d. 0.6931471806, 1.098612289, 1.386294361
4e. The value for each area is the same as the value
O x of each natural logarithm.
5. 0.5108256238; 0.6931471806; 0.9162907319;
These values are equal to the value of ln 0.6,
ln 0.5, and ln 0.4.
6. If k 1, then the area of the region is equal to
52.4 N m3 ln k. If 0 k 1, then the opposite of the area is
65.
m2 146 cm3
1003 cm3 c
equal to ln k.
0.00765 c; 0.00765 N m 7. The value of a should be equal to or very close to
66. x 0.25 cos y 0.25 sin 1, and the value of b should be very close to e. This
0.25 0 prediction is confirmed when you display the
(0.25, 0) actual regression equation.
67. u
a 1, 2 34, 3 8. Sample answer: Define ln k for k
0 to be
1, 2 12, 9 1
the area between the graph of y x, the x-axis,
13, 7 and the vertical lines x 1 and x k if k 1 and
to be the opposite of this area if 0 k 1. Define
e to be the value of k for which the area of the
region is equal to 1.
Chapter 11 396
Modeling Real-World Data with
0.415 1.0091e0.0197x
11-7 Exponential and Logarithmic
15c.
0.415
Functions 1.0091 0.0197x
ln
0.415
ln
Page 744 Check for Understanding 1.0091
0.0197 x
1. Replace N by 4N0 in the equation N N0ekt,
45.10 x
where N0 is the amount invested and k is the
45.10 10 35.10 min
interest rate. Then solve for t.
16a. y 2137.5192(1.0534)x
2. The data should be modeled with an exponential
function. The points in the scatter plot approach a 16b. y 2137.5192(1.0534)x
horizontal asymptote. Exponential functions have y 2137.5192(eln 1.0534)x
horizontal asymptotes, but logarithmic functions y 2137.5192e(ln 1.0534)x
do not. y 2137.5192e0.0520x
3. y 2e(ln 4)x or y 2e1.3863x; ln y ln 2 (ln 4)x or 16c. 2631.74 2137.52e4r
2631.74
ln y 0.6931 1.3863x 2137.52 4r
ln
ln 2 ln 2
4. t
0.0175 5. t
0.08
2631.74
2137.52
39.61 yr 8.66 yr ln
4 r
6a. y 10.0170(0.9703)x 0.0520 r; 5.2%
6b. y 10.0170(0.9703)x 17. y 40 14.4270 ln x
y 10.0170(eln 0.9703)x 18a. y 812.9099 515.8975 ln x
y 10.0170e(ln 0.9703)x 18b. The year 1960 would correspond to x 0 and
y 10.0170e0.0301x ln 0 is undefined.
6c. 5 10.0170e0.0301x 19. Take the square root of each side.
5 y cx2
10.0170 0.0301x
ln
5
y cx2
ln
10.0170 y cx
0.0301 x
20a. 1034.34 1000(1 r)1
23.08 x; 23.08 min 1.03034 1 r
0.03034 r; 3.034%
20b. y 1000.0006(1.0303)x
Pages 745748 Exercises 20c. y 1000.0006(1.0303)x
ln 2 ln 2
7. t
0.0225 8. t
0.05
y 1000.0006(eln 1.0303)x
30.81 yr 13.86 yr y 1000.0006e(ln 1.0303)x
ln 2 y 1000.0006e0.0299x
9. t
0.07125 20d. 1030.34 1000er
9.73 1030.34
1000 r
ln
10. exponential; the graph has a horizontal asymptote
0.0299 r; 2.99%
11. logarithmic; the graph has a vertical asymptote
21a.
12. logarithmic; the graph has a vertical asymptote x 0 50 100 150 190
13. exponential; the graph has a horizontal asymptote ln y 1.81 2.07 3.24 3.75 4.25
14a. y 4.7818(1.7687)x 21b. ln y 0.0137x 1.6833
14b. y 4.7818(1.7687)x 21c. ln y 0.0137x 1.6833
y 4.7818(eln 1.7687)x y e0.0137x1.6833
y 4.7818e(ln 1.7687)x
21d. y e0.0137(225)1.6833
y 4.7818e0.5702x
ln 2
117.4250
14c. Use t k; k 0.5702. 117.4 persons per square mile
ln 2 22a. The graph appears to have a horizontal
t
0.5702
asymptote at y 2, so you must subtract 2 from
1.215 hr
each y-value before a calculator can perform
15a. y 1.0091(0.9805)x exponential regression.
15b. y 1.0091(0.9805)x 22b. y 2 1.0003(2.5710)x
y 1.0091(eln 0.9805)x
23a. ln y is a linear function of ln x.
y 1.0091e(ln 0.9805)x
y cxa
y 1.0091e0.0197x
ln y ln(cxa)
ln y ln c ln xa
ln y ln c a ln x
397 Chapter 11
23b. The result of part a indicates that we should 32.
take the natural logarithms of both the x- and y (2, 1): f(x) 2(2) 8(1) 10
y-values. x4 22
x2
(2, 3) (4, 1): f(x) 2(4) 8(1) 10
ln x 6.21 6.91 8.52 9.21 9.62 (4, 4)
26
x 2y 4
ln y 4.49 4.84 5.65 5.99 6.19 (4, 1) (2, 8): f(x) 2(2) 8(3) 10
y1 38
23c. ln y 0.4994 ln x 1.3901 O x (4, 4): f(x) 2(4) 8(4) 10
23d. ln y 0.4994 ln x 1.3901 (2, 1)
50
eln y e0.4994ln x1.3901
y e0.4994ln x e1.3901 50; 22
y (eln x)0.4994 4.0153 33. Regions in circle X not in circle Z: 2
y 4.0153x0.4994 The correct choice is C.
24. 2 ek(85)
ln 2 85k
0.0082 k
12 e0.0082t Chapter 11 Study Guide and Assessment
ln 12 0.0082t
303 t
303.04 min or about 5 h Page 749 Understanding the Vocabulary
25. 0.01 1. common logarithm 2. exponential growth
26. log5 (7x) log5 (5x 16) 3. logarithmic function 4. scientific notation
7x 5x 16 5. mantissa 6. natural logarithm
2x 16 7. linearizing data 8. exponential function
x8 9. nonlinear regression 10. exponential equation
27a. y x(400 20(x 3))
y x(460 20x)
y 20x2 460x
Pages 750752 Skills and Concepts
y 2645 20(x2 23x 132.25)
1 2
1
1
y 2645 20(x 11.5) 11. 12. (64) 2 8
4 1 2
vertex at (11.5, 2645), maximum at x 11.5 4
$11.50 16
4
4
3 3
27b. At maximum, y 2645.
4
13. (27) 3 (33) 3 ) (256) 4
14. (256
34
3
$2645
(44) 4
28. 5cos 5
3 1 81
6 i sin
6
2
i
2 43
53 5 64
2
i
2 3x2
1
3 1
3
60 b 15. 3x2(3x)2
(3x)2 16. 6a 3 63a 3
29.
sin 24 sin 48 3x2 216a
60 sin 48 b sin 24
9x2
1
60 ft b 109.625 3
about 109.6 ft 3 1 3
17. 12x4 2 (x4)3
b 1
42 8x12
18. (w3)4 (4w2)2 w12 42 w4
18
16w16
1
1
3 1
3 1
2
30. 5x2 8x 12 0 19. (2a) 3 (a2b) 3 (2a) 3 (a2b) 3
Discriminant: (8)2 4(5)(12) 176
(2a)(a2b)
The discriminant is negative, so there are
2a3b
2 imaginary roots. 1
1
5
9
8 176
20. 3x 2 y 4 (4x2y2) 12x 2 y 4
x
10
8 4i11
4 2i11
1
0
or 5
31. 4 units left and 8 units down
Chapter 11 398
21. 22. 1
45. 2 log6 4 3 log6 8 log6 x
y y 1
log6 42 log6 8 3 log6 x
42
log6 1
log6 x
83
y 3x 42
y ( 12 ) x 1
x
83
8x
O x O x 1
46. log2 x
3 log6 27
23. 24. 1
log2 x log2 27 3
y y
1
y 2x 1 x 27 3
x3
47. y
y 2x 2
O x
y log10 x
O x O x
25. 26.
y y
O x
y 2x 2 48. log 300,000 log (100,000 3)
y 2x 1 log 100,000 log 3
5 0.4771
5.4771
49. log 0.0003 log (0.0001 3)
O x log 0.0001 log 3
4 0.4771
27. A 2500e0.065(10)
3.5229
4788.8520; $4788.85
50. log 140 log (10 14)
28. A 6000e0.0725(10)
log 10 log 14
12,388.3866; $12,388.39
1 1.1461
29. A 12,000e0.059(10) 2.1461
21,647.8610, $21,647.86
2
51. log 0.014 log (0.001 14)
1
30. 8 3 4 31. 34 8
1 log 0.001 log 14
1 3 1.1461
32. log2 16 4 5 2
33. log5 2
1.8539
34. 2x 32 35. 10x 0.001 52. 4x 6x2
2x 25 10x 103 x log 4 (x 2) log 6
x5 x 3 x log4 x log 6 2 log 6
1
36. 4x 1
6 37. 2x 0.5 x log 4 x log 6 2 log 6
4x 42 2x 21 x(log 4 log 6) 2 log 6
2 log 6
x 2 x 1 x
log 4 log 6
1
38. 6x 216 39. 9x 9 x 8.84
6x 63
9x 91 53. 120.5x 80.1x4
x3 x 1 0.5x log 12 (0.1x 4) log 8
40. 4x 1024 41. 8x 512 0.5x log 12 0.1x log 8 4 log 8
4x 45 8x 83 0.5x log 12 0.1x log 8 4 log 8
x5 x3 x(0.5 log 12 0.1 log 8) 4 log 8
4 4 log 8
42. x4 81
1
43. 12 x x
0.5 log 12 0.1 log 8
x (81) 4
16 x x 8.04
x3
44. log3 3 log3 x log3 45
log3 3x log3 45
3x 45
x 15
399 Chapter 11
3x
14
log 100 log 125
54. 6x2 62. log4 100
log 9 63. log15 125
log 15
1
3x log 4 (x 2) log 6 2.0959 1.7829
1 64. 4x 100
3x log
4 x log 6 2 log 6
1 x ln 4 ln 100
3x log 4 x log 6 2 log 6 ln 100
1 x
ln 4
x(3 log 4 log 6) 2 log 6
2 log 6
x 3.3219
x
1 65. 6x2 30
3 log log 6
4 (x 2) ln 6 ln 30
1 ln 30
Change the inequality because 3 log 4 log 6 is x2
ln 6
negative. ln 30
x
ln 6 2
x
0.6
55. 0 12x8 7x4 x 3.8982
(2x 8) log 0.1 (x 4) log 7 66. 3x1 42x
2x log 0.1 8 log 0.1 x log 7 4 log 7 (x 1) ln 3 2x ln 4
2x log 0.1 x log 7 4 log 7 8 log 0.1 x ln 3 ln 3 2x ln 4
x(2 log 0.1 log 7) 4 log 7 8 log 0.1 x ln 3 2x ln 4 ln 3
4 log 7 7 log 0.1 x(ln 3 2 ln 4) ln 3
x
2 log 0.1 log 7 ln 3
x 4 x
ln 3 2 ln 4
57. y x 0.8967
y 3 log (x 2) 68. 24 e2x 69. 15ex 200
200
ln 24 2x ex 1
5
x ln 24 200
O x
2 x ln 1
5
x
1.5890 x 2.5903
70. x 3.333
58. y
59. x 3.42
Chapter 11 400
ln 2 ln 2
72. t
0.028 73. t
0.05125 Chapter SAT & ACT Preparation
24.76 13.52
ln 2
74. 18
k Page 755 SAT and ACT Practice
ln 2 1. To find the greatest possible value, the other 3
k
18
values must be as small as possible. Since they
0.0385; 3.85%
are distinct positive integers, they must be 1, 2,
and 3. The sum of all 4 integers is 4(11) or 44. The
sum of the 3 smallest is 1 2 3 or 6, so the
Page 753 Applications and Problem solving fourth integer cannot be more than 44 6 or 38.
1 t
75. 0.065 2 The correct choice is B.
1 1
1 2. Since one root is 2, x 2, 2x 1, and 2x 0.
log 0.65 t log 2 1
Similarly for the root that is 3,
log 0.65 1
1 t x 3, 3x 1, and 3x 1 0.
log
2
To find the quadratic equation, multiply these two
0.6215 t
factors and let the product equal zero.
0.6215 5730 3561.13 or 3561 yr.
(2x 1)(3x 1) 0
1.15 1010
76a. 10 log
1012
6x2 5x 1 0
20.6 20.6 dB The correct choice is E.
9 109 3. The result of dividing T by 6 is 14 less than the
76b. 10 log
102 correct average.
39.5 39.5 dB T
correct answer 14
6
8.95 103 T
76c. 10 log
1012
6 14 correct average
99.5 99.5 dB The correct average is the total divided by the
77. 200,000 142,000e 0.014t
number of scores, 5.
100
71 e0.014t correct average 5
T
100
ln
71 0.014t T
14 5
T
6
100
ln The correct choice is E.
71
t 4. y
0.014
24.4 t
B x,y (2 )
1990 24 2014
78a. N 65 30e0.20(2) y
44.89; 45 words per minute
78b. N 65 30e0.20(15) A x C (x, 0) x
63.50; 64 words per minute 2
401 Chapter 11
6. C D 2n (2n 2)
2
9.
2 2n 1
3 D The quantity in Column A is the remainder when
2 1 this average is divided by 2.
D 3 and, therefore, r 3.
2n 1
Now use this value for the radius to calculate half
2 n R1
of the area. The remainder is always 1, regardless of the value
1 2
2r2 23 29 1
1
A
1 1 1 1 of n. So the two quantities are always equal. The
2 8 correct choice is C.
The correct choice is A. 10. First notice that b must be a prime integer. Next
7. The average of 8 numbers is 20. notice that 3b is greater than 10. So b could be 5,
20
sum of eight numbers since 3(5) 15. (b cannot be 3.) Check to be sure
8
that 5 fits the rest of the inequality.
sum of eight numbers 160 5 25 1
The average of 5 of the numbers is 14. 3(5) 15
6(5) 6 46
sum of five numbers So 5 is one possible answer. You can check to see
14 5 that 7 and 11 are also valid answers.
sum of five numbers 70 The correct answer is 5, 7, or 11.
The sum of the other three numbers must be
160 70 or 90. Calculate the average of these
three numbers.
sum of three numbers 90
average 3 3 30
The correct choice is D.
8. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180. Since
B is a right angle, it is 90. So the sum of the
other two angles is 90. Write and solve an
equation using the expressions for the two angles.
2x 3x 90
5x 90
x 18
The question asks for the measure of A.
A 2x 2(18) 36
The correct choice is C.
Chapter 11 402
Chapter 12 Sequences and Series
11. an a1 (n 1)d
12-1 Arithmetic Sequences and Series 3 a1 (7 1)(2)
3 a1 12
15 a1
Pages 762763 Check for Understanding 12. an a1 (n 1)d
1. a1 6 4(1) or 2 34 100 (12 1)d
a2 6 4(2) or 2 66 11d
a3 6 4(3) or 6 6 d
a4 6 4(4) or 10 13. an a1 (n 1)d
a5 6 4(5) or 14 24 9 (4 1)d
2, 2, 6, 10, 14; yes, there is a common 15 3d
difference of 4. 5d
2a. an 9 5 14, 14 5 19
9, 14, 19, 24
n
1 14. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
35
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 n S35 2[2.7 (35 1) 2]
1 1435
n
15. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
2
n
210 2[2 30 (n 1)(4)]
3
420 60n 4n2 4n
2b. linear 4n2 64n 420 0
2c. The common difference is 1. This is the slope of 4(n 21)(n 5) 0
the line through the points of the sequence. n 21 or n 5
Since n cannot be negative, n 21.
3a. The number of houses sold cannot be negative.
n 16. n 19, a19 27, d 1
3b. Sn 2[2a, (n 1)d] an a1 (n 1)d
10
S10 2[2 3750 (10 1)500] 27 a1 (19 1)1
9 a1
$60,000 n
S19 2(a1 a19 )
4. Negative; let n and n 1 be two consecutive
19
numbers in the sequence. 2(9 27)
d (n 1) n or 1 342 seats
5. Neither student is correct, since neither sequence
has a common difference. The difference
fluctuates between 1 and 1. The second sequence Pages 763765 Exercises
has a difference that fluctuates between 2 and 2. 17. d 1 5 or 6
6. d 11 6 or 5 7 (6) 13, 13 (6) 19,
16 5 21, 21 5 26, 26 5 31, 31 5 36 19 (6) 25, 25 (6) 31
21, 26, 31, 36 13, 19, 25, 31
7. d 7 (15) or 8 18. d 7 (18) 11
1 8 9, 9 8 17, 17 8 25, 25 8 33 4 11 15, 15 11 26, 26 11 37, 37 11 48
9, 17, 25, 33 15, 26, 37, 48
8. d (a 2) (a 6) 19. d 4.5 3 or 1.5
a a 2 6 or 4 6 1.5 7.5, 7.5 1.5 9, 9 1.5 10.5,
a 2 4 a 6, a 6 4 a 10, 10.5 1.5 12
a 10 4 a 14, a 14 4 4 a 18 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12
a 6, a 10, a 14, a 18 20. d 3.8 5.6 or 1.8
9. an a1 (n 1)d 2 (1.8) 0.2, 0.2 (1.8) 1.6,
a17 10 (17 1)(3) 1.6 (1.8) 3.4, 3.4 (1.8) 5.2
38 0.2, 1.6, 3.4, 5.2
10. an a1 (n 1)d 21. d b 4 b or 4
37 13 (n 1)5 b 8 4 b 12, b 12 4 b 16,
50 5(n 1) b 16 4 b 20, b 20 4 b 24
10 n 1 b 12, b 16, b 20, b 24
11 n 22. d 0 (x) or x
x x 2x, 2x x 3x, 3x x 4x, 4x x 5x
2x, 3x, 4x, 5x
403 Chapter 12
23. d n 5n or 6x 40. 4 5 (4 1)d
7n (6n) 13n 13n (6n) 19n, 9 3d
19n (6n) 25n, 25n (6n) 31n 3d
13n, 19n, 25n, 31n 5 3 2, 2 3 1
24. d 5 (5 k) or k 5, 2, 1, 4
5 k (k) 5 2k, 5 2k (k) 5 3k, 41. 12 3 (4 1)d
5 3k (k) 5 4k, 5 4k (k) 5 5k 12 3 3d
5 2k, 5 3k, 5 4k, 5 5k 12 3
d
3
25. d (2a 2) (2a 5) or 7
12 3 12 23
2a 9 7 2a 16, 2a 16 7 2a 23, 3 3 3 ,
2a 23 7 2a 30, 2a 30 7 2a 37 12 2 3
12 3 24 3
2a 16, 2a 23, 2a 30, 2a 37 3 3 3
12 2 3 24 3
26. d 5 (3 7 ) or 2 7 3 , 3 , 3 , 12
7 7 2 7 9 27, 9 27 2 7
42. 5 2 (5 1)d
11 37 , 11 37 2 7 13 47 3 4d
9 27 , 11 37 , 13 47 0.75 d
27. a25 8 (25 1)3 2 0.75 2.75, 2.75 0.75 3.5,
80 3.5 0.75 4.25
28. a18 1.4 (18 1)(0.5) 2, 2.75, 3.5, 4.25, 5
9.9 3 1
43. d 1 2 or 2
29. 41 19 (n 1)(5)
a11 2 (11 1)2
3 1
60 5(n 1)
12 n 1 3.5
13 n
S11 22 32
11 3 1
30. 138 2 (n 1)7
140 7(n 1) 11
20 n 1 44. d 4.8 (5) or 0.2
21 n a100 5 (100 1)0.2
31. 38 a1 (15 1)(3) 14.8
100
38 a1 42 S100 2(5 14.8)
80 a1
490
2 1
32. 103 a1 (7 1)3 45. d 13 (19) or 6
2
103 a1 2 a26 19 (26 1)6
2
131
83 a1 26
S26 2(19 131)
33. 58 6 (14 1)d
1456
52 13d n
4d 46. 14 2[2(7) (n 1)1.5]
34. 26 8 (11 1)d 28 14n 1.5n2 1.5n
18 10d 0 1.5n2 15.5n 28
4
15 d 15.5
(15.
5)2
4(1.5)
(28)
n
2(1.5)
35. d (1 5 ) (4 5 ) or 3
1
a8 4 5 (8 1)3 n 8 or n 23
17 5 Since there cannot be a fractional number of
36. d 6 (5 i) 1 i terms, n 8.
a12 5 i (12 1)(1 i) n
47. 31.5 2[2(3) (n 1)2.5]
5 i 11 11i
16 10i 63 6n 2.5n2 25n
37. d 10.5 12.2 or 1.7 0 2.5n2 8.5n 63
a33 12.2 (33 1)(1.7) 8.5
(8.5
)2 4(
2.5)(
63)
n
2(2.5)
42.2
n 7 or n 3.6
38. d 4 (7) or 3 Since n cannot be negative, n 7.
a79 7 (79 1)3
48. d 7 5 or 2
227
an 5 (n 1)2
39. 21 12 (3 1)d 2n 3
9 2d 49. d 2 6 or 8
4.5 d an 6 (n 1)(8)
12 4.5 16.5 8n 14
12, 16.5, 21
Chapter 12 404
50. 9:00, 9:30, 10:00, 10:30, 11:00, 11:30, 12:00 58. Sn a1 a2 (a31 a32)
n 7, d 2, a1 3 (a41 a42) (a51 a52)
a7 3 (7 1)2 a1 a2 a2 a1 a3 a2 a4 a3
15 data items per minute a1 a2 a2 a1 (a2 a1) a2 a3 a2
51. Let d be the common difference. Then, y x d, a3
z x 2d, and w x 3d. Substitute these 0
values into the expression x w y and simplify. 59. A Pert
x (x 3d) (x d) x 2d or z. 100e0.07(15)
52. a1 5, d 4, n 25 $285.77
a25 5 (25 1)4 60. 4x2 25y2 250y 525 0
101 4x2 25(y2 10y) 525
25
S25 2(5 101) 4x2 25(y 5)2 100
x2 (y 5)2
1325 bricks
25 4 1
n
53. Sn 2(85 215); Sn (n 2)180 h 0, k 5, a 5, b 2, c 21
center: (0, 5)
150n 180n 360 , 5)
foci: (21
30n 360 vertices: major (5, 5)
n 12 minor (0, 3) and (0, 7)
54a. S4 (4 2)180 or 360
y
S5 (5 2)180 or 540
S6 (6 2)180 or 720
O x
S7 (7 2)180 or 900
360, 540, 720, 900 (0, 3)
(5, 5)
54b. The common difference between each
consecutive term in the sequence is 180, (5, 5) (0, 5)
therefore the sequence is arithmetic.
54c. a35 180 (35 1)180 (0, 7)
5940
55a. a1 1, d 2 61. r 1
6
5 2 or 0.5
S5 [2(1) (5 1)2] 5
2 v 8 2 or 8
25
10 0.5cos 8 i sin 8 0.46 0.19i
55b. S10 2[2(1) (10 1)2]
62. 2, 1, 3 5, 3, 0 2(5) (1)(3) (3)(0)
100 7
55c. Conjecture: The sum of the first n terms of the 63. x cos 30 y sin 30 5 0
sequence of natural numbers is n2. 3 1
Proof: x
2 2y 5 0
Let an 2n 1. The first term of the sequence 3
x y 10 0
of natural numbers is 1, so a1 1. 64.
Then, using the formula for the sum of an y
arithmetic series, O
n
Sn 2(a1 an) 2 x
n 2
Sn 2[1 (2n 1)]
n 4
2(2n) or n2
6
56. a1 5, d 7, n 15
15
S15 [2(5)
2 (15 1)7] 65. Find A.
810 feet A 90 19 32
57. n 10, S10 5510, d 100 70 28
10 Find a.
5510 2[2a1 (10 1)100] a
cos 19 32
4.5
5510 10a1 4500
1010 10a1 4.2 a
101 a1 Find b.
b
a10 101 (10 1)100 sin 19 32
4.5
1001 1.5 b
least: $101, greatest: $1001 66. discriminant (3)2 4(4)(2)
23
Since the discriminant is negative, this indicates
two imaginary roots.
405 Chapter 12
67. x1 64b. Value
x 3x24x
2 27,500
(x2 3x) 25,000
x 2 22,500
(x 3) 20,000
1
17,500
yx1
15,000
2 0 1 3 4
0 1 1
68. 1 1 3 4 2 0 1 12,500
0
10,000
A(1, 2), B(3, 0), C(4, 1) 7500
69. a 4b 15 a 15 4b 5000
4a b 15 2500
4(15 4b) b 15
0
60 16b b 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
15b 45 Years
b 3 6c. an exponential function
4a (3) 15
4
4a 12 7. r or 6
2
a 3
3
a b 3 (3) or 6 24(6) 144, 144(6) 864, 864(6) 5184
The correct choice is C. 144, 864, 5184
3
8. r 2
9 3 27 27 3
,
2 2 4 4 2 881 , 881 32 21463
12-2 Geometric Sequences and Series 27 81 243
, ,
4 8 16
7.2
9. r 1.8 or 4
Page 771 Check for Understanding
28.8(4) 115.2, 115.2(4) 460.8,
1. Both arithmetic and geometric sequences are
460.8(4) 1843.2
recursive. Each term of an arithmetic sequence is
115.2, 460.8, 1843.2
the sum of a fixed difference and the previous 2.1
term. Each term of a geometric sequence is the 10. r 7 or 0.3
product of a common ratio and the previous term. an a1rn1
2. an (3)11 or 9 a7 7(0.3)71
a2 (3)21 or 27 0.005103
a3 (3)31 or 81 11. an a1rn1
The expression generates the following sequence: 24 a1(2)51
9, 27, 81, . The common ratio is 3, therefore 24 16a1
it is a geometric sequence. 3
a
2 1
3. If the first term in a geometric sequence were 2.5
zero, then finding the common ratio would mean 12. a3 2 or 1.25
dividing by zero. Division by zero is undefined. 1.25
a2 2 or 0.625
4. Sample answer: The first term of the series 0.825
5 10 20 is 5 and the sum of the first 6 a1 2 or 0.3125
terms of the sequence is 105, but 105 is not 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25
greater than 5. 13. an a1rn1
5a. No; the ratio between the first two terms is 2, 27 1(r)41
but the ratio between the next two terms is 3. 27 r3
5b. Yes; the common ratio is 3 . 3r
5c. Yes; the common ratio is x. 1(3) 3, 3(3) 9
1, 3, 9, 27
6a. 1
Beginning of Value of 14. r
0.5 or 2
Year Computers a1 a1rn
Sn
1r
1 27,500.00
0.5 0.5(2)9
2 15,125.00 S9
1 (2)
3 8318.75 85.5
4 4575.31
5 2516.42
6 1384.03
Chapter 12 406
15. r 1.035 26. a5 82
3 51
The value of the car after 10, 20, and 40 years will 81
be the 11th, 21st, and 41st terms of the sequence 2
respectively. 3
8
a11 20,000(1.035)111 3
27. r 1 or 4
$28,211.98
2
a21 20,000(1.035)211
$39,795.78
1
3 61
a6 2 4
a42 20,000(1.035)411 243
$79,185.19 2048
0.4
28. r
4.0 or 0.01
a7 40(0.01)71
Pages 771773 Exercises 4 1011
2
16. r 1
0 or 0.2
10
29. r or 2
5
0.4(0.2) 0.08, 0.08(0.2) 0.016, 91
2
a9 5
0.016(0.2) 0.0032
0.08, 0.016, 0.0032 165
20
17. r
8 or 2.5 30. 192 a1(4)61
50(2.5) 125, 125(2.5) 312.5, 192 1024a1
312.5(2.5) 781.25 0.1875 a1
125, 312.5, 781.25 31. 322 a1(2 )51
2
322 4a1
3 82 a1
18. r or 3
6 a13
2 1 51
32.
9
1
2(3) 6, 6(3) 18, 18(3) 54 6 8
1 a1
6, 18, 54
486 a1
a2 4863 or 162
3 1
10 2
19. r or
a3 1623 or 54
3 5 1
4
3 2
6 6 2
,
25 5 125 125 5 61225 , 61225 25 24
3125
486, 162, 54
6 12
, ,
24 33. 0.32 a1(0.2)51
125 625 3125 0.32 0.0016a1
3.5
20. r 7 or 0.5
200 a1
a2 200(0.2) or 40
1.75(0.5) 0.875, 0.875(0.5) 0.4375,
a3 40(0.2) or 8
0.4375(0.5) 0.21875
200, 40, 8
0.875, 0.4375, 0.21875
6 34. 81 256r51
21. r or 2
81
r4
3
2
256
2
62 12, 122
122 2
, 122 24 3
4 r
, 24
12, 122
2564 192, 1924 144,
3 3
3
3
3
22. r 9 or 3
1444 108
3
3
3
3
3
33 3 3 1, 13 3
, 3
3 256, 192, 144, 108, 81
3
, 1, 3
35. 54 2r41
1 1
23. r i or i 27 r3
1
i(i) 1, 1(i) i, i(i) 1 3 r
1, i, 1 2(3) 6, 6(3) 18
t5 2, 6, 18, 54
24. r t8 or t3 4
36. 7 7r31
t2(t3) t1, t1(t3) t4, t4(t3) t7 49
r2
t1, t4, t7 4
407 Chapter 12
5 5.50
37. r or 3 43a. r 5 or 1.1
5
3 a10 5(1.1)101
5 5
(3)5
$11.79
3 3
S5 13
a20 5(1.1)201
605
$30.58
3 a10 5(1.1)401
38.
13
r 65 or 0.2
$205.72
65(0.2)6 $11.79, $30.58, $205.72
S6 65
1 0.2 5 5(1.1)52
43b. S52
1 1.1
81.2448
$7052.15
3
2 3 43c. Each payment made is rounded to the nearest
39. r
1
or 2 penny, so the sum of the payments will actually
3 10
1 1 2 be more than the sum found in b.
S10 1 1
3
1 2 44a.
5 8
x
1
2
11,605
512
13 1
80 x
2
3 80
40. r 2 or 3
x
13
2 2(3 )8
S8 1 1
1 3 1 20 z
160 44b.
8
2
1 3 1 1 1
160 1 3
4 2
0 z
1 3 1
1 1
3
5 z
)
160(1 3
2 5z
80(1 3 ) 45. a2 3(a1) by definition
41a. The population doubles every half-hour, so r 2. 3(2)
After 1 hour, the number of bacteria is the third 6
a2
term in the sequence and n 1 2. After 2 hours, r a 3
it is the fifth term and n 1 4. After 3 hours, 1
Then an a1rn1
it is the seventh term and n 1 6. After t
So, an (2)(3)n1
hours it is the 2t 1 term and n 1 2t.
bt b0 22t 46. a1 1, r 2.5, n 15
a15 1(2.5)151
41b. bt 30 22(5)
372,529
30,720
47a. 251 1
2 $25.05
0.024
41c. Sample answer: It is assumed that favorable
conditions are maintained for the growth of the 47b. No; at the end of two years, she will have only
bacteria, such as an adequate food and oxygen $615.23 in her account.
supply, appropriate surrounding temperature,
and adequate room for growth.
25.05 25.05 1
0.024 24
12
S24
42a. a7 a4r3
1 1
0.024
12
12 4r3
$615.23
3 r3
3
3 r 0.024 24
a1 a1 1
12
42b. a4 a1r41 47c. 750
4 a13
3
3 1 1 0.24
12
4 3a1 1.5 a11 1 12
4
0.024 24
3 a1 $30.54
a1
a28 33
281
4 3
a01 1
2 $30.54
0.024
26,244 a0 $30.48
The least monthly deposit is $30.48.
Chapter 12 408
a2 55. Find the amplitude.
48. r a 86 36
A 2 or 25
1
1
27 Find h.
r 3 86 36
1
h 2 or 61
81
Find k.
an a1 rn1
2
1 4
6561 8
1 3
n1 k
(6561)(81) 3n1 k 2
(38)(34) 3n1 y 25 sin 2t c 61
312 3n1
12 n 1 36 25 sin 2 1 c 61
13 n 1 sin 2 c
6561 is the 13th term of the sequence.
n 2 2 c
49. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
n c
650 2[2(20) (n 1)5]
y 25 sin 2t 3.14 61
1300 40n 5n2 5n
56. Since 43 90, consider the following.
0 5n2 35n 1300
b sin A 20 sin 43
0 5(n 13)(n 20)
13.64
n 13 or n 20
Since 11 13.64, no triangle exists.
