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Chuyn 2
Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H

Phng Trnh i S
1. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh Khng Cha Cn

Bi tp 2.1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a) x2 6x + 6 > 0. b) 4x2 + x 2 0.
c) x4 4x3 + 3x2 + 8x 10 0. d) x4 + x2 + 4x 3 0.
Li gii.

2 x > 3 + 3
a) Ta c x 6x + 6 > 0 . Vy tp nghim S = ; 3 3 3 + 3; + .
x<3 3
2
b) Ta c = 31 < 0 4x + x 2 < 0, x R. Vy bt phng trnh v nghim.
c) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
x4 + 3x2 10 4x3 + 8x 0 x2 2 x2 + 5 4x x2 2 0

x2 2 x2 4x + 5 0 x2 2 0 2 x 2

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 2; 2 .
d) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
2 2
x4 + 2x2 + 1 x2 4x + 4 x2 + 1 (x 2)
"
1+ 5
2
2
2 x
x +x1 x x+3 0x +x10 2
1 5
x 2
i h
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = ; 12 5 1+2 5 ; + .

x2 x2 3x 2
a) 2 0. b) 2x + 2.
x 9x + 8 x1
x+5 2x 1 1 1
c) + > 2. d) 2 < 2 .
2x 1 x+5 x 5x + 4 x 7x + 10
Li gii.
a) Ta c bng xt du
x 1 2 8 +
x2 | 0 + | +
x2 9x + 8 + 0 | 0 +
VT || + 0 || +
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (1; 2] (8; +).

x2 3x 2 (x 1) (2x + 2) x2 3x
b) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi 0 0.
x1 x1
Ta c bng xt du
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x 3 0 1 +
x2 3x 0 + 0 |
x1 | | 0 +
VT + 0 0 + ||
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 3] [0; 1).

2 2
(x + 5) + (2x 1) 2 (x + 5) (2x 1) x2 12x + 36
c) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi >0 > 0.
(2x 1) (x + 5) 2x2 + 9x 5
Ta c bng xt du
1
x 5 6 2 +
x2 12x + 36 + |
+ | + 0 +
2x2 + 9x 5 0 + |
+ 0 +
VT || + 0
+ || +
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 5) 12 ; 6 (6; +).

x2 7x + 10 x2 + 5x 4 2x + 6
d) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi 2 <0 < 0.
(x 5x + 4) (x2 7x + 10) (x2 5x + 4) (x2 7x + 10)
Ta c bng xt du
x 1 2 3 4 5 +
2x + 6 + | + | + 0 | |
x2 5x + 4 + 0 | | 0 + | +
x2 7x + 10 + | + 0 | | 0 +
VT + || || + 0 || + ||
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (1; 2) (3; 4) (5; +).

Bi tp 2.3. Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) x3 5x2 + 5x 1 = 0. b) x3 3 3x2 + 7x 3 = 0.
3 3
c) x4 4x3 x2 + 16x 12 = 0. d) (x 3) + (2x + 3) = 18x3 .
3 3 3 2 3
e) x2 + 1 + (1 3x) = x2 3x + 2 . f) (4 + x) (x 1) = (1 x) x2 2x + 17 .
Li gii.
x=1
a) Ta c x3 5x2 + 5x 1 = 0 (x 1) x2 4x + 1 = 0 .
x=2 3

Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x = 1, x = 2 3.
2 2

3
x = 3
b) Ta c x 3 3x + 7x 3 = 0 x 3 x 2 3x + 1 = 0 .
x= 3 2

Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x = 3, x = 3 2.
x=1
c) Ta c x4 4x3 x2 + 16x 12 = 0 (x 1) x3 3x2 4x + 12 = 0 x = 3 .
x = 2
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x = 1, x = 3, x = 2.
d) Phng trnh tng ng vi
3
(x 3 + 2x + 3) 3(x 3)(2x + 3)(x 3 + 2x + 3) = 18x3
9x3 9x 2x2 3x 9 = 0 9x 7x2 + 3x + 9 = 0 x = 0

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0.

e) Phng trnh tng ng vi
3 3
x2 + 1 + 1 3x 3(x2 + 1)(1 3x)(x2 + 1 + 1 3x) = x2 3x + 2
x = 31

2 2
3(x + 1)(1 3x)(x 3x + 2) = 0 x =1
x=2
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x = 31 , x = 1, x = 2.
f) Phng trnh tng ng vi
2 3 2
(4 + x) = (x 1) (x 1) x2 2x + 17 (4 + x) = (x 1) x2 2x + 1 x2 + 2x 17 = 0

2 2 x=0
x + 8x + 16 = 16x + 16 x + 24x = 0
x = 24
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0, x = 24.
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Chuyn 2. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh i S
Bi tp 2.4. Giicc phng trnh sau

2 2 2
a) x2 4x + 3 x2 6x + 5 = 0. b) x4 = (2x 5) .
c) x4 + 3x2 + 3 = 2x. d) x4 4x 1 = 0.
e) x4 = 6x2 12x + 8. f) x4 = 2x3 + 3x2 4x + 1.
Li gii.
2
2 2
2 2
x=1
a) Ta c x 4x + 3 x 6x + 5 = 0 2x 10x + 8 (2x 2) = 0 .
x=4
2
b) Ta c x4 = (2x 5) x2 + 2x 5 x2 2x + 5 = 0 x = 1 6.

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1 6.
2 2
c) Ta c x4 + 3x2 + 3 = 2x x2 + 2 = (x + 1) x2 + x + 3 x2 x + 1 = 0.
Vy phng trnh v nghim.
2 2
d) Ta c x4 4x 1 = 0 x2 + 1 = 2(x + 1) x2 + 2x + 1 + 2 x2 2x + 1 2 = 0.
p
2 4 22
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = .
2
2 2
e) Ta c x4 = 6x2 12x + 8 x2 1 = (2x 3) x2 + 2x 4 x2 2x + 2 = 0 x = 1 5.

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1 5. "
1 5
2 2 x =
f) Ta c x4 = 2x3 + 3x2 4x + 1 x2 x = (2x 1) x2 + x 1 x2 3x + 1 = 0 2 .
x = 32 5

1 5 3 5
Vy phng trnh c bn nghim x = ,x = .
2 2
4 4 4 4
a) (x + 3) + (x + 5) = 2. b) (x + 1) + (x + 3) = 16.
4 4 4
c) (x + 3) + (x 1) = 82. d) x4 + (x 1) = 41
8 .
Li gii.
a) t x + 4 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh
t2 = 0

4 4 4 2
(t 1) + (t + 1) = 2 2t + 12t = 0 t=0
t2 = 6 (loi)
Vi t = 0 x = 4. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 4.

b) t x + 2 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh
2
4 4 4 2 t =1
(t 1) + (t + 1) = 16 2t + 12t 14 = 0 t = 1
t2 = 7 (loi)
Vi t = 1 x = 1; t = 1 x = 3. Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1, x = 3.

c) t x + 1 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh
2
4 4 t =1
(t + 2) + (t 2) = 16 2t4 + 48t2 50 = 0 t = 1
t2 = 25 (loi)
Vi t = 1 x = 0; t = 1 x = 2. Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0, x = 2.

d) t x 21 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh
4 4
t2 = 1

1 1 41
t+ + t = 2t4 + 3t2 5 = 0 t = 1
2 2 8 t2 = 25 (loi)
Vi t = 1 x = 23 ; t = 1 x = 12 . Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 23 , x = 12 .

a) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) = 3. b) x2 1 (x + 3) (x + 5) + 16
= 0.
c) (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 6) = 3x2 . d) x2 2x + 4 x2 + 3x + 4 = 14x2 .
Li gii.
a) Phng trnh tng ng vi
(x + 1) (x + 4) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 3 x2 + 5x + 4 x2 + 5x + 6 = 3

t=1
t x2 + 5x + 4 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t (t + 2) = 3 .
t = 3
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2 5 13
Vi t = 1 x + 5x + 4 = 1 x = ; t = 3 x2 + 5x + 4 = 3 (v nghim).
2
5 13
2
b) Phng trnh tng ng vi
(x 1) (x + 5) (x + 1) (x + 3) + 16 = 0 x2 + 4x 5 x2 + 4x + 3 + 16 = 0

t x2 + 4x 5 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t (t + 8) + 16 = 0 t = 4.

Vi t = 4 x2 + 4x 5 = 4 x = 2 5. Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 2 5.
c) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi
(x 1) (x 6) (x 2) (x 3) = 3x2 x2 7x + 6 x2 5x + 6 = 3x2

6 6
x7+ x5+ =3
x x

6 t=1
t x 7 + x = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t (t + 2) = 3 .
t = 3

Vi t = 1 x 7 + x6 = 1 x2 8x + 6 = 0 x = 4 10;
t = 3 x 7 + x6 = 3 x2 4x + 6 = 0 (v nghim).

d) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi

4 4
x2+ x+3+ = 14
x x

t=2
t x 2 + x4 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t (t + 5) = 14 .
t = 7

4 4 x = 1
Vi t = 2 x 2 + = 2 x2 4x + 4 = 0 x = 2; t = 7 x 2 + = 7 x2 + 5x + 4 .
x x x = 4

a) x4 4x3 + 6x2 4x + 1 = 0. b) 2x4 + 3x3 9x2 3x + 2 = 0.
c) 2x4 + 3x3 27x2 + 6x + 8 = 0. d) x4 5x3 + 8x2 10x + 4 = 0.
Li gii.
a) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi

4 1 1 1
x2 4x + 6 + 2 = 0 x2 + 2 4 x + +6=0
x x x x
1 1
t x + = t x2 + 2 = t2 2. Phng trnh tr thnh t2 2 4t + 6 = 0 t = 2.
x x
1
Vi t = 2 x + = 2 x2 2x + 1 = 0 x = 1.
x
b) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi

3 2 1 1
2x2 + 3x 9 + 2 = 0 2 x2 + 2 + 3 x 9=0
x x x x

1 2 1 2 2
t=1
t x = t x + 2 = t + 2. Phng trnh tr thnh 2 t + 2 + 3t 9 = 0 .
x x t = 52

1 1 5
Vi t = 1 x = 1 x2 x 1 = 0 x = .
x 2
5 1 5 5 41
Vi t = x = 2x2 + 5x 2 = 0 x =
2 x 2 4
1 5 5 41
2 4
c) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi

6 8 4 2
2x2 + 3x 27 + + 2 = 0 2 x2 + 2 + 3 x + 27 = 0
x x x x
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2 4 t = 5
= t x2 + 2 = t2 4. Phng trnh tr thnh 2 t2 4 + 3t 27 = 0

t x + .
x x t = 27

2 5 17
Vi t = 5 x + = 5 x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 x = .
x 2
7 2 7 7 17
Vi t = x + = 2x2 7x + 4 = 0 x = .
2 x 2 4
5 17 7 17
2 4
d) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi

2 10 4 2 4 2
x 5x + 8 + 2 =0x + 2 5 x+ +8=0
x x x x

2 2 4 2 2 t=4
t x + = t x + 2 = t 4. Phng trnh tr thnh t 4 5t + 8 = 0 .
x x t=1
2
Vi t = 4 x + = 4 x2 4x + 2 = 0 x = 2 2.
x
2
Vi t = 1 x + = 1 x2 x + 2 = 0 (v nghim).
x
Bi tp 2.8. Gii
2 cc phng trnh sau
a) x2 + 5x 2 x2 + 5x 24 = 0. b) x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 2 = 12.
2 2
c) x2 2x 2 2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0. d) (4x + 3) (x + 1) (2x + 1) = 810.
Li gii.
2 2 t=6
a) t x + 5x = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t 2t 24 = 0 .
t = 4

x=1 x = 1
Vi t = 6 x2 + 5x = 6 . Vi t = 4 x2 + 5x = 4 .
x = 6 x = 4
Vy phng trnh c bn nghim x = 1, x = 4, x = 6.
2 t=3
b) t x + x + 1 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t(t + 1) = 12 .
t = 4
x=1
Vi t = 3 x2 + x + 1 = 3 . Vi t = 4 x2 + x + 1 = 4 (v nghim).
x = 2
c) Phng trnh tng ng vi (x2 2x 2)2 (x2 2x 2) x2 + x = 0.
t x2 2x 2 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh

2 2 t=x
t t x + x = 0 (t x)(t + x) (t x) = 0 (t x)(t + x 1) = 0
t=1x

2 3 17 2 131
Vi t = x x 2x 2 = x x = ; t = 1 x x 2x 2 = 1 x x = .
2 2
3 17 1 13
2 2
16x2 + 24x + 9 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 810 8(2x2 + 3x + 1) + 1 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 810

2 t = 10
t 2x + 3x + 1 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh (8t + 1) t = 810 .
t = 81
8

x = 3
Vi t = 10 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 10 . Vi t = 81 2 81
8 2x + 3x + 1 = 8 (v nghim).
x = 32
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 3, x = 32 .