Since n cannot be negative, n 13 weeks.
log 26 5 57. (n2)
49
50. log11 265
log 11 n 7
2
2.3269 Solution set: {nn
3 or n 3}
51. y
n mn1 nm
5 5 1 or 4 (5)(4) or 20
4 4 1 or 3 (4)(3) or 12
O 3 3 1 or 2 (3)(2) or 6 least
x
3 3 1 or 4 3(4) or 12 possible
4 4 1 or 5 4(5) or 20 value
5 5 1 or 6 5(6) or 30
The answer is 6.
52. A2 B2 32 (
52)
34
Since C is positive, use 34
.
3
x y 0
5 5
12-3 Infinite Sequences and Series
34
34
34
5 5
34 3 5
p
34 34 , cos f
or , sin f
34
34
5 Pages 780781 Check for Understanding
34 1a. an
tan f 3
34
1.0
5
tan f 3
f
59
Since cosine is negative and sine is positive, 0.5
59 180 or 121.
p r cos(v f)
5
34
34 r cos(v 121)
53. 3x 4y 5 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10n
3 5
y 4x 4
1b. The value of an approaches 1 as the value of n
3 5
x t, y 4t 4 increases.
n1
54. csc v 3 1c. lim
n 1
1 n
sin v 3
1
3 sin v
409 Chapter 12
n1 n 1 3 1
1d. lim
n lim lim 10. r
6 or 2
n n n n n
6
10 Sn
1
1
1 2
Chapter 12 410
4 3n n2 259 259
4 3n n2
n3 n3 n3 5
27. 6.2 6
9 1000 1,000,000
20. lim
2n3 3n2 5 lim 2n3 3n2 5 259 1
n n a1
1000 , r 1000
n3 n3 n3
259
4
3
1
n3 n2 n 1000
lim
3 5
Sn 6
n 2 1
n n3 1
1000
1 1 1 259
lim 4 lim
3 lim 3 lim 2 lim n 6
999
n n n n
n n
1
n
1 7
lim 2 lim 3 lim n lim 5 lim
3
62
7
n n n n n n
15 15
40300
5
28. 0.1
100 10,000
2 3 0 5 0 or 0
15 1
21. As n , 3n becomes increasingly large and thus a1
100 , r 100
1 15
the value 3n becomes smaller and smaller,
100
approaching zero. So the sequence has a limit of Sn 1
zero. 1
100
22. Dividing by the highest powered term, n, we find 15 5
99 or 3
3
(2)n
2 63 63
n 1 (2)n 29. 0.263 1
0 1000 100,000
lim
4 lim
n
n 1 n 4
1
63 1
n n a1
1000 , r 100
which as n approaches infinity 63
1 (2)n 1000
lim
4
1, but lim n has no limit since Sn
1
5 1
n 1 n 1
n 100
o2o
1. 1
5
63
5n (1)n 5n (1)n 990
23. lim n lim lim 29
n
2
n n2
n n2
110
5 (1)n
lim lim
n2
30. The series is geometric, having a common ratio of
n n n
0.1. Since this ratio is less than 1, the sum of the
(1)n
lim n2
2
series exists and is 9.
n
As n increases, the value of the numerator 12
31. r 1
3
6 or 4
alternates between 1 and 1. As n approaches
16
infinity, the value of the denominator becomes Sn 3
increasingly large, causing the value of the 1 4
fraction to become increasingly small. Thus, the 64
terms of the sequence alternate between smaller 7.5
and smaller positive and negative values, 32. r 5 or 1.5
approaching zero. So the sequence has a limit of This series is geometric with a common ratio of
zero. 1.5. Since this ratio is greater than 1, the sum of
4 4
1 the series does not exist.
0 100
24. 0.4
5 1
a1 1
4 1 33. r 1
0 or 2
0 , r 10
10
Sn
4
10 1
Sn 1
1 2
1 1
0 20
4
9 34. The series is arithmetic, having a general term of
51 51 7 n. Since lim 7 n does not equal zero, this
25. 1
0.5 100 10,000
n
51 1
series has no sum.
a1 100 , r 100
1
51 4
100
35. r
1
or 2
Sn
1 8
1
100 This series is geometric with a common ratio of 2.
51 17
99 or 33
Since this ratio is greater than 1, the sum of the
370 370 series does not exist.
26. 7
0.30
1000 1,000,000
370 1
a1 1000 , r 1000
370
1000
Sn 1
1 1000
370 10
999 or 27
411 Chapter 12
n2(2n 1) n2(2n 1)
2n 1 lim
1 n2 n2
41b. lim
(2n 1)(2n 1)
n 2n 1
9 1
36. r or 6 n
2 2n3 n2 2n3 n2
3 lim
4n2 1
n
2
3 2n2
lim
Sn n 4n 1
2
1 6
1
2n2
4 n2
7
lim 4n2 1
4 n
n2 n2
5 2
37. r or 3 2
6
5 lim 1
6
n 4 n2
5
Sn 2
1
2
1 3
42a. 12 4 3
3
35
3
r 3
1
5 a4 a1r41 3
38. r or
4 a13
3
5 5
5 4 a1(3)
Sn 5 4
1 5 a
5 3 1
5 1 5 42b. a28 a1r281
5
4
33
27
3
5
1 5 1 5
4
3(39)
51
5 4(38)
1 25 26,244
4 n 1
5(5
1) 43. No; if n is even, lim cos 2 2, but if n is odd,
n
4
3
3 n
39. r 8 or 2 lim cos 2 2.
1
n
8
Sn 1
44a. After 2 hours, 2D exists. After 4 hours, 2 2D or
1 1
3
1 2 1
D exists. After 6 hours and before the second
3
8 1
2
4
1 1 1 1
dose, 2 2 2D or 8D exists.
3
1 2 1 23 44b. a1 D, r 8
1
3
81 2 1 18n
Sn D
3 1
1 4 1 8
3
321 2 7D1 8
8 1 n
32 163
44c. lim Sn S
2 n
40a. a1 35 r 5 a1
S
1r
a2 35 or 14
2
5 D
a3 14 1
1 8
a4 145 or 5.6
2
8
7 D
a5 5.6 8
35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6 44d. 350 7D
14 14 306.25 D
40b. Sn 35 2
2 The largest possible dose is 306.25 mg.
1 5 1 5 20
20 70 45a. A side of the original square measures 4 or
35 3 3 5
2 5 feet. Half of 5 feet is 2 feet.
813 m or about 82 m
41a. The limit of a difference equals the difference of
522 522 s2
50
the limits only if the two limits exist. Since
4 s2
n2 n2
neither lim nor lim exists, this 52
n 2n 1
n 2n 1
2 s
property of limits does not apply. 5
2
Perimeter 4 2 or 102
feet.
Chapter 12 412
10
2
2 51. vy 125 sin 20
45b. a1 20, r 2
0 or 2 125 miles
42.75 miles
20 vx 125 cos 20
S
20
2
1 2 117.46 miles
52. cos 112.5 cos 2
225
20 1 22
1 cos 225
2
1 2
1 22
2
2
20 102 1 2
2
1 4 2
40 202
ft or about 68 ft
2 2
4
46a.
2 2
x 35.812791(0.864605)x
2
1 31.0
53. y
2 26.8
3 23.1 1
4 20.0
5 17.3
6 15.0 180 O 180 360
7 12.9
8 11.2
1
9 9.7
10 8.4
54. possible values of p: 1, 2
31.0, 26.8, 23.1, 20.0, 17.3, 15.0, 12.9, 11.2, 9.7, possible values of q: 1, 2, 4, 8
8.4 p 1 1 1
possible rational zeros, q: 1, 2, 2, 4, 8
46b. The 19951996 school year corresponds to the
9th term of the sequence, 9.7. The model is 0.3 55. If b 1, then 4b 26 30 which is divisible by 2,
below the actual statistic. 5, and 6.
If b 11, then 4b 26 70, which is divisible
46c. The 20002001 school year would correspond to
by 7.
the 14th term of the sequence.
4b 26 is not divisible by 4 since 4 divides 4b
38.812791(0.864605)14 4.7
evenly, but does not divide 26 evenly. The correct
46d. Yes; as x , 35.812791(0.864605)x 0. choice is B.
46e. No, the number of students per computer must
be greater than zero.
47. 33 2, 23 13, 133 9,
2 2 1 1 2 8
0
2 4 6 8
7 11
6 6
4 5
3 3 3
2
413 Chapter 12
1 1
4. Let x 3 , then x 3 x. 11. Answers will vary. Sample answers: A 1, B 14;
1
3 3
A 4, B 1.
A2 B: If A 1 and B 14,
12 14 15.
Solve for x.
x 3 1x If A 4 and B 1, 15.
42 (1)
x2 3x 1
x2 3x 1 0
x
3
(3)2
4(1
)(1) 12-4 Convergent and Divergent Series
2(1)
3
13
2
Pages 790791 Check for Understanding
Since the sum of positive numbers must remain
3
13 1a. See students work.
positive, x .
2 1b. See students work.
5. The output and the decimal approximation are 1c. See students work.
equal. 1d. In a given trigonometric series where r
1,
1 1 each succeeding term is larger than the one
6. Let x A , then x A x.
1
A A
preceding it. Therefore, the series approaches
and thus does not converge.
Solve for x.
1 2. As n , S 6.
x A x
3a. sn
x2 Ax 1
x2 Ax 1 0 1.6
1.4
A 4(1
(A)2 )(1) 1.2
x
2(1) 1
A A2
4 0.8
2
0.6
0.4
Since the sum of positive numbers must remain 0.2
A A2
4
positive, x O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
2
7. Sample program:
Program: CCFRAC 3b. convergent
n2
:Prompt A :Prompt B 3c.
3n
:Disp INPUT TERM
3d. We can use the ratio test to determine whether
:Disp NUMBER N, N 3
the series is indeed convergent.
:Prompt N n2 (n 1)2
:1 K an 3n and an1
3n1
:B 1/(2A) C (n 1)2
:Lbl 1 3n1
r lim
:B 1/(2A C) C n n2
:K 1 K 3n
:If K N 1 (n 1)2 3n
:Then: Goto 1 r lim
3n1 n2
n
:Else: Disp C A n2 2n 1
r lim
3n2
8. For large values of N, the program output and the n
2 1
decimal approximation of A2 B are equal. 1 n n
B r lim
3
9. x A 2A n
B
2A
2A 1
r 3 Since r 1, the series is convergent.
B
x A 2A
xA
4. Consider the infinite series an
1. If the lim an 0, the sum of the series does not
(x 2A(x A) B
A)2 n
x2 2Ax A2 2Ax 2A2 B exist, and thus the series is divergent. If the
x2 A2 B lim an 0, the sum may or may not exit and
n
x A2
B therefore it cannot be determined from this test
B
Since the sum A cannot be if the series is convergent or divergent.
B
2A
2A 2. If the series is arithmetic then it is divergent.
B 3. If the series is geometric then the series
negative, the value of A is converges for r 1 and diverges for r 1.
B
2A
2A 4. Ratio test: the series converges for r 1 and
.
A2 B diverges for r
1. If r 1, the test fails. This
10. They will be opposites. test can only be used if all the terms of the
Chapter 12 414
series are positive and if the series can be 900 3
12a. The series is geometric where r
1500 or 5 .
expressed in general form.
1500 15005
3 10
5. Comparison test: may only be used if all the
terms in the series are positive. S 10
3
n
5. an 2n , an1
n1 1 5
2n1
an1 3727 m
r lim
an 1500
n 12b. S
n1 3
2n1
1 5
lim n
n 2 n 3750 m
(n 1)2n No, the sum of the infinite series modeling this
lim n2n
1
situation is 3750. Thus, the spill will spread no
n
(n 1) more than 3750 meters.
lim 2n
n
1
1
lim 2 2n
n
1 Pages 791793 Exercises
2 4 4
13. an
3n , an 1
3n1
convergent 4
4n 1 4(n 1) 1
6. an 4n, an1 3n1
4(n 1) r lim
4(n 1) 1 n 4
3n
4(n 1)
4 3n
r lim 4n 1
lim
n 4 3 3
n
n
4n
1
(4n 3)(4n) 3
lim (4n 4)(
4n 1)
n convergent
16n2 12n
lim 16n2 12n 4
2n 2n1
n 14. an 5n, an1
5(n 1)
16n2 12n
2n1
n2 n2
lim 5(n 1)
16n2
n 12n 4 r lim
n2 n2 n2
n 2n
5n
16
1
6 or 1
2n 2 5n
lim
2n (5n 5)
n
test provides no information 10n
(n 1) lim
7. The general term is n. n 5n 5
n1 10n
1
n
n for all n, so divergent n
lim
8. The series is arithmetic, so it is divergent. 5n
n 5
n n
1
9. The general term is
2 n2 .
10
5 or 2
1 1
2 n2
n for all n, so convergent divergent
1 1 2n 2n1
10. an
n 2n , an1
(n 1)2n1 15. an n2 , an1
(n 1)2
1 2n1
(n 1)2n1 (n 1)2
r 1 r lim 2n
n
n2n n2
n2n
lim 2n 2 n2
n (n 1)2
n1 lim
n 2 (n 2n 1)
n 2
n
lim
lim
2n
2
n 2(n 1) n n 2n 1
2
n
2n2
n
lim n2
lim
2n n
n n 1
n2
n 2n 1
n2 n2 n2
1
2
2(1 0)
1 divergent
2
convergent
3
11. The series is geometric where r 4.
3
Since
4 1, it is convergent.
415 Chapter 12
1
16. an
2 2 24. The general term is
2n 1 .
(n 1)(n 2) , an1 (n 2)(n 3)
1 1
2
2n 1
n for all n, so convergent
(n 2)(n 3)
r lim 25. The series is geometric where r 4.
3
n 2
(n 1)(n 2) 3
Since 4 1, it is convergent.
2(n2 3n 2)
lim
2(n2 5n 6) 2n 1
n 26. The general term is
2n 1 .
n2 3n 2 2n 1 1
n2 n2
n2 n for all n, so divergent
2n 1
lim 2 1
n
n 5n 6 27. The general term is
5 n2 .
n2 n2 n2
1 1
1
5 n2
n for all n, so convergent
test provides no information 1
2n 1 2(n 1) 1 28. The general term is
n
.
17. an ,
1 2 ... (2n 1) an1
1 2 ... [2(n 1) 1] 1 1
n
n for all n, so divergent
2(n 1) 1
1 2 ... [2(n 1) 1] 29. The series is arithmetic, so it is divergent
r lim
n 2n 1 2n 1 2(n 1) 1
30. an
2n1 , an1
2n 2
1 2 ... (2n 1)
2(n 1) 1
(2n 1)(1 2 ... (2n 1))
lim
(2n 1)(1 2 ... (2n 1))
2n2
n r lim
2n 1
1 n
lim 2n1
n (2n 1)(2n) (2n 1) 2n 2
1 lim
lim 2 n
(2n 1) 2n 2 2
n 4n 2n
2n 1
0 lim
convergent n 4n 2
2n 1
5n 5n1
18. an
1 2 ... n , an1
n n
1 2 ... (n 1) lim
4n 2
n n
n
5n1
r lim 1 2 ...n (n 1) 2 1
4 or 2
n 5
1 2 ... n
convergent
5n 5(1 2 ... n)
lim
5n(1 2 ... (n 1)) 31a. No, MagicSoft let a1 1,000,000 to arrive at
n
5 their figure. The first term of this series is
lim
1,000,000 0.70 or 700,000.
n n 1
0 31b. The series is geometric where a1 700,000 and
convergent r 0.70.
2n 2(n 1) 2(n 1) 2(n 2) 700,000
19. an 2n, an1
2n1 S
1 0.70
2(n 1) 2(n 2) $2.3 million
2n1
r lim 1 1 1
n 2n 2(n 1) 32. the harmonic series: 1 2 3 4
2n
2(n 1) 2(n 2) 2n 33a. Culture A: 1400 cells, Culture B; 713 cells
lim 2n 2(n 1) 2n 2 Culture A generates an arithmetic sequence
n
n2 where a1 1000, d 200 and n 8
lim 2n a8 1000 (8 1)200
n
n 2
lim 2n 2n 2400
n Only considering cell growth, there are
1
2 2400 1000 or 1400 new cells.
Culture B generates a geometric sequence where
convergent
1 1
a1 1000 and r 1.08
20. The general term is
(2n)2 or 4n2 . a8 1000(1.08)81
1
1
n for all n, so convergent 1713 A part of a cell cannot be generated.
4n2
Only considering cell growth, there are
1
21. The general term is
n3 1 . 1713 1000 or 713 new cells.
1
1
n for all n, so convergent 33b. Culture A: a31 1000 (31 1)200
n3 1
n
7000
22. The general term is
n 1. 7000 1000 6000 cells
n
1
n for all n, so divergent Culture B: a31 1000(1.08)311
n1
10,062
5
23. The general term is
n 2. 10,062 1000 9062
5 1 Culture B; at the end of one month, culture A
n2 n for all n, so divergent
will have produced 6000 cells while culture B
will have produced 9062 cells.
Chapter 12 416
2n 1
u
34a. 2n1 41. AB 5 8, 1 (3)
12n 3, 2
34b. S lim Sn lim
n1
n n 2 42. List all cubes from 1 to 200. There
2(2 1)
n
n n3
lim 2 n are five. The correct choice is E.
n 1 1
2
lim 2 2n
n
2 8
2 seconds 3 27
35a. When the minute hand is at 4, 20 minutes have 4 64
passed. This is 206
0 or 3 hour.
1 1
5 125
1 1
35b. the distance between 4 and 5 is (5) or
3 3
5
3
5 1
3 60
minutes. This is or hour.
1
36
Page 793 Mid-Chapter Quiz
35c. 1 1
65
(5) minutes
3 36 36 1. a12 11 (19 1)(2)
65 5 5
minute 25
36 3 36 20
2. S20 2[2(14) (20 1)6]
5 1
1
hour
36 60 432
860
1 1 1
785
(5) minutes
3 36 432 432 3. 189 56r41
785 65 5
minute 27
r3
432 36 432 8
5
1
hour
432 60
1
5184
3
r
2
1 1
,
432 5184
3
56 2 84, 842 126
3
1 1 1 1
35d. The sequence 3, 3
6 , 432 , 5184 is geometric 56, 84, 126, 189
1 6
where r 1 2.
4. r 3 or 2
a1 3 3(2)8
lim Sn S S8
1 (2)
n 1 r
1
255
3 n2 2n 5
n2 2n 5
n2 n2
n2
1
1 1 5. lim
n2 1 lim
2 n n n2 1
n2 n2
4
11 hour 1
4
The hands will coincide at 4 11 oclock, 6. a1 250, r 0.55
approximately 21 min 49 s after 4:00. a2 250(0.55) or 137.5
4n2 5 a3 137.5
n2
4n2 5 n2 a4 137.5(0.55) or 75.625
36. lim
3n2 2n lim
n 3n 2
n 2n
a5 75.625
n2 n2 137.5 137.5
4 Sn 250
1 0.55 1 0.55
3
2 861 ft
37. r
2 or 2
1 1
91 7. a1 2
5 , r 10
2
a9 2 1
162 S
25
1
38. 19 11 (7 1)d 1 1
0
30 6d 2
5d 45
11 5 6, 6 5 1, 1 5 4, 1 2 n 1 2 (n 1)
8. an , a
10n n1
n
10 1
4 5 9, 9 5 14
1 2 (n 1)
11, 6, 1, 4, 9, 14, 19
10n1
r lim
39. 45.9 e0.075t n 12n
ln 45.9 0.075t 10n
10n[1 2 (n 1)]
51.02 t lim
10n 10(1 2 n)
n
40. 6 12r cos (v 30) n1
1
r(cos v cos 30 sin v sin 30)
lim 10
2 n
n1
1
3 1
2 r cos v 2 r sin v As n , 1 0 . Since r
1, the series is
2
divergent.
3 1 1
0 2x 2 y 2 1
9. The series is geometric where r 3.
0 3
x y 1
Since r 1, it is convergent.
417 Chapter 12
60
10. 5001 4 515
0.12
13a. 389(0.63)n1
n1
a1 515, r 1.03 n 4 389 389(0.63)60
515 515(1.03)4
S60
1 0.63
S4
1 1.03 1051 ft
$2154.57 389
13b. S
1 0.63
1051 ft
n 5 6 7 8
n4 54 64 74 84
18.
1 1 1 1 1
1 n5
7
2 3 4 5 5 5 3 3 2
There are 6 terms. 1
6 123
4. (n 3) (1 3) (2 3) (3 3)
n1 19.
8
2j 24 25 26 27 28
(4 3) (5 3) (6 3) j4 16 32 64 128 256
(2) (1) 0 1 2 3 496
3 3
Chapter 12 418
2 n 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 47b. 0 1(1 x) 2(2 x) 3(3 x) 4(4 x)
25. 45 45 45 45 45
5(5 x) 25
n1
2
125 4 5
8 16 32
5 25 1 x 4 2x 9 3x 16 4x 25 5x 25
8
55 15x 25
S
5 15x 30
2
1 5 x2
7
3b 37 38 39
5
26. n in (2 (3 i2) (4 (5
i3) i4) i5) b7
n2 (1) (3 i) (5) (5 i) 7 9
Since there are two 37 terms, 3k 3b
14 9 k3 b7
3a.
4 4
27. (3k 3)
k1
28. 4k
k0
a3
8
12 3 48b. true; (2n 3) 1 3 13 49
29. 2k 30. (2)3k 9
n2
(2m 5) 1 3 13 49
k4 k0
4 3
31. 2 5k 32. (13 4k) m3
8 9
k1 k0 Since 49 49, (2n 3) (2m 5).
10 n2 n3
2k
1
33. 34. 7
k2
5k 1
k1
2k 1 48c. true; 2 n2 18 32 98 270
n3
7
(1)kk2
5
35.
k2
36.
k0
k!
n3
2n2 18 32 98 270
7 7
37. (1)n1 2
32
n 38. k
(k 1)!
Since 270 270, 2 n2 2n2.
n0 k1 n3 n3
10
k21 48d. false; (5 n) 6 7 15 105
k
39. 40. k
2k 3 3 k! k1
k1 k2 9
k
22 (4 p) 4 5 13 85
p0
41.
k11
3k!
10
Since 85 105, (5 n) (4 p).
9
k1 p0
(a 2)! (a 2)!
42.
a!
a(a 1)(a 2)! 49a. 6!
1 49b. 5! or 120
a(a 1)
(a 1)! (a 1)(a)(a 1)(a 2)! 49c. 4! or 24, LISTEN
43.
(a 2)!
(a 2)! 50a. On an 8 8 chessboard, there is 1-8 8 square.
a(a 1)(a 1) On an 8 8 chessboard, there are 4-7 7
(a b)! (a b)(a b 1)! squares, one in each of the four corners.
44.
(a b 1)!
(a b 1)!
50b. For the 6 6 squares, begin in one corner.
ab For different configurations, you can move it
45. 43.64 over, up to 2 more spaces, or down, up to 2 more
spaces. Thus, there are 3 3 or 9-6 6 squares.
Continue this procedure for the other sizes of
squares.
9-6 6, 16-5 5, 25-4 4, 36-3 3, 49-2 2,
and 64-1 1
8
50c. n2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82
n1 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64
46a. 500,000(0.35)n
n1
204
3
46b. S
175,000 51. The general term is
n 2.
1 0.35
3 1
269,239 people
n2
n for all n, so divergent
269,230
46c.
500,000 53.8% 52. 0.42(21) 8.82 liters
If with each stroke 20% is removed, then 80%
46d. The ad agency assumes that the people who buy
remains.
the tennis shoes will be satisfied with their
a1 21(0.80) 16.8
purchase.
a2 16.8(0.80) 13.44
47a. (x 3) (x 6) (x 9) (x 12) (x 15) a3 13.44(0.80) 10.752
(x 18) 3 a4 10.752(0.80) 8.6016
6x 63 3 It will take 4 strokes for 42% of the air to remain.
6x 60
x 60
419 Chapter 12
51
a12
53. 322 2c. Even indexed terms are negative and odd
indexed terms are positive.
4a1
322
a1
82 3. The sum of the exponents of each term is n.
4. The exponents must add to 12, so the exponent of
2
82 16, 162
162
,
y is 12 7 or 5.
162 2 32 To find the coefficient of the term use the formula
82 , 16, 162 , 32 n
(x y)n
n!
xnryr.
54. log10 0.001 3 r0
r!(n r)!
Chapter 12 420
7 6 d5 22 8 7(p2)6(q)2
16. (d 2)7 d7 20 7 d6 21
21 24. (p2 q)8 (p2)8(q)0 8(p2)7(q)1
21
7 6 5 d4 23 7 6 5 4 d3 24 8 7 6(p2)5(q)3 8 7 6 5(p2)4(q)4
4321
321 4321 321
7 6 5 4 3 d2 25 8 7 6 5 4(p2)3(q)5
54321
54321
8 7 6 5 4 3(p2)2(q)6
7 6 5 4 3 2 d1 26
654321
654321
8 7 6 5 4 3 2(p2)1(q)7
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 d0 27
7654321
7654321 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1(p2)0(q)8
d7 14d6 84d5 280d4 560d3 87654321
672d2 448d 128 p16 8p14q 28p12q2 56p10q3
17. (3 x)5 35(x)0 5 34(x1)1
5 4 33(x)2
70p8q4 56p6q5 28p4q6 8p2q7
21
q8
5 4 3 32(x)3 5 4 3 2 31(x)4
321
4321 25. (xy 2z ) (xy)6(2x3)0 6(xy)5(2z3)1
3 6
6 5(xy)4(2z3)2 6 5 4(xy)3(2z3)3
5 4 3 2 1 30(x)5
21 321
54321
6 5 4 3(xy)2(2z3)4
243 405x 270x2 90x3 15x4 x5 4321
4 3(4a)2(b)2 6 5 4 3 2(xy)1(2z3)5
18. (4a b)4 (4a)4(b)0 4(4a)3(b)1
21 54321
43 2(4a)1(b)3
4 3 2 1(4a)0(b)4 6 5 4 3 2 1(xy)0(2z3)6
321 4321 654321
421 Chapter 12
36. Find the term for which both xs have the same
exponent. This will occur for the middle term of 12-7 Special Sequences and Series
the expansion, the 4th term when n 6. Use the
Binomial Theorem to find the 4th term for the
1 6
expansion of 3x 4x . Page 809 Graphing Calculator Exploration
3 1. Sample answer (without zooming): 2.4 x 2.4
6!
(3x)3
3!3! 41x 16
135
2. Sample answer for greatest difference: about 0.08;
37a. Sample answer: 1 0.01 The least difference is 0.
37b. Sample answer: 1.04060401 3. Sample answer: 3.4 x 3.4; sample answer:
(1 0.01)4 14 4 13 0.011 6 12 0.012 about 0.15; 0
4 11 0.013 0.014 4. Sample answer: 3.8 x 3.8; sample answer:
1.04060401 about 0.05; 0
5. larger
37c. 1.04060401; the two values are equal.
7 x11
6.
38. 5 2k (5 2 2) (5 2 3) (5 2 4)
x2
11!
(5 2 5) (5 2 6) (5 2 7)
1 (1) (3) (5) (7) (9) Pages 811812 Check for Understanding
24 1. The approximation given in Example 1 only used
2n 2n1
39. an n! an1
(n 1)!
the first five terms of the exponential series.
2n1 Using more terms of the exponential series would
(n 1)! give an approximation closer to that given by the
r lim 2n calculator.
n
n!
2. Sample answer: 2 x 1.5
2n 2 n!
lim
2n (n 1) n! 3. The problem seems to imply that siblings mate.
n
2 Genetically, this can lead to problems. Another
lim
n1 problem is the assumption that each birth
n
0 produces only two offspring, one male and one
convergent female. Rabbits are more likely to give birth to
1 more than two offspring and the ratio of male to
40. This is a geometric series where r 2.
female births is not guaranteed to be 1 to 1.
2
3 4. an1 an an1 for n 2
S
1 5. ln (7) ln (1) ln (7)
1 2
i 1.9459
1
13 6. ln (0.379) ln (1) ln (0.379)
n
i 0.9702
41. Pn P i
1 (1 i)
7. e0.8 1 0.8 2
(0.8)2 (0.8)3 (0.8)4
! 3! 4!
0.08 12(30)
1 1
12
1 0.8 0.32 0.08 0.017
150,000 P 0.08
2.22
12 (1.36)2 (1.36)3 (1.36)4
8. e1.36 1 1.36 2 3 4
150,000 P(136.283491) ! ! !
$1100.65 P
1 1.36 0.925 0.419 0.143
u (8 6)j
[4 (2)]i u (2 3)k
u
3.85
42. MK x3 x5 x7 x9
u u u 9. sin x
x 3! 5! 7! 9!
6i 2j 5k
43. s rv sin
sin 3.1416
(3.1416)3 (3.1416)5 (3.1416)7
0.25 r 4
3.1416 3 ! 5 ! 7 !
(3.1416)9
r 0.3183098862 mi 9
!
r 0.3183098862(5280)
3.1416 5.1677 2.5502 0.5993 0.0821
1681 feet
0.0069
3
3 3
cos 4 i sin 4 2
44. Test all answer choices that are prime integers. 10. 2 ei 4
You can eliminate answer choice C.
3
i 22 2i
1
? ? 5 11. 1 3
A: 3(2) 10 6 (2) 2 2
? ? 5 2cos 3 i sin 3
6 10 3 ; false 2
5 2e i 3
? ?
B: 3(3) 10 6 (3)
? ? 5
9 10 2 ; false
? ? 5
D: 3(11) 10 6 (11)
? ? 55
33 10 6 ; true The correct choice is D.
Chapter 12 422
12a. A Pert x2 x4 x6 x8
27. cos x
1 2! 4! 6! 8!
2P Pe(0.06)5
P e0.3 cos 6
cos 0.5236
(0.3)2 (0.5236)2 (0.5236)4 (0.5236)6 (0.5236)8
1 0.3 2
!
1 2
!
4
!
6
!
8
!
1.345 0.2742
1 2 24
0.7516 0.0206 0.0056
720 40,320
approximately 1.345P
0.8660
12b. No, in five years she will have increased her 3
savings by about 34.5%, not 100%. actual value: cos 6 2
0.8660
x3 x5 x7 x9
12c. The approximation is accurate to two decimal 28. sin x
x 3! 5! 7! 9!
places.
sin 2
sin 1.5708
1.5708 0.6460 0.0797 0.0047 0.0002
1.0000
Pages 812814 Exercises
actual value: sin 2 1
13. ln (4) ln (1) ln 4
i 1.3863 5 5
5
0.7071
2
actual value: sin 4 2
0.7071
423 Chapter 12
39. If you add the numbers on the diagonal lines as 0.01
45a. a1 0.005, r
0.005 or 2
shown, the sums are the terms of the Fibonacci
sequence. a3 0.005(2)31
1
0.020 cm
1
a4 0.020(2)
1 0.040 cm
2
1 1 3 45b. 0.005(2)n1
5 45c. a10 0.005(2)101
1 2 1 8 2.56 cm
13
. a100 0.005(2)1001
1 3 3 1 .
.
3.169
1027 cm
1 4 6 4 1 2
1
83
46. 8 3 or 2
1 5 10 10 5 1 1
3
8
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 47. y2 Dx Ey F 0
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 (0, 0): F 0
40a. , , , , , , , , ,
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 (2, 1): 1 2D E F 0
40b. neither (4, 4): 16 4D 4E F 0
40c. Fn 2D E 1 4D 2E 2
Fn 1 4D 4E 16 4D 4E 16
2E 14
2
1.75
2D E 1 E7
1.5 2D 7 1 y 3x 7y 0
2
1.25 2D 6
1 D3
0.75
14
0.5 48. r 6 or 4
0.25
v 8 4
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
15
40d. yes; 1.618 8 or 8
40e. The two ratios are equivalent to three decimal 15
4 cos 8 i sin 8
15
places. 49. u
r 2 302 502 2(30)(50) cos 140
40f. See students work. u
r 75.5 N
41a. A Pert
75.5
30
sin 140 sin v
5000e0.05(13) 30 sin 140
sin v
5000e0.65 75.5
5000 1 0.65 2 3
(0.65)2
4
(0.65)3 (0.65)4
v Arcsin
30 sin 140
75.5
! ! !
1448
$9572.29 v
41b. No, the account will be short by more than 50a. t
$30,000. 5(2) radians
1 second
41c. about 42 years; 47 years old
10 radians per second
41d. 40,000 Pe0.65 v
50b. v r t
$20,882 P
2 ft(10 radians/s)
1
42a. Every third Fibonacci number is an even
number.
15.7 ft/s
42b. Every fourth Fibonacci number is a multiple of 3. 51. Let m multiple choice. Let e essay.
6 5(2x)4(y)2 m e 30
43. (2x y)6 (2x)6(y)0 6(2x)5(y)1
21 1m 12e 96 e
6 5 4(2x)3(y)3 6 5 4 3(2x)2(y)4
f(m, e) 5m 20e
321 4321 30
6 5 4 3 2(2x)1(y)5
f(24, 6) 5(24) 20(6) m e 30
54321 240 m 12e 96
20
6 5 4 3 2 1(2x)0(y)6 f(0, 8) 5(0) 20(8)
654321 160 10 (0, 8) (24, 6)
64x6 192x5y 240x4y2 160x3y3 f(30, 0) 5(30) 20(0) m0
60x2y4 12xy5 y6 150 (0, 0) 10 20 m
6
f(0, 0) 0 e0 (30, 0)
44.
k1
2k
To receive the highest score, answer 24 multiple
choice and 6 essay.
Chapter 12 424
2
52. (DC)2 22 18
24
10. pn 40 0.60
(DC) 14
2
p1 0.60 1.75(0.60)(1 0.60)
DC 14
1.02
2
14
52 (BC)2 (1.02)(40)
41
39 (BC)2 p2 1.02 1.75(1.02)(1 1.02)
39
BC The correct choice is C. 0.9843
(0.9843)(40)
39
p3 0.9843 1.75(0.9843)(1 0.9843)
1.0113
12-8 Sequences and Iteration (1.0113)(40)
40
p4 1.0113 1.75(1.0113)(1 1.0113)
0.9913
Page 819 Check for Understanding (0.9913)(40)
40
1. Iteration is the repeated composition of a function
p5 0.9913 1.75(0.9913)(1 0.9913)
upon itself.
1.0064
2. It is the sequence of iterates produced when a (1.0064)(40)
40
complex number is iterated for a function f(z).
p6 1.0064 1.75(1.0064)(1 1.0064)
3. If the prisoner set is connected, then the Julia set
0.9951
is the boundary between the prisoner set and the (0.9951)(40)
40
escape set. If the prisoner set is disconnected, then
p7 0.9951 1.75(0.9951)(1 0.9951)
the Julia set is the prisoner set.
1.0036
4. f(1) (1)2 1 (1.0036)(40)
40
f(1) 12 1
p8 1.0036 1.75(1.0036)(1 1.0036)
f(1) 12 1
0.9973
f(1) 12 1
(0.9973)(40)
40
1, 1, 1, 1
p9 0.9973 1.75(0.9973)(1 0.9973)
5. f(2) 2 2 5 1
1.002
f(1) 2 (1) 5 7
(1.002)(40)
40
f(7) 2 (7) 5 19
f(19) 2 (19) 5 43 p10 1.002 1.75(1.002)(1 1.002)
1, 7, 19, 43
0.9985
(0.9985)(40)
40
6. z0 6i
41, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40
z1 0.6(6i) 2i 5.6i
z2 0.6(5.6i) 2i 5.36i
z3 0.6(5.36i) 2i 5.216i
7. z0 25 40i
Pages 820821 Exercises
z1 0.6(25 40i) 2i 15 26i 11. f(x0) f(4)
z2 0.6(15 26i) 2i 9 17.6i 3(4) 7
z3 0.6(9 17.6i) 2i 5.4 12.56i 5
8. z0 0, f(z) z2 (1 2i) f(x1) f(5)
z1 02 (1 2i) 1 2i 3(5) 7
z2 (1 2i)2 (1 2i) 8
1 4i 4i2 1 2i 2 6i f(x2) f(8)
z3 (2 6i)2 (1 2i) 3(8) 7
4 24i 35i2 1 2i 31 22i 17
9. z0 1 2i, f(z) z2 (2 3i) f(x3) f(17)
3(17) 7
z1 (1 2i)2 (2 3i)
44
1 4i 4i2 2 3i 1 i
12. f(2) (2)2 4
z2 (1 i)2 (2 3i) f(4) 42 16
1 2i i2 2 3i 2 5i f(16) 162 256
z3 (2 5i)2 (2 3i) f(256) 2562 65.536
4 20i 25i2 2 3i 19 23i 13. f(4) (4 5)2 1
f(1) (1 5)2 16
f(16) (16 5)2 121
f(121) (121 5)2 13,456
14. f(1) (1)2 1 0
f(0) 02 1 1
f(1) (1)2 1 0
f(0) 02 1 1
425 Chapter 12
15. f(0.1) 2(0.1)2 0.1 19. z0 1 2i
0.08 z1 2(1 2i) (3 2i)
f(0.08) 2(0.08)2 (0.08) 2 4i 3 2i
0.09 5 2i
f(0.09) 2(0.09)2 0.09 z2 2(5 2i) (3 2i)
0.07 10 4i 3 2i
f(0.07) 2(0.07)2 (0.07) 13 2i
0.08 z3 2(13 2i) (3 2i)
2 26 4i 3 2i
16a. t1 1 2
2
29 2i
t2 2 1 20. z0 1 2i
2
t3 1 2 z1 2(1 2i) (3 2i)
2 2 4i 3 2i
t4 2 1 1 6i
z2 2(1 6i) (3 2i)
2
t10 2 1 2 12i 3 2i
2 1 5 14i
16b. t1 4 2 z3 2(5 14i) (3 2i)
t2
2
4 10 28i 3 2i
1
13 30i
2
t3
2 1
21. z0 6 2i
4 2
z1 2(6 2i) (3 2i)
2
t4 4
1 12 4i 3 2i
2 15 2i
z2 2(15 2i) (3 2i)
2 30 4i 3 2i
t10 4
1
33 2i
2
z3 2(33 2i) (3 2i)
2
16c. t1 7 66 4i 3 2i
2 69 2i
t2 7
2
22. z0 0.3 i
7
2
z1 2(0.3 i) (3 2i)
t3
7 0.6 2i 3 2i
2 3.6 4i
t4 7
2
z2 2(3.6 4i) (3 2i)
7
7.2 8i 3 2i
10.2 10i
2
t10
2
7 z3 2(10.2 10i) (3 2i)
7 20.4 20i 3 2i
2 23.4 22i
16d. The values of the iterates alternate between x 1 2
and x0.
0
23. z0 3 3i
z1 33 3i 2i
1 2
17. z0 5i
z1 2(5i) (3 2i) 1 2i 2i
3 8i 1
z2 2(3 8i) (3 2i) z2 3(1) 2i
6 16i 3 2i 3 2i
9 14i z3 3(3 2i) 2i
z3 2(9 14i) (3 2i)
9 6i 2i
18 28i 3 2i
9 8i
21 26i
24. z0 0 i, f(z) z2 1
18. z0 4 z1 (i)2 1
z1 2(4) (3 2i) 2
11 2i z2 (2)2 1
z2 2(11 2i) (3 2i) 3
22 4i 3 2i z3 32 1
25 6i
8
z3 2(25 6i) (3 2i)
50 12i 3 2i
53 14i
Chapter 12 426
25. z0 i, f(z) z2 1 3i 31.
Iteration x percent x 2.5x(1 x)
z1 i2 1 3i
1 0.10 0.325
3i
z2 (3i)2 1 3i 2 0.325 0.8734
8 3i 3 0.8734 1.1498
z3 (8 3i)2 1 3i 4 1.1498 0.7192
64 48i 9 1 3i 5 0.7192 1.2241
56 45i 6 1.2241 0.5383
26. z0 1, f(z) z2 3 2i 7 0.5383 1.1596
z1 12 3 2i 8 1.1596 0.6969
4 2i
9 0.6969 1.225
z2 (4 2i)2 3 2i
16 16i 4 3 2i 10 1.225 0.5359
15 18i 11 0.5359 1.1577
z3 (15 18i)2 3 2i 12 1.1577 0.7013
225 540i 324 3 2i 13 0.7013 1.225
96 542i 14 1.225 0.5359
27. z0 1 i, f(z) z2 4i 15 0.5359 1.1577
z1 (1 i)2 4i 16 1.1577 0.7013
1 2i 1 4i 17 0.7013 1.225
2i
18 1.225 0.5359
z2 (2i)2 4i
4 4i 2002 1984 18; After 18 years, about 54% of
z3 (4 4i)2 4i the maximum sustainable population is present.
16 32i 16 4i 32. f(z) z2 c
28i 1 15i (2 3i)2 c
2
2 1 15i 4 12i 9i2 c
28. z0 2 2i, f(z) z2
4 3i c
2
2
2 1 1
z1 2 2i 2 i 2i2 1 33. 2
2
z2 (i)2 1 x1 2
2
z3 12 1 2
x1 2
29. z0 1 i, f(z) z2 2 3i 2
z1 (1 i)2 2 3i
1 2i 1 2 3i 34. See students work. Sample topics for discussion
2i are judging soil quality and detection of heat
z2 (2 i)2 2 3i stress in cows.
4 4i 1 2 3i 35a. 1.414213562, 1.189207115, 1.090507733,
5 7i 1.044273782
z3 (5 7i)2 2 3i 35b. f(z) z, z0 2
25 70i 49 2 3i 35c. 1
22 73i 35d. 1
30. p1 p0 rp0
p1 2000 (0.052)(2000)
8!
$2104 37. (2a)84(3b)4 70 16a4 81b4
4!(8 4)!
p2 2104 (0.052)(2104)
90,720a4b4
$2213.41
p3 2213.41 (0.052)(2213.14) 38. Convergent; the series is geometric with
1
$2328.51 r 4
1.
p4 2328.51 (0.052)(2328.51)
39. The distance between the vertices is 130 ft.
$2449.59
p5 2449.59 (0.052)(2449.59) 2a 130, so a 75.
c 7 91
$2576.97 e a 5 65
b2 c2 a2
b2 912 652
4056
x2 y2 x2 y2
a2
b2 1
4225 4056 1
427 Chapter 12
40. n1 sin I n2 sin r
1.00 sin 42 2.42 sin r 12-9 Mathematical Induction
r Arcsin 1.00 sin 42
2.42
r
16 Page 826 Check for Understanding
41a. 1. The n 1 case shows that the premise is true for
an infinite number of cases.
2. Provide a counterexample.
40 ft 3a. n(n 2)
3b. Since 3 is the first term in the sequence of
partial sums and 1(1 2) 3, the formula is
valid for n 1.
56 Since 8 is the second term in the sequence of
partial sums and 2(2 2) 8, the formula is
42 valid for n 2.
Since 15 is the third term in the sequence of
41b. Let h height of the building.
partial sums and 3(3 2) 15, the formula is
Let x distance from the point of elevation to valid for n 3.
the center of the base of the building.
h h 40
3c. Sk k(k 2); Sk1 (k 1)(k 3)
tan 42 x tan 56 x 4. 8n 1 7r for some integer r.
h h 40
x
tan 42 tan 56 h 5. Sample answer: If we wish to prove that we can
(h 40) tan 42 climb a ladder with an indefinite number of steps,
tan 56 h we must prove the following. First, we must show
40
1.6466
1 h that we can climb off the ground to rung 1. Next,
40 we must show that if we can climb to rung k, then
0.6466 h we can climb to rung k 1.
h
62 feet 6. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
Since 3 is the first term in the sequence and
No, the height of the building is about 62 feet for
1(1 2) 3, the formula is valid for n 1.
a total of about 102 feet with the tower.
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
42. x 2 for all x, so infinite discontinuity and derive a formula for n k 1.
43. y Sk 3 5 7 (2k 1) k(k 2)
x y 14 Sk1 3 5 7
(3, 9) (5, 9) (2k 1) (2k 3) k(k 2) (2k 3)
y9 k2 4k 3
(k 1)(k 3)
(8, 6) Apply the original formula for n k 1.
y5 (k 1)[(k 1) 2] (k 1)(k 3)
(3, 5) (8, 5) The formula gives the same result as adding the
(k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
x3 x8 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
O x n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
f(x, y) 2x 8y 10 valid for all positive integral values of n.
f(3, 9) 2(3) 8(9) 10 7. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
88 Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and
f(5, 9) 2(5) 8(9) 10 2(21 1) 2, the formula is valid for n 1.
92 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
f(8, 6) 2(8) 8(6) 10 and derive a formula for n k 1.
74 Sk 2 22 23 2k 2(2k 1)
f(8, 5) 2(8) 8(5) 10 Sk1 2 22 23 2k 2k1
66 2(2k 1) 2k1
f(3, 5) 2(3) 8(5) 10 2 2k1 2
56 2(2k1 1)
max: 92, min: 56 When the original formula is applied for n k 1,
HL
44. H L 2 the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is
valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since
2H 2L H L
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
H 3L
H n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the
3 The correct choice is D.
L formula is valid for all positive integral values
of n.
Chapter 12 428
8. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. The formula gives the same result as adding the
1
Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
1 1 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
1 21 2, the formula is valid for n 1.
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula
and derive a formula for n k 1. is valid for all positive integral values of n.
1 1 1 1 1
Sk 2 22 23 2k 1 2k
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sk1 2 22 23 2k
2k1 1 2k 2k1
2 1 Pages 826828 Exercises
1
2 2k 2k1
11. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
2 1 Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
1
2k1 2k1
1 (1)[2(1) 1] 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
1
2k1 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
When the original formula is applied for n k 1, and derive a formula for n k 1.
the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is Sk 1 5 9 (4k 3) k(2k 1)
valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since Sk1 1 5 9 (4k 3) (4k 1)
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for k(2k 1) (4k 1)
n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the 2k2 3k 7
formula is valid for all positive integral values (k 1)(2k 1)
of n. Apply the original formula for n k 1.
9. Sn: 3n 1 2r for some integer r (k 1)[2(k 1) 1] (k 1)(2k 1)
Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1.
The formula gives the same result as adding the
S1 31 1 or 2. Since 2 2 1, Sn is valid for
(k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
n 1.
for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2.
that it is also valid for n k 1.
Since it is valid for n 2, it is also valid for n 3,
Sk 3k 1 2r for some integer r and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid
Sk1 3k1 1 2t for some integer t for all positive integral values of n.
3k 1 2r 12. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
3(3k 1) 3 2r Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
3k1 3 6r (1)[3(1) 1]
3k1 1 6r 2
2 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
3k1 1 2(3r 1) Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
Thus, 3k1 1 2t, where t 3r 1 is an and derive a formula for n k 1.
k(3k 1)
integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid, Sk 1 4 7 (3k 2) 2
then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1,
Sk1 1 4 7 (3k 2) (3k 1)
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
k(3k 1)
indefinitely. Hence, 3n 1 is divisible by 2 for all 2 (3k 1)
integral values of n. k(3k 1) 2(3k 1)
n(n 1) 2 2
10a. 6 4 10 10b. an 2
3k2 5k 2
10 5 15 2
15 6 21 (k 1)(3k 2)
2
21 7 28
28 8 36 Apply the original formula for n k 1.
10, 15, 21, 28, 36 (k 1)[3(k 1) 1] (k 1)(3k 2)
2 2
10c. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and The formula gives the same result as adding the
1(1 1)(1 2) (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
6 1, the formula is valid for n 1. for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
n k and derive a formula for n k 1. n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2) valid for all positive integral values of n.
Sk 1 3 6 2 6
k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2)
Sk 1 3 6 2 2
k(k 1)(k 2) (k 1)(k 2)
6 2
k(k 1)(k 2) 3(k 1)(k 2)
6
(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
6
Apply the original formula for n k 1.
(k 1)[(k 1) 1][(k 1) 2] (k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
6
6
429 Chapter 12
13. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. 15. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
1
Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
1 1 1[2(1) 1][2(1) 1]
21 1 2 , the formula is valid for n 1.
3 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
and derive a formula for n k 1. and derive a formula for n k 1.
1 1 1 1 1 k(2k 1)(2k 1)
Sk 2 4 8 2k 2k 1 Sk 12 32 52 (2k 1)2 3
1 1 1 1 1
Sk1 2
4 8 2k
2k1 Sk1 12 32 52 (2k 1)2 (2k 1)2
1 1 k(2k 1)(2k 1)
2k 1 2k1
(2k 1)2
3
2 1 k(2k 1)(2k 1) 3(2k 1)2
2 2k 1 2k1
3
2 1 [k(2k 1) 3(2k 1)](2k 1)
2
1 k1
k1
2
3
1 (2k2 5k 3)(2k 1)
2
1
k1
3
When the original formula is applied for n k 1, (2k 3)(k 1)(2k 1)
3
the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is
valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since Apply the original formula for n k 1.
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for (k 1)[2(k 1) 1][2(k 1) 1] (k 1)(2k 1)(2k 3)
n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the 3 3
formula is valid for all positive integral values of n. The formula gives the same result as adding the
14. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
12(1 1)2 formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
4 1, the formula is valid for n 1. n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k valid for all positive integral values of n.
and derive a formula for n k 1. 16. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
k2(k 1)2
Sk 1 8 27 k3 4 Since S1 1 and 21 1 1, the formula is valid
for n 1.
Sk1 1 8 27 k3 (k 1)3 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
k2(k 1)2 and derive a formula for n k 1.
4 (k 1)3
Sk 1 2 4 2k1 2k 1
k2(k 1)2 4(k 1)3
4 Sk1 1 2 4 2k1 2k 2k 1 2k
(k 1)2[k2 4(k 1)] 2(2k) 1
4 2k1 1
(k 1)2(k2 4k 4)
When the original formula is applied for n k 1,
4
the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is
(k 1)2(k 2)2
4 valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since
Apply the original formula for n k 1. the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
n 2, n 3, and so indefinitely. Thus, the
(k 1)2[(k 1) 1]2 (k 1)2(k 2)2
4 4 formula is valid for all positive integral values of n.
The formula gives the same result as adding the 17. Sn 7n 5 6r for some integer r
(k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1.
for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the S1 71 5 or 12. Since 12 6 2, Sn is valid for
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n 1.
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show
valid for all positive integral values of n. that it is also valid for n k 1.
Sk 7k 5 6r for some integer r
Sk1 7k1 5 6t for some integer t
7k 5 6r
7(7k 5) 7 6r
7k1 35 42r
7k1 5 42r 30
7k1 5 6(7r 5)
Thus, 7 k1 5 6t, where t 7r 5 is an
integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid,
then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1,
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
indefinitely. Hence, 7n 5 is divisible by 6 for all
integral values of n.
Chapter 12 430
18. Sn 8n 1 7r for some integer r Apply the original formula for n k 1.
Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1. (k 1) (k 1)
{2a
2 [(k 1) 1]d} 2(2a kd)
S1 81 1 or 7. Since 7 7 1, Sn is valid for
n 1. The formula gives the same result as adding the
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
that it is also valid for n k 1. for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
Sk 8k 1 7r for some integer r
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus , the formula is
Sk1 8k1 1 7t for some integer t
valid for all positive integral values of n.
8k 1 7r
8(8k 1) 8 7r 21. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
1
8k1 8 56r Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and
1 1
8k1 1 56r 7 2, the formula is valid for n 1.
11
8k1 1 7(8r 1)
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
Thus, 8k1 1 7t, where t 8r 1 is an and derive a formula for n k 1.
integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid, 1 1 1 k
then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1, Sk
2 3 3 4 k(k 1) k 1
431 Chapter 12
23. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. (k 1)2 5(k 1) k2 2k 1 5k 5
Since S1 [r(cos v i sin v]1 or r(cos v i sin v) (k2 5k) (2k 6)
and r1[cos (1)v i sin (1)v] r(cos v i sin v), the 2r 2(k 3)
formula is valid for n 1. 2(r k 3)
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k Thus, k2 5k 2t, where t r k 3 is an
and derive a formula for n k 1. integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid,
That is, assume that [r(cos v i sin v)]k then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1,
rk(cos kv i sin kv). it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
Multiply each side of the equation by indefinitely. Hence, n2 5n is divisible by 2 for all
r(cos v i sin v). positive integral values of n.
[r(cos v i sin v)]k1 26a. Number of people Number of Interactions
[rk(cos kv i sin kv] [r(cos v i sin v)]
2 1 21
rk1[cos kv cos v (cos kv(i sin v)
i sin kv cos v i2 sin kv sin v] 3 1 2 33
rk1[(cos kv cos v sin kv sin v)
i(sin kv cos v cos kv sin v)]
rk1[cos (k 1)v i sin (k 1)v] 4 1 2 3 46
When the original formula is applied for
n k 1, the same result is obtained. Thus if n(n 1)
the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for n
2
n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1, it 26b. Step 1: Verify that Sn 0 1 2 3
is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on n(n 1)
(n 1) 2 is valid for n 1.
indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
positive integral values of n. Since 0 is the first term in the sequence and
1(1 1)
24a. 0, the formula is valid for n 1.
2
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for
n k and derive a formula for n k 1.
k(k 1)
Sk 0 1 2 (k 1) 2
24b. 4 1 3 k(k 1)
945 Sk1 0 1 2 (k 1) k 2 k
16 9 7 k(k 1) 2k
2
1, 3, 5, 7, k2 k 2k
24c. 2n 1 2
k(k 1)
24d. n2 2
24e. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. Apply the original formula for n k 1.
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and (k 1)[(k 1) 1] k(k 1)
12 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
2 2
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for The formula gives the same result as adding the
n k and derive a formula for n k 1. (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
Sk 1 3 5 7 (2k 1) k2 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
Sk1 1 3 5 7 (2k 1) (2k 1) formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
k2 (2k 1) n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the
k2 2k 1 formula is valid for all positive integral values
(k 1)2 of n.
When the original formula is applied for 15(14)
26c. Yes; 15 people will require 2 or 105
n k 1, the same result is obtained. Thus if
interactions and last approximately 105(0.5) or
the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for
52.5 minutes.
n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1,
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
positive integral values of n.
25. S1 n2 5n 2r for some positive integer r
Step 1: Verify that S1 is valid for n 1.
S1 12 5 1 or 6. Since 6 2 3, S1 is valid for
n 1.
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show
that it is valid for n k 1.
Sk k2 5k 2r for some positive integer r
Sk1 (k 1)2 5(k 1) 2t for some positive
integer t
Chapter 12 432
27. Step 1: Verify that Sn (x y)n xn nxn1y When the original formula is applied for
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2) n k 1, the same result is obtained. Thus if
xn2y2
2!
3! xn3y3 yn is the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for
valid for n 1. Since S1 (x y)1 x1 y1 or n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1,
x y, Sn is valid for n 1. it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on in
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
and derive a formula for n k 1. positive integral values of n.
k(k 1) 10k 1 1
Sk (x y)k xk kxk1y 2
! xk2y2 28e. lim
10n lim 1
10n
n n
k(k 1)(k 2)
xk3y3 yk 1 0 or 1
3!
433 Chapter 12
4
2
Chapter 12 Study Guide and Assessment 21. r 4 or 2
)8
4 4(2
S8
1 2
Page 829 Understanding the Vocabulary 60 1 2
1 2
1. d 2. i 3. m 4. j 1
2
5. k 6. f 7. c 8. e )
60(1 2
12
9. b 10. h
601 2
3n
3n n
Pages 830831 Skills and Concepts 22. lim lim 4n 1
4n 1
n n
n n
11. d 4.3 3 or 1.3
3
5.6 1.3 6.9, 6.9 1.3 8.2, 4
8.2 1.3 9.5, 9.5 1.3 10.8 6n 3 6n 3
23. lim n lim n lim n
6.9, 8.2, 9.5, 10.8 n n n
12. a20 5 (20 1)(3) 60
6
52 2nn3 2n 2n
13. 4 6 (5 1)d 24. Does not exist; lim
3n3 lim ;
3 since lim
3
n n n
10 4d becomes increasingly large as n approaches
2.5 d infinity, the sequence has no limit.
6 (2.5) 3.5, 3.5 (2.5) 1, 4n3 3n
1 (2.5) 1.5 4n3 3n n4 n4
25. lim lim n4 4n3
6, 3.5, 1, 1.5, 4 n n4 4n3
n
n4 n4
14. d 23 (30) or 7 0
a14 30 (14 1) 7 1
61 0
14
S14 2(30 61) 5
123 123
23 1000 1,000,000
26. 5.1
217 123 1
n a1
1000 , r 1000
15. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
123
n
250.2 2[2(2) (n 1)(1.4)] 1000
Sn 5
1
250.2 2n 0.7n(n 1) 1
1000
0 0.7n2 1.3n 250.2 123
1.3 (1.3)3
4(0
.7)(2
50.2) 5
999
n
2(0.7) 41
1.3 26.5 5
333
1.4 504
27. r
1260 or 0.4
n 18 or n 19.86
1260
Since n is a positive whole number, n 18. Sn
1 0.4
7 1
16. r 4
9 or 7
2100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n2 (n 1)2
1 7 7, 7
7 ,
49 49
7
343
28. an 5n , an1
5n1
1 1 1 (n 1)2
, ,
7 49 343 5n1
17. a15 2.2(2)151 r lim n2
n
36,044.8 5n
Chapter 12 434
9
46. f(3) (3)2 4 13
31. (3a 3) (3 5 3) (3 6 3) (3 7 3) f(13) 132 4 173
a 5 (3.8 3) (3.9 3)
f(173) 1732 4 29,933
12 15 18 21 24 f(29,933) 29,9332 4 895,984,493
90 13; 173; 29.933; 895, 984, 493
32. (0.4)k (0.4)1 (0.4)2 (0.4)3 (0.4)
k1
47. z0 4i
S
0.4 z1 0.5(4i) (4 2i) 2i 4 2i 4
1 0.4
2
z2 0.5(4) (4 2i) 2 4 2i 6 2i
3 z3 0.5(6 2i) (4 2i)
9
3 i 4 2i 7 3i
33. (2n 1)
a0
34. 1(n2 1)
a1 48. z0 8
6! 6!
35. (a 4)6 a6
1!(6 1)! a (4) 2!(6 2)! a
5 1 4 z1 0.5(8) (4 2i) 4 4 2i 2i
6! 6! z2 0.5(2i) (4 2i) i 4 2i 4 3i
(4)2
3!(6 3)! a (4) 4!(6 4)!
3 3
z3 0.5(4 3i) (4 2i)
6!
a2 (4)4 2 1.5i 4 2i 6 3.5i
5!(6 5)! a (4)
1 5
6! 49. z0 4 6i
a0 (4)6
6!(6 6)! z1 0.5(4 6i) (4 2i)
a6 24a5 240a4 1280a3 3840a2 2 3i 4 2i 2 i
6144a 4096 z2 0.5(2 i) (4 2i)
4! 1 0.5i 4 2i 5 1.5i
36. (2r 3s)4 (2r)4 3
1!(4 1)! (2r) (3s)
1
z3 0.5(5 1.5i) (4 2i)
4!
2 2 2.5 0.5i 4 2i 6.5 2.75i
2!(4 2)! (2r) (3s)
4! 50. z0 12 8i
3!(4 3)! (2r)(3s)
3
z 0.5(12 8i) (4 2i)
4!
0 4 6 4i 4 2i 10 6i
4!0! (2r) (3s)
z2 0.5(10 6i) (4 2i)
16r4 96r3s 216r2s2 216rs3 5 3i 4 2i 9 5i
81s4 z3 0.5(9 5i) (4 2i)
10!
37.
4!(10 4)! x104 (2)4 210 x6 16 4.5 2.5i 4 2i 8.5 4.5i
3360x6 51. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
8! Since the first term in the sequence is 1 and
38.
2!(8 2)! 4m82 12 28 4096m6 1 1(1 1)
114,688m6
2 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
39.
10!
x107 (3y)7 120 x3 2187y7 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
7!(10 7)!
262,440x3y7 and derive a formula for n k 1.
k(k 1)
12! Sk 1 2 3 k 2
40.
5!(12 5)! (2c)125 (d)4 792 128c7 (d)5
101,376c7d5 Sk1 1 2 3 k (k 1)
3
3 3 k(k 1) 2(k 1)
41. 2cos
4 i sin
4 2ei 4 2 2
k2 k 2k 2
42. 4i 4cos 2 i sin 2 2 2
k2 k 2k 2
4ei 2 2
k2 3k 2
43. r 2 2 or 22
2 (2) 2
2 7 (k 1)(k 2)
v Arctan 2 or 4 2
7 7
cos 4 i sin 4
2 2i 22 Apply the original formula for n k 1.
7
(k 1)[(k 1) 1] (k 1)(k 2)
22
ei 4
2 2
44. r )2
(33 32 or 6 The formula gives the same result as adding the
(k 1) term directly. Thus, if the formula is valid
v Arctan or
3
3
3 6 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
3i 6cos 6 i sin 6
33
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
6e i6
valid for all positive integral values of n.
45. f(2) 6 3 2 0
f(0) 6 3 0 6
f(6) 6 3 6 12
f(12) 6 3 (12) 42
0, 6, 12, 42
435 Chapter 12
52. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. 55. If the budget is cut 3% each year, 97% remains
Since the first term in the sequence is 3 and after each year.
1(1 1)(2 1 7)
3, the formula is valid for n 1. a1 160,000,000, r 0.97
6
a11 160,000,000(0.97)111
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k $117,987,860.30
and derive formula for n k 1. 6
56a. One side of the original triangle measures 3 or
k(k 1)(2k 7)
Sk 3 8 15 k(k 2) 6 2 units. Half of 2 units is 1 unit. Each side of the
Sk1 3 8 15 k(k 2) (k 1)(k 3) new triangle measures 1 unit, so its perimeter is
k(k 1)(2k 7) 1 1 1 or 3 units.
6 (k 1)(k 3) 3 1
56b. a1 6, r 6 or 2
k(k 1)(2k 7) 6(k 1)(k 3)
6
6 6
S
1
k(k 1)(2k 7) 6(k 1)(k 3) 1 2
6
12 units
(k 1)[k(2k 7) 6(k 3)]
6
(k 1)(2k2 7k 6k 18)
6 Page 833 Open-Ended Assessment
(k 1)(2k2 13k 18) 1a. Arithmetic; arithmetic sequences have common
6
differences, while geometric sequences have
(k 1)(k 2)(2k 9)
6
common ratios.
Apply the original formula for n k 1. 1b. Sample answer: 1, 4, 7, 10, ; an 1 3(n 1)
(k 1)[(k 1) 1][(2(k 1) 7] (k 1)(k 2)(2k 9) 6 5n2 6 5n2
6 6 2. Sample answer: 3n; lim
n
3n lim
2
n n
3
5n
Chapter 12 436
5. Since the figure is not drawn to scale, do not 9. The percent of increase:
assume that the two lines are parallel, even 100 99
99 100 1.0
1%
though they may appear parallel. Since AB AC,
ABC is isosceles. So mB mACB. The percent of decrease:
100 99
mB mACB 80 180
100 100 1%
2 mACB 100
The percent of increase is greater.
mACB 50
The correct choice is A.
Since AD is a line segment, x 70 50 180.
So, x 60. 10. Choose a number for the total number of cars in
Consider right triangle CDE. the parking lot. Since the fractions have
x y 90 denominators of 2, 4, and 5, choose a number that
60 y 90 is divisible by 2, 4, and 5. Let the number of cars
y 30 in the parking lot equal 40.
1
x y 60 30 or 30
5 40 8 blue cars
The correct choice is C. 1
2 8 blue cars 4 blue convertibles
6. Rockville: 1.20(204,000) 244,800 1
Springfield: 1.20(216,000) 259,200
4 the number of convertibles 4
259,200 244,800 14,400 the number of convertibles 16
The correct choice is D.
7. Notice that the figure is not drawn to scale. A Not Blue and Not Convertible
could be a right angle. To be sure it is, find the
slope of AB and compare it to the slope of AC.
10 4 6
Slope of AB
65 1
8 Blue 4 Convertible
1 16
Slope of AC 6
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals, the line
segments are perpendicular, so mA 90.
The number of cars that are neither blue nor
Therefore, ABC is a 30-60-90 right triangle.
convertible is the total number minus the blue
The hypotenuse, AC, is twice the length of the leg
cars minus the convertibles plus the number that
opposite the 30 angle, AB.
are both blue and convertible.
AB (6 5)
2 (1
0 4)2 16 3 or 37
Neither blue nor convertible
AC 237 40 8 16 4
The correct choice is D. 20
8. Method 1: Substitute each answer choice for x to percent that are neither blue nor convertible
test both inequalities. 20
40 100
A: (6) 6 0 and 1 2(6) 1.
0 0 and 13 1; false 50%
Method 2: Solve each inequality for x. The answer is 50.
x6 0 and 1 2x 1
x 6 2x 2
x
1
The solution is 6
x
1. All of the answer
choices except A are in this range.
The correct choice is A.
437 Chapter 12
Chapter 13 Combinatorics and Probability
4! 5!
12. C(4, 3) C(5, 2)
(4 3)!3! (5 2)! 2!
13-1 Permutations and Combinations 4321 54321
1321 32121
4 10 or 40
Pages 842843 Check for Understanding
13. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
1. Sample answer: Both are used to determine the
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3,628,800.
number of arrangements of a group of objects.
15!
However, order of the objects is important in 14. C(15, 9)
(15 9)! 9!
permutations. When order of the objects is not 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
important, combinations are computed. 654321987654321
Chapter 13 438
26. P(9, 5)
9! 38. C(7, 3) C(8, 5)
(9 5)! 7! 8!
987654321
(7 3)! 3! (8 5)! 5!
4321 7654321 87654321
15,120
4321321
32154321
10! 35 56 or 1960
27. P(10, 7)
(10 7)! 39. C(5, 1) C(4, 2) C(8, 2)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5! 4! 8!
(5 1)! 1! (4 2)! 2! (8 2)! 2!