1 1 6 4x 3x
a) 2
+ 2 = 2 . b) + 2 = 1.
2x x + 1 2x x + 3 2x x + 7 4x2
8x 2+ 7 4x 10x
+ 7 2
x2 + 1 x 5 x1 x3 x3
c) + 2 = . d) + 2 = 0.
x x +1 2 x+2 x+2 x1
2 2 2
x 1 1 13
e) x2 + = 3. f) 2
+ 2
= .
x+1 x +x+1 x +x+2 36
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Li gii.
a) t 2x2 x + 1 = t (t > 0). Phng trnh tr thnh

1 1 6 t=2
+ = (t + 2) (t + 6) + t (t + 6) = 6t (t + 2) 4t2 2t 12 = 0
t t+2 t+6 t = 23 (loi)

x=1
Vi t = 2 2x2 x + 1 = 2 .
x = 21
b) Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vi x 6= 0, phng trnh tng ng vi
4 3
7 + 7 =1
4x 8 + x 4x 10 + x
7
t 4x 8 + x = t. Phng trnh tr thnh

4 3 t=1
+ = 1 4 (t 2) + 3t = t (t 2) t2 9t + 8 = 0
t t2 t=8
7
Vi t = 1 4x 8 + x = 1 4x2 9x + 7 = 0 (v nghim).
x = 12

Vi t = 8 4x 8 + x7 = 8 4x2 16x + 7 = 0 .
x = 72
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 21 , x = 72 .
c) iu kin: x 6= 0.
x2 + 1

1 5 t = 2
t = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t + t = 2 .
x t = 21
x2 + 1
Vi t = 2 = 2 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 x = 1.
x
1 x2 + 1 1
Vi t = = 2x2 + x + 2 = 0 (v nghim).
2 x 2
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 1.
d) iu kin: x 6= 1, x 6= 2.
x1 x3 2 2 u=v
t = u, = v. Phng trnh tr thnh u + uv 2v = 0 .
x+2 x1 u = 2v
x1 x3
Vi u = v = x2 2x + 1 = x2 x 6 x = 7.
x+2 x1
x1 x3 2 2 2 2 37
Vi u = 2v = 2. x 2x + 1 = 2x + 2x + 12 3x 4x 11 = 0 x = .
x+2 x1 3
2 37
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x = 7, x = .
3
e) iu kin: x 6= 1. Phng trnh tng ng vi
2 2
x2 x2

x x
x + 2x. =3 +2 3=0
x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1
x2

2 t=1
t = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t + 2t 3 = 0 .
x+1 t = 3

x2 1 5
Vi t = 1 = 1 x2 x 1 = 0 x = .
x+1 2
x2
Vi t = 3 = 3 x2 + 3x + 3 = 0 (v nghim).
x+1
1 5
2
2
1 1 1 1 13
2
2 + 2. . 2 =
x +x+1 x +x+2 x2 +x+1 x +x+2 36
2
1 2 13
+ =0
(x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 2)
(x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 2) 36
t = 16

1 2 13
t 2 = t (t > 0). Phng trnh tr thnh t + 2t = 0 .
2
(x + x + 1) (x + x + 2) 36 t = 13
6 (loi)
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1 1 1
= x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 2 = 6.

Vi t = 2 2
6 (x + x + 1) (x + x + 2) 6
2 u=2
t x + x + 1 = u (u > 0). Phng trnh tr thnh u (u + 1) = 6 .
u = 3 (loi)

1 5
Vi u = 2 x2 + x + 1 = 2 x = .
2
1 5
2
a) |x 1| = x2 3x + 1. b) x2 + 4x 5 = x2 + 5.

c) x2 5x + 4 x = 4. d) x2 + 4x +4 = 5 x2 .
e) x2 5x + 4 = x2 + 6x + 5. f) x2 5x + 5 = 2x2 + 10x 11.
Li gii.
2 x=2 2
x 1 = x 3x + 1
a) Ta c |x 1| = x2 3x + 1 x=0 .
x 1 = x2 + 3x 1
x=2

Vy phng trnh c bn nghim x = 2 2, x = 0, x = 2.
x = 52

2 2
2 2 x + 4x 5 = x + 5
b) Ta c x + 4x 5 = x + 5 x=0 .
x2 + 4x 5 = x2 5

x = 2
5
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim
x = 2 , x = 0, x = 2.
2 x 4 2 x=0
c) Vi x 5x + 4 0 , phng trnh tr thnh x 5x + 4 x = 4 (tha mn).
x1 x=6
2 2 2
Vi x 5x + 4 < 0 1 < x < 4, phng trnh tr thnh x + 5x 4 x = 4 x 4x + 8 = 0 (v nghim).
d) Phng trnh tng ng vi |x + 2| = 5 x2 . "
2 2 x = 1+213
Vi x + 2 0 x 2, phng trnh tr thnh x + 2 = 5 x x + x 3 = 0
x = 12 13 (loi)
"
2 2 x = 1+ 29
(loi)
Vi x + 2 < 0 x < 2, phng trnh tr thnh x 2 = 5 x x x 7 = 0 2
1 29
x= 2

1 + 13 1 29
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = ,x = .
2 2
x4 1
e) Vi x2 5x + 4 0 , phng trnh tr thnh x2 5x + 4 = x2 + 6x + 5 x = 11 (tha mn).
x1
Vi x2 5x + 4 < 0 1 < x < 4, PT tr thnh x2 + 5x 4 = x2 + 6x + 5 2x2 + x + 9 = 0 (v nghim).
1
nghim x = 11
Vy phng trnh c hai " .

5+ 5
x 15 33
f) Vi x2 5x + 5 0 2
5 5
, PT tr thnh x2 5x + 5 = 2x2 + 10x 11 x = 2 (tha mn).
x 2

5 5 5+ 5 x=2
Vi x2 5x + 5 < 0 2 <x< PT tr thnh x2 + 5x 5 = 2x2 + 10x 11
2 , (TM).
x=3

15 33
Vy phng trnh c bn nghim x = , x = 2, x = 3.
2
2
2 2x 1 x+1
a) x2 x + x2 x 6 = 0. b) 3 2 = 0.
1
2 x + 1 2x2011
c) x2 + 3x 10 + x2 4 = 0. d) x + 3x 4 + x + 2011x 2012 = 0.
Li gii.
t=2
a) t |x2 x| = t (t 0). Phng trnh tr thnh t2 + t 6 = 0 .
t = 3 (loi)
2
x x=2 x=2
Vi t = 2 x2 x = 2 .
x2 x = 2 (v nghim) x = 1
b) iu kin: x 6= 1, x 6= 21 .
x+1 3
t | | = t (t > 0). Phng trnh tr thnh 2 t 2 = 0 t3 + 2t 3 = 0 t = 1.
2x 1 t
x+1
Vi t = 1 = 1 |x + 1| = |2x 1| x + 1 = 2x 1
x=2
.
2x 1 x + 1 = 2x + 1 x=0
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2 x=2
x + 3x 10 = 0
2 2
c) Ta c x + 3x 10 + x 4 = 0 x5 x = 2.
x2 4 = 0
x = 2

2 x = 1 (tha mn)
x + 3x 4 = 0
2 2011
d) Ta c x + 3x 4+x + 2011x 2012 = 0 x = 4 (loi) .
x2011 + 2011x 2012 = 0 2011
x + 2011x 2012 = 0
2x 3
a) |x 2| < |2x + 1|. b)
1.
x2 3

c) x2 5x + 4 x2 + 6x + 5. d) x 2x + x2 4 > 0.
Li gii.
x > 13

2 2 2
a) Ta c |x 2| < |2x + 1| (x 2) < (2x + 1) 3x + 8x 3 > 0 .
x < 3
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 3) 13 ; + .

b) iu kin: x 6= 3. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

2 2
|2x 3| |x 3| (2x 3) (x 3) 3x2 6x 0 0 x 2 (tha mn)
Vy bt phng trnh c tp
nghim S = [0; 2].
x4
c) Vi x2 5x + 4 0 , bt phng trnh tr thnh
x1

2 2 1 1
x 5x + 4 x + 6x + 5 x S1 = ; 1 [4; +)
11 11
Vi x2 5x + 4 < 0 1 < x < 4, bt phng trnh tr thnh
x2 + 5x 4 x2 + 6x + 5 2x2 + x + 9 0 (ng x (1; 4)) S2 = (1; 4)

1
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = S1 S2 = 11 ; + .
x2
d) Vi x2 2x 0 , bt phng trnh tr thnh
x0

2 2 x>2
x 2x + x 4 > 0 (tha mn) S1 = (; 1) (2; +)
x < 1
Vi x2 2x < 0 0 < x < 2, bt phng trnh tr thnh
x2 + 2x + x2 4 > 0 x > 2 (loi) S2 =
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = S1 S2 = (; 1) (2; +).

a) |9 x| = |6 5x| + |4x + 3|. b) x2 5x + 4 + x2 5x = 4.
c) |7
2x| = |5 3x|
+ |x + 2|. |x 1| 2 |x 2|p
d) p + 3 |x 3| = 4.

e) x2 2x + 1 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 5. f) x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = 2.
Li gii.
a) Ta c bng xt du
x 34 6
5 9 +
9x + | + | + 0
6 5x + | + 0 |
4x + 3 0 + | + | +
Vi x ; 34 , phng trnh tr thnh 9 x = 6 5x 4x 3 x = 43 (tha mn).

Vi x 34 ; 56 , phng trnh tr thnh 9 x = 6 5x + 4x + 3 9 = 9 (ng , x 34 ; 65 ).

Vi x 65 ; 9 , phng trnh tr thnh 9 x = 6 + 5x + 4x + 3 x = 56 (loi).

Vi x (9; +), phng trnh tr thnh 9 + x = 6 + 5x + 4x + 3 x = 43 (loi).

Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 34 ; 65 .

b) Ta c bng xt du
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x 0 1 4 5 +
x2 5x + 4 + | + 0 0 + | +
x2 5x + 0 | | 0 +

2 2 x = 0 (tha mn)
Vi x (; 0], phng trnh tr thnh x 5x + 4 + x 5x = 4 .
x = 5 (loi)
Vi x (0; 1], phng trnh tr thnh x2 5x + 4 x2 + 5x = 4 4
= 4 (ng , x (0; 1]).
2 2 x = 4 (tha mn)
Vi x (1; 4], phng trnh tr thnh x + 5x 4 x + 5x = 4 .
x = 1 (loi)
Vi x (4; 5], phng trnh tr thnh x2 5x + 4 x2 + 5x = 4 4 =4 (ng , x (4; 5]).
x = 0 (loi)
Vi x (5; +), phng trnh tr thnh x2 5x + 4 + x2 5x = 4 .
x = 5 (loi)
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = [0; 1] [4; 5].
c) Ta c bng xt du
5 7
x 2 3 2 +
7 2x + | + | + 0
5 3x + | + 0 |
x+2 0 + | + | +
Vi x (; 2], phng trnh tr thnh 7 2x = 5 3x x 2 x = 2 (tha mn).

Vi x 2; 35 , phng trnh tr thnh 7 2x = 5 3x + x + 2 7 = 7 (ng , x 2; 35 ).

Vi x 53 ; 72 , phng trnh tr thnh 7 2x = 5 + 3x + x + 2 x = 35 (loi).

Vi x 72 ; + , phng trnh tr thnh 7 + 2x = 5 + 3x + x + 2 x = 2 (loi).

Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 2; 35 .

d) Ta c bng xt du
x 1 2 3 +
x1 0 + | + | +
x2 | 0 + | +
x3 | | 0 +
Vi x (; 1], phng trnh tr thnh x + 1 2 (x + 2) + 3 (x + 3) = 4 x = 1 (tha mn).

Vi x (1; 2], phng trnh tr thnh x 1 2 (x + 2) + 3 (x + 3) = 4 4 = 4 (ng , x (1; 2]).
Vi x (2; 3], phng trnh tr thnh x 1 2 (x 2) + 3 (x + 3) = 4 x = 2 (loi).
Vi x (3; +), phng trnh tr thnh x 1 2 (x 2) + 3 (x 3) = 4 x = 5 (tha mn).
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = [1; 2] {5}.
e) Phng trnh tng ng vi |x 1| + |x + 2| = 5.
Ta c bng xt du
x 2 1 +
x1 | 0 +
x+2 0 + | +
Vi x (; 2], phng trnh tr thnh x + 1 x 2 = 5 x = 3 (loi).

Vi x (2; 1], phng trnh tr thnh x + 1 + x + 2 = 5 3 = 5 (v l).
Vi x (1; +), phng trnh tr thnh x 1 + x + 2 = 5 x = 2 (tha mn).
f) Phng trnh tng ng vi x 1 + 1 + x 1 1 = 2.

Vi x 1 1 0 x 2, PT tr thnh x 1 + 1 + x 1 1 = 2 x 1 = 1 x = 2 (tha mn).

Vi x 1 1 < 0 1 x < 2, PT tr thnh x 1 + 1 x 1 + 1 = 2 2 = 2 (ng x [1; 2)).
Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = [1; 2].
2. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh Cha Cn

Bi tp 2.14.
Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) x x 1 7 = 0. b) p2x + 9 = 4 x + 3x + 1.

c) 3x 3 5 x = 2x 4. d) 2x + 6x 2 + 1 = x + 1.

e) 3 2x 1 + 3 x 1 = 3 3x + 1. f) x + 1 + x + 2 + 3 x + 3 = 0.
3 3
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Li gii.

7
x

x7
x1=x7 2 x = 5 (loi) x = 10
x 1 = x 14x + 49
x = 10


b) iu kin: 31 x 4. Phng trnh tng ng vi
p p
2x + 9 = 4 x + 3x + 1 + 2 (4 x) (3x + 1) 4 = 2 3x2 + 11x + 4

x=0
3x2 + 11x + 4 = 4 (tha mn).
x = 11
3

c) iu kin: 2 x 5. Phng trnh tng ng vi
p
3x 3 = 5 x + 2x 4 3x 3 = 5 x + 2x 4 + 2 (5 x) (2x 4)
2
p
2x 4 = 2 (5 x) (2x 4) (2x 4) = 4 (5 x) (2x 4)

x=2
(2x 4) (2x 4 20 + 4x) = 0 (tha mn).
x=4

x 1

0
x + 1 x 1 x=0 x=0

2x + 6x2 + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1 6x2 + 1 = x4 + 2x2 + 1

x=2 x=2
x = 2 (loi)


e) Phng trnh tng ng vi
p
2x 1 + x 1 + 3 3 (2x 1) (x 1) 3 2x 1 + 3 x 1 = 3x + 1

p x=0
3 (2x 1) (x 1) (3x + 1) = 1 6x3 7x2 = 0
x = 67
Th li ta thy x = 0 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 76 .