321
604,800 54321 4321 87654321
43211 2121
65432121
6!
5 6 28 or 840
P(6, 3) (6 3)!
28.
P(4, 2)
4!
14!
(4 2)! 40. C(14, 4)
(14 4)! 4!
6! 2! 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4! 3! 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
65432121
4321321 1001
10 41. C(14, 5)
14!
(14 5)! 5!
6!
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(6, 4) (6 4)!
98765432154321
29.
P(5, 3)
5!
(5 3)! 2002
6! 2! 42. C(18, 12)
5! 2! 18!
654321
(18 12)! 12!
54321 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6!
7! 18,564
P(6, 3) P(7, 5) (6 3)! (7 5)!
30. 43. C(3, 2) C(5, 1) C(8, 2)
P(9, 6) 9! 3! 5! 8!
(3 2)! 2! (5 1)! 1! (8 2)! 2!
(9 6)!
6! 7! 3! 321 54321 87654321
9! 3! 2!
121 43211
65432121
6543217654321
98765432121
3 5 28 or 420
11!
5 44. P(11, 11)
(11 1)!
5! 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
31. C(5, 3)
(5 3)! 3!
1
54321
39,916,800
21321
10 45a. C(13, 3) C(13, 2)
13! 13!
(13 3)! 3! (13 2)! 2!
10! 13 12 11 13 12
32. C(10, 5)
321 21
(10 5)! 5!
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5432154321 286 78 or 22,308
252 45b. C(4, 1) C(4, 2) C(4, 2)
4! 4! 4!
33. C(4, 2)
4!
(4 1)! 1! (4 2)! 2! (4 2)! 2!
(4 2)! 2!
4321 4321 4 321 4321
3211 2121 2121
2121
6 4 6 6 or 144
12!
34. C(12, 4)
12! 45c. C(12, 5)
(12 5)! 5!
(12 4)! 4!
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
876543214321 765432154321
495 792
9! 46a. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
35. C(9, 9)
(9 9)! 9! 10 10 10 10 10 100,000
1 46b. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
14! 10 9 8 7 6 30,240
36. C(14, 7)
(14 7)! 7!
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
46c. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
76543217654321 5 5 4 4 4 1600.
5! 4!
3432 P(5, 2) P(4, 3)
(5 2)! (4 3)!
3! 8! 54321 4321
37. C(3, 2) C(8, 3)
(3 2)! 2! (8 3)! 3!
321 1
321 87654321 20 24 or 480
121
54321321
3 56 or 168
439 Chapter 13
47. C(3, 1) C(4, 1) C(6, 1) C(14, 6) 53b. Yes; let h, t, and u be the digits.
3! 4! 6! 14! 100h 10t u
(3 1)! 1! (4 1)! 1! (6 1)! 1! (14 6)! 6!
100h 10u t
321 4321 654321
2 1 1 3 2 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 1
100t 10h u
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 100t 10u h
87654321654321 100u 10t h
3 4 6 3003 or 216,216 100u 10h t
42! 200(h t u) 20(h t u) 2(h t u)
48a. P(42, 42)
(42 42)! 222(h t u)
42! 222(h t u)
6 37(h t u)
1.4 1051
54. 2140 (1.058) $2264.12
42!
48b. C(42, 30)
(42 30)! 30!
2264.12(1.058) $2395.44
42! 2395.44(1.058) $2534.38
12! 30! 10
654321 54321
(2, 180), (2, 0)
432121
32121 60. vx 28 cos 45, vy 28 sin 45
15 10 or 150 282 282
2
2
10!
52. C(10, 2)
(10 2)! 2! 19.80 ft/s 19.80 ft/s
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
61. sin 2x 2 sin x 0
8765432121
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x 0
45 2 sin x (cos x 1) 0
3552 2 sin x 0 or cos x 1 0
53a. or 37(2 5 9) 592
6 sin x 0 cos x 1
x 0, x 180, x 360, or x 180
So, x 0, 180, 360
62. y 8 cos (v 30)
amplitude 8
360
period 1 or 360
phase shift 30
Chapter 13 440
63. Find B. 26!
6! 3! 7! 10! 5.1 10
22. linear; 12
B 180 90 27 or 63
Find a. 23. circular; (9 1)! 40,320
a 24. circular; (5 1)! 24
tan 27
15.2
25. circular; (8 1)! 5040
15.2 tan 27 a
7.7 a 26. linear; 6! 720
Find c. 27. linear; 10! 3,628,800
cos 27 c
15.2 28. circular; (9 1)! 40,320
15.2 29. circular; (14 1)! 6,227,020,800
c
cos 27 30. circular; (20 1)! 1.22 1017
c 17.1 31. circular; (32 1)! 8.22 1033
360
64. Each hour, an hour hand moves through 1 2 or 32. linear; 25! 1.55 1025
1
30. Since 12 minutes is 5 of an hour, the hour 8!
1 33.
2!2!2!2! 2520
hand moves through an additional 5(30) or 6.
2(30) 6 66 34a. (7 1)! 720
The correct choice is A. 34b. 7! 5040
11!
35. 46,200
3!4 !3!
11!
36a. 2! 2 ! 2! 4,989,600
441 Chapter 13
u u u C(4, 1) C(3, 2)
i j k 10. P(s) P(f) 1 P(s)
44. u
v u
w 2 0 3
C(7, 3)
43 12
2 5 0 3 5 1 35
3u 2 3u
2 0u
0 12 23
i j k 35 35
5 0 2 0 2 5 12
u 6j u
u 10k
15i 35
odds 23 or 23
12
15, 6, 10
35
since 2, 0, 3 15, 6, 10 30 0 30 or C(3, 1) C(4, 2)
0 and 2, 5, 0 15, 6, 10 30 30 0 or 0, 11. P(s)
C(7, 3) P(f) 1 P(s)
then the resulting vector is perpendicular to uv 36
3
18
1 35
and u
5
w. 18 17
45. x cos 45 y sin 45 8 0 35
35
18
2
2
x 2y 8 0 35 18
2 odds 17
or 17
2
x 2
y 16 0
35
y 45 80 4
12. P(rain)
100 or 5
8
4
P(not rain) 1 5
4 1
5
1
8 4 O 4 8 x 5 1
odds 4 or 4
4
5
The sparks will be highest at the y-intercept, 82 Pages 856858 Exercises
444
inches above the center of the wheel. This is 13. P(face card)
52
82 8 or about 3.31 inches above the wheel. 12 3
or
52 13
46. If x2 36, then x 6 or x 6. 6666
2x1 261 or 32 14. P(a card of 6 or less) 5
2
1 24 6
2x1 261 or
128 52 or 1
3
The correct choice is E. 10 10
15. P(a black, non-face card) 5
2
20 5
52 or 1
3
10 10 10 10
16. P(not a face card)
13-3 Probability and Odds 40 10
52
52 or 13
5 5 1
17. P(red) 5 2 3 1
0 or 2
855856 Check for Understanding 2 2 1
1. The probability of the event happening is 5050. 18. P(white) 5 2 3 10 or 5
Chapter 13 442
C(3, 2) C(3, 1) C(24, 2)
26. P(s)
C(6, 2) P(f) 1 P(s) 33. P(s)
C(27, 3) P(f) 1 P(s)
3 1 3 276 92
15 1 5 2925
1
325
1 4 828 92 233
5 5
2925 or 325
325
1 92
5 1 325 92
odds 4 or 4
odds
233 or 233
5 325
C(4, 2) 1 1
27. P(s) C(6
, 2) P(f) 1 P(s) 34. P(s) 1
249 or 250
6 2 4
15
1 5 35. P(s) 5 P(f) 1 P(s)
2 3 4 1
5 5 1 5 or 5
2 4
5 2 5 4
odds 3 or 3
odds 1 or 1
5 5
C(1, 1) C(3, 1) C(13, 3) C(13, 2)
28. P(s)
C(6, 2) P(f) 1 P(s) 36. P(s) C(52, 5) P(4, 2)
13 1 286 78
1 5 1 5 12
2,598,960
3 1 4 267,696
15 or 5
5 2,598
,960
1 429
5
4165
1
odds 4 or 4
P(f) 1 P(s)
5 429 3736
C(1, 1) C(2, 1) C(1, 1) C(3, 1) C(2, 1) C(3, 1) 1
4165 or 4165
29. P(s)
C(6, 2) C(6, 2) C(6, 2) 429
2 3 6 11
1 or
odds
4165 429
3736 or 3736
5 15 15 15
P(f) 1 P(s) 4165
1 1
11
1 15 or 1
4 37. P(s) 1
4 or 5
5
11 38. P(s) 0.325 P(f) 1 P(s)
15 11 1 0.325 or 0.675
odds 4 or 4
0.325 13
odds
15 0.675 or 27
C(11, 3) 1 1 1 1
30. P(s)
C(27 , 3) P(f) 1 P(s) 39a. P(s) 1
0 9 8 or 720
165 11 1 1 1 1
2925 1
19 5 39b. P(f) 1
0 10 10 or 1000
11 184
19 5
195
P(s) 1 P(f)
1 999
11
1
1000 or 1000
19 5 11
odds
184 or 18 4
999
1000 999
195 odds
1 or 1
C(13, 2) C(11, 1)
31. P(s)
C(27, 3) P(f) 1 P(s) 1000
1 1 1
78 11 22 40a. P(both males) 2 2 or 4
2925 1 75
1
858 22 53 40b. P(s) 1 2 P(f) 1 P(s)
2925 or 75
75
1 1 1
22
2 1 2 or 2
75 22
odds 53 or 53
1
_2 1
75 odds 1 or 1
C(14, 3)
2
32. P(s)
C(27, 3) P(f) 1 P(s) C(15, 10) C(5, 0)
364 28 41a. P(s) C(20, 10)
2925 1
225 3003 1 21
28 197 or
225
225
184,756 1292
C(15, 8) C(5, 2)
28
41b. P(s)
C(20, 10) P(f) 1 P(s)
225 28 6435 10 225
odds 197 or
197 1
184,756 646
225 64,350 421
184,756
646
225
646
225
646 225
odds 421 or 421
646
443 Chapter 13
179,820 151,322 51. Area of the square s2 units.
42a. P 84,475 3273 179,820 151,322 1
3
331,142 Area of the triangle 2(s)(s3
) or 2s2
418,890
The area of the triangle is greater. The correct
0.791 choice is B.
151,322
42b. P(f)
418,890 P(s) 1 P(f)
151,322
1
418,890 s
2s 30 2s
267,568
418,890
s s s
3
267,568
60
418,890
odds
151,322
s s s
418,890
267,568 133,784
or
151,322 75,661
43. P A Q Page 858 Mid-Chapter Quiz
15!
1. P(15, 5)
(15 5)!
x 8x 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
u 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Given a pipe PQ and a random cut point, A,
360,360
APAQ 18. If AP is x inches long, then AQ is 8x
u 20!
inches long. Now, the cut must be made along AP 2. C(20, 9)
(20 9)! 9!
so that the longer piece will be 8 or more times as
167,960
long as the shorter piece. Thus, the probability
u x 1 3. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
x 8x 9 . Since the cut
that the cut is on AP is
26 26 26 10 10 10 10 175,760,000.
can be made on either end of the pipe, the actual 12!
2 4. P(12, 5)
(12 5)!
probability is 9. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7654321
44. This is a circular permutation.
(6 1)! 5! or 120 95,040
10! 5. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
45. C(10, 4)
(10 4)! 4!
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 18 3 6 5832.
9!
6543214321 6. 181,440
2!
210 10!
7. 4200
n 3! 4! 3!
46. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
14
8. This is a circular permutation.
S14 2[2(3.2) (14 1)1.5] (8 1)! 5040
C(13, 2)
7(25.9) 9. P(both hearts)
C(52, 2)
181.3 78 1
1326 or 17
47. Let y 7log7 2x
C(3, 1) C(3, 1)
log7 y log7 2x 10. P(s)
C(12, 2) P(f) 1 P(s)
y 2x 33 3
6 1 2
So, 7log7 2x 2x. 6 2
9 3 19
48. Center: (7, 2) 66 or 2
2 22
r2 (10 7)2 (8 2)2 3
32 (10)2 or 109 odds
22 3
19 or 19
(x 7)2 (y 2)2 109
22
49. r 3 2 or 6
5
v ( 4) or 4
5 5
6(cos 4 i sin 4) 6 2 2i
2
2
13-4 Probabilities of Compound
32
32
i Events
u
50. u 3, 5 4, 2
3 (4), 5 2 Pages 863864 Check for Understanding
1, 3 1. The occurrence of one event does not affect
another for independent events. The occurrence of
the first event affects the occurrence of a second
for dependent events.
Chapter 13 444
2a. diamonds spades, 4 4 7 8
5 14 13 195
20. dependent, 1
clubs, 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
hearts 21. dependent, 52 51 50 49 48 47 4
6 45 44
aces
17 16 15 14 19
43 4
2 41 40 1,160,054
12 8 8 32
22. dependent, 28 2
7 26 819
5 4 7 35
6 16 16 1024
23. independent, 1
2b. No, one of the aces can be an ace of diamonds.
24. independent
2c. P(ace or diamond) P(ace) P(diamond) 4
P(ace and diamond) P(winning) 7
4 4 4 4
3. Answers will vary; see students work. P(winning next four games) 7 7 7 7
6 3 1
4. independent,
36
36
72
256
2401
4 3 2
dependent, 1 0 9 15
5. 1 1 1 11
25. inclusive, 6 6 3
6 36
4 3 2
6. dependent, 6 5 5 4 26 2 7
2 52 52 13
26. inclusive, 5
4 6 10
exclusive, 13 13 13
7. 26 12 6 8
27. inclusive, 52 52 5
2 13
15 11 6 20
8. inclusive, 27 27 2 7 27
28. exclusive
4 4 8 2 P(at least 3 males)
exclusive, 52 52 52 or 13
9.
P(3 males) P(4 males) P(5 males)
37 36 35 34 33
10. P(selecting 5 even numbers) 75 74 73 72 71
C(5, 3) C(4, 2)
C(5, 4) C(4, 1) C(5, 5) C(5, 0)
C(9, 5) C(9, 5) C(9, 5)
0.025 60 20 1
66 65 64 63 62
126 126 126
11. P(selecting 5 two digit numbers) 75 74 73 72 71 81 9
126 or 14
0.518
29. exclusive
12. P(5 odd numbers or 5 multiples of 4)
P(sum of 6 or sum of 9) P(sum of 6) P(sum of 9)
P(5 odd numbers) P(5 multiples of 4) 5 4
3
6 36
7
5 74 73 72 71 75 74 73 72 71
38 37 36 35 34 17 16 15 14 13
9 1
0.029 0.0004 3
6 or 4
0.029 30. exclusive
13. P(5 even numbers or 5 numbers less than 30) P(at least three women)
P(5 even numbers) P(5 numbers less than 30) P(3 women) P(4 women) P(5 women)
P(5 even numbers and 5 numbers less than 30) P(6 women)
75 74 73 72 71 75 74 7
3 72 71
37 36 35 34 33 29 28 27 26 25 C(7, 3) C(7, 3) C(7, 4) C(7, 2) C(7, 5) C(7, 1)
C(14, 6) C(14, 6) C(14, 6)
7
5 74 73 72 71
14 13 12 11 10 C(7, 6) C(7, 0)
C(14, 6)
0.025 0.007 0.001
1225 735 147 7
3003 3003 3003 3003
0.032 2114 302
300 3 or 429
14. P(none if 6 clocks are damaged)
96 95 94 93 92 91 31. exclusive
100 99 98 97 96 95
P(at least 4 tails)
435,643
P(4 tails) P(5 tails) P(6 tails)
560,175
1 6 1 6 1 6
15. P(at least 1 right handed pitcher C(6, 4)2 C(6, 5)2 C(6, 6)2
P(1 right-handed pitcher) P(2 right-handed 15 6 1
64 6
4 64
pitchers)
22 11
C(8, 1) C(5, 1)
C(8, 2) C(5, 0) 64 or 32
C(13, 2) C(13, 2)
40 28 32. inclusive
78 78
68 34 542 531 2562 2551 522 511
78 or
39 12 650 2
2652 2652 2652
660 55
2652 or 221
Pages 864867 Exercises 33. exclusive
5 4 5
16. dependent,
9
8 1
8
P(at least 2 rock) P(2 rock) P(3 rock)
C(6, 2) C(5, 1) C(6, 3) C(5, 0)
17. independent, 9 9 8
5 5 25
C(11, 3) C(11, 3)
1
75 20
18. independent, 6 6 3
1 1 1
165 165
6
95 19
4
19. dependent, 7 6 7
3 2
165 or 33
445 Chapter 13
26 25 24 23 22 46. P(word processing or playing games)
34. P(all red cards) 52 51 50 49 48 P(word processing) P(playing games) P(both)
253
9996
2 1
5 3 4
1
24 2
2652 or
221 5
4
13 10
36. P(all diamonds)
52 48. P(even sum)
37. P(both red or both queens) P(3 even cards) P(2 odd cards and 1 even card)
C(5, 3) C(4, 0) C(4, 2) C(5, 1)
P(both red) P(both queens) P(both red queens)
C(9, 3) C(9, 3)
5
2 51 52 51 52 51
26 25 4 3 2 1 10 30
84 84
650 12 2
2652 2652 2652
40
84 or 2
10
1
660 55
2652 or
221 49. P(at least 3 women)
5 4 P(3 women) P(4 women) P(5 women)
38. P(2 pennies)
21
20 C(6, 3) C(7, 2) C(6, 4) C(7, 1) C(6, 5) C(7, 0)
1
C(13, 5) C(13, 5) C(13, 5)
21 420 105 6
1287 1287 1287
39. P(2 nickels or 2 silver-colored coins)
531 59
2
1 20 21 20 21 20
7 6 16 15 7 6
1287 or 143
240 4 50. P(at least 1 doctor)
420 or 7 P(1 doctor) P(both doctors)
40. P(at least 1 nickel) 1 P(no nickels)
100 100 100 100 100 100
93 3 97 7 93 97
1
14 13
21
20 958 9021
17
10,000 10,000
30 9979
10,000
41. P(2 dimes or 1 penny and 1 nickel)
P(2 dimes) P(1 penny and 1 nickel) 51. P(supplies or money)
C(9, 2) C(5, 1) C(7, 1) P(supplies) P(money) P(both)
C(21, 2)
C(21, 2) 812 625 375
36 35
2500 2500 2500
210
210 1062 531
71
2500 or 1250
210
5 4 3 2
52a.
42. P(all female) 1
0 9 8 7
1 P (A ) P (B )
4
2
43. P(all female or all male)
P(all female) P(all male)
5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
1
0 9 8 7 10 9 8 7
1 1 P (C )
4
2 42
2 1
42 or
21
44. P(at least 3 females) 52b. P(A or B or C) P(A) P(B) P(C) P(A and
P(3 females) P(4 female) B) P(A and C) P(B and C) P(A and B and
C(5, 3) C(5, 1) C(5, 4) C(5, 0) C). You must add the intersection of all three
C(10, 4) C(10, 4)
50 5 sets which have not been accounted for.
210 210
53. P(action video or pop/rock CD or romance DVD)
55 11
210 or 42
4 1 5 2 1
2 11 9 7 4 4
1 1
4 0.93
7
45. P(at least 2 females and at least 1 male)
P(2 females and 2 males)
P(3 females and 1 male)
C(5, 2) C(5, 2) C(5, 3) C(5, 1)
C(10, 4) C(10, 4)
100 50
210 210
150 5
210 or 7
Chapter 13 446
54a. First consider the probability that no 2 students 60. 12x 2 3x 4
have the same birthday. The first person in the (x 2) log 12 (x 4) log 3
class can have any birthday; there are 366 x log 12 2 log 12 x log 3 4 log 3
choices out of 366 days. The second person has x log 12 x log 3 4 log 3 2 log 12
only 365 choices out of 366 days, and so on. x (log 12 log 3) 4 log 3 2 log 12
So, P(2 students with the same birthday) 4 log 3 2 log 12
x
1 P(no 2 students have the same birthday). log 12 log 3
x 6.7549
1
366 366 366 . . . 366
447 Chapter 13
4 1
52 100
5. P(queen face card)
12 13c. P(not rejected counterfeit)
25
52 100
1 1
3
25
1
8
6. P(all heads first coin is a head) 4
8 Pages 872874 Exercises
1 2
4
4
1 14. P(1 head at least 1 tail)
3
8 4
7. P(all heads at least 1 head) 7 2
8
3
1 4
7 12
1
15. P(Democrat man)
8
8 12
8. P(all heads at least 2 heads) 1
4
2
8
4
1
4 16
16. P(first bag first chip is blue)
10
9. P(numbers match sum greater than or equal to 9)
16
2 2
36 5
10 12
36 24
1 17. P(girls are separated girl at an end)
20
5
24
10. P(sum is even sum greater than or equal to 9)
3
4 5
36 18. P(number end in 52 number is even)
10 321
36 5!
2 43214321
5
5!
11. P(numbers match or sum is even sum greater 1
4
8
20
36
than or equal to 9) 72
10
19. P(2 odd numbers sum is even)
32
36
2 72
5
5
8
68 62
12a. P(disease prevented)
100 100 2
13 52
20 20. P(ace black) 26
68 52
1
200
12b. P(disease prevented vaccine) 1
3
100
2
200
52
17
21. P(4 black) 26
25
52
12c. P(disease prevented conventional treatment) 1
62 1
3
200 6
100
52
200 22. P(face card black)
26
31 52
50 3
69
13
100 0
13a. P(legal accepted) 70
52
100 23. P(queen of hearts black)
26
69 52
70
0
6
1
100
13b. P(rejected legal) 75
52
24. P(6 of clubs black)
26
100
52
2
2
5
1
26
Chapter 13 448
4
36. A the sum of the cards is 7 or less
52
25. P(jack or ten black) B at least one card is an ace
26
52 B both cards not an ace
2 C(48, 2) 188
P(B)
C(52, 2) 221
13
188 33
26. P(second marble is green first marble was P(B) 1 P(B) 1
221 221
3 2 C(4, 2) C(4, 1) C(20, 1)
P(A and B)
8 7 C(52, 2)
green)
3 43
663
8
P(A and B)
2
P(A B)
P(B)
7
43
27. P(second marble is yellow first marble was
663
3 5
33
8 7 221
green)
3 43
99
8
5 37. P(sum greater than 18 queen of hearts)
7 1 19
28. P(second marble is yellow first marble is yellow) 52 51
5 4 1 51
8 7 52 51
5 19
8 51
4
38a.
7
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) C(4, 1) C S U
C(6, 3)
29. P(salmon bass) 15 25 5
C(1, 1) C(5, 2)
C(6, 3)
4 2
or
10 5 155
30. P(not walleye trout and perch) 25
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) C(3, 1)
200
C(6, 3) 38b. P(cancer smokes)
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) (4, 1)
30
200
C(6, 3) 5
3
4
6
39. A person buys something
31. P(bass and perch not catfish) B person asks questions
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) C(3, 1)
120
C(6, 3)
500 4
C(5, 3)
P(A B)
150 or 5
C(6, 3)
500
3
1
0 Four out of five people who ask questions will
32. P(perch and trout neither bass nor walleye) make a purchase. Therefore, they are more likely
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) (2, 1) to buy something if they ask questions.
C(6, 3) 40. Sample answers: The rolls are independent. The
C(4, 3) number cubes do not have a memory, whether
C(6, 3)
2 1 they are fair or biased. Probability does not
4 or
2 guarantee an outcome.
33. P(passes and studied)
Brown Hair Brown Eyes 41. P(passes studied)
P(studied)
2
4 3
5
P(studied)
50% 10% 20%
2 5 5
P(studied) 3 4 or 6
20% 66 33
42a. P(defective)
1000 or 500
Exercises 3335
0.10
42b. P(chip from 3-D Images defective)
P(brown eyes brown hair)
0.60
21
1 1000
66
6
0.20 1000
34. P(no brown hair brown eyes)
0.30 7
2
22
3 934 467
0.20 42c. P(functioning)
1000 or 500
35. P(no brown eyes no brown hair)
0.40
1
2
449 Chapter 13
42d. Sample answer: A chip from CyberChip Corp. 53. x x (4 2x)(3 2x) 6
has the least probability of being defective. 12 14x 4x2 6
x x
P(defective from CyberChip)
25 4x2 14x 6 0
500 6 ft2 2(2x 1)(x 3) 0
0.05 x x 1
21 x 2 or x 3
P(defective from 3-D Images)
300
x x
0.07 4 ft
20
P(defective from MegaView Designs) If x 3 ft then the photo would have a negative
200 1
0.10 length and width. So, x 2 ft or 6 in.
P(A and B 5
43. P(A B) by definition.
P(B) 54. f(x)
x2 4
So, if P(A) P(A B) then by substitution P(A)
5
(x 2)(x 2)
P(A and B)
P(B) or P(A and B) P(A) P(B). Therefore, f(x) is discontinuous when x 2;
the events are independent. f(x) is undefined when x 2.
44. P(at least 3 women) 55. Drop an altitude B C
P(3 women) P(4 women) P(5 women) E
from B to A , from
C(6, 3) C(7, 2) C(6, 4) C(7, 1) C(6, 5) C(7, 0) u
C(13, 5) C(13, 5) C(13, 5)
C to ED , and from
420 105 6 C
E to B. Label h h
1287 1287 1287
the diagram as
h
531 59 shown.
1287 or 143
45. C(9, 4) 126
A E D
1
area of unshaded region (BC)h
46. 3(0.5)b 3(0.5)1 3(0.5)2 3(0.5)3 . . .
1
2
1
b1 1.5 0.75 0.375 . . . area of shaded region 2(AE)h 2(ED)h
a1 1
S
r a1 1.5, r 0.5 2h(AE ED)
1.5
or 3 BC AE ED since opposite sides of a
0.5
parallelogram are equal. So, the ratio of the areas
47. They are reflections of each other over the x-axis. 1 1
is 2h(BC)2h(BC) or 11.
48. y
The correct choice is B.
6
4
2
13-6 The Binomial Theorem
64 O 2 4 6 x and Probability
4
6
Page 877 Graphing Calculator Exploration
1. S {0, 1, 2}
2
2. P (Bobby wins) 3
49. r cos v
2 50 3. Answers will vary. In 40 repetitions, it may be
rcos v cos 2 sin v sin 2 5 around 0.22. This means that there were exactly
0 r sin v 5 5 wins for 8 or 9 of the 40 repetitions.
2 5 1 1
y 5 4. P(winning 5 games) C(6, 5) 3 3
50. x 4t y 3 2t 0.26
y (4, 5)
x y3
4 t
2 t 5. There is not a large enough sample of trials.
y3 (0, 3)
x
2 6. Increase the number of repetitions.
4
x
y 2 3 (4, 1)
O x Page 878 Check for Understanding
1a. Yes, it meets all three conditions.
1 1b. No, there are more than 2 possible outcomes.
51. A 2r2 v
1c. No, the events are not independent.
2(8)21
180
1 98 71
2. Sample answer: the probabilities derived from a
54.7 ft2 simulation rather than an actual event
x
52. tan 27 2
5
12.7 x; 12.7 m
Chapter 13 450
3. First, determine P(right) and P(wrong). Second, 15. P(no more than 3 times correct)
set up the binomial expansion (pr pw)5. Third, 1 P(correct 4 times)
2 4 1 0
determine the term of the expansion. Fourth, 1 C(4, 4)3
3
substitute the probability values for pr and pw. 16
Last, compute the probability of getting exactly 2 11
81 1
correct answers. 16
1 1 5 4
1
4. P(only one 4) C(5, 1) 6
81
65
6
3125
81
2 2 1 2
7776
16. P(correct exactly 2 times) C(4, 2)3
3
5. P(no more than two 4s) 4 1
P(no 4s) P(one 4) P(two 4s) 6
9
9
1 0 5 5 1 1 5 4
C(5, 1)
C(5, 0) 6 6
6
6
8
27
1 2 3
56
C(5, 2) 6 17. P(7 correct)
1 7 1 3
C(10, 7) 2 2
3125 3125 1250 1 1
120
128 8
7776 7776 7776
625 15
648
128
6. P(at least three 4s) 18. P(at least 6 correct)
P(three 4s) P(four 4s) P(5 fours) 1 6 1 4 7 3
1 3 5 2 1 4 5 1 C(10, 6)2 C(10, 7)12 12
C(5, 4)
2
C(5, 3) 6 6
1 8
1 2 1 9 1 1
C(10, 2 C(10, 9)2 2
6 6
1 5 0
8) 2
56
C(5, 5) 6
1 10 1 0
250 25 1 C(10, 10)2 2
7776 7776
7776 1 1 1 1 1 1
23 210 6
4 16 120 128 8 45 256 4
648 1 1 1
1 5 5 0 10
512 2 1 1024 1
7. P(exactly five 4s) C(5, 5)6
6 386
1
7776
1024
193
5 0
8. P(not having rain on any day) C(5, 5)1
0 130
7
512
1 0 1 10
16,807 19. P(all incorrect) C(10, 0)2
100,000
2
1
11
1024
9. P(having rain on exactly one day)
1
1 4
C(5, 1)1
0 170
3
1024
36,015 7203 20. P(at least half correct)
100,000 or 20,000 1 5 1 5
C(10, 5)2
2
answer to 18
10. P(having rain no more than three days) 1 1 386
1 [P(rain on 4 days) P(rain on 5 days) 252 32 32 1024
4 1 5 0
1 C(5, 4) 1
0 170 C(5, 5) 1
0 170
3 3 252 386
1024 1024
319
1
100,000 100,000
2835 243
512
1 4 2 0
96,922
100,000 or 50,000
48,461 21. P(4 heads) C(4, 4) 3 3
4 4 1 2 1
11. P(4 do not collapse)
C(6, 4) 5 5 1 81 1
1
3840
or
768 8
1
15,625 3125
1 3 2 1
12. P(10 stocks make money) C(13, 10) 8
5 10 3 3
8 22. P(3 heads) C(4, 3) 3 3
1 2
0.1372 4 27 3
8
8
1
451 Chapter 13
1 5 3 5
25. P(half answers correct) C(10, 5)4
4
35. Enter 16 nCr X on the Y-menu of your calculator.
16 nCr X represents the coefficients of the
1 243
252
1024 1024 binomial expansion where X is the number of
0.058 games won.
P(winning at least 12 games)
26. P(from 3 to 5 correct answers) 12 4 13 3
1820 1
0 130 560 170 130
7
1 3 3 7 4 6
C(10, 3)4
4 C(10, 4) 14 34
7 14 3 2
1 5 3 5
C(10, 5) 4 4 120 10 10
7 15 3 1 7 16 3 1
1
120 6
2187 1 729
16 1
0 10 1 10 10
4 16,384 210 256
4096
252
1 243 0.45 or 45%
1024 1024
36a. A success means that a missile hits its target.
0.25 0.15 0.06
There are 6 trials and the probability of success
0.46 1
2 10 3 0 on each trial is 20% or 5.
27. P(all point up) C(10, 10)5
5
1024 36b. P(between 2 and 6 missiles hit the target)
1
9,765,625 1
1 [P(0 missiles hit the garget) P(1 missile
1.049 104 hits the target)]
1 0 4 6 1 1 4 5
28. P(exactly 3 point up) C(10, 3)5
2 3 3 7
1 C(6, 0)5
5
C(6, 1) 5 5
5
1 1 1
4096 1 1024
8 2187 6
120
125 78,125 15,625 5 3125
1077
0.215
3125
2 5 3 5
29. P(exactly 5 point up) C(10, 5)5
5 37. P(all men or all women)
10 0 10 0
C(10, 10)1
0 160 C(10, 10)10 140
32 243 4 6
252
3125 3125
0.201 0.0062
20 0
38a. P(all carry the disease) C(20, 20)10 190
1
30. P(at least 6 point up)
2 6 3 4 7 3
C(10, 6)5 C(10, 7)25 35
5
1 1020
2 8
3 2 2 9 3 1 38b. P(exactly half have the disease)
C(10, 5 C(10, 9)5 5
8) 5 10 10
C(20, 10) 1
0 190
1
2 10 3 0
C(10, 10)5 5 6.4 106
64 81 128 27
210
15,625 625 120 78,125 125
39. P(at least 2 people do not show up)
256 9 512 3 1 [P(0 people do not show up)
45 390,625 25 10 1,953,125 5
P(1 person does not show up)]
1024 0 75
1 9,765,625 1
1 C(75, 0)
100 19060
4
0.166 4 1 96 74
C(75, 1)
100 100
31. P(3 heads or 3 tails)
1 3 1 0 1 3 1 0 0.807
C(3, 3)2
2 C(3, 3)2
2
40. P(less than or equal to 3 policies)
1 1
1 8 1 1 8 1 1 P(4 policies)
1 4 1 0
1
4 1 C(4, 4)2
2
1 1 1
1
32. P(at least 2 heads)
16
1 2 1 1 1 3 1 0
C(3, 2) 2 2 C(3, 3) 2 2
15
16 or about 0.94
1 1 1
3 4 2 1 8 1 41a. If Trina walks 100 meters, then she has flipped
4 the coin 10 times. To end up where she began,
8
she walked north and south 5 times each.