3
p
x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 3 x + 3 x + 1 + x + 2 + 3 3 (x + 1) (x + 2) 3 x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = x 3
p
3 (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = x + 2 (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = x + 2 x = 2
Th li ta thy x = 2 l nghim phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2.
2.15. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

Bi tp
a) x2 4x 12 > 2x + 3. b) x2 4x 12 x 4.
c) 3 6x 9x2 < 3x. d) x3 + 1 x + 1.
Li gii.
a) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

x < 23
2x + 3 < 0

2
x6
x 4x 12 0

x 2 x 2
2x + 3 0
x 32

x2 4x 12 > 4x2 + 12x + 9

3 < x < 37
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 2].
b) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

x4
x40

2 x6
x 4x 12 0 6x7
2 2 x 2
x 4x 12 x 8x + 16

x7

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [6; 7].

c) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi 6x 9x2 < 27x3 27x3 + 9x2 6x > 0. Ta c bng xt du
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x 32 0 1
3 +
VT 0 + 0 0 +
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 23 ; 0 13 ; + .


x < 1
x+1<0 3 (v nghim)
x 1
3

x +10 1 x 0

x 1
x+10 x2

1 x 0
x3 + 1 x2 + 2x + 1

x2

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [1; 0] [2; +).

Gii cc bt
Bi tp 2.16. phng
trnh sau
a) (C-09) x + 1 + 2 x 2 5x + 1. b) (A-05) p5x 1 x 1 > 2x 4.
p 2 (x2 16) 7x
c) 2x + 6x2 + 1 > x + 1. d) (A-04) + x3> .
x3 x3
Li gii.
a) iu kin: x 2. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
p
x + 1 + 4 (x 2) + 4 (x + 1) (x 2) 5x + 1 x2 x 2 4 2 x 3
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [2; 3].

b) iu kin: x 2. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
p
5x 1 > x 1 + 2x 4 5x 1 > x 1 + 2x 4 + 2 (x 1) (2x 4)
p
x + 2 > (x 1) (2x 4) x2 + 4x + 4 > 2x2 6x + 4 0 < x < 10
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [2; 10).


x + 1<0 < 1
x
2+10 2
2x + 6x 6x + 1 2x

x + 10 x 1
2x + 6x2 + 1 > x2 + 2x + 1 6x2 + 1 > x4 + 2x2 + 1

x < 1
2 2
6x + 1 4x (ng,x R)

x < 1
x
1
0<x<2
x < 2
0<x<2

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 1) (0; 2).

d) iu kin: x 4. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

p p 2x < 0
10
2 (x2 16) + x 3 > 7 x 2 (x2 16) > 10 2x 10 2x 0
2x2 32 > 100 40x + 4x2

x
> 5

x > 5
x 5 x > 10 34
10 34 < x 5
10 34 < x < 10 + 34

Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 10 34; + .
Bi tp 2.17.pGii cc phng trnh sau

p p
a) (D-05)
r 2 x +q 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4. b) x 1 + 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 = 1.

q q
x+3
c) x + x + 12 + x + 14 = 9. d) x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = .
3
Li gii.
a) Phng trnh tng ng vi 2 x + 1 + 1 x + 1 = 4 x + 1 = 2 x = 3.
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b) Phng trnh tng ng vi

x 2 + 1 x 2 1 = 1 x 2 x 2 1 = 0

Vi x 2 1 0 x 3, PT tr thnh x 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 1 = 0 (v l). 9
Vi x 2 1 < 0 2 x < 3, PT tr thnh x 2 + x 2 1 = 0 4(x 2) = 1 x = 4 (tha mn).
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 94 .
c) Phng trnh tng ng vi
r r
1 1 1 17
x+ x+ + =9 x+ = x
4 2 4 2
17
2
x
17
x0
2
2 x = 12 (loi) x=6
x + 14 = 289
4 17x + x x=6

d) Phng trnh tng ng vi x 1 + 1 + x 1 1 = x+33 .

Vi x 1 1 0 x 2, phng trnh tr thnh
x+3
x1+1+ x11= 6 x1=x+3
3

x+30 x 3
x = 15 6 5
36(x 1) = x2 + 6x + 9 x = 15 6 5

Vi x 1 1 < 0 1 x < 2, phng trnh tr thnh
x+3
x1+1 x1+1= 6 = x + 3 x = 3 (loi)
3

Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 15 6 5.
Bi tp
q 2.18. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

x
a) 4 + x 4 8 x. b) (D-02) x2 3x 2x2 3x 2 0.

c) (x 2
2) x + 4 < x2 4.
2 x2 2x 8.
(x + 2) 9 x
d)
e) x 3x + 2 + x2 4x + 3 2 x2 5x + 4.
2 f) x + x 2 + x2 + 2x 3 x2 + 4x 5.
2
Li gii.
a) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

q
x + 4 x 4 16 2x x 4 + 2 16 2x x 4 14 2x

14 2x < 0 x>7
x 4 0 x4 x>7 25
25 x
14 2x 0 x7 4 x 7 4
25
x 4 196 56x + 4x2 4 x8
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 25

4 ; + .
b) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

x=2
x = 1

2 x=2
2x 3x 2 = 0 2 1 x=2
x>2 x = 2
2x2 3x 2 > 0 1
x3 x3
x < 2

x2 3x 0 x 21

x3 x < 12
x0

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = ; 12 [3; +) {2}.


p p
(x 2) x2 + 4 < (x 2) (x + 2) (x 2) x2 + 4 x 2 < 0

x2>0
x>2
x2 + 4 < x2 + 4x + 4

x 2+4<x+2 x>2

x
2 < 0 x < 2 x<0
2 2 2
x +4>x+2 x + 4 > x + 4x + 4
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Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 0) (2; +).

p p
(x + 2) 9 x2 (x + 2) (x 4) (x + 2) 9 x2 x + 4 0

x 2

x
+ 2 0 x40

9 x2 0 (v nghim)
9 x2 x 4
2 2 3 x 2
x+20 9 x x 8x + 16

9 x2 x 4 x 2
9 x2 0
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [3; 2].

x4 p p p
e) iu kin: . BPT tng ng vi (x 1) (x 2) + (x 1) (x 3) 2 (x 1) (x 4).
x1
Nhn thy x = 1 l nghim ca bt phng
trnh.

Vi x 4, bt phng trnh tr thnh x 1 x 2 + x 3 2 x 4 0 x 2+ x 3 2 x 4.

V x 2 > x 4 v x 3 > x 4 nn
bt phng trnh nghim
ng x
[4; +).
Vi x < 1, bt phng trnh tr thnh 1 x 2 x + 3 x 2 4 x 0 2 x+ 3 x 2 4 x.

V 2 x < 4 x v 3 x > 4 x nn bt phng trnh v nghim.
Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp nghim S = [4; +) {1}.
x1 p p p
f) iu kin: . BPT tng ng vi (x 1) (x + 2) + (x 1) (x + 3) 2 (x 1) (x + 5).
x 5
Nhn thy x = 1 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.
Vi x > 1, bt phng trnh tr thnh

x1 x+2+ x+3 x+5 0 x+2+ x+3 x+5
p p
x + 2 + x + 3 + 2 (x + 2) (x + 3) x + 5 2 (x + 2) (x + 3) x (v nghim)
Vi x 5, bt phng trnh tr thnh

1 x x 2 + x 3 x 5 0 x 2 + x 3 x 5
p p
x 2 x 3 + 2 (x + 2) (x + 3) x 5 2 (x + 2) (x + 3) x
Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x = 1.

Bi tp 2.19. p
a) (D-06) 2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 = 0. b) 7 x2 + x x + 5 = 3 2x x2 .

c) 2x2 + 8x + 6 + x2 1 = 2x + 2. d) 3 2 + x 2 = 2x + x + 6.

r r
7 7
e) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 3) x2 + 1. 2
f) x 2 + x 2 = x.
x x
Li gii.
x2 + 3x 1 0

2x 1 = x2 + 3x 1
2x 1 = x4 + 9x2 + 1 6x3 + 2x2 6x
x2 + 3x 1 0 x2 + 3x 1 0

4 3 2 2
x 6x + 11x 8x + 2 = 0 (x 1) x2 4x + 2 = 0
x2 + 3x 1 0

x=1
x=0

x = 2 + 2 (loi)
x=2 2
x=2 2

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0, x = 2 2.
b) Ta c

q p
7 x2 + x x + 5 = 3 2x x2 7 x2 + x x + 5 = 3 2x x2

x = 1
x x + 5 = 2x 4 x2 (x + 5) = 4x2 + 16x + 16
x = 4
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x = 4 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 1.

Th li ta thy
x1
c) iu kin: x = 1 . Phng trnh tng ng vi
x 3
p p
2 (x + 1) (x + 3) + (x 1) (x + 1) = 2(x + 1)
Nhn thy x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.

Vi x 1, phng trnh tr thnh

x + 1 2x + 6 + x 1 2 x + 1 = 0 2x + 6 + x 1 = 2 x + 1
p p
2x + 6 + x 1 + 2 (2x + 6) (x 1) = 4 (x + 1) 2 2x2 + 4x 6 = x 1

x=1
4 2x2 + 4x 6 = x2 2x + 1 7x2 + 18x 25 = 0

x = 25
7 (loi)
Vi x 3, phng trnh tr thnh

x 1 2x 6 + 1 x 2 x 1 = 0 2x 6 + 1 x = 2 x 1
p p
2x 6 + 1 x + 2 (2x + 6) (x 1) = 4 (x 1) 2 2x2 + 4x 6 = 1 x

x = 1 (loi)
4 2x2 + 4x 6 = x2 2x + 1 7x2 + 18x 25 = 0

x = 25
7
d) iu kin: x 2. Phng trnh tng ng vi

9 (x 2) (x + 6)
3 x 2 x + 6 = 2x 6 = 2x 6
3 x2+ x+6

8 (x 3) = 2 (x 3) 3 x 2 + x + 6 2 (x 3) 3 x 2 + x + 6 4 = 0

x= 3 x=3
p
3 x2+ x+6=4 9 (x 2) + x + 6 + 6 (x 2) (x + 6) = 16

x=3
x= 3
2 14 5x 0
3 x + 4x 12 = 14 5x
9 x2 + 4x 12 = 196 160x + 25x2

x=3
14 x=3
x 5
x = 49 2 2097 (loi)
16x2 196x + 304 = 0

e) Ta c phng trnh h qu
x4 + 9x2 + 1 + 6x3 + 2x2 + 6x = x2 + 6x + 9 x2 + 1

x4 + 6x3 + 11x2 + 6x + 1 = x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 + 6x + 9 x = 2 2

Th li ta thy x = 2 2 l nghim phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 2 2.
f) Ta c phng trnh h qu
r r r
2
7 7 2 7 2 7 7
x 2 = x x 2 x 2 = x + x 2 2x x 2
x x x x x
r ! r
7 7 7
x 12 x 2 =02 x 2 =14 x 2 =1
x x x
4x3 x2 28 = 0 x = 2
Th li ta thy x = 2 l nghim phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 2.
Bi tp 2.20.
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
1 1 4x2 21 4x + x2
1
a) < 3. b) 0.
x x+1
2x x2
c) > 2x + 2. d) 2 > x 4.
2x + 1 1 1+ 1+x
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Li gii.
a) iu kin x 21 ; 12 \ {0}. Phng trnh tng ng vi

1 1 4x2 p p
< 3 4x < 3 + 3 1 4x2 3 1 4x2 > 4x 3
x 1 + 1 4x 2
V 4x 3 < 0, x 21 ; 12 \ {0} nn bt phng trnh nghim ng x 21 ; 12 \ {0}.

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 21 ; 12 \ {0}.

b) iu kin: x 6= 1. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

1 21 4x + x2 x2 + 4x 20
0 0 x + 1 < 0 x < 1
(x + 1) 1 + 21 4x + x2 x+1
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 1).

c) iu kin: x 21 , x 6= 0. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
1
2x + 1 + 1 > 2x + 2 2x + 1 > 2x + 1 2x + 1 > 4x2 + 4x + 1 <x<0
2
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 21 ; 0 .

d) iu kin: x 1. Nhn thy x = 0 l nghim ca bt phng trnh.

Vi x 6= 0, bt phng trnh tng ng vi
2
1 x+1 >x41+x+12 x+1>x4 x+1<3x<8
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [1; 8).
Bi tp 2.21. Gii cc phng trnh sau p

a) (x + 5) (2 x) = 3 x2 + 3x. b) (x + 1) (2 x) = 1 + 2x 2x2 .
p
c) x + 1 + 4 x + (x + 1) (4 x) = 5. d) 3x 2 + x 1 = 4x 9 + 2 3x2 5x + 2.
Li gii.
a) Phng trnh tng ng vi x2 3x + 10 = 3 x2 + 3x x2 + 3x + 3 x2 + 3x 10 = 0.
t=2
t x2 + 3x = t (t 0). Phng trnh tr thnh t2 + 3t 10 = 0 .
t = 5 (loi)

x=1
Vi t = 2 x2 + 3x = 2 x2 + 3x 4 = 0 .
x = 4
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x= 1, x = 4.
b) Phng trnh tng ng vi 2 + x x2 = 1 + 2 x x2 .

2 2
2 t = 1 (loi)
t 2 + x x = t (t 0). Phng trnh tr thnh t = 1 + 2 t 2 2t t 3 = 0
x = 23

Vi t = 32 2 + x x2 = 32 4 2 + x x2 = 9 4x2 4x + 1 = 0 x = 21 .

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 12 .

2
c) iu kin: 1 x 4. t x + 1 + 4 x = t (t 0) (x + 1) (4 x) = t 25 . Phng trnh tr thnh
p
t2 5

t=3
t+ = 5 t2 + 2t 15 = 0
2 t = 5 (loi)

2 x=0
Vi t = 3 x2 + 3x + 4 = 2 x + 3x + 4 = 4 (tha mn).
x=3
Vy phng trnh c nghim
x = 0, x = 3.
d) iu kin: t 1. t 3x 2 + x 1 = t (t 0) 4x + 2 3x2 5x + 2 = t2 + 3. Phng trnh tr thnh

2 2 t=3
t=t +39t t6=0
t = 2 (loi)

x 32

p
2
7 21
Vi t = 3 3x 5x + 2 = 3 2x x= (tha mn).
3x2 5x + 2 = 9 12x + 4x2 2

7 21
Vy phng trnh c nghim x = .
2
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q
x+1
a) x + 4 x2 = 2 + 3x 4 x2 . b) (x 3) (x + 1) + 4 (x 3) x3 = 3.
!
4 x2 5 4 x2 x
c) 2 + 2
+ + + 2 = 0. d) (B-2011) 3 2 + x 6 2 x + 4 4 x2 = 10 3x.
x 4x 2 x 4 x2
Li gii. 2
a) iu kin: 2 x 2. t x + 4 x2 = t x 4 x2 = t 24 . Phng trnh tr thnh

3 t2 4

2 t=2
t=2+ 3t 2t 8 = 0
2 t = 34

2 2 2 x=0
Vi t = 2 4 x = 2 x 4 x = 4 4x + x (tha mn).
x=2
4 x 34

x 3 2 14
Vi t = 43 4 x2 = 43 x 2
2 2 14 x = 3 (tha mn).
9 4 x = (4 + 3x) x= 3

x>3
q
x+1
b) iu kin: . t (x 3) x3 = t (x 3) (x + 1) = t2 .
x 1

t = 1
Phng trnh tr thnh t2 + 4t + 3 = 0 .
t = 3

q
x+1 x<3 x<3
Vi t = 1 (x 3) x3 = 1 x = 1 5 (tha mn).
(x 3) (x + 1) = 1 x=1 5

q
x+1 x < 3 x<3
Vi t = 3 (x 3) x3 = 3 x = 1 13 (tha mn).
(x 3) (x + 1) = 9 x = 1 13

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1 5, x = 1 13.
4 x2 x 4 x2 x2 4 x2
c) iu kin: 2 < x < 2, x 6= 0. t + =t 2
+ 2
= t2 2 2 + 2
= t2 1.
x 4 x 2 x 4 x x 4 x
5 t = 2
Phng trnh tr thnh t2 1 + t + 2 = 0 .
2 t = 12

4 x2

x p x<0
Vi t = 2 + = 2 4 = 2x 4 x2 x = 2 (tha mn).
x= 2
x 4x 2
4 x2

1 x 1 1 p x<0
Vi t = + = 4 = x 4 x2 (v nghim).
2 x 4x 2 2 2 x4 4x2 + 64 = 0

d) iu kin: 2 x 2. Phng trnh tng ng vi 3 2 + x 2 2 x + 4 4 x2 = 10 3x.
2 2 t=0
t 2 + x 2 2 x = t 4 4 x2 = 10 3x t . Phng trnh tr thnh 3t t = 0 .
t=3

Vi t = 0 2 + x = 2 2 x 2 + x = 4 (2 x) x = 56 (tha mn).

Vi t = 3 2 + x = 2 2 x + 3 12 2 x = 5x 15 (v nghim v 5x 15 < 0, x [2; 2]).
Bi tp 2.23. Gii cc
phng trnh sau
a) x2 + 3x + 2 2 x2 + 3x + 5. b) x2 + 2x2 + 4xp + 3 6 2x.
c) x (x + 1) 2
r x + x + 4 + 2 0. d) x2 2x + 8 6 (4 x) (2 + x) 0.
x x+1
e) 2 > 3. f) x + 2 + x 1 + 2 x2 + x 2 11 2x.
x+1 x
Li gii.

t3
a) t x2 + 3x + 5 = t (t 0). Bt phng trnh tr thnh t2 3 2t .
t 1 (loi)

x1
Vi t 3 x2 + 3x + 5 9 . Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 4] [1; +).
x 4

2 t2 3 t3
b) t 2x + 4x + 3 = t (t 0). Bt phng trnh tr thnh 2 + t 6 .
t 5 (loi)

x1
Vi t 3 2x2 + 4x + 3 9 . Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 3] [1; +).
x 3

t2
c) t x2 + x + 4 = t (t 0). Bt phng trnh tr thnh t2 4 t + 2 0 .
t 1 (loi)

x0
Vi t 2 x2 + x + 4 4 . Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 1] [0; +).
x 1

d) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi x2 2x + 8 6 8 + 2x x2 0.
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t2
t 8 + 2x x2 = t (t 0). Bt phng trnh tr thnh 8 t2 + 8 6t 0 .
t 8 (loi)

Vi t 2 8 + 2x x2 4 1 5 < x < 1+ 5.
Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 1 5; 1 + 5 .
r
x>0 x+1
e) iu kin: . t = t (t > 0). Bt phng trnh tr thnh
x < 1 x
1 2 1
2t > 3 2t3 + 3t2 1 < 0 (t + 1) (2x 1) < 0 t <
t2 2
1 x+1 1 3x + 4 4
Vi t < < < 0 < x < 0.
2 x 4 4x 3
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 34 ; 1 .

p
f) iu kin: x 1. t x + 2 + x 1 = t (t 0) 2 (x + 2) (x 1) = t2 2x 1.
Bt phng trnh tr thnh t + t2 12 4 t 3 t 3 (v t 0).
x4 x4
Vi t 3 2 x2 + x 2 8 2x x 2.
x2 + x 2 16 8x + x2 x2
Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [1; 2].
Bi tp 2.24. Gii
cc phng trnh sau
a) x2 1 =2x x2 2x. b) x2 1 = 2x x2 +2x.
c) (4x 1) x3 + 1 = 2x3 + 2x + 1. d) x2 + 4x = (x + 2) x2 2x + 24.
Li gii.
a) t x2 2x = t (t 0) x2 = t2 + 2x. Phng trnh tr thnh

t=1
t2 + 2x 1 = 2xt (t 1) (t + 1) = 2x (t 1) (t 1) (t + 1 2x) = 0
t = 2x 1

Vi t = 1 x2 2x = 1 x2 2x 1= 0 x = 1 2.
x 21

2 2x 1 0
Vi t = 2x 1 x 2x = 2x 1 2 2 (v nghim).
x 2x = 4x 4x + 1 3x2 2x + 1 = 0

trnh c hai nghim x = 1 2.
Vy phng
b) t x2 + 2x = t (t 0) x2 = t2 2x. Phng trnh tr thnh

t = 1 (loi)
t2 2x 1 = 2xt (t 1) (t + 1) = 2x (t + 1) (t + 1) (t 1 2x) = 0
t = 2x + 1
x 21

2x + 1 0
Vi t = 2x + 1 x2 + 2x = 2x + 1 2 2 (v nghim).
x + 2x = 4x + 4x + 1 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
Vy phng
trnh v nghim.
c) t x3 + 1 = t (t 0) x3 = t2 1. Phng trnh tr thnh
t = 21

2 2

(4x 1) t = 2 t 1 + 2x + 1 2t (4x 1) t + 2x 1 = 0
t = 2x 1
3
1 p
3
1 3 3 6
Vi t = x + 1 = x = x = .
2 2 4 2

x 21
2x 1 0

3
Vi t = 2x 1 x + 1 = 2x 1 x=0 x = 2.
x3 + 1 = 4x2 4x + 1
x=2

3
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 26 , x = 2.

d) t x2 2x + 24 = t (t 0) x2 = t2 + 2x 24. Phng trnh tr thnh

2 2 t=6
t + 2x 24 + 4x = (x + 2) t t (x + 2) t + 6x 24 = 0
t=x4

Vi t = 6 x2 2x + 24 = 6 x2 2x 12 = 0 x = 1 13.

2 x40 x4
Vi t = x 4 x 2x + 24 = x 4 (v nghim).
x2 2x + 24 = x2 8x + 16 x = 34

Bi tp
2.25. Gii
cc phng trnh sau
3
a) 2 x = 1 x 1. b) (A-09) 2 3 3x 2 +
3 6 5x 8 = 0.
c) 2 x2 + 2 = 5 x3 + 1. d) 2 x2 3x + 2 = 3 x3 + 8.
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Li gii.

3 3 2 u = 1 v (1)
a) t 2 x = u, x 1 = v (v 0) 2 x = u , x 1 = v . Phng trnh tr thnh
u3 + v 2 = 1 (2)

v=0 x=1
3
Thay (1) vo (2) ta c (1 v) + v 2 = 1 1 3v + 3v 2 v 3 + v 2 = 1 v = 1 x = 2 .
v=3 x = 10

3 3 2 2u + 3v 8 = 0 (1)
b) t 3x 2 = u, 6 5x = v (v 0) 3x2 = u , 65x = v . Phng trnh tr thnh
5u3 + 3v 2 = 8 (2)
8 2u
T (1) v = vo (2) ta c
3
2
8 2u
5u3 + 3 = 8 15u3 + 64 32u + 4u2 = 24 u = 2 v = 4 x = 2
3
Vy phng trnh nghim duy nht x = 2. p

c) Phng trnh tng ng vi 2 x2 + 2 = 5 (x + 1) (x2 x + 1).

t x + 1 = u, x2 x + 1 = v (u 0, v > 0) u2 + v 2 = x2 + 2. Phng trnh tr thnh

2 2
2 2 u = 2v
2 u + v = 5uv 2u 5uv + 2v = 0
v = 2u

Vi u = 2v x + 1 = 2 x2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4 x2 x + 1 4x2 5x + 3 = 0 (v nghim).

Vi v = 2u x2 x + 1 = 2 x + 1 x2 x + 1 = 4 (x + 1) x = 52 37 .

5 37
2 p
2
d) Phng trnh tng ng vi 2 x 3x + 2 = 3 (x + 2) (x2 2x + 4).

t x + 2 = u, x2 2x + 4 = v (u 0, v > 0) v 2 u2 = x2 3x + 2. Phng trnh tr thnh

2 2
2 2 u = 2v (loi)
2 v u = 3uv 2u + 3uv 2v = 0
v = 2u

Vi v = 2u x2 2x + 4 = 2 x + 2 x2 2x + 4 = 4 (x + 2) x = 3 13.

Bi tp 2.26.
a) x2 + x + 5 = 5. b) x3+ 2 = 3 3 3x 2.
c) x3 + 1 = 2 3 2x 1. d) x 3 35 x3 x + 3 35 x3 = 30.
Li gii.
x2 = t + 5 (1)

a) t x + 5 = t (t 0). Phng trnh tr thnh .
t2 = x + 5 (2)

2 2 t = x
Tr theo v (2) v (1) ta c t x = x + t (x + t) (t x 1) = 0 .
t=x+1

x0

x 0 1 21
Vi t = x x + 5 = x x= .
x + 5 = x2 x = 12 21 2

x 1

x+10 1 + 17
Vi t = x + 1 x + 5 = x + 1 x= .
x + 5 = x2 + 2x + 1 x = 12 17 2

1 21 1 + 17
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = ,x = .
2 2
3
x + 2 = 3t (1)
b) t 3 3x 2 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh .
t3 + 2 = 3x (2)
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c
x3 t3 = 3t 3x (x t) x2 + xt + t2 = 3 (t x)

x=t
(x t) x2 + xt + t2 + 3 = 0

x2 + xt + t2 + 3 = 0 (v nghim)

x=1
Vi t = x 3 3x 2 = x 3x 2 = x3 . Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1, x = 2.
x =3 2
x + 1 = 2t (1)
c) t 3 2x 1 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh .
t3 + 1 = 2x (2)
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x3 t3 = 2t 2x (x t) x2 + xt + t2 = 2 (t x)

2 2
x=t
(x t) x + xt + t + 2 = 0
x2 + xt + t2 + 2 = 0 (v nghim)

3 3 x=1
Vi t = x 2x 1 = x 2x 1 = x .
x = 12 5

1 5
Vy phng trnh c ba nghim x = 1, x = .
2
3
d) t 35 x3 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh

xt(x + t) = 30 xt(x + t) = 30 xt(x + t) = 30 xt = 6 x=2
3 3
t3 + x3 = 35 (t + x) 3xt (x + t) = 35 (t + x) = 125 t+x=5 x=3

Bi tp 2.27. Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau
x x
2
a) (B-2012) x + 1 + x 4x + 1 3 x. b) (A-2010) p 1.
1 2 (x 2 x + 1)
p
c) 3 x2 2 = 2 x3 . d) x + 3 (1 x2 ) = 2 1 2x2 .
Li gii.
0 x
2 3
a) iu kin: . Nhn thy x = 0 l mt nghim ca bt phng trnh.
x2+ 3
r
1 1
Vi x > 0, bt phng trnh tng ng vi x + + x + 4 3.
x x
1
t x + = t (t > 0) x + x1 = t2 2, bt phng trnh tr thnh
x