1
2 1 5 1 5
P(back at her starting point) C(10, 5)2
2
1 2 1 1
33. P(exactly 2 tails) C(3, 2) 2 2 252
1 1
32 32
1 1
3 4 2 0.246
3 41b. The closest Trina can come to her starting point
8
is if she flips 6 heads and 4 tails or 4 heads and
34a. The values of the function for 0 x 6 are the
6 tails. However, this places her 20 meters from
coefficients of the binomial expansion.
her starting point. The answer for part b is the
34b. Change 6 nCr X to 8 nCr X on the Y-menu. same as that for part a, 0.246.
Chapter 13 452
41c. P(exactly 20 meters from the starting point) 50. 4 1 12 21 62 72
1 6 1 4 1 4 1 6 4 32
C(10, 6) 2 2 C(10, 4) 2 2 44 72
1 1 1 1
1 8 11 18 0
210 64 16 210 16 64
Since the remainder is 0, x 4 is a factor of the
0.41 polynomial.
42. P(sum less than 9 both cubes are the same) Area of page for text (9 1 1)(12 1.5 1.5)
51.
4 Area of entire page 9 12
36 63
108
6
7
36
12
2
3 The answer is 7/12.
43. P(letter is contained in house or phone)
5 5 3
26 26 26
7
2
6 Chapter 13 Study Guide and Assessment
44a. 80, 75, 70, . . .
44b. T 80 5n Page 881 Understanding the Vocabulary
44c. T 125 1. independent 2. failure
40,000 3. 1 4. probability
n
1000 or 40
5. permutation 6. permutation with
125 g 5(40)
repetitions
75 g; 75 F
7. mutually exclusive 8. sample space
45. 3x 1 6x
(x 1)log 3 x log 6 9. conditional 10. combinatorics
x log 3 log 3 x log 6
x log 3 x log 6 log 3
x(log 3 log 6) log 3 Pages 882884 Skills and Concepts
x
log 3
11. Using the Basic Counting Principle, 3 2 1 or 6.
log 3 log 6
12. Using the Basic Counting Principle, 5 4 3 2 1
x 0.38
or 120.
46. h 0, k 3, a 7, b 5, c 2 6
13. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
Center: (0, 3)
6 5 4 3 2 1 or 720.
Foci: (2 6 , 3) 6!
Vertices: major axis (7, 3) and (7, 3) 14. P(6, 3)
(6 3)!
minor axis (0, 2) and (0, 8) 654321
3 2 1
cos
47. 2 i sin 2 0 2 i
2 2 120
0 2 i 8!
u 15. P(8, 6)
(8 6)!
48. WX 6 8, 5 (3) or 2, 8 87654321
u
WX (6 8
)2 (5 (
21
3))2
20,160
(2)2
82 5!
16. C(5, 3)
68
or 2 17
(5 3)! 3!
54321
21321
49. 55 cm
10
106 11!
17. C(11, 8)
(11 8)! 8!
71 cm 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
d
32187654321
165
6!
d2 712 552 2(71)(55) cos 106 P(6, 3) (6 3)!
18.
d 101.1 cm P(5, 3)
5!
(5 3)!
65432121
106
54321321
71 cm d 2
5! 3!
19. C(5, 5) C(3, 2)
(5 5)! 5! (3 2)! 2!
74 1 321
1
121
55 cm
3
d2 712 552 2(71)(55) cos 74
d 76.9 cm
453 Chapter 13
20. There are P(5, 5) ways to arrange the other books 1 13
34. P(s) 1
4 ; P( f) 14
if the dictionary is on the left end. The same is
1
true if the dictionary is on the right end.
14
2 P(5, 5) 2
5!
odds
13
(5 5)!
14
54321
2 1 1
13
240
35. independent, P(sum of 2) P(sum of 6)
3! 7!
21. C(3, 2) C(7, 2)
(3 2)! 2! (7 2)! 2!
1
3
5
6 36
321 7654321
121
5
5432121
1296
3 21 or 63 36. dependent, P(two yellow markets)
5! 54321 4 3
22.
2! 2!
2121 10 9
30 1
2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5
10!
23.
2! 3! 3! 21321321 37. P(selecting a prime number or a multiple of 4)
50,400 P(prime number) P(a multiple of 4)
8! 87654321 6 3
24.
21
1
4 14
2!
9
20,160 1
4
6! 654321
25. 38. P(selecting a multiple of 2 or a multiple of 3)
3! 2! 32121
60 P(multiple of 2) P(multiple of 3)
9! 987654321 P(multiple of 2 and 3)
26.
3! 2! 32121 7 4 2
1
4 14 14
30,240 9
C(7, 3) C(4, 0) C(5, 0)
1
27. P(3 pennies) C(16, 3)
4
Chapter 13 454
1 2 1 2 CLA D, the y-coordinate of C must be b,
46. P(2 heads and 2 tails) C(4, 2)2
2
2. Since B
1 1
the same as the y-coordinate of B. Since BC AD,
6 4 4 the x-coordinate of C must be d a, the sum of
3 the x-coordinates of B and D. The coordinates of C
8
are (d a, b). The correct choice is E.
47. P(at least 3 tails) 3. Find the probability of selecting a green marble
P(3 tails) P(4 tails) from the jar now.
1 3 1 1 1 4 1 0
C(4, 3)2
C(4, 4)2
number of green marbles
3
1
1
5 or 5
2 2
total marbles
1 1 1
4 8 2 1 1
6 1 Let x represent the number of green marbles
1 1 5 1 2
or added so the probability equals 2 5 or 5.
4 16 16
number of green marbles 3x 2
total marbles
15 x 5
5(3 x) 2(15 x)
Page 885 Applications and Problem Solving 15 5x 30 2x
48. C(1, 1) C(6, 4) 1 15 or 15 3x 15
49. (7 1)! 720 x5
50. P(at least 1 good chip) The correct choice is C.
1 P(both defective chips) 4. Average
sum of terms
number of terms
C(3, 2)
1 sum of five terms
C(15, 2) 20
5
1
1
35 sum of five terms 100
34 Since one of the numbers is 18, the sum of the
35
7 other four is 100 18 or 82. The correct choice
51a. P(female name excluding Reba) 1
5 is C.
1 7
51b. P(Rebas name, then a male name) 15 1
4
5. Select specific numbers for the problem. Let
1 x y 8. Let x z 12. Let z 7.
3
0 x 7 12, so x 5, an odd number.
5 y 8, so y 3, an odd number.
Statement I is false, and statement III is true.
Page 885 Open-Ended Assessment Since y z or 3 7 10, an even number,
1 1 1 statement II is true also. The correct choice is E.
1. Yes; sample answer: x 2 12, so x 6; Two
6. Since the probability of selecting a blue marble is
marbles are chosen from a box containing 6 red, 4
1
blue, and 2 green marbles. What is the probability and the total number of blue and white marbles
5
of choosing a red and a green marble? is 200, the number of blue marbles must be 40. So
2. Sample answer: In a permutation, the order of the number of white marbles must be 160. After
objects is very important. In a combination, the 100 white marbles are added, the total number of
order of objects is not important. white marbles is 260 and the total of all marbles
is 300. The probability of selecting a white marble
260 13
is
300 or 15 . The correct choice is E.
Chapter 13 SAT & ACT Preparation 7. A and C must be equal because they are
corresponding angles. The correct choice is A.
8. The sample space, or total possible outcomes, is
Page 887 SAT and ACT Practice the 52 cards in a deck. The outcome drawing a
1. You might want to draw a diagram of the 20 coins. diamond consists of the 13 cards that are
The first and last coins are heads. The total diamonds.
number of heads is 10. There could be 9 13 1
P(diamond) 52 or 4
consecutive heads followed by 10 tails and then
the final head. The correct choice is D. The correct choice is C.
9. Method 1: Use combinations.
H H H H H 5!
C(5, 3)
(5 3)! 3!
54321
H H H H
2 1 3 2 1 or 10
Method 2: Make a list.
Represent the 5 players by the letters A, B, C, D,
and E. List all different groups of 3.
H
ABC ACD BCD CDE
ABD ACE BCE
ABE ADE BDE
There are only 10 teams. The correct choice is B.
455 Chapter 13
10. Method 1: Make an additional table. Method 2: Use combinations to find the total
number of outcomes.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6!
C(6, 2)
(6 2)! 2!
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 654321
or 15.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 432121
Chapter 13 456
Chapter 14 Statistics and Data Analysis
6f. Sample answer:
14-1 The Frequency Distribution Ages of Presidents
12
Pages 892893 Check for Understanding Frequency
1. A line plot, a bar graph, a histogram, and a 8
frequency polygon all show data visually. A line 4
plot shows the frequency of specific quantities by
using symbols and a bar graph shows the 0
0 40 50 60 70
frequency of specific quantities by using bars. A
Age
histogram is a special bar graph in which the
width of each bar represents a class interval. A 6g. Sample answer: 5060
frequency polygon shows the frequency of a class
interval using a broken line graph.
2. Choose an appropriate class interval. Use tally Pages 893896 Exercises
marks to determine the number of elements in
each class interval. 7a.
3a. No; there would be too many classes.
3b. Yes; there would be 9 classes.
3c. Yes; there would be 5 classes.
3d. No; there would only be 3 classes. 43026 43214 43221 45414
43212 43220 43229
3e. No; there would only be 2 classes. ZIP Codes
4. See students work. 7b. 43220
5a. Age
7c. Sample answer: to determine where most of
70+
their customers live so they can target their
1900 60-69 1999 advertising accordingly
50-59 8a. Men Women
Age
40-49 65+
30-39 50-64
20-29 35-49
10-19 20-34
0-9 16-19
16 12 8 4 0 0 4 8 12 16 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80
Percent Minutes Behind the Wheel
5b. In 1999, there are larger percents of older 8b. Sample answer: Men spend more hours driving
citizens than in 1990. than women.
6a. range 69 42 or 27 9a. Rental Revenue Year Sales Revenue
6b. Sample answer: 5 2005
6c. Sample answer: 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 2000
6d. Sample answer: 42.5, 47.5, 52.5, 57.5, 62.5, 67.5
1997
6e. Sample answer:
1990
Ages Frequency 1985
4045 2 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
4550 6 Dollars (in billions)
5055 12
9b. Sales; the sales revenue is growing at a faster
5560 12 rate than the rental revenue.
6065 7 10a. range 53 4 or 49
6570 3 10b. Sample answer: 10
10c. Sample answer: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
10d. Sample answer: 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55
457 Chapter 14
10e. Sample answer: 11g. Sample answer:
Olympic Winter
Grams of Fat Frequency
Games
010 7
8
1020 11
6
2030 10
Frequency 4
3040 7
4050 2 2
5060 1 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
10f. Sample answer: Number of Nations
Chapter 14 458
13b. Sample answer: 16b.
$1,200,000
Stolen Bases Frequency
3040 1 Sales $800,000
4050 1
$400,000
5060 6
6070 5 $0
1998 1999 2000
7080 7 Year
459 Chapter 14
3. Write the stems 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 on the 1
4
9b. X 0 (6 3(7) 9 2(13) 2(14) 15 16
left. Write the tens digits as leaves to the right of
the appropriate stems. Be sure to order the leaves. 17 18 2(19) 3(20) 5(21) 2(23)
28 30 3(31) 32 2(34) 36 38
4. Tia; the median 2.5 and the mode 2 do not
3(41) 42 47)
represent the greater numbers. The mean 8.5 is
23.55
more representative of all 8 items in the data.
1 9c. Md 21
4(10 10 45 58) or 30.75
5. X
9d. Mode 21
10 45
Md 2 or 27.5 9e. Since the mean 23.55, the median 21, and the
Mode 10 mode 21 are all representative values, any of
1 them could be used as an average.
1
6. X 0 (21 22 23 24 28 29 31 31
34 37)
28 Pages 904907 Exercises
28 29
Md 2 or 28.5 10. X
1
4(140 150 160 170) or 155
Mode 31 150 160
Md 2 or 155
1
3(91 94 95 98 99 105 105 107
7. X
Mode: none
107 107 111 111 112) 100 1
103.23 100 5(3 3 3 6 12) or 5.4
11. X
10,323 Md 3
Md 10,500 Mode 3
Mode 10,700 1
4(17 19 19 21) or 19
12. X
8a. 2 8 15 6 38 31 13 7 120
Md 19
120 members
8 Mode 19
8b. fi 120
i1
1
8(3 5 5 8 14 15 18 18)
13. X
8
10.75
(fi Xi) 2(3) 8(7) 15(11) 6(15) 8 14
Md 2 or 11
i1 38(19) 31(23) 13(27) 7(31)
2320 Mode 5 and 18
2320
X
120 or about 19.3 1
1
14. X 2 (54 58 62 63 64 70 76 76
8c.
Visits Members Cumulative Members 87 87 98)
73.5
15 2 2 70 76
59 8 10 Md 2 or 73
913 15 25 Mode 87
1
1327 6 31 1
15. X 2 (5 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11
1721 38 69 11 12)
2125 31 100 8.5
89
2529 13 113 Md 2 or 8.5
2933 7 120 Mode 6 and 11
1
Half of the data has been gathered in the 1721 9(117 124 139 142 145 151
16a. X
class. This is the median class. 155 160 172)
8d. 69 31 38 21 17 4 145 lb
60 31 29 Md 17 x
16b. Md 145 lb
38 29
x 1
4 9(122 129 144 147 150 156
16c. X
x 3.052631579
160 165 177)
Md 17 x
150 lb
Md 17 3.1
Md 150 lb
Md 20.1
Each will increase by 5 lb.
9a. stem leaf 1
2(35 2(38) 39 44 3(45) 48 2(57)
17. X
0 6 7 7 7 9
59)
1 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 45.8
2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 8 Md 45
3 0 1 1 1 2 4 4 6 8 Mode 45
4 1 1 1 2 7
1|3 13
Chapter 14 460
1 24. Order the values from least to greatest. The
1
18. X 4 (5.2 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.7 6.8
median lies between the fourth and fifth terms.
6.9 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.6 9.1) 2, 3, 3.2, 8, x, 11, 13, 14
6.95 88
6.8 6.9 x 8, since Md 2 or 8.
Md 2 or 6.85 1
25a. X 179 [9(245) 14(275) 23(325) 30(375)
Mode: none
1 33(425) 28(475) 18(525) 12(575)
1
19. X 5 (90 91 97 98 99 105 106 7(625) 3(675) 1(725) 1(775)]
109 113 3(118) 120 2(125)) 10 425.6
1088
25b.
Md 1090 Cumulative
Scores Number
Mode 1180 Number of
of Students
20. stem leaf Students
1 0 5 5 5 5 7 7 200250 9 9
2 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 7 8 250300 14 23
3 0 0 5 5 5 300350 23 46
4 6
350400 30 76
5 5
1|0 10 400450 33 109
21a. 135(11) $1485; 145(24) $3480; 450500 28 137
155(30) $4650; 165(10) $1650; 500550 18 155
175(13) $2275; 185(8) $1480; 550600 12 167
195(4) $780 600650 7 174
21b. 1485 3480 4650 1650 2275 1480 650700 3 177
780 $15,800 700750 1 178
21c. 11 24 30 10 13 8 4 100 750800 1 179
100 employees
15,800 179
21d. X
100 or about $158
2 89.5; Half of the data has been gathered in
the 400450 class. This is the median class.
21e.
Weekly Frequency Cumulative 25c. 109 76 33 450400 50
Wages Frequency 89.5 76 13.5 Md 400 x
$130$140 11 11 33 13.5
50 x
$140$150 24 35
x 20.4
5
$150$160 30 65 Md 400 x
$160$170 10 75 Md 400 20.5
$170$180 13 88 Md 420.5
1
$180$190 8 96 5(3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.8)
26a. X
$190$200 4 100 3.92
Md 3.7
Half of the data has been gathered in the
Mode 3.6
$150$160 class. This is the median class.
26b. Only the mean would change. It would increase
21f. 65 35 30 160 150 10
to 4.6.
50 35 15 Md 150 x 1
30 15
5(3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 8.2)
X
10 x
4.6
x5
26c. The mean increases slightly; the median
Md 150 x
increases slightly; the mode stays the same.
Md 150 5 1
Md 155 4(3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9)
X
21g. Both values represent central values of the data. 3.7
3.6 3.7
22. 7.5
1
(2 4 5 8 x) Md 2 or 3.65
5
37.5 19 x Mode 3.6
18.5 x 27a. Sample answer: {1, 2, 2, 2, 3}
1
23. 6 4(x 2x 1 2x 3x 1) 27b. Sample answer: {4, 5, 9}
24 8x 27c. Sample answer: {2, 10, 10, 12}
3x 27d. Sample answer: {3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9}
461 Chapter 14
28a. 50
30a. Let X
9
stem leaf
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 (X fi) 0 (50 5) (50 20) (50
i1 37) (50 44) (50 52)
3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
(50 68) (50 71)
8 8 9 9 9 9
(50 85) (50 x)
1 0 0 1 1 2 3 6 9
0 68 x
2 0 1 3
x 68
3 0 1
The weight should be hung 68 cm from the end.
4
5 2 50
30b. Let X
9
5|2 52 (X fi) 0 (50 5) (50 20) (50
5
1 i1 37) (50 44) (50 52)
28b. X 0 [7(1) 6(2) 4(3) 2(4) 3(5) 6(6)
(50 68) (50 71)
2(7) 2(8) 4(9) 2(10) 2(11) 12 (50 85) (50 x)
13 16 19 20 21 23 30 (50 x)
31 52]
8.7 0 118 2x
118 2x
28c. Md 6
59 x
28d. Mode 1 The weight should be hung 59 cm from the end.
28e. The mean 8.7 and the median 6 are 1
1
31a. X 0 (54 55 59 59 61 62 65 75
representative of the data, but the mode 1 is not
representative of the data. 162 226) 1000
1 $87,800
29a. X [1(170)
27 6(190) 10(210) 6(230) 61,000 62,000
31b. Md 2 or $61,500
3(250) 1(270)]
215.2 31c. Mode $59,000
31d. The mean, since it is the greatest measure of
29b.
Goals Number of Cumulative central tendency.
Teams Number of Teams 31e. The mode, since it is the least measure of central
160180 1 1 tendency.
180200 6 7 31f. Median; the mean is affected by the extreme
200220 10 17 values of $162,000 and $226,000, and only two
220240 6 23 people make less than the mode.
240260 3 26 31g. Sample answer: I have been with the company
for many years, and I am still making less than
260280 1 27
the mean salary.
27 1
13.5; Half of the data has been gathered in
2
32a. X 100 [12(2.00) 15(2.50) 31(3.00)
Chapter 14 462
33. He is shorter than the mean (5 11.6) and the
median (5 11.5). 14-3 Measures of Variability
1
1
X 0 (67 68 69 69 71 72 73 74
75 78) Page 914 Check for Understanding
71.6 or 5 11.6 1. The median of the data is 70, Q1 is 60, and Q3 is
71 72
Md 2 100. The interquartile range is 40 and the semi-
71.5 or 5 11.5 interquartile range is 20. The outliers are 170 and
180. The data in the first two quartiles are close
34.
22
together in range. The last two quartiles are more
diverse.
20
18
2. square the standard deviation
16 3. Both the mean deviation and the standard
14
deviation are measures of the average amount by
which individual items of data deviate from the
12
Frequency mean of all the data. The mean deviation uses the
10
absolute values of the deviations. Standard
8 deviation uses the squares of the deviations.
6
4. See students work.
4
5. interquartile range Q3 Q1
2
41 25
0 16
0 55 60 65 70 75
16
Speed Limit Semi-interquartile range 2
3 2 3
8
35. dependent; 11 1
0 55
n n1
36. an 3n ; an1
3n1
n1 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
3n1
r lim n
6. X
1
(4.45 5.50 5.50 6.30 7.80 11.00
n 3
n 8
3n(n 1) 12.20 17.20)
lim
n1
8.74
n 3 (n)
3 (n 1)
n 1
lim n MD 8(4.29 3.24 8.46)
n 3 3n
n1
lim 3n $3.54
n
1
n
lim 3n 3n
1
8 (4.29
2 (3.24)2 8.462
n
1 1 $4.11
3 0 or 3 1
7. X 200 [15(5000) 30(15,000) 50(25,000)
Since r 1, the series is convergent.
(1 i)n 1 60(35,000) 30(45,000) 15(55,000)]
37. Fn P i 30,250
(1 0.03)20 1
1500
(25,250) 15 (15,250) 30 24,750 15
2 2 2
0.03
200
$40,305.56 13,226.39
y 1
38.
8 1
8a. X 2 (65.7 65.9 65.9)
6 70.375
4 69.0 70.3
2 Md 2 or 69.65
O
864 2
4
2 4 6 8x
(4.875)2 (4.475)2 6.2252
12
6 4.25
8 1
1
8b. X 2 (57.3 63.3 57.5)
39. Perimeter 7 10 5 or 22 units 80.48
Area 11(11
17)(1)(11
5 10) 77.5 82.1
Md 2 or 79.8
264
16.25 square units
(23.18) (22.98) 25.32
2 2 2
12
The perimeter is greater.
The correct choice is A. 17.06
463 Chapter 14
8c. Los Angeles 1
1
14. X 0 (5.7 5.7 3.8)
4.89
1
0 (0.81 0.81 1.09)
MD 1
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
0.672
Las Vegas
0.81 0.81 (1.09)
2 2 2
10
0.73
1
1
15. X 2 (369 376 454)
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
8d. Los Angeles 403.5
1
8e. Los Angeles is near an ocean; Las Vegas is in a 2 (34.5 27.5 50.5)
MD 1
desert. 20.25
(34.5) (27.5) 50.5
2 2 2
12
Pages 915917 Exercises 25.31
9. interquartile range Q3 Q1 1
5(13 22 34 55 91)
16. X
24 17
7 43
(30)2 (21)2 (9)2 122 482
7
semi-interquartile range 2 or 3.5 Variation
5
774
1
17. X 120 [2(3) 8(7) 7(31)]
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 19.33
(16.33) 2 (12.33) 8 11.67 7
2 2 2
10. interquartile range Q3 Q1
120
21.5 12
6.48
9.5 1
9.5
semi-interquartile range 2 or 4.75 9
18. X 0 [3(57) 7(65) 12(97)]
81.8
(24.8) 3 (16.8) 7 15.2 12
2 2 2
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9.69
1
11. interquartile range Q3 Q1 8
19. X 5 [2(80) 11(100) 7(180)]
10.5 7.6 129.65
2.9
(49.65) 2 (29.65) 11 50.35 7
2 2 2
2.9
semi-interquartile range 2 or 1.45
85
23.29
20a. Md 259 mi
20b. Q1 129 mi; Q3 360 mi
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
20c. interquartile range Q3 Q1
12. 360 129
231 mi
231
20d. semi-interquartile range 2
115.5 mi
20e. An outlier would lie 231 115.5 or 346.5 mi
outside of Q1 or Q3. There are no such points.
20f.
1
6(152 158 721)
13. X
381 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1
MD 6(229 223 340) 20g. The data in the upper quartile is more diverse
211 than the other quartiles.
21. Sample answer: {15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 26, 30,
(229) (223) 340
2 2 2
6 35, 45}
223.14 22a. Md 282
22b. Q1 42; Q3 770
Chapter 14 464
22c. interquartile range Q3 Q1 5
1
25a. X 0 [26(9) 12(11) 2(21)]
770 42
728 11
728
(9 11) 26 (11 11) 12 (21 11) 2
2 2 2
semi-interquartile range
2 25b.
50
364 2.94
22d. An outlier would lie 728 364 or 1092 points 26. yes; when the standard deviation is less than 1;
outside of Q1 or Q3. There are no such points. when both equal 0 or 1
22e. 27. See students work.
1
3
28a. X 5 [2(4.4) 4.9 5.4 5.5 2(6.2) 6.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 6.5 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7
1 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.6
22f. X (22
19 23 966) 8.7 8.8 3(8.9) 9.0 9.2 2(9.3)
404.42 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9]
1 7.75
9 (382.4 381.4 561.58)
22g. MD
1
316.97 28b. Md 8.0
382.42 381.42 561.582 28c. Mode 8.9
22h. Variance
19
29a. range 68 23 or 45
118,712.56
29b. Sample answer: 10
22i.
118,71
2.56 29c. Sample answer: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70
344.55
29d. Sample answer:
22j. There is a great variability among the number of
teams in womens sports. Programs Sold Frequency
23a. Q1 $2414, Md $2838, Q3 $4147 2030 2
23b. interquartile range Q3 Q1 3040 1
4147 2414 4050 2
1733 5060 5
23c. An outlier would lie 1733 866.5 or $2599.5 6070 2
outside of Q1 or Q3. There are two such values,
$20,480 and $21,914. 29e. Sample answer:
23d.
4
0 5000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Frequency
1
1
23e. X 9 (1988 2232 21,914)
2
4969.26
1 0
MD (2981.3
19 2737.3 16.945) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
3507.18 Programs
Sold
(2981.3) (2737.3) 16,945
2 2 2
23f.
19 1
30. 9(9!) 40,302 ways
5643.35
31. x1 0.5(8) 1 or 3
23g. The data in the upper quartile is diverse. x2 0.5(3) 1 or 0.5
24a. x3 0.5(0.5) 1 or 0.75
32. 7 ft 7(12) or 84 in.
84 9 93 in.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 93
31 in.
1 3
4
24b. X 2 (0 0 635)
31
31 in. 1
2 or 2 ft 7 in.
60.40
1
The correct choice is C.
2 (60.40 60.40 574.60)
MD 4
67.87
(60.40)2 (60.40)2 (514.60)2
24c. Variance
42
14,065.48
24d.
14,06
5.48
118.60
24e. The data in the upper quartile is diverse.
465 Chapter 14
Page 917 Mid-Chapter Quiz 3.
1. Sample answer: 10
2. Sample answer:
3. Sample answer:
Physics Exam
10
8
Frequency 6
4 5. 50th percentile; it contains half of the data.
2 6a.
0
0 50 60 70 80 90 100
Exam Score
4. stem leaf
5 4 5 445 480 515 550 585 620 655
6 2 2 4 5 6b. Since 515 and 585 are within are standard
7 1 5 6 7 8 9 deviation of the mean, it contains 68.3% of the
8 0 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 data.
9 0 2 3 3 5 6 8 9 6c. 99.7% of the data lie within 3 standard
54 54 deviations of the mean.
1
3
5. X 0 (54 55 99)
550 3(35) 445 655
81.1 6d. 550 480 70, 620 550 70
84 85 tj 70
6. Md 2 or 84.5 t(35) 70
7. Mode 89 t 2 95.5%
8. 0.995(200) 191 values
7a. Since 22 and 26 are within one standard
deviation of the mean, it contains 68.3% of the
50 60 70 80 90 100 data.
9. MD
1
(27.1 26.1 17.9) 7b. 24 20.5 3.5, 27.5 24 3.5
30
tj 3.5
10.42 t(2) 3.5
10. Sample answer: The data that are less than the t 1.75 92.9%
median are more spread out than the data greater 7c. 24 0.7(2) 22.6 and 24 0.7(2) 25.4
than the median. 22.6 25.4
7d. 24 1.96(2) 20.08 and 24 1.96(2) 27.92
20.08 27.92
14-4 The Normal Distribution 8a.
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Chapter 14 466
8c. Chemistry; the chemistry grade is 3 standard 13b. tj 180
X tj 150
X
deviations above the class mean, while the 140 t(20) 180 140 t(20) 150
speech grade is only 2 standard deviations above 20t 40 20t 10
the class mean. t 2 t 0.5
95.5% 38.3%
2 47.75%
2 19.15%
47.75 19.15 28.6%
Pages 923925 Exercises
13c. 50%
9a.
25% 25%
467 Chapter 14
15b. 18. 96%
20
15
Frequency
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2% 2%
Number of Tails
1 46 51 56 61 66 71 76
6
15c. X 4 [0(1) 1(6) 2(15) 3(20) 4(15)
96% corresponds to t 2.1.
5(6) 6(1)]
61 2.1(5) 50.5 months
3
19a. 30%
(0 3) (1 3) (6 3)
2 2 2
15d. j 20% 20%
64
1.2 15% 15%
15e. They are similar.
16a. 84%
44 51 58 65 72 79 86
8% 8% 70% corresponds to t 1.0.
65 1.0(7) 72
19b. 65 1.0(7) 58
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 t 19c. 30% corresponds to t 0.4
65 0.4(7) 67.8 68
The 92nd percentile is the upper limit to 84% of
The lowest score for an A is 72, so the highest
the data that is centered about the mean. 84%
score for a B is 71. The interval for Bs is 6871.
corresponds to t 1.4. The 92nd percentile is
1.4 standard deviations above the mean. 20a. a normal distribution with a small standard
deviation
16b. 57.6%
20b. a normal distribution with a large standard
21.2% 21.2% deviation
20c. a distribution where values greater than the
mean are more spread out than values less than
the mean
20d. a distribution where all values occur with the
same frequency
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 t 21a. 95% corresponds to t 1.96
tj 260
X tj 250
X
t 0.8 corresponds to 57.6% of the data centered
100 57.6
255 1.96j 260 255 1.96j 250
about the mean. 2 21.2 1.96j 5 1.96j 5
21.2 57.6 78.8 percentile j 2.55 j 2.55
17a. tj 22.3
X about 2.55 mL
20.4 t(0.8) 22.3 21b. tj 357
X tj 353
X
0.8t 1.9 355 t(2.55) 357 355 t(2.55) 353
t 2.38 98.4% 2.55t 2 2.55t 2
100 98.4 t 0.78 t 0.78
0.8%
2
57.6%
17b. 100 0.8 99.2% 147 150
22a. Md 2 or 148.5
22b. Q1 110, Q3 200
22c. interquartile range Q3 Q1
200 110
90
90
22d. semi-interquartile range 2 or 45
22e.
Chapter 14 468
1 3. About 68.3%; the answer for Exercise 2 can be
9(19 33 42 42 45 48 55 71 79)
23. X
rounded to 0.683, which equals 68.3%.
48.2
Md 45 4.
Mode 42
24. y sec(k c) h
2
k: k 2
k4
c
c: k
c 0.95449974
4
5.
c 4
h3
y sec(4 4) 3
25a. Sample answer: Use a graphing calculator to
enter the year data as L1 and the Enrollment
data as L2. Then make a scatter plot. The
scatter plot indicates that a cubic function would 0.9973002
best fit the data. Perform a cubic regression to
6. The answer for Exercise 3 can be rounded to
find the equation
0.954, which is about 95.5%. The answer for
y 0.05x3 2.22x2 29.72x 366.92.
Exercise 4 can be rounded to 0.997, which equals
25b. Sample answer: 99.7%.
2015 1965 50
7. 0.9999; t 4 corresponds to P 0.999.
f(50) 0.05 503 2.22 502 29.72 50 366.92
2553 students 8.
26.
60 4
x 3 60 5
1 2
30
1; no; since the curve is approaching the x-axis
Since vertical angles are equal, m2 60.
asymptotically, the area is probably not exactly
m1 60 30 180
equal to 1.
m1 90
Since an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
measure of the sum of the two remote interior
angles, x 60 m1. So, x 60 90 and x 30.
The correct choice is E.
14-5 Sample Sets of Data
0.68268949
469 Chapter 14
7. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% and 20. jX
11.12
t 2.58. 1
000
5 0.3516452758
jX 5
or 0.83
36
tjX 110 2.58jX
interval: X
tjX 45 2.58(0.83
internal: X ) 109.09110.91
42.8547.15 21. P 90% corresponds to t 1.65.
4
8. A 5% confidence interval is given when P 95% jX or 0.4
100
and t 1.96.
tjX 68 1.65(0.4)
interval: X
5.6
jX
300
67.3468.66 in.
2.4
0.323316156 22. jX
or 0.24
100
tjX 55 1.96jX
internal: X tjX 24 1.96(0.24)
interval: X
23.5324.47
54.3755.63
3.5 17.1
9a. jX 23. jX
3
50
150
0.29 0.9140334473
9b. P 50% corresponds to t 0.7. tjX 4526 1.96jX
interval: X
tjX 27.5 0.7jX
interval: X 4524.214527.79
28
27.3027.70 min 24. jX
370
9c. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% 1.455650686
and t 2.58. tjX 678 1.96jX
interval: X
tjX 27.5 2.58jX
interval: X 675.15680.85
27.7628.24 min 0.67
25. jX
80
0.0749082772
Pages 930932 Exercises tjX 5.38 1.96jX
interval: X
1.8 5.235.53
10. jX or 0.2 1
8
1 26a. X
64 [1(4) 3(6) 2(20)]
5.8
11. jX
250
12.375
0.37
(4 12.375) (6 12.375) (20 12.375)
2 2 2
26b. j
64
7.8
12. jX
140 3.37
0.66 26c. jX
3.37
14
64
13. jX
7
00 0.42
0.53 26d. P 0.95 corresponds to t 1.96.