3 t < 0
p
2 t>3 5
t 63t 3t0 5 t
t 3 2
t2 6 9 6t + t2 2

5 1 5 x2 x4
Vi t x + 2x 5 x + 2 0 .
2 x 2 x 12 0 < x 14
1
Kt hp ta c tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l S = 0; 4 [4; +).
p
b) iu kin: x 0. Nhn thy x2 x + 1 34 2 (x2 x + 1) > 1. Do PT tng ng vi
p p
x x 1 2 (x2 x + 1) 2x2 2x + 2 1 + x x

1+ xx0 xx1

2x2 2x + 2 1 + x + x2 + 2 x 2x 2x x 1 + x + x2 2 x 2x + 2x x 0

xx1 x x1
2 x x 1
(1 x x) 0 1 xx=0 x=1x

xx1
x1

3 5
1x0 3 5 x =
x= 2 2
x = 1 2x + x2

x 2
c) iu kin: x 3 2. Nhn thy 2 x3 0 3 x2 2 0 .
x 2
2 3
T iu kin ta c x 2. Khi phng trnh tng ng vi x2 2 = 2 x3
x4 4x2 + 4 = 8 12x3 + 6x6 x9 = 0 x9 6x6 + x4 + 12x3 4x2 4 = 0

2
1 15
x 5x x x + 12x3 x2 4 = 0 (v nghim).
9 6 3
2 4
Vy phng trnh v nghim.
2.28. Gii
Bi tp cc phng trnh sau 3
a) 4x 1 + 4x2 1 = 1. b) x 1 = x
4x + 5.
5 3
c) 2x 1 + x2 + 3= 4 x. d) x + x 1 3x + 4 = 0.
e) x3 + 4x (2x + 7) 2x + 3 = 0. f) (C-2012) 4x3 + x (x + 1) 2x + 1 = 0.
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19
Li gii.
a) iu kin: x 12 . Nhn thy x = 12 l mt nghim ca phng trnh.

Xt hm s y = 4x 1 + 4x2 1 trn 12 ; + c y 0 = 4x1 2
+ 4x4x2 1 > 0, x 12 ; + .

Do hm s ng bin trn 2 ; + suy ra x = 21 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.

1

b) iu kin: x 1. Phng trnh tng ng vi x 1 + x3 + 4x = 5.
Nhn thy x = 1l mt nghim ca phng trnh.
Xt hm s y = x 1 + x3 + 4x trn [1; +) c y 0 = 2x11
+ 3x2 + 4 > 0, x (1; +).
Do hm s ng bin trn [1; +) suy ra x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
c) iu kin: x 12 . Phng trnh tng ng vi 2x 1 + x2 + 3 + x = 4.
Nhn thy x = 1l mt nghim
ca phng trnh.
Xt hm s y = 2x 1 + x2 + 3 + x trn 12 ; + c y 0 = 2x1 1
+ xx2 +3 + 1 > 0, x 21 ; + .

Do hm s ng bin trn 12 ; + suy ra x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.


d) iu kin: x 31 . Nhn thy x = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh.

Xt hm s y = x5 + x3 1 3x + 4 trn ; 13 c y 0 = 5x4 + 3x2 + 213x 3
> 0, x ; 13 .

Do hm s ng bin trn ; 13 suy ra x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.

Vy phng
trnh c nghim duy nht x = 1.
e) t 2x + 3 = u (u 0). Phng trnh tr thnh x3 + 4x u2 + 4 u = 0 x3 + 4x = u3 + 4u.
Xt hm s f (t) = t3 + 4t trn [0; +) c f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 4 > 0, t [0; +).
Do phng trnh tng ng vi

x0
u = x 2x + 3 = x x=3
2x + 3 = x2

f) iu kin: x 21 . Phng trnh tng ng vi 8x3 + 2x = (2x + 2) 2x + 1.
3
t 2x + 1 = u (u 0). Phng trnh tr thnh 8x3 + 2x = u2 + 1 u (2x) + 2x = u3 + u.
Xt hm s f (t) = t3 + t trn [0; +) c f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t [0; +).
Do phng trnh tng ng vi

x0 1+ 5
u = 2x 2x + 1 = 2x x=
2x + 1 = 4x2 4

1+ 5
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = .
4
2.29. Gii cc
Bi tp phng trnh sau
a) x2 2x + 5 + x 1 = 2. b) x 2 + 4 x = x2 6x + 11.
2
c) 2 x 2 1 + x + 6 + x 2 2 = 0. d) 5x3 + 3x2 + 3x 2 = 21 x2 + 3x 21 .
Li gii. q
2
a) Phng trnh tng ng vi (x 1) + 4 + x 1 = 2.
( q
(x 1) + 4 2 (x 1)2 + 4 + x 1 2.
2 q
Ta c
x10
( q
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi (x 1) + 4 = 2 x = 1.

x1=0
2
b) Ta c x2 6x + 11 = (x 3) + 2 2 (1).
1 1
Xt hm s y = x 2 + 4 x trn [2; 4] c y 0 = ; y 0 = 0 x = 3.
2 x 2 2 4 x

Ta c y(2) = 2, y(4) = 2, y(3) = 2 max y = y(3) = 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 (2).
[2;4]
2
T (1) v (2) ta c phng trnh tng ng vi 6x +
x 11 = 2
x = 3.
x2+ 4x=2
Vy phng trnh c nghimduy nht x = 3.
2
2 x 2 1 0 2
c) iu kin: x 2. Khi x + 6 > 2 2 x 2 1 + x + 6 + x 2 > 2.

x20
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Do phng trnh cho v nghim.

p
d) Phng trnh tng ng vi (5x 2) (x2 + x + 1) = 21 x2 + 6x 1 .

p
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c (5x 2) (x2 + x + 1) 21 x2 + 6x 1 .

2 2 x=1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi 5x 2 = x + x + 1 x 4x + 3 = 0 .
x=3
3. H Phng Trnh i S
Bi tp
2.30. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
x2 + y 2 + xy = 7

x + y + xy = 1
a) . b) 2 .
x + y + xy = 5 x3 + y 3 + 3(x y) 4 = 0
2
x xy + y 2 = 3 (x y)
2
x + y2 + x + y = 4
c) (DB-05) . d) 2 .
x (x + y + 1) + y (y + 1) = 2 x2 + xy + y 2 = 7(x y)
Li gii.
2

(x + y) xy = 7
a) H cho tng ng vi .
x + y + xy = 5
2
S P = 7 (1)
t x + y = S, xy = P (S 2 4P ). H tr thnh .
S + P = 5 (2)

S=3
T (2) P = 5 S thay vo (1) ta c S 2 + S 12 = 0 .
S = 4

x+y =3 x=2 x=1
Vi S = 3 P = 2 hoc . Vi S = 4 P = 9 (loi).
xy = 2 y=1 y=2
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = (2; 1) v (x; y) = (1; 2).

x + y + xy = 1
b) H cho tng ng vi 3 2 .
(x + y) 3xy (x + y) + 3(x + y) 12xy 4 = 0

S+P =1 (1)
t x + y = S, xy = P (S 2 4P ). H tr thnh .
S 3 3P S + 3S 2 12P 4 = 0 (2)
3 2
T (1) P = 1 S thay
vo (2) ta c S 3S (1 S)+ 3S 12 (1 S) 4 = 0 S = 1.
x+y =1 x=0 x=1
Vi S = 1 P = 0 hoc .
xy = 0 y=1 y=0
2
(x + y) 2xy + x + y = 4
c) H cho tng ng vi 2 . t x + y = S, xy = P (S 2 4P ).
(x + y) xy + x + y = 2
2
S 2P + S = 4 P = 2 S=0 S = 1
H tr thnh hoc .
S2 P + S = 2 S2 + S = 0 P = 2 P = 2

S=0 x+y =0 x= 2 x= 2
Vi hoc .
P = 2 xy = 2 y= 2 y= 2

S = 1 x + y = 1 x=1 x = 2
Vi hoc .
P = 2 xy = 2 y = 2 y=1

Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = 2; 2 , (x; y) = 2; 2 , (x; y) = (1; 2) v (x; y) = (2; 1).
2 2
(x y) + xy = 3 (x y) (x y) + xy = 3 (x y)
d) H cho tng ng vi 2 2 2 .
(x y) + 3xy = 7(x y) xy = 2(x y)
t x y = S, xy = P . H tr thnh
2
3S 2 3S = 0

S + P = 3S S=0 S=1
hoc
P = 2S 2 P = 2S 2 P =0 P =2

S=0 xy =0 x=0 S=1 xy =1 x=2 x = 1
Vi ; vi hoc .
P =0 xy = 0 y=0 P =2 xy = 2 y=1 y = 2
Vy h c ba nghim (x; y) = (0; 0) , (x; y) = (2; 1) v (x; y) = (1; 2).
Bi tp 2.31. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

4y

2 x 3y =

x 2y 2 = 2x + y x
a) . b) 4x .
y 2 2x2 = 2y + x y 3x =

y
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3 y2 + 2

2x + y =
3y =

x 2 x2
c) 3 . d) (B-03) x 2
+2 .
2y + x = 2
3x =

y y2
Li gii.
x2 2y 2 = 2x + y (1)

a) Xt h .
y 2 2x2 = 2y + x (2)

x=y
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 3x2 3y 2 = x y (x y) (3x + 3y 1) = 0 .
y = 13x
3

x=0
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c x2 = 3x h c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0) hoc (x; y) = (3; 3).
x = 3
2
2(1 3x) 1 3x
Vi y = 13x
3 thay vo (1) ta c x2 = 2x + 9x2 3x + 5 = 0 (v nghim).
9 3
0)2 v (x; y) = (3; 3).
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = (0;
x 3xy = 4y (1)
b) H cho tng ng vi .
y 2 3xy = 4x (2)

2 2 x=y
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c x y = 4y 4x (x y) (x + y + 4) = 0 .
y = x 4

x=0
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 = 4x h c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0) hoc (x; y) = (2; 2).
x = 2
Vi y = x 4 thay vo (1) ta c x2 3x (x 4) = 4 (x 4) x = 2 h c nghim (x; y) = (2; 2).
2x3 + x2 y = 3 (1)
c) H cho tng ng vi .
2y 3 + xy 2 = 3 (2)

Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 2x3 2y 3 + x2 y xy 2 = 0 (x y) 2x2 + 3xy + 2y 2 = 0 x = y.
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 3x3 = 3 x = 1. Vy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (1; 1).
3x2 y = y 2 + 2 (1)
d) T v phi ca cc phng trnh ta c x, y > 0. H cho tng ng vi .
3xy 2 = x2 + 2 (2)
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 3x2 y 3xy 2 = y 2 x2 (x y) (3xy + x + y) = 0 x = y.
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 3x3 = x2 + 2 x = 1. Vy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (1; 1).
Bi tp
x2 xy = 2 x2 2xy + 3y 2 = 9

a) . b) .
2x2 + 4xy 2y 2 = 14 x2 4xy + 5y 2 = 5
3
x + y3 = 1 (x y) x2 + y 2 = 13

c) . d) (DB-06) .
x2 y + 2xy 2 + y 3 = 2 (x + y) x2 y 2 = 25
Li gii.
7x2 7xy = 14

(1)
2x2 + 4xy 2y 2 = 14 (2)

x = 2y
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 5x2 11xy + 2y 2 = 0 .
y = 5x
Vi x = 2y thay vo (1) ta c 14y 2 = 14 y = 1 h c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1) hoc (x; y) = (2; 1).
Vi y = 5x thay vo (1) ta c 28x2 = 14 (v nghim).
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = (2;
1) 2v (x; y) = (2; 1).
5x 10xy + 15y 2 = 45 (1)
b) H cho tng ng vi .
9x2 36xy + 45y 2 = 45 (2)

x = 5y
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 4x2 + 26xy 30y 2 = 0 .
x = 23 y

Vi x = 5y thay vo (1) ta c 90y 2 = 45 y = 12 h c nghim (x; y) = 52 ; 12 .

Vi y = 23 x thay vo (1) ta c 95 x2
= 45 x = 6 h c nghim (x; y) = 6 ; 9 .
4 19 19 19

Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = 52 ; 12 , (x; y) = 52 ; 12 , (x; y) = 619 ; 919 v (x; y) = 619 ; 919 .
2x3 + 2y 3 = 2

(1)
x2 y + 2xy 2 + y 3 = 2 (2)

x=y
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 2x3 x2 y 2xy 2 + y 3 = 0 x = y .
y = 2x

3 1 1 1
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 4x = 2 x = 3
2
h c nghim (x; y) = 3 ;

2 3
2
.
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Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 0 = 2 (v nghim).

1 1 2
Vi y = 2x thay vo (1) ta c 18x3 = 2 x = 3
9
h c nghim (x; y) = 3 ;

9 3
9
.

1 1 1 2
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = 3 ; 3 v (x; y) = 3 ;
9 39
.
23 2 2 2 3
x x y + xy y = 13 25x3 25x2 y + 25xy 2 25y 3 = 325 (1)
d) H cho tng ng vi 3 2 2 3 .
x + x y xy y = 25 13x3 + 13x2 y 13xy 2 13y 3 = 325 (2)

x=y
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 12x3 38x2 y + 38xy 2 12y 3 = 0 x = 23 y .
x = 23 y
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 0 = 325 (v nghim).
Vi x = 32 y thay vo (1) ta c 325 3
8 y = 325 y = 2 h c nghim (x; y) = (3; 2).
Vi x = 32 y thay vo (1) ta c 325 3
27 y = 325 y = 3 h c nghim (x; y) = (2; 3).

Bi tp
x2 + 1 +

x + y = 1 y (y + x) = 4y .
a) . b) (DB-06)
x3 3x = y 3 3y x2 + 1 (y + x 2) = y
4
x + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9

x (x + y + 1) 3 = 0
c) (B-08) . d) (D-09) 2 .
x2 + 2xy = 6x + 6 (x + y) x52 + 1 = 0
Li gii.
x + y = 1 (1)
a) Xt h . T (1) y = x 1 thay vo (2) ta c
x3 3x = y 3 3y (2)

x = 2
3
x3 3x = (x 1) 3 (x 1) 2x3 + 3x2 3x 2 = 0 x = 1
x = 21
ba nghim (x; y) = (2; 1) , (x; y) = (1; 2) v (x; y) = 12 ; 21 .

Vy h c
x2 + 1 + y(y + x) = 4y (1)
b) Xt h . T (1) x2 + 1 = y(4 y x) thay vo (2) ta c
(x2 + 1)(y + x 2) = y (2)

2
y=0
y (4 y x) (x + y 2) = y y (x + y) 6(x + y) + 9 = 0
y =3x
Vi y = 0 thay vo (1) ta c x2 + 1 = 0 (v nghim).

2 x=1
Vi y = 3 x thay vo (1) ta c x + x 2 = 0 .
x = 2
(x2 + xy)2 = 2x + 9 (1) 6x + 6 x2
c) H cho tng ng vi 2 . T (2) xy = thay vo (1) ta c
x + 2xy = 6x + 6 (2) 2
2
6x + 6 x2

2 4 3 2 x=0
x + = 2x + 9 x + 12x + 48x + 64x = 0
2 x = 4
Vi x = 0 thay vo (2) ta c 0 = 6 (v nghim).Vi x = 4 thay vo (2) ta c y = 17

4 .
Vy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = 4; 17

4 .

x(x + y + 1) 3 = 0 (1) 3
d) Xt h . T (1) x + y = 1 thay vo (2) ta c
(x + y)2 x52 + 1 = 0 (2) x
2
3 5 4 6 x 6= 0 x=1
1 2 +1=0 2 +2=0
x x x x 2x2 6x + 4 = 0 x=2
Vi x = 1 thay vo (1) ta c y = 1; x = 2 thay vo (1) ta c y = 23 .

Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) v (x; y) = 2; 32 .

Gii
Bi tp 2.34.

cc h phng trnh sau

x x1 = y y1

3
xy = xy .
a) (B-02) b) (A-03) .
x+y = x+y+2 2y = x3 + 1
2 2xy
x + y 2 + x+y 6x2 3xy + x + y = 1

=1
c) . d) .
x+y =x y 2 x2 + y 2 = 1
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23
Li gii.
xy =
3
x y (1)
a) Xt h . iu kin: x y 0, x + y + 2 0.
x + y = x + y + 2 (2)

2 3 2 x=y
Ta c (1) (x y) = (x y) (x y) (x y 1) = 0 .
x=y+1

y0
Vi x = y thay vo (2) ta c 2y = 2y + 2 y = 1 x = 1 (tha mn).
4y 2 = 2y + 2

2y + 1 0
Vi x = y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c 2y + 1 = 2y + 3 y = 21 x = 32 (tha mn).
4y 2 + 4y + 1 = 2y + 3
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) v (x; y) = 32 ; 12 .

x x1 = y y1 (1)

b) Xt h . iu kin: x 6= 0, y 6= 0.
2y = x3 + 1 (2)

y=x
Ta c (1) x2 y y = xy 2 x xy (x y) + x y = 0 (x y) (xy + 1) = 0 .
y = x1

x=1
Vi y = x thay vo (2) ta c 2x = x3 + 1 .
x = 12 5

Suy ra h c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) hoc (x; y) = 12 5 ; 12 5 .
2 2
Vi y = x1 thay vo (2) ta c x2 = x3 + 1 x4 + x + 2 = 0 x2 21 + x + 12 + 32 = 0 (v nghim).

Vy h c ba nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) v (x; y) = 12 5 ; 12 5 .
2 2xy
x + y 2 + x+y = 1 (1)
c) Xt h . iu kin: x + y > 0. Ta c
x + y = x2 y (2)
h i
2
(1) (x + y) 2xy (x + y) + 2xy = x + y
h i
2
(x + y) (x + y) 1 2xy (x + y 1) = 0
(x + y 1) [(x + y) (x + y + 1) 2xy] = 0

2 2
y =1x
(x + y 1) x + y + x + y = 0
x2 + y 2 + x + y = 0 (v nghim)

2 x=1
Vi y = 1 x thay vo (2) ta c x + x 2 = 0 .
x = 2
Vy h c hai nghim (1; 0) v
(2; 3).
6x2 (3y 1)x + y 1 = 0 (1)
d) H cho tng ng vi .
x2 + y 2 = 1 (2)
2 2
Xt phng trnh (1) c = (3y 1) 24 (y 1) = 9y 2 30y + 25 = (3y 5) .
x = 3y13y+5 x = 31

Do (1) 12
3y1+3y5 .
x= 12
x = 21 (y 1)

Vi x = 1
3 thay vo (2) ta c+ y2 = 1 y = 2 3 2 .
1
9
y=1
Vi x = 21 (y 1) thay vo (2) ta c 41 y 2 2y + 1 + y 2 = 1

.
y = 35

Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = 31 ; 2 3 2 , (x; y) = 13 ; 2 3 2 , (x; y) = (0; 1) v (x; y) = 54 ; 35 .


x4 x3 y x2 y 2 = 1 xy+ x + y= x2 2y 2

a) (DB-07) 3 2 . b) (D-08) .
x y x xy = 1 x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
3
xp+ 2y 2 = x2 y + p

xy + x 2 = 0 2xy
c) (D-2012) 3 2 2 2 . d) .
2x x y + x + y 2xy y = 0 2 x2 2y 1 + 3 y 3 14 = x 2
Li gii.
x4 x3 y x2 y 2 = 1 (1)

a) Xt h .
x3 y x2 xy = 1 (2)

2 2
x = 1
Ta c (2) x (xy 1) = xy 1 (xy 1) x 1 = 0 .
y = x1

y=0 y=0
Vi x = 1 thay vo (1) ta c y 2 + y = 0 . Vi x = 1 thay vo (1) ta c y 2 y = 0 .
y = 1 y=1

Vi y = x1 thay vo (1) ta c x4 x2 2 = 0 x2 = 2 x = 2 y = 12 .
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(
x = 12

x=1 x=1 x = 1 x = 1 x = 2
Vy h c su nghim , , , , v .
y=0 y = 1 y=0 y=1 y= 2 y = 12
xy+ x + y= x2 2y 2

(1)
b) Xt h . iu kin: x 1, y 0.
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y (2)
Ta c (1) y (x + y) + x + y = (x y) (x + y) (x + y) (y + 1 x + y) = 0 x = 2y + 1.
Vi x = 2y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c
p p p p
(2y + 1) 2y y 2y = 2y + 2 (y + 1) 2y = 2 (y + 1) 2y = 2 y = 2 x = 5
Vy h c
nghim duy nht (x; y) = (5; 2).
xy + x 2 = 0 (1)
c) Xt h .
2x3 x2 y + x2 + y 2 2xy y = 0 (2)
y = x2

2
2
2 2

Ta c (2) 2x x y y x y + x y = 0 x y (2x y + 1) = 0 .
y = 2x + 1
Vi y = x2 thay vo (1) ta c x3 + x 2 = 0 x = 1 y = 1.
1 5

Vi y = 2x + 1 thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 + 2x 2 = 0 x = 2 y = 5.

Vy h c ba nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) , (x; y) = 1+2 5 ; 5 v (x; y) = 12 5 ; 5 .
3
xp+ 2y 2 = x2 y + p
2xy (1)
d) Xt h . iu kin: x2 2y + 1.
2 x2 2y 1 + 3 y 3 14 = x 2 (2)

2 2
x=y
Ta c (1) x (x y) = 2y (x y) (x y) x 2y = 0 .
x2 = 2y (loi)

Vi x= y thay vo (2) ta c2 x2 2x 1 + 3 x3 14 = x 2 (*).
3
t x2 2x 1 = u 0, 3 x3 14 = v v 3 6u2 =(x 2) .
3 2

Phng trnh (*) tr thnh v 3 6u2 = (2u + v) 2u u2 + 3(u + v) + 3u = 0 u = 0 x = 1 2.

Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = 1 + 2; 1 + 2 v (x; y) = 1 2; 1 2 .
Bi tp
x2 + y 2 + xy = 1 x3 + 2xy 2 + 12y = 0

a) . b) .
x3 + y 3 = x + 3y 8y 2 + x2 = 12
5x y 4xy + 3y 3 2 (x + y) = 0
2 2
3
x 8x = y 3 + 2y

c) (DB-06) . d) (A-2011) 2 .
x2 3 = 3 y 2 + 1

xy x2 + y 2 + 2 = (x + y)
Li gii.
x2 + y 2 + xy = 1 (1)

a) Xt h .
x3 + y 3 = x + 3y (2)

Thay (1) vo (2) ta c x3 + y3 = x2 + y 2 + xy (x + 3y) 4x2 y + 4xy 2 + 2y 3 = 0 y = 0.
x2 = 1
Vi y = 0 thay vo h ta c x = 1. Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = (1; 0) v (x; y) = (1; 0).
x3 = x
3
x + 2xy 2 + 12y = 0 (1)
b) Xt h .
8y 2 + x2 = 12 (2)

Thay (2) vo (1) ta c x3 + 2xy 2 + 8y 2 + x2 y = 0 x3 + x2 y + 2xy 2 + 8y 3 = 0 (*)
Nhn thy y = 0 khng phi nghim ca h. Vi y 6= 0, chia hai v phng trnh (*) cho y 3 ta c
3 2
x x x x
+ + 2 + 8 = 0 = 2 x = 2y
y y y y
Vi x = 2y thay vo (2) ta c 12y 2 = 12 y = 1 x = 2.

(2; 1) v (x; y) = (2; 1).
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) =
x3 y 3 = 2 (4x + y) 3x3 3y 3 = 6 (4x + y) (1)
c) H cho tng ng vi 2 2 .
x 3y = 6 x2 3y 2 = 6 (2)

Thay (2) vo (1) ta c 3x3 3y 3 = x2 3y 2 (4x + y) x3 + x2 y 12xy 2 = 0 (*)
Nhn thy x = 0 khng phi nghim ca h. Vi x 6= 0, chia hai v phng trnh (*) cho x3 ta c
y
= 13
y 2
y x = 3y
1 + 12 = 0 xy 1
x x x = 4 x = 4y
Vi x = 3y thay vo (2) ta c 6y 2 = 6 y = 1 qx = 3. q
6 6
Vi x = 4y thay vo (2) ta c 13y 2 = 6 y = 13 x = 4 14 .
q q q q
6 6 6 6
Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = (1; 3) , (x; y) = (1; 3) , (x; y) = 13 ; 4 13 v (x; y) = 13 ; 4 13 .
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25
5x2 y 4xy 2 + 3y 3 2 (x + y) = 0 (1)

d) Xt h 2 .
xy x2 + y 2 + 2 = (x + y) (2)
x = y1

Ta c (2) xy x2 + y 2 + 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy x2 + y 2 (xy 1) = 2 (xy 1) .
x2 + y 2 = 2
Vi x = y1 thay vo (1) ta c y3 6y + 3y 3 = 0 3y 4 6y 2 + 3 = 0 y 2 = 1 y = 1 x = 1.
Vi x2 + y 2 = 2 (3) thay vo (1) ta c
5x2 y 4xy 2 + 3y 3 x2 + y 2 (x + y) = 0 x3 4x2 y + 5xy 2 2y 3 = 0 (*)

Nhn thy y = 0 khng phi nghim ca h. Vi y 6= 0, chia hai v phng trnh (*) cho y 3 ta c
3 2 x
x x x y =1 x=y
4 +5 2=0 x
y y y y =2 x = 2y
Vi x = y thay vo (3) ta c 2y 2 = 2 y = 1q
x = 1. q
2 2
Vi x = 2y thay vo (3) ta c 5y 2 = 2 y = 5 x = 2 5.
q q q q
Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (x; y) = (1; 1), (x; y) = 2 25 ; 25 v (x; y) = 2 25 ; 25 .

2x2 + x y1 = 2

xy + x + 1 = 7y
a) (B-09) . b) .
x2 y 2 + xy + 1 = 13y 2 y y 2 x 2y 2 = 2
8x3 y 3 + 27 = 9y 3
3
x y3 = 9

c) . d) .
4x2 y + 6x + y 2 = 0 x2 + 2y 2 = x 4y
Li gii.
a) Nhn thy y = 0 khng phi nghim ca h. Vi y 6= 0, h cho tng ng vi
x + y1 + xy = 7
(
x + xy + y1 = 7

2
x2 + xy + y12 = 13 x + y1 xy = 13

1 S + P = 7 (1)
t x + = S, xy = P (S 2 4P ). H tr thnh .
y S 2 P = 13 (2)

S=4
T (1) P = 7 S thay vo (2) ta c S 2 (7 S) = 13 .
S = 5
x + y1 = 4

x=1 x=3
Vi S = 4 P = 3 x 1 hoc .
y = 3 y = 3 y=1
Vi S = 5 P = 12 (khng tha mn). Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = 1; 31 v (x; y) = (3; 1).