2.7
14. jX interval: X tjX 12.375 1.96(0.42)
130
11.5513.20 min
0.24
13.5 26e. tjX 1
15. jX
3
75 t(0.42) 1
0.70 t 2.38 about 98.4%
5.6 12
16. 0.056 27. jX
N 45
N
100 1.788854382
N 100,000 tjX 3
5.3 t 1.68 91.1%
17. jX
5
0 100 91.1 8.9%
0.7495331881 1.4
28a. jX
interval: X tjX 335 2.58jX 5
0
333.07336.93 0.1979898987 or about 0.20
40
18. jX or 5 28b. A 5% confidence interval is given when P 95%
64
and t 1.96.
tjX 200 2.58(5)
interval: X
tjX 16.2 1.96j X
interval: X
187.1212.9
12 15.8116.59 mm
19. jX
200 28c. P 99% corresponds to t 2.58.
0.8485281374 tjX 16.2 2.58jX
interval: X
tjX 80 2.58jX
interval: X 15.6916.71 mm
77.8182.91 28d. P 0.80 corresponds to t 1.3
tjX 16.2 1.3jX
interval: X
15.9416.46 mm
45
29a. jX
1
or 4.5
00
Chapter 14 470
29b. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% 34c. 50% of 10,000 0.50(10,000)
and t 2.58. 5000 tires
tjX 350 2.58(4.5)
interval: X 34d. tj 50,000
X
338.39361.61 hours 40,000 t(5000) 50,000
29c. Sample answer: 338 hours, there is only 0.5% 5000t 10,000
chance the mean is less than this number. t 2 95.5%
100% 95.5%
30. 10.2064 9.7936 0.4128 2.25%
2
0.4128
2 0.2064 0.0225(10,000) 225 tires
tjX 0.2064 34e. tj 25,000
X
2.58tjX 0.2064 40,000 t(5000) 25,000
jX 0.08 5000t 15,000
jX
j
t 3 99.7%
N 100% 99.7%
0.15%
0.8 2
0.08
N 0.0015(10,000) 15 tires
N
10 1
8(44 49 55 58 61 68 71 72)
35. X
N 100 packages
1.8 59.75
31a. jX
1
1
0
MD 8(15.75 10.75 12.25)
0.57
8.25
X tjX 4.1 1.96(0.57)
31b. interval:
(15.75) (10.75) (12.25)
2 2 2
2.985.22 hours j
8
With a 5% level of confidence, the average family
in the town will have their televisions on from 9.59
a1 a1rn
2.98 to 5.22 hours. 36. Sn
1r
31c. Sample answer: None; the sample is too small to n 10, a1 1
1
6, r 4
generalize to the population of the city.
1 1
32a. jX
3.2
1
6 (4)
16
10
5
0
S10 14
0.45
349,525
32b. P 50% corresponds to t 0.7. 1 or 21,845.3125
6
tjX 42.7 0.7jX
interval: X
37. xy
42.3843.02 crackers
r cos v r sin v
32c. Sample answer: No; there is a 50% chance that sin v
the true mean is in the interval. However, since 1
cos v
43 is near one end of the interval, they may 1 tan v
want to take another sample in the near future. tan1(1) v
33a. A 5% confidence interval gives a P 95% and 45 v
t 1.96. 38. tan x cot x 2
753.136 746.864 1
2 3.136 tan x
tan x 2
471 Chapter 14
4. range 22. j 2.4)
2 (2.4)2
2 .62
5. measure of central tendency 1.74
6. population 23. 88 78 10 98 88 10
7. bimodal tj 10
8. inferential statistics t(5) 10
9. histogram t 2 95.5%
10. standard deviation 24. 88 86 2 90 88 2
tj 2
t(5) 2
t 0.4 0.311
Pages 934936 Skills and Concepts
25. 90% corresponds to t 1.65.
11. range 14.0 9.0 or 5
tj 88 1.65(5)
interval: X
12. 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5 79.7596.25
13. Women's Tennis Shoes 26. 0.683(150) 102.45
18 27. 0.955(150) 143.25
16 0.683
14 28. (150)
2 51.225
1.5
12 29. jX
9
0
Frequency 10
8 0.16
4.9
6 30. jX
120
4
0.45
2
25
0 31. jX
4
or 1.25
00
0 9 10 11 12 13 14
18
Weight (ounces) 32. jX
or 3.6
25
1 15
9(2 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8)
14. X 33. jX
50
5 2.121320344
Md 5 tjX 100 2.58jX
interval: X
Mode 4 94.53105.47
1
5(160 200 200 240 250)
15. X 34. jX
30
1
5
210 7.745966692
Md 200
tjX 90 2.58jX
interval: X
Mode 200
70.02109.98
1
5(11 13 15 16 19)
16. X
35. jX
24
2
00
14.8
1.697056275
Md 15
Mode: none tjX 40 2.58jX
interval: X
1 35.6244.38
8(5.9 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8)
17. X 0.5
36. jX
200
6.45
6.4 6.6 0.035
Md 2 or 6.5
37. P 0.90 corresponds to t 1.65.
Mode 6.3 and 6.6 tjX 1.8 1.65(0.035)
range: X
1
8(122 128 130 131 133 135 141
18. X 1.741.86 h
146) 38. A 5% confidence level is given when P 95% and
133.25 t 1.96.
131 133 tjX 1.8 1.96(0.035)
range: X
Md 2 or 132 1.731.87 h
Mode: none 39. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% and
19. interquartile range Q3 Q1 t 2.58.
52 tjX 1.8 2.58(0.035)
range: X
3 1.711.89 h
20. semi-interquartile range 2 or 1.5
3 40. P 0.90 corresponds to t 1.65.
1.4
1 jX or 0.14
1
21. X 0 (1 1 6)
100
Chapter 14 472
Page 397 Applications and Problem Solving m x%(10n)
x
41a. stem leaf 2000
100 (10 20)
1 0 3 5 6 7 9
1000 x
2 1 3 4 5
The correct choice is D.
3 9 9
10 10 4. The numbers in S are positive numbers that are
1 less than 100 and the square root of each number
2(10 13 15 16 17 19 21 23
41b. X is an integer. So the set S contains perfect squares
24 25 39 39) between 0 and 100.
21.75 Make a list of the
19 21 n n
41c. Md 2 or 20 numbers, n, in set S.
From your list, you can 1 1
41d. Mode 39
see that the median, or 4 2
42. X tj 80 9 3
middle value for n, is 25.
75 t(2) 80 16 4
The correct choice is C.
2t 5 25 5
t 2.5 98.8% 36 6
100% 98.8%
2 0.6% 49 7
64 8
81 9
Page 397 Open-Ended Assessment 5. mDBA 90 30 60
1a. Sample answer: {2, 3, 10, 20, 40} mEBC 90 40 50
1b. Sample answer: 15 mABC 180 mDBA mEBC
2. See students work. 180 (60) (50) or 70
The correct choice is E.
1
6(10 20 30 35 35 50)
6. X
473 Chapter 14
9. This Quantitative Comparison problem contains 1
1
10. X 0 [820 (65) (32) 0 1 2 3
only numbersno variables. So answer choice D
32 64 820]
can be eliminated. Write the numbers of A in 1
increasing order: 1
0 (1 2 3)
4, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11. 6
1
23 0
Md 2 or 2.5 The answer is 0.6, 6/10, or 3/5.
1
B 6[10 5
X (3) 4 7 (8)]
2.5
The columns are equal. The correct choice is C.
Chapter 14 474
Chapter 15 Introduction to Calculus
6. lim (1 x 2x cos x) 1 0 20 cos 0
15-1 Limits x0
111
1
x2 x2
7. lim lim
Page 945 Graphing Calculator Exploration x2 x2 4 (x 2)(x 2)
x2
1
1. lim
x2
x2
1 1
2 2 or 4
x 3x
2 x(x 3)
8. lim lim
x0 x 4x x0 x(x 4)
3 2
x3
lim
x0 x 4
2
03 3
or
02 4 4
x2 3x 10 (x 5)(x 2)
ex 1 9. lim x2 5x 6 lim (x 3)(
x 2)
lim
x 1 x3 x3
x0 (3 5)(3 2)
(3 3)(3 2)
2. 8(1) 4
6(5) or 15
2x 5x 2
2 (2x 1)(x 2)
10. lim lim
x2 x x 2 x2 (x 1)(x 2)
2
2x 1
lim
x2 x 1
2(2) 1
2 1 or 1
11a. v (r )
x2 4 0.16
lim 4 0.14
x2 x 3x 2
2
0.12
3. y is undefined when x 1. 0.10 v (r ) 0.65(0.52 r 2)
x2 4 (x 2)(x 2) 0.08
4. lim
x
2 3x 2 lim
(x 2)(x 1) 0.06
x2 x2
x2 0.04
lim
x1 0.02
x2
22 O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 r
21 or 4
Yes, the limit is the same. 11b. As the molecules get farther from the center and
5. No; if the exact answer is a complicated fraction or closer to the pipe, r is increasing. As r increases,
an irrational number, you may not be able to tell v(r) gets closer and closer to 0 in./s.
what it is from the decimals displayed by a
calculator.
Pages 946948 Exercises
12. The closer x is to 2, the closer y is to 1. So,
Page 946 Check for Understanding lim f(x) 1. Also f(2) 1.
x2
1. Sample answer: The limit of f(x) as x approaches a
13. The closer x is to 0, the closer y is to 0. So,
is the number that the values of f(x) get closer to
lim f(x) 0. However, there is point discontinuity
as the values of x gets closer and closer to a. x0
2. Sample answer: lim f(x) is the number that the when x 0. So f(0) is undefined.
x1 14. The closer x is to 3, the closer y is to 4. So,
values of f(x) approach as x approaches 1. f(1) is
lim f(x) 4. However, there is a point at (3, 2).
the number that you get if you actually plug 1 into x3
the function. They are the same if f(x) is So f(3) 2.
continuous at x 1. 15. lim (4x2 3x 6) 4(2)3 3(2) 6
x2
3. Sample answer: If f(x) is continuous at x a you 16 6 6
can plug a into the function. If the function is not 16
continuous, you may be able to simplify it and 16. lim (x 3x 4) (1)3 3(1)2 4
3 2
x1
then plug in a. If neither of these methods work, 134
you can use a calculator. Examples will vary. 0
sin x sin
4. The closer x is to 0, the closer y is to 3. So, lim f(x) 17. lim
x
x0 x
3. However, there is a point at (0, 1), so f(0) 1. 0
or 0
5. lim (4x2 2x 5) 4(2)2 2(2) 5
x2
16 4 5 18. lim (x cos x) 0 cos 0
x0
17 0 1 or 1
475 Chapter 15
x2 25 (x 5)(x 5) 1 1x
x 5 lim
19. lim 1
x5 x x
31. lim
x5 x5
lim
lim (x 5) x1 x 1 x1 x 1
x5 1x 1
5 5 or 10 lim x
(1 x)
2n2 x1
20. lim n lim 2n lim x
1
x0 x0 x1
2(0) or 0 1
1 or 1
x2 3x x(x 3)
21. lim
x
2 2x 15 lim
(x 5)(x 3)
x4
x4 x 2
x3 x3
x
32. lim x 2 lim x 2 x 2
lim
x5
x4 x4
(x 4)(x 2)
x3
3 3 lim x4
3 5 or 8
x4
lim x 2
x3 3x2 4x 8 13 3(1)2 4(1) 8 x4
22. lim x6 16
x1 4
2 or 4
1348 8
7 or 7 33. lim
2h3 h2 5h
lim
h(2h2 h 5)
h h
4h 4
h2 (h 2)(h 2) h0 h0
23. lim
h2 lim
h2 lim (2h2 h 5)
h2 h2
h0
lim h 2 2(0)2 0 5 or 5
h2
2 2 or 0 x 0
cos (x ) cos (0 )
34. lim
2x2 3x 2(3)2 3(3) x0
24. lim
cos () or
33 2(3)2 3 6
x3 2x2 x 6
x3
18 9 1
27 18 9 or 2 35.
x3 x2 2x x(x2 x 2)
25. lim
3 4x2 2x lim
x0 (x 4x 2)
x x 2
x0
x2 x 2
lim
x0 x 4x 2
2
0 02
2
or 1
02 4(0) 2
x cos x x cos x
26. lim 2 lim
x0 x x x0 x(x 1)
cos x
lim tan 2x
x0 x 1 lim x 2
cos 0 x0
0 1 or 1
(x 2) 4
2 x2 4x 4 4 36.
27. lim 4 lim x
x0 x0
x(x 4)
lim x
x0
lim (x 4)
x0
0 4 or 4
(x 1)2 1 x2 2x 1 1
28. lim
x2 lim
x2
x2 x2
x(x 2) ln x
lim
lim 0.5
x2 x 2 x1 ln (2x 1)
lim x
x2 37.
2
x3 8 (x 2)(x2 2x 4)
29. lim
x2 4 lim (x 2)(x 2)
x2 x2
x2 2x 4
lim
x2
x2
(2)2 2(2) 4
2 2
444
or 3
4 1
8
2x 8 2(x 4) lim 0.5
30. lim lim x1 x 1
(x 4)(x2 4x 16)
x4 x 64
3
x4
2
lim
x2 4x 16
x4
2
42 4(4) 16
2 1
4
8 or 24
Chapter 15 476
38. 45. When P 0.99, t 2.58.
Find X.
1.4
X
5
0
0.20
Find the range.
tj X 16.2 2.58(0.20)
X
15.68416.716 mm
9
3x sin 3x
4.5 46. P(not getting a 7) 10
lim
x2 sin x 5
P(never getting a 7 in five spins) 1
0
x0 9
39. lim a
a2 c2 a
a2 02
c0 59,049
a2
100,000
5
Letting c approach 0 moves the foci together, so 47. (x 3y)5
5!
(x)5r (3y)r
r!(5 r)!
the ellipse becomes a circle. a2 is the area of a r0
circle of radius a. To find the third term, evaluate the general term
40. x
for r 2.
2 1 10
5! 5!
f(x) x
r!(5 r)! (x)5r(3y)r
2!(5 2)! (x)
52(3y)2
x y 5!
3 2
2! 3! (x )(9y )
1 0.06697
10(x3)(9y2)
0.1 0.06908 90x3y2
y8 4
3 3
180 0
42b. yes; in the last three columns, all the decimal 1 2 3 4
x2
places of 1
2 agree with those of cos x.
210 330
d(t) d(2) 16t2 64
43. lim
t2 lim
t2 240 300
t2 t2 270
16(t 2)(t 2)
lim
t2 u
t2 51. WX 3 4, 6 0
lim 16(t 2) 7, 6
t2
16(2 2) or 64 ft/s u
WX (3 4)2 (6
0)2
44a. As x approaches 0, the decimals for the values of 49
36
1
f(x) (1 x) x approach 2.71828 ... , which is the 85
25 in. 1 yd 1 mi
decimal expansion of e. 52. C 1
36 in. 1760 yd 0.0012395804 mi
44b. He ignored the exponent. As x approaches 0 from 65
1 v C 52437.09741
the positive side, x approaches infinity. A v v
number close to 1 raised to a large power need w t
3600 s
not be close to 1. If x approaches 0 from the 14.6 rps
1
negative side, x approaches negative infinity. A
number close to 1 raised to a large negative
power need not be close to 1, either.
477 Chapter 15
1 y 3. 0.5
53. csc 270
sin 270
1
y
270
1
1 or 1
x
Page 950
1-6. Exact answers are given. Accept all reasonable
approximations.
1. 4
Chapter 15 478
3. f(x h) means substitute the quantity x h into 13. C(x) 1000 10x 0.001x2
the function. On the other hand, f(x) h means C(x) 0 10 1x11 0.001(2)x21
substitute x into the function, then add h to the C(x) 10 0.002x
result. Using f(x) h instead of f(x h) in the C(1000) 10 0.002(1000)
definition of the derivative results in: 8
f(x) h f(x) h The marginal cost is $8.
lim
h lim
h0 h0 h
lim 1
h0
1 Pages 958960 Exercises
f(x h) f(x)
14. f (x) lim
h
You would always get 1. h0
f(x h) f(x) 2(x h) 2x
4. f (x) lim lim
h
h h0
h0
2x 2h 3x
3(x h) 2 (3x 2) lim h
lim
h h0
h0 2h
3x 3h 2 3x 2 lim h
lim
h
h0
h0 2
3h f(x h) f(x)
lim
h 15. f (x) lim
h0 h
h0
3 lim
7(x h) 4 (7x 4)
f(x h) f(x) h
h0
5. f (x) lim
h 7x 7h 4 7x 4
h0 lim
h
(x h)2 x h (x2 x) h0
lim
h 7h
h0 lim
x2 2xh h2 x h x2 x h0 h
lim
h0
h 7
2xh h2 h f(x h) f(x)
lim
h 16. f (x) lim
h
h0 h0
h(2x h 1) 3(x h) (3x)
lim
h lim
h
h0 h0
lim 2x h 1 lim
3x 3h 3x
h0 h
h0
2x 0 1 or 2x 1 3h
lim
h
6. f(x) 2x2 3x 5 h0
f (x) 2 2x21 3 1x11 0 3
4x 3 17. f (x) lim
f(x h) f(x)
h
7. f(x) x3 2x2 3x 6 h0
4(x h) 9 (4x 9)
f (x) 1 3x31 2 2x21 3 1x11 0 lim
h
h0
3x2 4x 3 4x 4h 9 4x 9
8. f(x) 3x4 2x3 3x 2 lim
h
h0
f (x) 3 4x41 2 3x31 3 1x11 0 lim
4h
h
12x3 6x2 3 h0
9. y x2 2x 3 4
dy f(x h) f(x)
2 1x21 2 lx11 0 18. f (x) lim
h
dx h0
dy 2(x h)2 5(x h) (2x2 5x)
dx 2x 2 lim
h
h0
f (1) 2(1) 2 2x2 4xh 2h2 5x 5h 2x2 5x
4 lim
h
h0
10. f(x) x2 4xh 2h2 5h
lim
h
1 h0
F(x) 21 C
2 1x h(4x 2h 5)
1 lim
h
3x3 C h0
479 Chapter 15
20. f(x) 8x 34. y (5x2 7)2
f (x) 8 1x11 25x4 70x2 49
8 dy
100x3 140x
dx
21. f(x) 2x 6 f(1) 100(1)3 140(1)
f (x) 2 1x11 0 240
2
1 4
35. f(x) x6
22. f(x) 3x 5 F(x)
1
61 C
61 x
1
f (x) 3 1x11 0 1
7x7 C
1
3 36. f(x) 3x 4
1
23. f(x) 3x2
2x 9 F(x) 3 11 4x C
1 1x
f (x) 3 2x21 2 1x11 0 3
6x 2 2x2 4x C
1
24. f(x) 2x2 x 2 37. f(x) 4x2 6x 7
1 1
1 F(x) 4 21 6 x11 7x C
2 1x 11
f (x) 2 2x21 1 1x11 0
4
x1 3x3 3x2 7x C
25. f(x) x3 2x2 5x 6 38. f(x) 12x2 6x 1
f (x) 3x31 2 2x21 5 1x11 0 12
1
21 6 x11 x C
1
21x 11
3x2 4x 5
4x3 3x2 x C
26. f(x) 3x4 7x3 2x2 7x 12
39. f(x) 8x3 5x2 9x 3
f (x)
3 4x41 7 3x31 2 2x21 7 1x11 0 F(x)
12x3 21x2 4x 7 8
1
x31 5
1
21 9 x11 3x C
1
31 2 1x 11
27. f(x) (x2 3)(2x 7) 5 9
2x3 7x2 6x 21 2x4 3x3 2x2 3x C
f (x) 2 3x31 7 2x21 6 1x11 0 1 2
40. f(x) 4x4 3x2 4
6x2 14x 6 1 1 2 1
F(x) 4 41 x21 4x C
4 1x
28. f(x) (2x 4)2 3 21
1 2
4x2 16x 16 2
0 x 9 x 4x C
5 3
f (x) 4 2x21 16 1x11 0
41. f(x) (2x 3)(3x 7)
8x 16
6x2 5x 21
29. f(x) (3x 4)3 1 1
27x3 108x2 144x 64 F(x) 6 21 5 x11 21x C
2 1x 11
f (x) 27 3x31 108 2x21 144 1x11 0 5
2x3 2x2 21x C
81x2 216x 144
2 1 42. f(x) x4(x 2)2
30. f(x) 3x3 3x2 x 9 x6 4x5 4x4
2 1 1 1 1
f (x) 3 3x31 3 2x21 1 1x11 0 F(x) 61 4 x51 4 x41 C
6 1x 51 41
2 1 2 4
2x2 3x 1 7x7 3x6 5x5 C
x3 4x2 x
31. y x3 43. f(x) x
dy
dx 3x2 x2 4x 1
1 1
f (1) 3(1)2 F(x) 21 4 x11 x C
2 1x 11
3 1
3x3 2x2 x C
32. y x3 7x2 4x 9 2x2 5x 3
dy 44. f(x)
dx 3x2 14x 4 x3
2x 1
f (1) 3(1)2 14(1) 4 1
7 F(x) 2 11 x C
1 1x
33. y (x 1)(x 2) x2 x C
x2 x 2 45. Any function of the form F(x) 6x6 4x4 3x3
1 1 1
dy
dx 2x 1 x C, where C is a constant.
1
f (1) 2(1) 1 46a. v(12) 15 4(12) 8(12)2
1
81 ft/s
Chapter 15 480
46b. v(t) 15 4t 8t2
1 49a. h(t) 3 80t 16t2
1
h(t) v(t) 0 80 1t11 16 2t21
v(t) 0 4 1t11 8 2t21 80 32t
4 4t
1 49b. v(1) 80 32(1)
1 48 ft/s
v(12) 4 4(12)
49c. At the balls maximum height, the velocity is 0.
7 ft/s2 0 80 32t
46c. When t 12 the cars velocity is increasing at a 80 32t
rate of 7 ft/s per second. 2.5 t; 2.5 s
46d. v(t) 15 4t 8t2
1 49d. h(2.5) 3 80(2.5) 16(2.5)2
1 1 1
103 ft
s(t) 15t 4 11 t21 C
1 1t 8 21 f(x h) f(x)
50. f (x) lim
h
1 h0
15t 2t2 t3
24 C exh ex
lim
When t 0, s(t) should equal 0, so C 0. h0 h
1 ex eh ex
s(t) 15t 2t2 2
4t
3
lim
h
h0
1
46e. s(12) 15(12) 2(12)2 2
4 (12)
3 ex (eh 1)
lim
h
h0
540 ft
eh 1
47. f (x) lim
f(x h) f(x)
ex lim
h
h h0
h0
eh 1
1
1
A calculator indicates that lim
h 1, so
xh x h0
lim
h f (x) ex 1 ex. i. e. ex is its own derivative.
h0
x xh
51a. total revenue cost per cup number of cups
x(x h) x(x h)
lim r(p) p(100 2p)
h0 h 51b. When r(p) is at a maximum, the derivative
h
equals zero.
x(x h)
lim
h
r(p) p(100 2p)
h0 100p 2p2
1
lim r(p) 100 1p11 2 2p21
h0 x(x h)
100 4p
1
x(x 0) 0 100 4p
1 100 4p
25 p; 25 cents
x2
x2 3x 3 (x 3)(x 1)
48a. When y 2003, I(2003) 1.6. 52. lim lim
x3 x3
The total amount spent in 2003 on health care x3 x3
will be about $1.6 trillion. lim x 1
x3
48b. Draw a line tangent to T(y) at (2003, 1.6). 3 1 or 4
Health Care Spending 53a.
(Trillions of Dollars)
$2.0
Projections 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
53b. See students work.
1.5
54. List all pairs of matching numbers and their
sums.
Total 1 1 2; 2 2 4; 3 3 6; 4 4 8;
1.0
Private 5 5 10; 6 6 12
Public There are 3 sums out of 6 that are greater than
0.5 seven.
3
P(sum 7 given that the numbers match) 6
0 1
'92 '94 '96 '98 2000 '03 '06 2
Source: Health Care Financing Administration 55. an a1rn1
1 61
Find the slope of the tangent line at (2003, 1.6). a6 93
1.6 1 9 1
T (2003)
2003 1998
243 or 27
481 Chapter 15
57. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 Page 960 Mid-Chapter Quiz
22 (1)2 2D E F 0 1. lim (2x2 4x 6) 2(3)2 4(3) 6
2D E F 5 0 x3
(3)2 02 3D F 0 3D F 9 0 18 12 6
12 42 D 4E F 0 D4E F 17 0 36
x2 9x 14 (x 7)(x 2)
2D E F 5 0 3D F 9 0 2. lim lim
2x2 7x 6 (2x 3)(x 2)
(3D E F 9) 0 ( D 4E F 17) 0 x2 x2
x7
5D E 4 0 4D 4E 8 0 lim
2x 3
x2
43 4E 8 0
1
20D 4E 16 0 27
2(2) 3 or 5
28
(4D 4E 8) 0 4E 3
7 sin 2x
24D 8 0 E 3 3. x
sin x
lim x 2
x x0
3 F90
1 1
D
3
3
1 0.9093
F 8
1 7 0.1 1.9867
The solution of the system is D 3, E 3, and
0.01 1.9999
F 8
1 7 0.01 1.9999
x2 y2 3x 3y 8 0
2 2
0.1 1.9867
x 16 y 76 11689 1 0.9093
5 5
58. 5cos 6 i sin 6 52 i 2
3
1
f(x h) f(x)
4. f (x) lim
h
5
3 5 h0
2 2i (x h)2 3 (x2 3)
lim
h
59. x x1 ta1 x 8t 3 h0
y y1 ta2 y 3t 2 lim
x2 2xh h2 3 x2 3
h
h0
60. y y 3 sin( 45) 2xh h2
lim
h
h0
h(2x h)
lim
h
O h0
90 180 270 360 450
2x 0 or 2x
5. f(x)
f (x) 0 is a constant.
61. d H2 6. f(x) 3x2 5x 2
H1
f (x) 3 2x21 5 1x11 0
6x 5
319 m
7. R(M) M 22 3
C M
253 m
4212
C 1
2M 2 3M 3
A C 1
R(M) 2 2M 21 3 3M 32
d2 2(253)(319) cos 42 12
2532 3192
CM M 2
d 165,7
77 161,4
14 cos2
42 1
8. f(x) x2 7x 6
d 214.9 m 1 1
p 1 3 F(x) 1 21 7 x11 6x C
21x 11
62. q: 2, 1, 2, 3 1 7
3x3 2x2 6x C
1 2 3 8 3
2 5 3 9. f(x) 2x3 x2 8
3 2 5 3 0 F(x) 2
1
31 x21 8x C
1
31x 21
6 3 1 1
1
2 1 2 0 2 x4 3 x3 8x C
Chapter 15 482
3 n
3i 3 3
2 n n
2i 2 2
4. x2dx lim n
n i 1 n
576 ft
0
10 n
32 nn
n(n 1)(2n 1) 10i 10
lim
n n
8
3
6 9b.
0
32tdt lim
n i 1
4 2n3 3n2 n
lim 3 n
n
3 lim
n
3200
n2
n(n 1)
2
4 3
lim 3 2 n n2
n
1
lim 1600n
2
n2 n
n
lim 1600 1 n
8 1
3 units2
n
x dx x dx x dx
3 3 1
5. 2 2 2 1600 ft
1 0 0 Yes; integration shows that the ball would fall
n n
3i 2 3 i 2 1
lim n n
n i 1 n
lim n n
i1
1600 ft in 10 seconds of free-fall. Since this
exceeds the height of the building, the ball must
n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
27
n n
3 6
hit the ground in less than 10 seconds.
n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n n
1
3
6
9 2n3 3n2 n Pages 966-968 Exercises
lim 2 n
3 2 n
n 1 n
n 2i 2
2n3 3n2 n
10. (x 1)dx lim
lim
n
1
6
n3 0 n i 1
9
lim 2 2 3
lim
1
1
2 n n2
3 1 lim
n n
2 2(1)
n
1 1
2(2)
n ...
n n n2 n 6
2n
1
9 3 or 3 unit2
26
n 1
1 n 3
2 2
n 3 n
3i 2 3
1
4 unit2
11.
0
x2dx lim n
n i 1 n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
6 n 27
6i 2 6
7.
0
x2dx lim
n i 1 n
n
lim
n n
3 6
2n 3n n
9 3 2
216 n(n 1)(2n 1) lim 2
lim
n n
3
6 n n 3
2n3 3n2 n
lim 36 n 3 lim
9
n 2
2 n3 n1 2
n
9 units2
lim 36 2 n n2
3 1
n
72
483 Chapter 15
x dx 4 n
2 0 2 4i 2
n 6 nn
4i 4
12. x2dx x2dx 2 17. (x2 6x)dx lim
1 1 0 0 n i 1
x dx x dx
41 2 41
n 6 n
1 2 4
2 2 By symmetry lim
n
0 0 n
42 2 42
n
i 2 1
n
2i 2 2 n 6 n . . .
lim n n
n i 1 n
lim n n
4n 2 4n
i1
n 6 n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
n
1
lim n3
6 lim
4
1n6(12 22 . . . n2)
2
n(n 1)(2n 1) n n
lim
8
2 . . . n)
n3 6 24
n n (1
2n3 3n2 n 4 2n3 3n2 n
lim
1
n 6
n3
lim 3 n
n
3 4
lim n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
1n6 2
6
n
lim
n
1
6 2 n n2 lim
3 1
n
4
3 2 n n2
3 1
24 n(n 1)
n 2
64 2n 3n n 96 n n
lim
n 6 n 2
1 8 3 2 2
3 3 or 3 units2 3 2
n
3 3 1
13.
1
xdx
0
xdx
0
xdx lim
n 3
32 3
1
(2
n n2
) 481 n
1
n n 64 208
n n
lim nn
3i 3 i 1
lim 3 48 or 3 units2
n i 1 n
i1 3
n(n 1) n(n 1) (x2 x 1)dx
lim
n n
9
2
lim
2 1
n2 2
18.
0 n
3i 2
n n 1 n
n 3i 3
9 n2 n n2 n lim
lim 2 n
n
2 lim
n 2
1
n2 n i 1
2
31 31
9 1
lim 2 1 n lim 2
1
1 1
lim
n
3
n
n
n 1
n
n n 32 2 32
9 1 n n 1 . . .
2 2 or 4 units2
3n 2 3n
n n 1
5 n
5i 2 5
14. x2dx lim
n
n
0 n i1
125 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n n
3
n9(12 22 . . . n2)
2
lim n
3
2 . . . n) n
6 3
n n (1
125 2n3 3n2 n
lim 6 n
n
3 3
lim n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
n9 3 n(n 1)
n
26 n 2
n
n
125 3 1
lim 6 2 n n2 27 2n 3n n
lim
n 6 n 2 3
3
2 9 n n2
2
2
125 n
3 units2 lim
22 n n 2 1 n 3
9 3 1 9 1
2
5 n
9
15. 2x2dx 9
2 3
1 5 1 9 15
2x3 2x3 12
2 or 2 units2
0 0 n
sin in n
n n
5i 3 5 3
2n n
lim 2 n n
i 1 19. lim
lim
n n i 1
n i 1 i1
2 n
8 nn
250 n2(n 1)2 n2(n 1)2
2 2i 2
lim 4
lim
4 4
20. 8xdx lim
n n n n 4 0 n i 1
625 n2 2n 1 1 n2 2n 1
lim 2
n
n2
lim 2
n
n2 lim
n n
32 n(n 1)
2
2
625
2 1 1
lim 2 1 n n2 lim 2 1 n n2
n n
2 1
n2 n
lim 16 n 2
n
625 1
2 2 or 312 units2
1
lim 16 1 n
n
5 n
5i 4 5 16
16.
0
x4dx lim
n i 1 n n
6n 15n4 10n3 n
3125 5
lim n 5
30
n
625 15 10
lim 6 6 n n2 n4
n
1
625 units2
Chapter 15 484
(x 2)dx lim
4 n
1 n 2n
3i 3
21.
1 n i 1
lim
4 16 2
n n n
2 (1 2 . . . n )
2 2
n
lim
3
n 3
3i
n
16
n (1 2 . . . n) 2n
n i1
31
3 32
1 1
4 n n
4i 2 4
22.
0
x2dx lim
n i 1
n
n
64
3 32 8 3 2 2
1
63
64 24 or 45
lim n3 (12 22 32 . . . n2) 3
(x
n 2 n
2i 5 2 2i 2 2
64
lim n3 n(n 1)(2n 1)
25.