2x2 + x y1 = 2 2x2 + x y1 = 2 (1)

b) iu kin: y 6= 0. H cho tng ng vi 1 2 2 1 .
y x 2 = y2 y 2 + y x = 2 (2)
1
=x
Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c 2x2 y22 + 2x y2 = 0 x y1 x + y1 + 1 = 0 y1 .
y = x 1
Vi y1 = x thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 = 2 x = 1 y = 1.

1 1 3 1 3
Vi y = x 1 thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 + 2x 1 = 0 x = 2 y = 2 .

Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = (1; 1) , (x; y) = (1; 1) , (x; y) = 1+2 3 ; 12 3
v (x; y) = 12 3 ; 1+2 3 .
8x3 y 3 + 27 = 9y 3

(1)
c) Nhn thy y = 0 khng phi nghim ca h. Vi y 6= 0, h cho tng ng vi .
36x2 y 2 + 54xy = 9y 3 (2)
Cng theo v (1) v (2) ta c 8x3 y 3 + 36x2 y 2 + 54xy + 27 = 0 xy = 23 .
Vi xy = 32 thay vo (1) ta c 0 = 9y 3 y = 0 (khng tha mn). Vy h cho v nghim.
3
x y3 = 9 (1)
d) H cho tng ng vi .
3x2 + 6y 2 = 3x 12y (2)
3 3
x3 3x2 + 3x 1 = y 3 + 6y 2 + 12y + 8 (x 1) = (y + 2) y = x 3

2 2 2 x=1
Vi y = x 3 thay vo (2) ta c 3x + 6(x 3) = 3x 12 (x 3) 9x 27x + 18 = 0 .
x=2
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Bi tp
x (3x + 2y) (x + 1) = 12 x+y
xy = 3
a) . b) .
x2 + 2y + 4x 8 = 0 x+1+ y+1=4

2 2x + y = 3 2x y 2x + y + 1 x + y = 1
c) (C-2010) . d) (DB-05) .
x2 2xy y 2 = 2 3x + 2y = 4
x + y + x3 y + xy 2 + xy = 45
2 2
2
x
+y =5
e) . f) (A-08) .
y 1 (x + y 1) = (y 2) x + y x4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2x) = 45
Li gii.
(3x + 2y) x2 + x = 12

x2 + x + 3x + 2y = 8

SP = 12 S=2 S=6
t 3x + 2y = S, x2 + x = P , h tr thnh hoc .
S + P = 8 P = 6 P =2
3x
+ 2y = 2

S=2 3x + 2y = 2 x=2 x = 3
Vi x=2 hoc .
P =6 x2 + x = 6 y = 2 y = 11
x = 3 2

3x
+ 2y = 2

S=6 3x + 2y = 6 x=1 x = 2
Vi x = 1 hoc .
P =2 x2 + x = 2 y = 21 y=4
x = 2

Vy h c bn nghim (x; y) = (2; 2) , (x; y) = 3; 11 1

2 , (x; y) = 1; 2 v (x; y) = (2; 4).
x + y xy = 3
b) iu kin: x 1, y 1, xy 0. H cho tng ng vi .
x + y + 2 x + y + xy + 1 = 14

S P= 3 (1)
t x + y = S, xy = P (P 0), h tr thnh .
S + 2 S + P 2 + 1 = 14 (2)
T (1) S = P + 3 thay vo (2) ta c
p p
P + 3 + 2 P + 3 + P 2 + 1 = 14 2 P 2 + P + 4 = 11 P

P 11 P =3

P = 35

4 P 2 + P + 4 = 121 22P + P 2 3 (loi)

x+y =6 x=3
Vi P = 3 S = 6 . Vy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (3; 3).
xy = 3 y=3

2 2x + y = 3 (2x + y) (1)
x2 2xy y 2 = 2 (2)

2 t=1
t 2x + y = t (t 0). Phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2t = 3 t .
t = 3 (loi)

2 x=1
Vi t = 1 y = 1 2x thay vo (2) ta c x2 2x (1 2x) (1 2x) = 2 .
x = 3

u v = 1 (1)
d) t 2x + y + 1 = u, x + y = v (u, v 0) 3x + 2y = u2 + v 2 1. H cho tr thnh .
u2 + v 2 = 5 (2)

2 v=1
T (1) u = v + 1 thay vo (2) ta c (v + 1) + v 2 = 5 .
v = 2 (loi)

2x + y + 1 = 2 x=2
Vi v = 1 u = 2 . Vy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (2; 1).
x+y =1 y = 1
2 2
x
+y =5 (1)
e) iu kin: y 1, x + y 0. Xt h .
y 1 (x + y 1) = (y 2) x + y (2)

t y 1 = u, x + y = v (u, v 0). Phng trnh (2) tr thnh
u v 2 1 = u2 1 v uv (u v) + u v = 0 (u v) (uv + 1) = 0 u = v

2 y=2
Vi u = v y 1 = x + y x = 1. Vi x = 1 thay vo (1) ta c 1 + y = 5 .
y = 2 (loi)
Vy h c nghim duy nht (x; y) = (1; 2).
x + y + xy x2 + y + xy = 45
2
f) H cho tng ng vi 2 .
x2 + y + xy = 54

S + P S + P = 54 (1)

t x2 + y = S, xy = P , h tr thnh .
S 2 + P = 45 (2)

S=0
T (2) P = S 2 54 thay vo (1) ta c S + S 2 54 S S 2 5
= 45

.
4 S = 21
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27
(
3
x2 + y = 0 x = 210

Vi S = 0 P = 54
.
xy = 54
3
y = 100 4
x + y = 12
2
x=1
Vi S = 12 P = 32 .
xy = 32 y = 23
3
3

10 100
v (x; y) = 1; 23 .

Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = 2 ; 4

x + 10 + y 1 = 11 x 1 y = 8 x3
a) . b) 4 .
x 1 + y + 10 = 11 (x 1) = y

4x2 + 1 x +(y 3) 5 2y = 0
3
x 3x2 9x + 22 = y 3 + 3y 2 9y

c) (A-2012) . d) (A-2010) .
x2 + y 2 x + y = 12 4x2 + y 2 + 2 3 4x = 7
Li gii.
a) iu kin: x, y 1. Xt h x + 10 + y 1 = 11 (1) .
x 1 + y + 10 = 11 (2)

Tr theo v (1) v (2) ta c x + 10 x 1 = y + 10 y 1 (*).

Xt hm s f (t) = t + 10 t 1 trn [1; +) c f 0 (t) = 2t+10
1
21t1 < 0, t (1; +).
Suy ra f (t) lun nghch bin trn [1; +). Do () f (x) = f (y) x = y.
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c
p
x + 10 + x 1 = 11 x + 10 + x 1 + 2 (x + 10) (x 1) = 121

p
2
x 56
x + 9x 10 = 56 x 2 x = 26 (tha mn)
x2 + 9x 10 = (56 x)

x 1 y = 8 x3 (1)
b) iu kin: x 1, y 0. Xt h 4 .
(x 1) = y (2)
2
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c x 1 (x 1) = 8 x3 x 1 + x3 x2 + 2x 9 = 0 (*).
Nhn thy x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh (*).

Xt hm s f (x) = x 1 + x3 x2 + 2x 9 trn [1; +) c f 0 (x) = 2x1
1
+ 3x2 2x + 2 > 0, x (1; +).
Suy ra f (x) lun ng bin trn [1; +). Do (*) c nghim duy nht x = 2 y = 1.
(
3 3
(x 1) 12 (x 1) = (y + 1) 12 (y + 1) (1)
c) H cho tng ng vi 2 2 .
x 12 + y + 12 = 1

(2)
1 x 12 1
3
2 x 1 12

T (2) suy ra 1 .
1 y + 2 1 12 y + 1 32
Xt hm s f (t) = t3 12t trn 32 ; 32 c f 0 (t) = 3t2 12 < 0, t 23 ; 32 .

Suy ra f (t) lun nghch bin trn 32 ; 32 . Do (1) f (x 1) = f (y + 1) x 1 = y + 1 y = x 2.

x = 21

1 2 3 2
2
Vi y = x 2 thay vo (2) ta c x 2 + x 2 = 1 4x 8x + 3 = 0 .
x = 32
Vy h c hai nghim (x; y) = 12 ; 32 v (x; y) = 32 ; 12 .

4x2 + 1 2x

3 5 = (6 2y) 5 2y (1)
d) iu kin: x 4 , y 2 . H cho tng ng vi .
4x2 + y 2 + 2 3 4x = 7 (2)
3
t 5 2y = u (u 0), phng trnh (1) tr thnh 4x2 + 1 2x = u2 + 1 u (2x) + 2x = u3 + u (*).
Xt hm s f (t) = t3 + t trn [0; +) c f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t [0; +).

x0
Suy ra f (t) lun ng bin trn [0; +). Do () f (2x) = f (u) 2x = u 2x = 5 2y 2 .
y = 54x
2
2
2
2
Vi y = 54x2 thay vo (2) ta c 4x2 + 54x 2 + 2 3 4x 7 = 0 4x4 6x2 + 2 3 4x 43 = 0 (**).
Nhn thy x = 21 l mt nghim ca phng trnh (**).

Xt hm s f (x) = 4x4 6x2 + 2 3 4x 34 trn 0; 34 .

Ta c f 0 (x) = 16x3 12x 34x

4 4
< 0, x 0; 34 f (x) ng bin trn 0; 43 .

= 4x 4x2 3 34x
Do phng trnh (**) c nghim duy nht x = 21 y = 2.
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht (x; y) = 21 ; 2 .

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4. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H Cha Tham S

Bi tp 2.40. Tm m phng trnh m 5 x2 3mx + m + 1 = 0.
a) C nghim. b) V nghim c) C hai nghim tri du.

Li gii. Vi m = 5, phng trnh trthnh
3 5x + 5 + 1= 0.
Vi m 6= 0, ta c = 9m2 4 m 5 (m + 1) = 5m2 + 4 5 4 m + 4 5 > 0, m 6= 5.
a) Phng trnh c nghim vi mi m R.
b) Khng c gi tr no ca m phng trnh
v
nghim.
c) Phng trnh c hai nghim tri du m 5 (m + 1) < 0 1 < m < 5.
Bi tp 2.41. Tm m phng trnh x2 + 2 (m + 1) x + 9m 5 = 0 c hai nghim m phn bit.

2
Li gii. Ta c 0 = (m + 1) (9m 5) = m2 7m + 6.
Phng trnh c hai nghim m phn bit khi v ch khi

0 2 m>6
>0 m 7m + 6 > 0

m<1 m>6

S<0 2 (m + 1) < 0 5
m > 1 9 <m<1
P >0 9m 5 > 0

m > 59

5

Vy vi m 9; 1 (6; +) th phng trnh cho c hai nghim m phn bit.
Bi tp 2.42. Tm m phng trnh (m 2) x2 2mx + m + 3 = 0 c hai nghim dng phn bit.
Li gii. Nhn thy m = 2 khng tha mn yu cu bi ton. Vi m 6= 2 ta c 0 = m2 (m 2) (m + 3) = 6 m.

Khi phng trnh c hai nghim dng phn bit khi v ch khi

0
m
<6
> 0 6 m > 0
m>2
2<m<6

2m
S>0 > 0 m < 0
m2
m+3
m < 3
P >0 m2 > 0 m>2

m < 3

Vy vi m (; 3) (2; 6) th phng trnh cho c hai nghim dng phn bit.
Bi tp 2.43. Tm m phng trnh (m 2) x4 2 (m + 1) x2 + 2m 1 = 0.

a) C mt nghim. b) C hai nghim phn bit. c) C bn nghim phn bit.
Li gii. Vi m = 2 phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit.

Vi m 6= 0, t x2 = t 0 phng trnh tr thnh (m 2) t2 2 (m + 1) t + 2m 1 = 0.
2
t f (t) = (m 2) t2 2 (m + 1) t + 2m 1 c 0 = (m + 1) (m 2) (2m 1) = m2 + 7m 1.
f (t) c nghim kp bng 0
a) Phng trnh cho c mt nghim
f (t) c mt nghim 0 v mt nghim m
m2 + 7m 1 = 0

0 = 0

f (0) =0 2m 1=0

0 2 1
> 0 m + 7m 1 > 0 m=
2

f (0) = 0 2m 1 = 0
2(m+1)
S<0 m2 < 0

1
Vy vi m = th phng trnh cho c mt nghim.
2
m=2
b) Phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit f (t) c nghim kp dng
f (t) c hai nghim tri du
m=2

m
= 02

m=2
m2 + 7m 1 = 0

=0
2(m+1) m = 7+32 5

S>0
m2 > 0 1
P <0 2m1 2 <m<2
m2 < 0
n o
1 7+3 5

Vy vi m 2; 2 2 th phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit.
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c) Phng trnh cho c bn nghim phn bit f (t) c hai nghim dng phn bit

73 5
2 < m < 7+32 5
2
m + 7m 1 > 0
0
>0 m>2

2(m+1)
7+3 5
S>0 m2 > 0 m < 1 2<m<
2m1 2
P >0 > 0 m > 2

m2

1
m< 2

Vy vi m 2; 7+32 5 th phng trnh cho c bn nghim phn bit.

x+ y =1

Bi tp 2.44. (D-04) Tm m h c nghim.
x x + y y = 1 3m

x+ y =1 x+ y =1
Li gii. H cho tng ng vi 3
.
x + y 3 xy x + y = 1 3m xy = m

Suy ra x, y l hai nghim khng m ca phng trnh t2 t + m = 0 (*).
Do h cho c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim khng m

0 1 4m 0 1
S0 10 0m
4
P 0 m0

Vy vi m 0; 41 th h cho c nghim.

Bi tp 2.45. Tm m bt phng trnh 4x 2 + 16 4x m c nghim.

Li gii. Xt hm s f (x) = 4x 2 + 16 4x trn 12 ; 4 .

2 2 9
o hm f 0 (x) = ; f 0 (x) = 0 4x 2 = 16 4x x = . Bng bin thin:
4x 2 16 4x 4
1 9
x 2 4 4
0
f (x) + 0

2 7
f (t)

14 14

T bng bin thin suy ra bt phng trnh cho c nghim m min f (x) m 14.
[ 2 ;4]
1
q
x+1
Bi tp 2.46. Tm m phng trnh (x 3) (x + 1) + 4 (x 3) x3 = m c nghim.
q
x+1
Li gii. t (x 3) x3 = t (t R). Phng trnh cho tr thnh t2 + 4t m = 0 (*).
Phng trnh cho c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim 0 0 m 4.
Vy vi m 4 th phng trnh cho c nghim.

Bi tp 2.47. (DB-07) Tm m BPT m x2 2x + 2 + 1 + x (2 x) 0 c nghim thuc on 0; 1 + 3 .

Li gii. t x2 2x + 2 = t. Vi x 0; 1 + 3 t [1; 2]. Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh
t2 2
m (t + 1) + 2 t2 0 m (*)
t+1
t2 2 t2 +2t+2
Xt hm s f (t) = t+1 trn [1; 2] c f 0 (t) =
> 0, t [1; 2] lim f (t) = f (2) = 32 .
(t+1)2 [1;2]

Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim trn 0; 1 + 3 bt phng trnh (*) c nghim trn [1; 2] m 23 .

Bi tp 2.48. (A-07) Tm m phng trnh 3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x2 1 c nghim thc.
q q
Li gii. iu kin: x 1. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 3 x1 x+1 + 2
4 x1
x+1 = m.
q
x1 2
t 4 x+1 = t. Vi x 1 t [0; 1). Phng trnh tr thnh 3t + 2t = m (*)
Xt hm s f (t) = 3t2 + 2t trn [0; 1) c f 0 (t) = 6t + 2; f 0 (t) = 0 t = 31 . Bng bin thin:
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1
t 0 3 1
0
f (t) + 0
1
3
f (t)
0 1
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim trn [0; 1) 1 m 31 .

Bi tp 2.49. (B-06) Tm m phng trnh x2 + mx + 2 = 2x + 1 c hai nghim thc phn bit.
x 21

2x + 1 0
Li gii. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2 2 2 .
x + mx + 2 = 4x + 4x + 1 m = 3x +4x1
x
3x2 + 4x 1 3x2 + 1

1
trn 12 ; + \ {0} c f 0 (x) =

Xt hm s f (x) = 2
> 0, x ; + \ {0}.
x x 2
Bng bin thin:
x 12 0 +
0
f (x) + +
+ +
f (x)
9
2
T bng bin thin suy ra phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit m 29 .

Bi tp 2.50. (B-04) Tm m PT m 1 + x2 1 x2 + 2 = 2 1 x4 + 1 + x2 1 x2 c nghim.
Li gii. 1 x 1.
iu kin:
t 1 + x2 1 x2 = t c t0 = x
1+x2
x
1x2
; t0 = 0 x = 0; t(0) = 0, t(1) = 2 t [0; 2].
2
Phng trnh cho tr thnh m (t + 2) = t + t + 2 m = t t+2 2 +t+2
(*).
2
t +t+2
0 2
t 4t

Xt hm s f (t) = t+2 trn [0; 2] c f (t) = (t+2)2 0, t 0; 2 .

Suy ra min f (t) = f 2 = 2 1; max f (t) = f (0) = 1.
[0; 2] [0; 2]

Khi phng trnh cho c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim trn [0; 2] 2 1 m 1.

Bi tp 2.51. (A-08) Tm m phng trnh 4 2x + 2x + 2 4 6 x + 2 6 x = m c hai nghim phn bit.

Li gii. iu kin: 0 x 6. Xt hm s f (x) = 4 2x + 4
2x + 2 6 x + 2 6 x trn [0; 6].
Ta c f 0 (x) = 4
1
3
+ 12x
4
1
3
1
6x = 12 4
1
3
4
1
3
+ 12x 6x
1
.
2 (2x) 2 (6x) (2x) (6x)
1 1
t
4

4
= u(x), 12x 1
6x
= v(x).
(2x)3 (6x)3
Nhn thy f 0 (2) = 0 v u(x), v(x) cng dng trn (0; 2), cng m trn (2; 6) nn ta c bng bin thin
x 0 2 6
f 0 (x) + 0

3 2+6
f (x)

2 6+2 4 6 4
12 + 2 3

Do phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit 2 6 + 2 4 6 m < 3 2 + 6.

Bi tp 2.52. (DB-07) Tm m phng trnh 4 x4 13x + m + x 1 = 0 c ng mt nghim.
Li gii. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

p4 4 1x0 x1
x 13x + m = 1 x
x4 13x + m = x4 4x3 + 6x2 4x + 1 m = 4x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 1
Xt hm s f (x) = 4x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 1 trn [1; +) c f 0 (x) = 12x2 + 12x + 9; f 0 (x) = 0 x = 21 .

Bng bin thin
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31
x 12 1
0
f (x) 0 +
+ 12
f (x)
32
Do phng trnh cho c ng mt nghim khi v ch khi m > 12 hoc m = 23 .

p
Bi tp 2.53. (B-07) Chng minh vi mi m > 0, PT x2 + 2x 8 = m (x 2) c hai nghim phn bit.
Li gii. iu kin: x 2. Nhn thy x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh.

2
Vi x > 2, phng trnh tng ng vi x2 + 2x 8 = m (x 2) x3 + 6x2 32 = m.
Xt hm s f (x) = x3 + 6x2 32 trn (2; +) c f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 12x > 0, x > 2. Bng bin thin
x 2 +
0
f (x) +
+
f (x)
0
T bng bin thin ta thy vi mi m > 0 th phng trnh lun c ng mt nghim trn (2; +).
Vy vi mi m > 0 th phng trnh cho c ng hai nghim.
Bi tp 2.54. Chng minh rng vi mi m, phng trnh x4 + x3 2x2 + 3mx m2 = 0 lun c nghim.
Li gii. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi m2 3xm x4 x3 + 2x2 = 0 (*).
2
Ta c = 9x"2 4 x4 x3 + 2x2 = 4x4 + 4x3 + x2 = 2x2 + x .
2
m = 3x+2x +x
m = x2 + 2x
2
x + 2x m = 0 (1)
Do () 2
3x2x2 x
2 .
m= m = x x x2 x + m = 0 (2)
2
(1) c nghim 1 = 4 + 4m 0 m 1
Phng trnh cho c nghim m R.
(2) c nghim 2 = 1 4m 0 m 41
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim vi mi m.
2
x 5x +4 0
Bi tp 2.55. (DB-04) Tm m h c nghim.
3x2 mx x + 16 = 0
(
1x4
Li gii. H cho tng ng vi 2 .
m = 3xx+16 x

3x2 + 16 0 3 x x2 16
Xt hm s f (x) = trn [1; 4] c f (x) = 0, x [1; 4].
x x 2x5
Suy ra max f (x) = f (1) = 19; min f (x) = f (4) = 8. Do h cho c nghim 8 m 19.
[1;4] x
2x3 (y + 2) x2 + xy = m

Bi tp 2.56. (D-2011) Tm m h c nghim.
x2 + x y = 1 2m

x2 x (2x y) = m

Li gii. H cho tng ng vi .
x2 x + 2x y= 1 2m
uv = m (1)
t x2 x = u, 2x y = v (u 41 ). H tr thnh .
u + v = 1 2m (2)
2
T (2) v = 1 2m u thay vo (1) ta c u (1 2m u) = m m = u 2u+1
+u
.
2 2

u + u 2u + 2u 1 0 1 + 3
Xt hm s f (u) = c f 0 (u) = 2 ; f (u) = 0 u = . Bng bin thin:
2u + 1 (2u + 1) 2

x 14 1+ 3
2
+
0
f (x) + 0

2 3
2
f (x)
58
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Vy h cho c nghim khi v ch khi m 22 3 .

Bi tp 2.57. Tm m h 1 x2 + 2 3 1 x2 = m c nghim duy nht.
Li gii. Nhn thy nu x0 l nghim phng trnh th x0 cng l nghim phng trnh.
Do gi s phng trnh c nghim duy nht th nghim bng 0 m = 3.
Vi m = 3 phng trnh tr thnh 1 x 2 + 2 3 1 x2 = 3 (*).

t 6 1 x2 = t (t 0). Phng trnh (*) tr thnh t3 + 2t2 3 = 0 t = 1 6 1 x2 = 1 x = 0.
Vy vi m = 3 th phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 0.
x = y2 y + m

Bi tp 2.58. Tm m h c nghim duy nht.
y = x2 x + m
x = y 2 y + m (1)

Li gii. Xt h .
y = x2 x + m (2)
Nhn thy nu h c nghim (x; y) th cng c nghim (y; x).
Do h c nghim duy nht khi x = y, thay vo (1) ta c x2 2x + m = 0 (*).
Vy h c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi (*) c nghim kp 1 m = 0 m = 1.
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Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H

1. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh Khng Cha Cn

Bi tp 2.2. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (1; 2] (8; +).

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 3] [0; 1).

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 5) 12 ; 6 (6; +).

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (1; 2) (3; 4) (5; +).

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0.

Bi tp 2.4. Giicc phng trnh sau

Vi t = 0 x = 4. Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 4.

Vi t = 1 x = 1; t = 1 x = 3. Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1, x = 3.

Vi t = 1 x = 0; t = 1 x = 2. Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0, x = 2.

Vi t = 1 x = 23 ; t = 1 x = 12 . Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 23 , x = 12 .

Bi tp 2.6. Gii cc phng trnh sau

t x2 + 4x 5 = t. Phng trnh tr thnh t (t + 8) + 16 = 0 t = 4.

Bi tp 2.7. Gii cc phng trnh sau

16x2 + 24x + 9 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 810 8(2x2 + 3x + 1) + 1 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 810

Bi tp 2.9. Gii cc phng trnh sau

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 2, x = 0. 

b) iu kin: x 6= 3. Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

Vi x2 5x + 4 < 0 1 < x < 4, bt phng trnh tr thnh

x2 + 5x 4 x2 + 6x + 5 2x2 + x + 9 0 (ng x (1; 4)) S2 = (1; 4)

Vi x2 2x < 0 0 < x < 2, bt phng trnh tr thnh

x2 + 2x + x2 4 > 0 x > 2 (loi) S2 =

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = S1 S2 = (; 1) (2; +).

Vi x ; 34 , phng trnh tr thnh 9 x = 6 5x 4x 3 x = 43 (tha mn).

Vi x 34 ; 56 , phng trnh tr thnh 9 x = 6 5x + 4x + 3 9 = 9 (ng , x 34 ; 65 ).

Vi x 65 ; 9 , phng trnh tr thnh 9 x = 6 + 5x + 4x + 3 x = 56 (loi).

Vi x (9; +), phng trnh tr thnh 9 + x = 6 + 5x + 4x + 3 x = 43 (loi).

Vi x (; 2], phng trnh tr thnh 7 2x = 5 3x x 2 x = 2 (tha mn).

Vi x 53 ; 72 , phng trnh tr thnh 7 2x = 5 + 3x + x + 2 x = 35 (loi).

Vi x 72 ; + , phng trnh tr thnh 7 + 2x = 5 + 3x + x + 2 x = 2 (loi).

Vy phng trnh c tp nghim S = 2; 35 .

Vi x (; 1], phng trnh tr thnh x + 1 2 (x + 2) + 3 (x + 3) = 4 x = 1 (tha mn).

Vi x (; 2], phng trnh tr thnh x + 1 x 2 = 5 x = 3 (loi).

2. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh Cha Cn

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 5.

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0, x = 113 .

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 0, x = 2.

2.15. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [6; 7].

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 23 ; 0 13 ; + .

d) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [1; 0] [2; +).

Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [2; 3].

Kt hp iu kin bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [2; 10).

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 1) (0; 2).

Bi tp 2.17.pGii cc phng trnh sau

b) Phng trnh tng ng vi

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = 25

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = ; 12 [3; +) {2}.

c) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = (; 0) (2; +).

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [3; 2].

Vi x 5, bt phng trnh tr thnh

Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x = 1.

Gii cc phng trnh sau

x = 4 khng phi l nghim phng trnh. Vy phng trnh c nghim x = 1.

Nhn thy x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.

Vi x 3, phng trnh tr thnh

d) iu kin: x 2. Phng trnh tng ng vi

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 3.

x4 + 9x2 + 1 + 6x3 + 2x2 + 6x = x2 + 6x + 9 x2 + 1

Vy phng trnh c hai nghim x = 2, x = 0.

Vy bt phng trnh c tp nghim S = [3; 2].

Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c 0 = 2 (v nghim).

2.33. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

Vi y = 0 thay vo (1) ta c x2 + 1 = 0 (v nghim).

Bi tp 2.35. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

Bi tp 2.37. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

2.38. Gii cc h phng trnh sau