0
5 x2)dx lim n n n
n i 1 n
6
n n
2i 5 2i 2
n n
2n 3n n 2
3 2
32
lim 3 3
lim
n
n n n i1
5 (1 2 . . . n )
5
i1
lim
5000
n4
4 n2(n 1)2
n 648
lim n 4 4
n2(n 1)2 4
n2 (12 22 . . . n2)
n
2n6 6n5 5n4 n2
lim 1250 n
2 n2 2n 1 64
lim n6
n
12
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim 162 n
2 n2 2n 1 8
n3 6
n
lim 1250 1
2 1 2n6 6n5 5n4 n2
n
n
n2 lim
n 3
16 n 6
lim 162 1
2 1 4 2n 3n n
3 n
3 2
n
n2 3
n
1250 162 or 1088 lim
32 n n n 3
16 6 5 1 4
2 4
4 n
24.
1
(x2 4x 2)dx 2 n3 n1 2
(x (x
4 1 32 8 40
2 4x 2)dx 2 4x 2)dx
3
3 or
3
0 0 5 n
5i 3 5
n
4i 2 x3dx lim
n 4n 2 n4
4i 26.
lim 0 n i 1 n n
n i 1
625 n2(n 1)2
n 2
lim n
n 4 n 2n
i i 1
lim n
4 4
n i 1
2n 1
41 2 41 42 2
lim n
n 4 n 2 n
4 lim
n
625
4 n
n2
2
n
42
4 n 2 . . . n 4n
4n 2 4n
lim
n
625
4 1 n2 n1 2
2 2 2
2 lim
n1 4n 2 n
1 1 625
4
n n
n 2
4 n 2 . . . n 4 n 2
2 n
485 Chapter 15
3 n
3i 3 3
n
1 1 31a. r (t )
27. x3dx
2 lim
0 n i 1 2 n 160
n2(n 1)2
lim
n 2
81
n 4
4 120
81 n2 n 1
lim 8 n
n
2 80
r (t ) 50 36t 3t 2
n
81 1
1
lim 8 1 n n2 40
81
8 or 10.125 ft2 O t
28a. f(20)80 2(20)
12
$40 31b. (50 36t 3t2)dt
0 n
40
12i 2
50 36n 3n n
12i 12
28b. (80 2x)dx lim
20 n n i1
80 2 20 n n
20i 20 2
lim lim
12 1
50 36n 3n
12
12 1
n i 1 n
n
n
12 2 12 2 2
40 n 50 36n 3n . . .
20 40i
lim
n
n i1
12 n 12 n 2
41 42 50 36n 3n
lim
20
n n
40 n 40 n . . .
lim n
50n n(1 2 . . . n)
12 432
4n
40 n n
n(12 22 . . . n2)
432
40n 4n0 (1 2 . . . n)
20 2
lim
5184 n(n 1) 5184 n(n 1)(2n 1)
n n
800 n(n 1) lim
600 n2 n6
lim
800 n 2
2 3
n
n n 2n 3n n
lim
600 2592n 864n
2 2 3 2
n 2 3
n n
lim
800 400 n
2
n
lim
600 25921 n 8642 n n
2 1 3 1
n 2
n
lim
800 4001 n
1
n 600 2592 1728
800 400 or $400 $1464
10 $1464
29. (6 0.06x2)dx 31c.
12 $122
0 n
10i 2 32a. v (t )
6 0.06 n
10
lim
n
n i 1 15
10 1 2
10
lim n
n
6 0.06 n v (t ) 3.5t 0.25t 2
10 2 2
6 0.06 n
...
10 n 2
10
6 0.06 n
10 6
lim 60 10 n
n
3 v (t ) 1.2t 0.03t 2
3
lim 60 10 2 n n2
n
1
60 20 or 40 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10t
10 10
6 0.06x2dx 2(40) or 80 By symmetry 32b. (3.5t 0.25t2)dt
10 0 n
10i 2
3.5n 0.25n n
10i 10
To make a tunnel 100 ft long, multiply 80 by 100. lim
80(100) 8000 ft3 n i1
10 1 10 1 2
30. Setting the two functions equal
2
y lim
n
3.5
10
n n 0.25 n
to each other and solving for x, 10 2 10 2 2
we find that the curves cross y x2 3.5n 0.25n . . .
when x 0 and x 1. x x2 10 n 10 n 2
yx 3.5n 0.25n
for 0
x
1, so we can find 1
lim n
n(1 2 . . . n) n(12 22
10 35 25
the desired area by subtracting 2
n
. . . n2)
the area between the graph of
x
y x2 and the x-axis from the
350 n(n 1) 250 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n2 n6
O 1
area between the graph of 2 3
1 n
y x and the x-axis. These areas are 3 unit2 and n n 125 2n 3n n
lim
175n 3n
2 3 2
1 1 1 2 3
unit2, respectively, so the answer is n
lim
1751 n 32 n n
2 2 3 1 125 3 1
1 2
6 unit2. n
250 275
175
3 or
3 m
Chapter 15 486
10
(1.2t 0.03t2)dt 40. Use a graphing calculator to find the maximum
0 n
10i 2 width of x 5.4 cm.
1.2n 0.03 n
10i 10
lim
n
n i1
10 1 10 1 2
1.2
10
lim n
n n 0.03 n
10 2 10 2 2
1.2n 0.03n . . .
10 n 10 n 2
1.2n 0.03n
lim nn(1 2 . . . n)
10 12
n
n(12 22 . . . n2)
3
2
[5, 10] scl1 by [30, 90] scl1
120 n(n 1) 30 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim n2 n6
2 3 41. 62 82 102
n
n n 2n 3n n 36 64 100
lim 60n 5n
2 3 2
2 3
n 100 100
lim 601 n 52 n n
1 3 1
n
2 ABC is a right triangle with a base of 6 inches
60 10 or 70 m and a height of 8 inches. The area of
1
The first one results in a greater distance ABC 2(6)(8) or 24 square inches. If the
covered. rectangle has a width of 3 inches, then it has a
24
33. The equation y r2 x2 can be rearranged to length of 3 or 8 inches, since Aw. The perimeter
obtain x y r , which is the circle centered at
2 2 2
of the rectangle 2(3) 2(8) or 22 inches. The
the origin of radius r. In the equation y r2 x2 , correct choice is C.
y must be nonnegative, so the graph is only the
top half of the circle. Therefore, the value of the
1
integral is 2 the area of a circle of radius r, Page 969 History of Mathematics
1
or 2r2. 1. See students work. The difference in area should
34. f(x) 3x2 x2 7x decrease as the number of sides of the polygon
f(x) 3 3x31 1 2x21 7 1x11 increases.
9x2 2x 7 2. The roots of the resulting equation are the zeros of
x2 22 the derivative of the original function.
35. lim
x2 x 2 22
3. See students work.
0
4 or 0
36. log1x 3
1 3
3
487 Chapter 15
0 0
1
7. (4 x2)dx 4x 3x3 Pages 973975 Exercises
2
2
15.
x5dx C
1
x6
40 3 03 4(2) 3 (2)3
1 1 6
16.
6x dx 6 8 x C
7 1 8
0 8 3
8
3
16 4x8 C
3 units2
(x2 2x 4)dx 13x3 2 12x2 4x C
17.
2 2
1
8. x4dx x5
5 1
0 0 3x3 x2 4x C
1 1
25 5 05
5 18.
(3x2 x 6)dx 3 13x3 1 12x2 6x C
32 32
0 or 5 units2 1
5 x3 2x2 6x C
1
9. (x2 4x 4)dx 19.
(x4 2x2 3)dx 15x5 2 13x3 3x C
1 1 1 1
3x3 4 2x2 4x 1
5x5 3x3 3x C
2
1
1
1
x3
3 2x2 4x
1
20.
(4x5 6x3 7x2 8)dx
3 13 2 12 4 1
1 1 1 1
4 6x6 6 4x4 7 3x3 8x C
3 (1)3 2 (1)2 4 (1)
1 2 3 7
3x6 2x4 3x3 8x C
3 3 or 3 units2
(x2 6x 3)dx 13x3 6 12x2 3x C
19 7 26
21.
2x dx 2
1
3 3
10. 3 1
x4 3x3 3x2 3x C
4
1 1
3 3
3 1
1
2x4 22. 2x2dx 2 3x3
1 0 0
3
2
3x3
1 1
34 14
2 2 0
18 0 or 18 units2
4 4
1 1
11. (x2 x 6)dx 3x3 2x2 6x
1 3 3
1 1
23. (x2 2)dx 3x3 2x
6 4
1 1
3 43
2 42 2 2
2 3 3 23 2 2
1 1
13
1
1
12 6 1
3 33
3 2
3 3 or 3 units2
4 13
112 35
3 6
2 2
224 35 63 1 1
6 6 or 2 24. (4x x3)dx 4 2x2 1 4x4
0 0
2
2 2 1
12. (2x2 3x 2)dx 2
1
x3 3
1
x2 2x 2x2 x4
4
3 2 0 0
0
4 4
1
x3dx 4x4
0 2 0
2 3 25.
3 0
2 0 0
64 0, or 64 units2
4 4
1 1
(x3 x 6)dx 4x4 2x2 6x
13.
1 1
2 1
2
26. 3x6dx 3 7x7
4 44 2 42 6 4
1 1 1 1
1
3
x7
4 24 2 22 6 2
1 1
7 1
14.
10 cm
1
1m
100 cm 0.1 m
3
7 37 or 67 unit2
0 0
1 1
0.1 0.1
500xdx 500 2x2
1 27. (x2 2x)dx 3x3 2 2x2
2 2
0 0 0
1
0.1 x3 x2
250x2 3 2
0
1 1
03 02 (2)3 (2)2
(250 (0.1)2) (250 02) 3 3
2.5 0 or 2.5 J
20
20
0 3 or 3 units2
Chapter 15 488
(x
3 3 0
1 1
28. 2 2x 3)dx 1 3x3 2 2x2 3x 37. (x4 x3)dx
1 1 1
3
1 0
1 1
3x3 x2 3x 5x5 4x4
1 1
3 3
1
04 5 (1)5 4 (1)4
1 1 1 1
3 33 32 05
5 4
3 13 12 3 1
1
0 2
0 or 20
9 9
11 16 2
9 3 or 3 units2 38. (x3 x 1)dx
1 1 0
1 1 2
29. (x3 x)dx 4x4 2x2 1 1
4x4 2x2 x
0 0
0
4 14 2 12 4 04 2 02 4 24 2 22 2 4 04 2 02 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3
4 0 or 4 unit2 8 0 or 8
3 5
30. (x3 8x 10)dx 39. (x2 3x 8)dx
1 2
3 1 1
1 1
4x4 8 2x2 10x 3x3 3 2x2 8x
1 2
5
3 1 3
1
x4
4 4x2 10x x3
3 x2
2 8x
1 2
10 3 8 5
1 1 3
4 34 4 32
3 53
2 52
265 148 413
7 7
31. 6x2dx 6 3x3
1 6 6 or 6
0 0 3
7
2x3 40. (x 3)(x 1)dx
0 1
3
(2 73) (2 03) (x2 2x 3)dx
686 0 or 686 1
3
1 1
3x3 2 2x2 3x
4 4
1
32. 3x4dx 3 x5 1
5 2 1 3
2
x3 x2 3x
4
3 3
5x5 1
3 3 13 12 3 1
1 1
2 33 32 3
3 3 3
45 25
5
3072 96
5
2976
5
9 3 or 3
32
or
5 5 5 3 3
(x 1)3dx (x3 3x2 3x 1)dx
41.
3 3
1
33. (x 4)dx x2 4x 2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
4x4 3 3x3 3 2x2 x
1 1
32 4 3 (1)2 4 1 2
2 2 3
1 3
4x4 x3 2x2 x
33
or
2
7
2 20 2
3
1 3
34 33 32
5 5
1 1 4 2
34. (3x2 2x 1)dx 3 3x3 2 2x2 x
22 2
1 3
1 1 24 23
5 4 2
x3 x2 x 15 15
1 4 0 or 4
(53 52 5) (13 12 1)
1 1
x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1)
42. dx dx
105 1 or 104 0
x2
0
x2
1
3 3
1 1
35. (x3 x2)dx 4x4 3x3 (x 1)dx
1 1 0
1
13
1 1 1 1 1
34 33 14 2x2 x
4 3 4 3 0
45
4
1
12
1
2 12 1 2 02 0
1
135 1 34
or
12 12 3
3
1 2
(x4 2x2 1)dx
2 2
36.
0 43. x(4x2 1)dx (4x3 x)dx
1
1 1 0 0
2 x
x5 x3 1 1 2
5 3 0 4 4x4 2x2
1 0
1 2
5x5 3x3 x
2
1
0 x4 x2
2
5 15 3 13 1 5 05 3 03 0
1 2 1 2 0
489 Chapter 15
1
44. (x 1)(3x 2)dx 49a. f (x )
1
110
1 100
(3x2 5x 2)dx 90
1 80 f (x ) 75 8x 12 x 2
1
1 1 70
3 x3
3 5 x2
2 2x
1 60
1
5 50
x3 x2
2 2x 40
1
30
2 1
5
13
2 12 20
2
(1)3 2 (1) 2 1
5 10
O x
2 2 or 6
11 1
6
45a. 20.5
x3dx 4x4
1
20.5
49b.
1
60
0
75 8x 12x2dx
675x 8 2x2 2 3x3
0 0 6
1 1 1 1
20.54 4 04
1 1
0
4
6
675x 4x2 6x3
1 1
44,152.52 0 or 44,152.52 0
1
6(558 0)
100.5 100.5
1
45b. x2dx 3x3
0 0
$93
3 100.53 3 03
1 1
12
338,358.38 0 or 338,358.38
49c.
1
12 6
6
75 8x 12x2dx
12
675x 8 2x2 2 3x3
100 1 1 1 1
100(100 1)(2 100 1)
i2
6 6
12
675x 4x 2 6x3
i1 1 1
100(101)(201)
6 or 338,350 6
675 12 4 122 6 122
1 1
2 2
1
46. 490,000 xdx 490,000 2x2
75 6 4 62 6 63
0
1
0
2
245,000 x2 1
0 6(1188 558)
(245,000 22) (245,000 02) $105
980,000 0 or 980,000 J
R R
1
50. (R2 x2)dx R2x 3x3
47a. Since the graph is below the x-axis, f(x) is R R
R2 R 3 R3
1
negative. Each f(xi) is negative and x is
n
positive, so each term in the sum f(xi)x is R2 R 3 (R)3
1
i1
negative. Therefore, the sum is negative. since
3R3 3R3
2 2
a f(x)dx is a limit of negative sums, it is also
b
4
negative. 3R3
3.8 108
22 51b. 4.1 1016x2dx
3 6.4 106
3.8 108
47c. Since the function is negative, the integral in 4.1 1016 (1)x1 6.4 106
part b gives the opposite of the area of the 3.8 108
22 4.1 1016
region. The area is 3. x
6.4 106
48. y The integral represents the 4.1 1016 4.1 10
6.4 10
16
10
area of a right triangle. The
3.8 108
6
8 1 27
6 value is (3)(9)
2 .
2
1.1 108 64.1 108
4
2 6.3 109 J
O
2 1 2 3 4 5x
4 y 3x 6
6
Chapter 15 490
2 n
1 2i 2 2
n
1
52. x2dx
2 lim Pages 978980 Skills and Concepts
n i1 2 n
0
11. There is a point at (2, 1) so f(2) 1. However,
4 2 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n 2n
3
6 the closer x is to 2, the closer y is to 3.
So, lim f(x) 3.
4 2n3 3n2 n
lim 6 n 3 x2
n 12. lim (x3 x2 5x 6) (2)3 (2)2 5(2) 6
2
3 1
lim 3 2 n n2
n
x2
8 4 10 6
4 4
3
13. lim (2x cos x) 2(0) cos 0
53. f(x) 2x6 3x2 2 x0
01
f(x) 2 6x61 3 2x21 0 1
12x5 6x x2 36 (x 6)(x 6)
14. lim
x6 lim
x1
54. In a normal distribution, 68.3% of the data lie x1 x1
491 Chapter 15
f(x h) f(x) 1
23. f (x) lim
h 35. f(x) 2x3 2x2 3x 2
h0
4(x h)2 3(x h) 5 (4x2 3x 5) 1 1 1
lim F(x) 2 31 2 x21
3 1x 21
h
h0 1
4x2 8xh 4h2 3x 3h 5 4x2 3x 5 3 11 2x C
1 1x
lim h 1 2 3
h0
8xh 4h2 3h
8x4 3x3 2x2 2x C
lim h
h0 36. f(x) x4 5x3 2x 6
h(8x 4h 3) 1 1 1
lim h F(x) 41 5 x31 2 x11
41 x 31 11
h0
lim 8x 4h 3 6x C
1 5
h0 5x5 4x4 x2 6x C
8x 3
f(x h) f(x) 37. f(x) (x 4)(x 2)
24. f (x) lim
h x2 2x 8
h0
1 1
(x h)3 3(x h) (x3 3x) F(x) 21 2 x11 8x C
2 1x
lim
h
11
h0 1
x3 3x2h 3xh2 h3 3x 3h x3 3x 3x3 x2 8x C
lim
h x2 x
h0 38. f(x) x
3x2h 3xh2 h3 3h
lim
h
x1
h0 1
3xh
h(3x2 3) h2 F(x) 11 x C
1 1x
lim
h 1
h0 2x2 x C
lim 3x2 3xh h2 3
2 n
2 nn
h0 2i 2
39. 2x dx lim
3x2 3 0 n i 1
n(n 1)
25. f(x) 2x6 lim
n n
8
2 2
f (x) 2 6x61
n2 n
12x5 lim 4 n
n
2
26. f(x) 3x 7 lim 4 1 n
1
f (x) 3 1x11 0 n
3 4 units2
1 n
i 3 1
27. f(x) 3x2 5x 40. x3dx lim n
n i 1 n
f(x) 3 2x21 5 1x11 0
n2(n 1)2
6x 5 lim
n n
1
4 4
1 1 n2 2n 1
28. f(x) 4x2 x 4
1
lim 4 n
n
2
f (x) 4 2x21 1 1x11 0
1
1 2
1
lim 4 1 n n2
2x 1 n
1
1 1 4 unit2
29. f(x) 2x4 2x3 3x 4
4 4 3
f (x)
1
1
4x41 2 3x31 3 1x11 0 41. x2dx x2dx x2dx
2 3 0 0
1 n n
2x3 6x2 3 4i 2 4 3i 2 3
lim n n
n i 1 n
lim n n
30. f(x) (x 3)(x 4) i1
64 n(n 1)(2n 1)
x2 7x 12 lim
n n
3
6
f (x) 2x21 7 1x11 0
27 n(n 1)(2n 1)
2x 7 lim n3 6
n
31. f(x) 5x3(x4 3x2) 64 2n3 3n2 n
5x7 15x5 lim 6 n
n
3
f (x) 5 7x71 15 5x51 2n3 3n2 n
35x6 75x4 lim
n
27
6
n3
32. f(x) (x 2)3 64
lim 6(2
3
n
1
n2 ) lim
27
n 6
2 n3 n1
2
x3 6x2 12x 8 n
64 27
f (x) 3x31 6 2x21 12 1x11 0
3
3
3x2 12x 12 37
units2
33. f(x) 8x 3
1
F(x) 8 11 C
1 1x
4x2 C
34. f(x) 3x2 2
1
F(x) 3 21 2x C
2 1x
x3 2x C
Chapter 15 492
2 2 1
42. 6x2dx 6x2dx 6.x2dx Page 981 Applications and Problem Solving
1 0 0 2 2
n
6
2i 2 2
lim 6
n
i 2 1 51. lim1m
1 t 2 m 1 100
50
1
50
2 2
lim
n
n
n
n t100 2
ni 1 n i 1 0.0000125 m
48 n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim n3
n
6
n
6
lim n3 6 52. c(x) 9x5 135x3 10,000
48 2n3 3n2 n 6 2n3 3n2 n c(x) 9 5x51 135 3x31 0
lim 6 n
n
3 lim 6 n
n
3 45x4 405x2
lim 8(2 n n2 ) lim 1 2 n n2
3 1 3 1 c(2.6) 45(2.6)4 405(2.6)2 or $681.41
n n 60
mi 5280 ft
r
1h
53a. 88 ft/s
16 2 or 14 units2 1
hr 1
mi 3600 s
88 ft/s
a 5 s 17.6 ft/s
4
1 4 2
43. 6xdx 6 2x2
17.6dx
2 2 t
53b. v(t)
4
3x2 0
2 t
17.6x
(3 42) (3 22) 0
48 12 or 36 17.6t 17.6(0)
17.6t
2 2
1
3x2dx 3 3x3
17.6xdx
44. t
3 3
53c. d(t)
2
x3 0
t
1
3 17.6 11
1 1x
23 (3)2 0
t
8 (27) or 35 8.8x2
0
8.8t2 8.8(0)2
2 2
1 1
45. (3x2 x 3)dx 3 3x3 1 2x2 3x
2 2 8.8t2
2
1
x3 2x2 3x
2
1
(23 2 22 3 2) Page 981 Open-Ended Assessment
1
( 2)3 2 (2)2 3 (2) 1. Sample answer: f(x) x2 2x 2;
lim(x2 2x 2) 12 2(1) 2
12 (16) or 28 x1
5
(2x
4 4
46. (x 2)(2x 3)dx 2 7x 6)dx 2. Sample answer: g(x) 16x3;
0 0
4
1 1 1 1
2 x3
3 7 2x2 6x 16x3dx 4x4
0 0
4 0
2 7
3x3 2x2 6x 4 14 4 04
0
4
3 43 2 42 6 4
2 7
23 03 72 02 6 0
368 368
3 0 or 3 Chapter 15 SAT & ACT Preparation
47.
6x4dx 6
1
x5
5 C
6
x5
5 C Page 983 SAT and ACT Practice
48.
(3x2 2x)dx 3
1
x3
3 2
1
x2
2 C 1.
1
1
1
1
1
2 3
x3 x2 C 2 3
49.
(x2 5x 2)dx 13x3 5 12x2 2x C
1
3 2
1 5
x3
3 x2
2 2x C 6 6
1
50.
1 1 1
(3x5 4x4 7x)dx 3 6x6 4 5x5 7 2x2 C
1
1 4 7 6
2x6 5x5 2x2 C
6
The correct choice is A.
493 Chapter 15
2. Let x represent the length of the second side of the
triangle. Then the first side has length 2x. 6. Since 5 is prime, 5 3(5) or 15.
1
x 2x Since 16 is composite, 16 2(16) or 8.
? 5 16 15 8 or 23.
Clearly the perimeter must be greater than 3x, so Now, you need to determine which of the choices is
eliminate answer choices A and B. Use the equal to 23. Calculate each one.
Triangle Inequality Theorem.
x 2x ? P x 2x 3x 21 10.5 23 69 31 63
3x ? P 6x
? x 2x P x 2x x 46 23 69 34.5
?x P 4x
The correct choice is B.
Since the perimeter cannot equal 6x or 4x,
7. Method 1: Sum the numbers and divide by 20.
eliminate answer choices C and E as well.
Method 2: List the first and last numbers of the
The only possible answer choice is D.
sum: 1 2 3 . . . 18 19 20.
3. Draw a figure. Begin with the 3 parallel lines. The sum of the first and last terms is 21. This is
Draw the 3 nonparallel lines in positions that are also the sum of the second and second-to-last
as general as possible. For example, do not draw terms, 2 19 21. This pattern is true for all ten
perpendicular lines or concurrent lines. Draw the sums. So, the total sum is 10(21) or 210. The
first nonparallel line, and mark the intersections. 210
average is 2
0 or 10.5.
Then draw the second line, making sure it
intersects each of the other lines. Then draw the Method 3: Another approach is to recall that the
third line, making sure it intersects each of the average of a set of evenly spaced numbers is the
others. middle number (or the average of the middle two
numbers). The two middle numbers are 10 and 11.
21
So the average is 2 or 10.5.
The correct choice is C.
8. Draw a figure.
Chapter 15 494
Extra Practice
Lesson 1-1 4. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(2x3 x2 x 1)
2(2x3 x2 x 1)
Page A26 4x3 2x2 2x 2
1. D {2, 1, 2}; R {4, 2, 4}; no [g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(2x)
2. D {3, 0.5, 0.5, 3}; R {0.5, 3}; yes
2(2x)3 (2x)2 (2x) 1
3. D {1, 0, 2, 5, 7}; R {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}; yes 16x3 4x2 2x 1
4. D {2, 2.3, 3.2}; R {4, 1, 3, 4}; no
5. f(4) 4(4) 2
16 2 or 14
6. g(3) 2(3)2 (3) 5 Lesson 1-3
2(9) 3 5
18 3 5 or 26
3 Page A26
7. h(1.5)
2(1.5) 1. x 2 0
3
3 or 1 x2
8. k(5m) 3(5m)2 3 f (x )
3(25m2) 3
75m2 3
O x
Lesson 1-2 f (x ) x 2
Page A26
1. f(x) g(x) 2x 1 x2 3x 1 2. 3x 4 0
x2 5x 2 3x 4
4
f(x) g(x) 2x 1 x2 3x 1 x 3
x2 x
f(x) g(x) (2x 1)(x2 3x 1) f (x )
2x3 5x2 5x 1
g(x) g(x)
f f(x)
2x 1
x2 3x 1
2. [f g](x) f(g(x)) O x
f(4x2) f (x ) 3x 4
3 4x2
[g f ](x) f(f(x)) 3. 1 0, false 4. 4x 0
g(3 x) none x0
4(3 x)2
36 24x 4x2 f (x ) f (x )
3. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x 9)
1 f (x ) 4x
3(x 9) 1
O x O x
1
3x 2 f (x ) 1
[g f ](x) g (f(x))
g 3x 1
1
1
3x 1 9
1
3x 8
2
y (7) 5(x 3)
5y 35 2x 6
2x 5y 29 0
Lesson 1-4
Lesson 1-6
Page A26
1. y mx b y 2x 1 Page A27
2. y 2 1(x 1)
1. y
y 2 x 1
y x 3 45
1
3. y mx b y 4x 3 44
4. y (4) 0(x (2))
43
y40
Enrollment
y 4 42
31
5. m
2 2 41
2 1
4 or 2
1
40
y 1 2(x 2) x
0
1 0 1990 19911992 1993199419951996
y 1 2x 1
Year
1
y 2x 2 2. Sample answer: y 0.7167x 1385.7
60 44.8 40.5
6. m
0 (1) m
1996 1990
6
1 or 6 0.7167
y 40.5 0.7167(x 1990)
y mx b y 6x 6
y 0.7167x 1385.733
7. y 0
3. Sample answer: y 0.7214x 1395; r 0.99
8. y 0 1.5(x 10) Enter the School Year data as List 1.
y 1.5x 15 Enter the Enrollment data as List 2.
Perform a linear regression on the graphing
calculator.
4. Sample answer: 55.7 thousand; yes; the
Lesson 1-5 correlation value shows a strong correlation.
f(2011) 0.7214(2011) 1395
55.7 thousand
Page A27
1. None of these; the slopes are neither the same nor
opposite reciprocals.
2. y (2) 1(x 0)
y2x
xy20
3. y 3 2(x 1)
y 3 2x 2
2x y 1 0
4. y 1 is a vertical line; parallel slope is undefined.
y 12 or y 12 0
Page A27
x
1. f (x ) 2. g (x )
O
g (x ) |x 2| y |x | O
x
O x
O x Lesson 2-1
3. h (x ) 4. f (x )
Page A28
1. y
2x y 1 0
O x
O x
O x 3y 6x 3
5. g (x ) 6. k (x )
y 2x 1; consistent and dependent
g (x ) |5 2x | 2. y
O x (1, 5)
xy4
y 3x 8
O x
x
O
Page A27 3x y 1
1. y 2. y O
x
y2 2y 6x 4
O x
no solution; inconsistent
xy3
O x 4. 5x 2y 1 x 2y 5
x 2y 5 1 2y 5
3. y 4. y 4x 4 2y 6
x 1 y3
(1, 3)
5. 2x 4y 8 2x 3y 8
2x 3y 8 2x 3(0) 8
O x
O x y0 2x 8
y x 1 x4
4x 2y 6 (4, 0)
3x 5y 18
x 2y z 7 4. A C 1 0 5 1
2x 2y z 6 28 6 4
11 6
x 4y 13
3x 5y 18 3x 5y 18 1 6
x 4y 13 3x 12y 39 10 10
7y 21 4 1 1 (5)
y 3
5. D E 2 (3) 3 2
x 4y 13 x y 2z 6 5 6
x 4(3) 13 1 (3) 2z 6
5 1
x1 2z 4 4(3)
z2
6. 4B 4(2)
4(0)
4(4) 4(3) 4(2)
(1, 3, 2) 0 12
3. 2x 3y z 1
8
16 12 8
x y z 4 7. impossible
3x 2y 3
2(7) 2(5) 3(4) 3(1)
x y z 4 2x 2y 2z 8
8. 2C 3A 2(0) 2(1) 3(1) 3(5)
3x 2y 2z 3 3x 2y 2z 3
2(8) 2(4) 3(2) 3(6)
5x 5
14 12 10 (3)
x1
3x 2y 3 03 2 15
x y z 4
16 6 8 18
3(1) 2y 3 1 0 z 4
26 13
2y 0 z 3
y0 z3 3 17
(1, 0, 3) 22 26
9. impossible
1 5 4 1
10. ED
3 2
2 3
1(4) (5)(2) 1(1) (5)(3)
3(4) 2(2) 3(1) 2(3)
14 14
16 3
Z (2, 0) Y (5, 1)
6 23
42 18 8 4 O 4 8x
Y (5, 1) X (6, 2)
4
W (3, 3)
8
Lesson 2-4
5. Rot90 Ry x 0 1
0 1
1 0 1 0
Page A28 1
0
0 1
1
5 2 2 22 1 1 1 0 4 2 6 4 2
1. 0.5 3 4 6
1
0 1 2 3 7
6
2 3 7
12 2 3
F(4, 2), G(2, 3), H(6, 7)
1 1
A 22, 12 , B(1, 2), C(1, 3) y
B (2, 4) y
8
B (1, 2)
F (4, 2) 4 F (4, 2)
O x O
8 4 4 8x
C (1, 3) A (2 12, 112) G (2, 3)4 G (2, 3)
A (5, 3)
H (6, 7) 8 H (6, 7)
C (2, 6)
6 3 4 1 2 2 2 2
2. 2 5 7 5
3 3 3 3
4 5 6 1
Lesson 2-5
5 8 4 2
J(4, 5), K(5, 8), L(6, 4), M(1, 2) Page A29
L (4, 7) y
L(6, 4)
8
M (1, 5)
1. 113 72 3(2) (11)(7)
4 83
M (1, 2) 3 5
8 4 O 4 8x
2.
7 2
3(2) (7)(5)
4 J (6, 2) 29
K (3, 5) J (4, 5) 5
K (5, 8)
8 3.
1
0
2 6
1
5(6) 2 (0)
3. 1 0 5 3 0 5 3 30
0 1
2 8 4 2
0
8 4
1
0 2
N(5, 2), P(3, 8), Q(0, 4) 4. 3 1 2
y 5 1 3
P (3, 8)
1 2 0 3 2 2 3 1
P (3, 8)
8 1
1 3 5 3 5 1
N (5, 2) 4 N (5, 2) 1(5) 0(19) 2(2)
O 1
8x 1
8 4 4 3 2
4 Q (0, 4) 5. 4 2 1
Q (0, 4) 3 3 4
1 2
3 4 134
3 4
1 2 4 2
3 3
1(11) 3(19) 2(6)
34
1
5 5
1 (0, 1) (3, 1)
2
5
5
O x
54
0 1 4 0
1
8. 40 5 10
10 0 10 vertices: (3, 1), (0, 1), (3, 7)
5 4
1 0 f(x, y) 4x 3y
10 f(3, 1) 4(3) 3(1) or 15
1 1
8
4
f(0, 1) 4(0) 3(1) or 3 minimum
f(3, 7) 4(3) 3(7) or 33 maximum
43 65 2 43 65
1 1
9. 6 2. y
5
3 4 (4, 7)
2 3
3 5
2 2 (0, 3)
1 5
33
2
33
1
vertices: (0, 3), (4, 7), (4, 2), (0, 2)
11 11
f(x, y) 2x y
f(0, 3) 2(0) 3 or 3 minimum
11. 31 2
2
x
y
22
6 f(4, 7) 2(4) 7 or 1
2 2 1 2 2 f(4, 2) 2(4) 2 or 6 maximum
1
8
1 1
1
3 2 3 3
2
f(0, 2) 2(0) 2 or 2
3. y
8 2 2
1 2 2
31 6
1 2 x 22
8
1 3 2 y 1 3 (1, 1)
x
y
4
5
O
(1, 1)
x
(4, 5) (1, 2)
4 2 x 6
12.
3 1 y 7 (1, 6)
1 2 1 1 2
1
4 2 3 4 10 3 4
3 1 vertices: (1, 1), (1, 6), (1, 2), (1, 1)
2 f(x, y) x y
31 24 43 6
7
1 x 1 1 2
10
1
0 3 4 f(1, 1) (1) 1 or 0 minimum
1 y
2 f(1, 6) (1) (6) or 7 maximum
x
y
1 f(1, 2) 1 (2) or 1
(2, 1) f(1, 1) 1 (1) or 0 minimum
x 4
13. 24 1
3
y
13
3 1 3 1
1 1
1
4 0 4
2 1 2 2
4 3
3 1
24 xy 10 3 1
134
1 1 1
1
0 4 2 3 4 2
5
xy
2
1
1
5
,
2
b2
2a2
1; yes
Lesson 3-3
7
2(b)2
yx (a)2 1
7
2b2 Page A30
a2 1; no
7 1. y 2. y
2(b)2
y x (a)2 1
7
2b2
a2 1; no y |x 4|
7
x-axis, y-axis
7. x 4y a 4b
y x2 1
x-axis a 4(b)
a 4b; no O x O x
y-axis (a) 4b
a 4b; yes 3. y 4. y
yx (b) 4(a)
b 4a; no
y x (b) 4(a)
b 4a; no
O x
y-axis
y 2|x 1|
8. y 3x b 3a
y
x2 O x
x-axis (b) 3a
b 3a; no
y-axis b 3(a) 5. y 6. y
b 3a; no
yx (a) 3(b) y (x 2)2 1
a 3b; no
y x (a) 3(b)
a 3b y |x | 2
a 3b; no
none of these O x O x
9. y x2 1 b
a2 1
7. Case 1 Case 2
x-axis (b)
a2 1
x 2 3 x 2 3
b a2 1 (x 2) 3 x23
b
a2 1; yes x 2 3 x5
y-axis b
(a)2 1 x 1
b a2 1; yes {x1 x 5}
yx (a) (b)2 1 8. Case 1 Case 2
4x 2 18 4x 2 18
a
(b)2
1; no
(4x 2) 18 4x 2 18
y x (a)
(b)2
1 4x 2 18 4x 20
a
b2 1 4x 16 x5
a
b2 1; no x 4
x-axis, y-axis {xx 4 or x 5}
9. Case 1 Case 2
5 2x
9 5 2x
9
(5 2x)
9 5 2x
9
Lesson 3-2 5 2x 9 2x
4
2x 14 x 2
x
7
Page A30 {x2
x
7}
1. g(x) is a translation of f(x) up 2 units.
2. g(x) is the graph of f(x) expanded vertically by a
factor of 3.
3. g(x) is a translation of f(x) left 4 units and down
3 units.
(3x 4) 3x 0 (3x 4) 3x 0
6x 4 0 4 0; true 2x y
6x 4 y 2x
2 f 1(x) 2x; Yes, it is a function.
x
3 1
all real numbers 9. f(x)
x4
1
y
x4
1
x
y4
Lesson 3-4 1
y 4 x
1
y x 4
Page A30 1
f 1(x) x 4; Yes, it is a function.
1. f (x ) 2. f (x ) 10. f(x) x2 8x 2
f 1(x ) y x2 8x 2
f (x )
f (x ) x y2 8y 2
f 1(x ) x 2 y2 8y
O x x 2 16 (y 4)2
x 18 y 4
O x 4 x 18 y
f 1(x) 4 x; 18 No, it is not a function.
3. 11. f(x) x3 4
f(x )
y x3 4
x y3 4
f 1(x ) x 4 y3
3
x4y
f 1(x) ;
3
x x 4 Yes, it is a function.
O 3
f (x ) 12. f(x)
(x 1)2
3
y
(x 1)2
3
x
(y 1)2
4. f(x) 4x 5
3
y 4x 5 (y 1)2 x
x 4y 5
3
y 1 x
x 5 4y
y 1 x
x5 3
y 4
f 1(x) 1
x; No, it is not a function.
x5 3
f 1(x) 4; Yes, it is a function.
5. f(x) 2x 2
y 2x 2
x 2y 2
x 2 2y
x2
y
2
x2
f 1(x)
2 ; Yes, it is a function.
10 6
3 k 5 w
Page A31 k 84
1. abs. max.: (1, 2) 3. t r t r
k
2. rel. min.: (3, 0), rel max.: 6 1
4 rt 84
(1, 3), abs. min.: (2, 1)
84 k r(7) 84
r 12
4. y kxz y 3xz
Lesson 3-7 60 k(5)(4) y 3(5)(10)
3k y 150
k 243
5. y x2 y x
2
Page A31 k
3x 27
(3)2 yx2 243
1. x 2 y
x2
3x 243 k y(5)2 243
x y 9.72
y
x
2
6. a kbc3 a 1.5bc3
x x
36 k(3)(2)3 a 1.5(5)(3)3
3
y
2 1.5 k a 202.5
1 x
as x , y 3; y 3
2x2
2. x 3 y
x3 Lesson 4-1
2x2
x2
y
x 3
Page A32
x2 x2
2 1. yes; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
y
1 3
f(2) (2)3 7(2)2 2(2) 40
x2
x
8 28 4 40
no horizontal 0
asymptotes since as
2. no; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
x , y is undefined
f(1) (1)3 7(1)2 2(1) 40
x5 x5
3. h(x)
x2 6x 5 y
x2 6x 5 1 7 2 40
x5
x 5
36
(x 5)(x 1) x2 x2
y 3. no; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
x2 6x 5
x 5, x 1 f(2) (2)3 7(2)2 2(2) 40
x2 x2 x2
1
5 8 28 4 40
x x2 24
y
6 5
1 4. yes; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
x x2
as x , y 0; y 0 f(5) (5)3 7(5)2 2(5) 40
125 175 10 40
0
(x 1.5)(x2 1) 0 2
x3 1.5x2 x 1.5 0; odd; 3 x 92 77
4
8. (x (2))(x (i))(x i) 0 9 77
x 2 2
(x 2)(x i)(x i) 0 9 77
(x 2)(x2 1) 0 x 2 2
x 2x2 x 2 0; odd; 1
3
7. b2 4ac (3)2 4(4)(7) or 121; 2 real
9. (x (3i))(x 3i)(x (i))(x i) 0 (3) 121
x
(x 3i)(x 3i)(x i)(x i) 0 2(4)
3 11
(x2 9)(x2 1) 0 x 8
x4 10x2 9 0; even; 0 7
x 4 or x 1
10. (x (1))(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 0
(x 1)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 0 8. b2 4ac (2)2 4(1)(10) or 44; 2 real
(x2 1)(x2 5x 6) 0 2
44
w
2(1)
x 5x3 5x2 5x 6 0; even; 4
4
w 1 11
9. b2 4ac (5)2 4(12)(6) or 263; 2 imaginary
(5) 263
t
2(12)
Lesson 4-2 5 i
263
t 2
4
10. b2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(13) or 88; 2 real
Page A32 6
88
1. x2 4x 5 0 x
2(1)
x2 4x 5 x 3 22
x2 4x 4 5 4 11. b2 4ac (4)2 4(4)(1) or 0; 1 real
(x 2)2 9 (4) 0
x 2 3 n
2(4)
x23 x 2 3 1
n 2
x5 x 1
12. b2 4ac (6)2 4(4)(15) or 276; 2 real
2. x2 6x 8 0
6 276
x2 6x 8 x
2(4)
x 6x 9 8 9
2
6 2 69
x 8
(x 3)2 1
x 3 1 3 69
x 4
x31 x 3 1
x 2 x 4
3. m2 3m 2 0
m2 3m 2 Lesson 4-3
9 9
m2 3m 4 2
4
3 2
m 2
17
4 Page A32
3
m 2
17
1. 2 1 10 8
2
3 17
2 16
m
2 2 1 8 8
4. 2a2 8a 6 0 x 8, R8
a2 4a 3 0 2. 1 1 3 4 1
a2 4a 3 1 2 2
a 4a 4 3 4
2 1 2 2 1
(a 2)2 7 x2 2x 2, R1
a 2 7 3. 1 1 0 3 5
a 2 7 1 1 2
1 1 2 3
x2 x 2, R3
5. f(x) x2 2x 8 r 1 1 0 2
f(4) (4)2 2(4) 8
1 1 2 2 0
16 8 8
0; yes 1 1 0 0 2
6. f(x) x3 12 2 1 3 6 10
f(1) (1)3 12 2 1 1 2 6
1 12 or 13; no rational root: 1
7. f(x) 4x3 2x2 6x 1 4. p: 1, 2, 4, 8
f(1) 4(1)3 2(1)2 6(1) 1 q: 1, 2, 3, 6
4 2 6 1 p 1 1 2 4 8 1
7; no
:
q 1, 2, 4, 8, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6
8. f(x) x4 4x2 16
r 6 1 22 4 8
f(4) (4)4 4(4)2 16
256 64 16 1 6 7 29 33 25
208; no 1 6 5 27 23 15
2
3 6 3 24 12 0
Lesson 4-4 1
2 6 4 24 16 0
2 1
Page A32 rational roots: 3, 2
1. p: 1, 2, 3, 6 5. 2 or 0 positive
q: 1 f(x) x3 4x2 x 4
p
:
q 1, 2, 3, 6 1 negative
r 1 4 1 4
r 1 2 5 6
1 1 5 4 0
1 1 3 2 8
1 1 1 6 0 x2 5x 4 0
2 1 4 3 0 (x 4)(x 1) 0
x 4, x 1
2 1 0 5 16
rational zeros: 1, 1, 4
3 1 5 10 24
6. 2 or 0 positive
3 1 1 2 0 f(x) x4 x3 3x2 5x 10
rational roots: 3, 1, 2 2 or 0 negative
2. p: 1 r 1 1 3 5 10
q: 1, 2
p 1
1 1 2 5 0 10
:
q 1, 2
10 1 9 93 935 9360
r 2 1 2 3 1
1 2 1 3 0 1 rational zeros: none
1 2 3 5 8 9 7. 2 or 0 positive
1 f(x) 4x3 7x 3
2 2 0 2 2 0 1 negative
1 9 13
2 2 2 3 2
4
r 4 0 7 3
3
1 2 4 6 2 0
rational root: 2
4x2 6x 2 0
(4x 2)(x 1) 0
1
x 2, x 1
3 1
rational zeros: 2, 2, 1
15
1 and 2 1
3 5
4 ? 1
1
5
3. 17 ? 1
r 1 0 1 4 2 1
15 ; true
5
2 1 2 3 2 6 Test w 1:
1
3(1)
1 ? 1
5(1)
15
1 1 1 0 4 2
0 1 0 1 4 2
1
3
1 ? 1
5
15
8 ? 1
1 1 1 0 4 6
; false
15 15
2 1 2 3 10 22 1 1 ? 1
Test w 18:
3(18) 5(18) 15
2 and 1, 1 and 0 1
1 ? 1
54 90 15
4-6. Use the TABLE feature of a graphing calculator. 4 ? 1
; true
4. 0.3, 1.3 135 15
Lesson 5-1
Page A34
1. 13.75 13 (0.75 60)
13 45
13 45
Page A34
Lesson 5-2 y
1. tan v x
Since tan v 0, y 0.
x x
Page A34 cot v y 0
1
1. cot v cot v is undefined.
tan v
1 2. Sample answers: 90, 270
6
cot v or 5 x
5
cos v r
6
Since cos v 0, x 0.
On the unit circle, x 0 when v 90 or v 270.
2 2 2 2
sin v or cos v or sin 75
b
2 2 2 2 2 2 5.8
y r
tan v x csc v y 5.8 sin 75 b
2 22 5.6
b 20 feet
tan v 2 or 1
csc v 2 or 2
20 b
r
sec v x
x
cot v y 6. tan 48 x
2 2 20 b 48 b
sec v
2
or 2 cot v 2 or 1 x
tan 48
2
b 42
5. r
x2 y2 tan 42 x
x
(5)2 (2)2 tan 42
b
20 b
29
tan 48
y
sin v r
x
cos v r 20 tan 42 b tan 42 b tan 48
2 2
29 5 5
29
20 tan 42 b(tan 48 tan 42)
sin v 29
or
29
cos v 29
or
29 20 tan 42
y r (tan 48 tan 42) b
tan v x csc v y
2 29
85.7 b; 85.7 ft
tan v 5 csc v 2
r x
sec v x cot v y
29 5
sec v 5 cot v 2 Lesson 5-5
6. r
x2 y2
(4)2
(3)2 Page A35
5 3 3
y x 1. Let A arcsin 4. Then sin A 4.
sin v r cos v
r 3 3
3 4 sin arcsin 4 4
sin v 5 cos v
5 1 1
y r 2. Let A cos1 2. Then cos A 2.
tan v x csc v y 1
3 5 sec A
cos A
tan v 4 csc v 3
1
r x sec A or 2
sec v x cot v y 1
2
5 4 1
sec v 4 cot v 3 sec cos1 2 2
3. Let A tan1
1. Then tan A 1.
tan(tan1 1) 1
a b
Lesson 5-4 4. tan A b 5. sin B c
38 17
tan A 2
5 sin B 1
9
38 17
Page A34 A tan1 25 B sin1 1
9
a
1. tan A
b A 56.7 B 63.5
a
tan 38
15
15 tan 38 a
11.7
a
Lesson 5-7
Lesson 5-6
Page A35
1. Since 145 90, consider Case II.
Page A35 5 10; no solution
1. C 180 (75 50) or 55 2. Since 25 90, consider Case I.
a b a c
sin A
sin B
sin A
sin C b sin A 10 sin 25
7 7 c 4.226182617
b sin 50
sin 75 sin 75 sin 55 9 4.226182617; 2 solutions
7 sin 50 7 sin 55 a b
b
sin 75 c
sin 75
sin A sin B
6 10
b 5.551472956 c 5.936340197
sin 25
sin B
C 55, b 5.6, c 5.9
6 sin B 10 sin 25
2. B 180 (97 42) or 41
6
10 sin 25
c b c a B sin1
sin C
sin B
sin C sin A
12 b 12 a
B 44.77816685
sin 42
sin 41
sin 42 sin 97 B 180 44.8 or 135.2
12 sin 41 12 sin 97 Solution 1
b a
sin 42 sin 42 C 180 (25 44.8) or 110.2
b 11.76557801 a 17.80004338 a c
B 41, a 17.8, b 11.8 sin A sin C
6 c
3. A 180 (49 32) or 99
sin 25
sin 110.2
a b a c 6 sin 110.2
sin A
sin B
sin A sin C c
sin 2 5
10 b 10 c
sin 99
sin 49
sin 99 sin 32
c 13.32398206
10 sin 49 10 sin 32 B 44.8, C 110.2, c 13.3
b
sin 99 c
sin 99 Solution 2
b 7.641171301 c 5.365247745 C 180 (25 135.2) or 19.8
A 99, b 7.6, c 5.4
a
c
sin A sin C
4. B 180 (22 41) or 117 6 c
b a b c
sin 25
sin 19.8
sin B
sin A
sin B sin C 6 sin 19.8
25 a 25 c c
sin 25
sin 117
sin 22
sin 117 sin 41
25 sin 22 25 sin 41
c 4.809133219
a
sin 117 c
sin 117 B 135.2, C 19.8, c 4.8
a 10.51077021 c 18.40780654 3. Since 56 90, consider Case I.
B 117, a 10.5, c 18.4 C sin B 50 sin 56
1
5. K 2bc sin A 41.45187863
1
34 41.5; no solution
K 2(12)(6) sin 34
K 20.1 units2
6. C 180 (87 56.8) or 36.2
1 sin A sin B
K 2c2
sin C
1 sin 87 sin 56.8
K 2(6.8)2
sin 36.2
K 32.7 units2
a2 62 82 2(6)(8) cos 62
c
14.2 sin 85.3
a2 54.93072997 A sin1
a 7.411526831 A 31.23444201
a b
B 180 (31.2 85.3) or 63.5
sin A sin B
a 6 c 27.3, A 31.2, B 63.5
sin 62
sin B 1
6 sin 62 5. s 2(a b c)
sin B
a 1
s 2(4 7 10)
6 sin 62
B sin1
a
s 10.5
B 45.62599479 K s(s
a)(s
b)(s
c)
C 180 (62 45.6) or 72.4
K 10.5(1
0.5 .5
4)(10)(10.5
7) 10
a 7.4, B 45.6, C 72.4
K 119.43
75
2. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
K 10.9 units2
92 72 122 2(7)(12) cos A 1
112 168 cos A 6. s 2(a b c)
112
16 8
1
A cos1 s 2(4 6 5)
A 48.1896851 s 7.5
a b
K s(s
a)(s
b)(s
c)
sin A sin B
9 7 K 7.5(7.
5 )(7.5
4 6)(7.5
5)
sin A
sin B
7 sin A
K 98.43
75
sin B 9 K 9.9 unit2
1
9
7 sin A
B sin1 7. s 2(a b c)
1
B 35.43094469 s 2(12.4 8.6 14.2)
C 180 (48.2 35.4) or 96.4
s 17.6
A 48.2, B 35.4, C 96.4
K s(s
a)(s
b)(s
c)
K 17.6(1
7.6 (17.6
12.4) )(17.6
8.6.2) 14
K 2800.
512
K 52.9 units2
1
8. s 2(a b c)
1
s 2(150 124 190)
s 232
K s(s
a)(s
b)(s
c)
K 232(2
32 150)(2
32 124)(2
32 190)
K 86,29
2,864
K 9289.4 units2
75
180 Lesson 6-3
7. 2 2
114.6
180 Page A36
8. 10.5 10.5
1. 1
601.6 2. 0
5
9. reference angle: 6 6; Quadrant II 3. 1
5 1 4. y
sin 6 2
4 y sin x
10. reference angle:
3 ;
3 Quadrant III 1
4 3
sin 3 2
9 O x
11. is coterminal with 4; Quadrant I 4 3 2
4
9 2
cos 4 2 1
3
12. is coterminal with
2 2
3
cos 2 0 5. y
13. If the diameter 10 in., the radius 5 in. y cos x 1
80 80
180
4
9 4 3 O x
s rv
4 1
s5 9
s 7.0 in.
y y
y sin(2 )
2 1
y 2 cos
1
O 2 3 O 2 3
1
2 1
2 c 2
2. 3 3;
0.5 4
2. k 1 or 2
y y
y 2 cos( 2)
3 y 3 sin 0.5 2
2
1
O 2 3 O 2 3
1
2
2
3
2
3.
12
12; 1 8
c
2
4 3. k 1 or
2
y
y
1
y 12 cos 4 1 y sin (2 2 )
O 2 4 6 8
O 2 3
1 1
2
4. A 0.5
k 6 2 c
2 1
4. A 2
k 2 1 h 1
A
0.5 k or
6 3 A
2 2 or 1 c
v k
y
0.5 sin 3
2
2
5. A 2 y
2 sin (v ) 1
k 3
2 c
A
2 2 5. A 0.5
k 4 8 0 h3
k or 6
2
3 A
0.5 k
4 or 8 c0
y
2 sin 6v y
0.5 sin 8v 3
2 2 c
6. A
3
5
k 4 6. A 20
k 2 4 2 h4
3
A
5 k
2
1
A
20 2 or 4 c 8
4 or 2 k
3 v 2
y
5 cos 2
y
20 cos (4v 8) 4
2
7. A 0.25
k 8 3 2 c 1
2 7. A 4
k 10
0
h 2
A
0.25 k
8 or
4 5
3 2
A
4 k 1 c0
y
0.25 cos 4 v 0 or 5
3 1
y
4 cos
5 v
2
O 2 3
4
Lesson 7-1
8
Page A38
1
2. y 1. csc v
sin v
1
4
21 co
s v
1
y sec 2
2
1 2
1 4
1
O 2 3
15
16
1
3. y
15
4
4
2 4
15
15
15
y csc(2 2)
4
15
O 2 3
15
2 1
2. tan v
4
cot v
1
6
3
3 6
Lesson 6-8 6 6
6
2
13
13
Page A37 3. cos cos 6 2
6
1. Let v Cos1 0. 2. Let v Arcsin 0.
cos 6
Cos v 0 Sin v 0 sin (315)
v 2
v0 4. tan (315)
cos (315)
sin (45 (360))
3. Let v Tan1 1. cos(Tan1 1) cos 4 cos (45 (360))
sin 45
2
2
Tan v 1 cos 45
tan 45
v 4
2 cos x sin x
1 1
sec v
cos v sin v 1 cos x
7. cot v tan v sin v sec v sin v
sin v cos v cos v
2
sin x
1 1
2 2 3 2
7. sin x cos y 28085
483315
5 4
179
21
25 7
16
21 7
5 4 Lesson 7-4
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
21
7 2 3
5 4 5 4
Page A39
6 73
30
20 1. sin 15 sin 2
8.
122
122
52 119
sin x
1
19
112 23
sin y
23
1 cos 30
2
12 12 3
1
cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y 2
5 11 1
19 2
3
2
1
2 12 12 12
2 3
55 2737
2
144
2 3
Since 15 is in Quadrant I, sin 15 2.
150
2. cos 75 cos 2
1 cos 150
2
3
1
2
2
2 3
2
2 3
Since 75 is in Quadrant I, cos 75 2.
277
1 cos 3
5 2
6
12
5
1 cos 4
6 9
3
1 2
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2 2 2
7 7
35
3
1 41
2
4
9
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
tan 2v
2 tan v
1 tan2 v
2
2 3 3
1 2 2
5
2 4
5
9
2 2
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2 2 2 2
3 3
5
2
2
Since 22.5 is in Quadrant I, cos 22.5 . 1
2 9
5
2 tan v
5 6 tan 2v
2 sin
5. sin 1 1 tan2 v
2
2 5
2
5
5
1 cos 6
1 5
2
5 2
2
45
3
1 2
310
10
9.
(3)2
(1)2 10
; sin v 10; cos v 1
2 0
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
2 3
2 10 10
3
10 10
2
5 5p
2 3
3
2 is in Quadrant I, sin 12
Since 1 5
.
2
2
1 2 tan v
2
tan 2v
1 tan2 v
2
1 2 ( 3)
2
1 ( 3)2
2 2
2 2
3
2 2
2 2
4
5
tan f 2
Page A39
f Arctan 2 180
5
1. 4 cos2 x 2 0
f 248
1
cos2 x 2 5.
A2
B2
12 (
1)2 2
2 x y 2
cos x
2
2
2
0
2
x 45, 135, 225, 315 2 2
x
2
2 y 2
0
2. sin2 x csc x 1 0
1 p 2
sin2 x
sin x 1 0
2
2
sin f 2, cos f 2
sin x 1
x 90 tan f 1
3. 3
cos x 2 cos x f Arctan (1) 360
cos x f 315
3
sin x 2 cos x
cos x
6.
A2
B2
22 32 13
3
sin x 2 cos x 0
2 3 12
13
x y 0
13
13
cos x 2 0
3
213 3
13 1213
sin x x y 0
3 13 13 13
cos x 0 or 20 1213
sin x
p 1
3 3
x 90, 270 2 313 213
sin x
sin f 13, cos f 13
3
sin x 3
2
tan f 2
x 60, 120 3
4. 3 cos2 x 6 cos x 3 f Arctan 2
3 cos2 x 6 cos x 3 0 f 56
3(cos2 x 2 cos x 1) 0
3(cos x 1)(cos x 1) 0
cos x 1 0
cos x 1
x 0
i k
40
3 0 4
210
1 5 2
u 6j
u
2i u 10ju 15k
u
20i
12. 15, 12 (15)
2 (
12)2 20, 10, 15
369
20, 10, 15 3, 0, 4 20 3 (10) 0
341 15 4
u 12j
u
15i 0; yes
20, 10, 15 1, 5, 2 20 (1) (10)
5 15 2
0; yes
Lesson 8-3
9. 1, 1, 0 2, 1, 3 u uj u
i k
1 1 0
Page A40 2 1 3
u 3j
u 3k
u
1. u
p 21, 2, 1 3(4, 3, 0 3i
2, 4, 2 12, 9, 0 3, 3, 3
10, 5, 2 3, 3, 3 1, 1, 0 3 (1) 3 1 1 (3) 0
u 1 0; yes
2. p 1, 2, 1 2, 2, 4 4, 3, 0
2 3, 3, 3 (2, 1, 3 3 2 3 1 (3) 3
1, 2, 1 1, 1, 2 4, 3, 0
0; yes
2, 2, 3
10. 1, 3, 2 6, 1, 2 u u u
3. u
p 22, 2, 4 4, 3, 0 i j k
4, 4, 8 4, 3, 0 1 3 2
0, 7, 8 6 1 2
u 10ju 19k u
u 3 8i
4. p 4, 3, 0 21, 2, 1
4 8, 10, 19
3, 4, 0 2, 4, 2
9
8, 10, 19 1, 3, 2 8 (1) 10 (3) 19 2
0; yes
1, 14, 2
3
8, 10, 19 6, 1, 2 8 6 10 (1) 19 (2)
5. 2, 4, 1 5, 4, 3 u
v 0, 0, 0 0; yes
7, 0, 4 u
v 0, 0, 0
u
v 0 7, 0 0, 0 4
u
v 7, 0, 4
Lesson 8-5
k u
1 0 3 4. r 902 1102
u 142.13 N
1 1 2 r
90 N
u u
3i j uk
3, 1, 1
3, 1, 1 (1, 0, 3 3 1 1 0 1 3 110 N
0; yes
3, 1, 1 1, 1, 2 3 1 1 1 1 2
0; yes
180 0 0
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Lesson 8-7 210 330 7
P
11
6 6
240 300
270 4 5
3 3 3
Page A41 2
1. vy 70 sin 34 5. 2 2 6.
120
90
60
39.14 yd/s 70 yd/s
3 3
5
vx 70 cos 34 6 6
150 30
58.03 yd/s 34
u 0 180 0
2a. x t v cos v
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
75t cos 25
210 330
u sin v 1gt2 h 7 11
y t v 2 6 6
240 300
1 4 5 270
75t sin 25 2(32)t2 5 3 3 3
2
5 75t sin 25 16t2
7. 2 2 8. 2
2b. y 0 when t ? 3 3 3
2
3
75 sin 25
(75 si
n 25)2
4( )
16)(5 5 5
t 2(16) 6 6 6 6
t 0.1468595989 or t 2.127882701 0
0
t 2.13 s 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
x 75t cos 25
75(2.13) cos 25 7
6
11
6
7 11
6 6
145 ft 4 5 4 5
3 3 3 3
3 3
2 2
210 330
240 300
Lesson 9-4
270
cardioid
Page A42
1.
A2
B2
62 (
5)2
Lesson 9-3 61
6 5 6
x y 0
61
61
61
6 5 6
61
Page A42 cos f , sin f , p
61
61
61
1
v Arctan 2 f Arctan 180
5
1. r
12 (
1)2
1 6
7
2
4
140
7
2,
4
6
61
r cos (v 140)
61
v Arctan 3
0
2. r 32 02 2. A2
B2 32 92
9 or 3 0 310
3 9 90
(3, 0) x
310
y 0
3
10
310
v Arctan
2
3. r 22 (2
)2
10
310
2 cos f 10
, sin f 10, p 310
6 or about 2.45 0.62
f Arctan 3
(2.45, 0.62)
72
4. x 2 cos 4 y 2 sin 4 310 r cos (v 72)
2 2 2 2
2
2
3. 8 r cos (v 30)
0 r(cos v cos 30 sin v sin 30) 8
2
2
3
1
0 2 r cos v 2 r sin v 8
2, 2 3
1
1 1 0 2 x 2 y 8
5. x 4 cos 2 y 4 sin 2
1 1 0 3 x 2y 16
4 (0) 4 (1)
4. 1 r cos (v )
1
0 4 0 r (cos v cos sin v sin ) 1
0 r cos v 0 1
0, 14 0 x 1
x1
Page A43
180 0
1 2 3 4 1. 4x 6yi 14 12i
4x 14 6y 12
210 330 14 12
x
4 y 6
240 300
270
x 3.5 y 2
2. i 3. i
Lesson 9-5 O
(4, 1)
O
Page A43 (0, 5)
3 4
1. i10 (i4) i2 2. i17 (i4) i
1 3 (1) 14 i
1 i
3. i1000 (i4)250 4. i12 i4 (i4)3 (i4)1 z
42 12 z
02 (
5)2
1 250 13 11 17
25
or 5
1 2
4. i z
22 ( )2
3
5. (4 i) (3 5i) (4 (3)) (i 5i) 7
1 4i
6. (6 6i) (2 4i) (6 (2)) (6i (4i))
4 2i O
7. (3 i)(5 3i) 15 4i 3i2 (2, 3)
18 4i
8. (2 5i)2 (2 5i)(2 5i)
4 20i 25i2
v Arctan 4
4
21 20i 5. r
42 42
9. (1 2i)(3 8 i) 3 8 i 32 i 16
i2 32
or 42
4
3 22 i 32 i 4i2
7 2 i cos
4 4i 42
4 i sin 4
v Arctan
2
4i 4i 1i 1
6. r
(2)2
12
1i 1i
10.
1i
4 5i i2 5
2.68
1 i2 2 i 5
(cos 2.68 i sin 2.68)
3 5i
v Arctan 4 2
2 2
7. r 42 (
2 )2
3
2 2i
5 18
or 32 5.94
6 2i 6 2i 2 i 4 2 i 32 (cos 5.94 i sin 5.94)
11.
2 i 2 i
2 i 8a. 5(cos 0.9 i sin 0.9) 3.11 3.92j
12 10i 2i2 8(cos 0.4 j sin 0.4) 7.37 3.12j
4 i2
10 10i 8b. (3.11 3.92j) (7.37 3.12j)
5 (3.11 7.37) (3.92j 3.12j)
2 2i 10.48 7.04j ohms
v Arctan 10.48
(i 2)2 i2 4i 4 7.04
12.
4 2i
4 2i
8c. r (10.48
)2 (7
.04)2
3 4i 4 2i 12.63 0.59
4 2i 4 2i
10.48 7.04j 12.63 (cos 0.59 j sin 0.59) ohms
12 22i 8i2
16 4i2
4 22i
20
1
5
11 Lesson 9-7
10 i
Page A43
1. r 6 4 or 24 v 2 4
3
4
3 3
24cos 4 i sin 4 24 2 i2
2
2
122
122
i
1
d 1025
3 cos 1
2 i sin 12
2 d 541
or about 32 ft
1.08 0.29i
4. r
(1)2
02 v
1 Lesson 10-2
1
1cos 5 i sin 5 Page A44
0.81 0.59i 1. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2
[x (2)]2 (y 2)2 2
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 2
y
Lesson 10-1
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 2
Page A44
1. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
(4 (
2))2
(5
2)2 O x
d
62 32
d 45
or 35
2. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
x1 x2 y1 y2
2 4 2 5
2, 2 2
,
2 (x 0)2 (y (4))2 42
(1, 3.5) x2 (y 4)2 16
y
2. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
O x
d
(8 (
3))2
(1
6)2
d
112
(7)2 x 2 (y 4)2 16
d 170
x1 x2 y1 y2
3 8 6 (1)
2, 2 2
,
2
(2.5, 2.5)
8 Lesson 10-3
4. x2 6x 8y 18 0
y2
(x2 6x 9) (y2 8y 16) 18 9 16 Page A44
(x 3)2 (y 4)2 7 1. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
2 2 y 10
(x 3) (y 4) 7 a 2 or 5
6
b 2 or 3
(x h)2 (y k)2
a2
b
2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
52
3
2 1
x2 y2
O x 9 1
25
c2 a2 b2
5. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
c2 25 9
22 (2)2 2D 2E F 0
c2 16
2D 2E F 8
c4
02 (4)2 0(D) 4E F 0
foci: (4, 0)
4E F 16
(2)2 (2)2 2D 2E F 0 2. center: (h, k) (2, 1)
8
2D 2E F 8 a 2 or 4
2D 2E F 8 2(2 0 2E F ) 2(8) 4
b 2 or 2
2D 2E F 8 4E F ) 16 (y k)2 (x h)2
4D 0 F0
a2
b 2 1
D0 (y 1)2
[x (2)]2
2 1
42 2
4E (0) 16 (y 1)2 (x 2)2
1
4E 16 16 4
E4 c a2 b2
2
x2 y2 4y 0 center: (0, 2) c2 16 4
x2 (y2 4y 4) 0 4 radius: 2 c2 12
x2 (y 2)2 4 c 12 or 23
6. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 foci: (2, 1 23 )
(1)2 32 D 3E F 0 3. The major axis contains the foci and it is located
D 3E F 10 on the x-axis. y
(4)2 62 4D 6E F 0 center: (h, k) (4, 1)
4D 6E F 52 8 (x 4)2 (y 1)2
c2 a2 b2 64
16
1
(7)2 32 7D 3E F 0 c 64 16
2
4
7D 3E F 58 c2 80
2(D 3E F ) 2(10) 4D 6E F ) 2(52 c 80 or 45 O x
4 4 8 12
4D 6E F ) 2(52 2(7D 3E F ) 2(58)
4
2D F ) 2(32 10D F ) 2(64
2D F 32 (8) 3E F 10
10D F 64 4(8) 6E F 52 foci: (h c, k) (4 45, 1)
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (4 8, 1)
12D 96 24) 3E 42
(12, 1) and (4, 1)
D8 3E 18
minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (4, 1 4)