Tai Lieu Huong Dan Sap10 PDF

I HC NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA XY DNG DD&CN
--------- & -----
TI LIU HNG DN
Nng 2006
Tnh ton v thit k kt cu bng Sap2000
CC KIN THC C BN V PHN TCH KT CU

(SAP2000 - BASIC ANALYSIS REFERENCE)
Ngi s dng cc phn mm ni chung v Sap2000 ni ring cn phi hiu mt cch tng tn
bn cht ca cc phn mm v phi kim tra mt cch c lp kt qu tnh ton m bo tnh chnh
xc. Quyt nh cui cng vn phi l ca con ngi bng cc kin thc tng hp.
I. Phng php phn t hu hn

1. Khi nim chung:
Phng php PTHH c ng dng tnh kt cu vi s tr gip ca my tnh, ra i vo nm
1970. Phng php ny dng m hnh ri rc l tng ho kt cu thc.
Thc hin ri rc ho kt cu bng cch chia kt cu lin tc thnh hu hn cc min hoc cc kt
cu con gi l phn t hu hn.
* i vi h thanh : phn t hu hn l thanh.
* i vi kt cu tm : phn t hu hn l tm tam gic, ch nht .v.v.
Sau khi ri rc ho, gi thit cc phn t hu hn ch ni vi nhau ti mt s im quy nh
(thng l cc u hoc gc ca phn t) gi l nt.
Ton b tp hp cc phn t hu hn gi l li phn t.
S lng phn t nh hng n s n s ca bi ton.
2. Trnh t gii bi ton kt cu bng phn mm PTHH:

a. Bc 1 : Chuyn t s kt cu sang s tnh :
Xc nh yu cu tnh ton, cc kt qu cn tm.
Xc nh dng hnh hc ca kt cu.
Xc nh ti trng, cc c trng ca vt liu ...
b. Bc 2 : Ri rc ho kt cu, chn loi phn t thch hp :
nh s cc im nt, cc phn t.
Phn chia cc trng hp ti trng (cc phng n ca hot ti).
Nhp d liu.
c. Bc 3 : Thc hin gii bi ton :
Khai bo cc thng s tnh ton, cc bc t do hot ng...
Kim tra chnh xc ca kt qu.
Hiu chnh li d liu nu cn.
d. Bc 4 :
Biu din kt qu bng hnh v.
In kt qu hoc xut ra file, x l cc file kt qu nu cn.
S dng kt qu.
- Trang 1 -
Khi gii mt bi ton bng phng php Phn t hu hn, vic nhp d liu tn rt nhiu thi gian
v cng sc, nu c sai st rt kh pht hin, nn cn chun b s liu tht k, s tnh phi v mt
cch r rng, vic nhp s liu phi cn thn.
Bc 1
Xc nh cc yu t u vo
Bc 2
Thc hin bc nhp s liu.
Nhp : - D liu iu khin
- D liu nt
- D liu phn t
- D liu ti trng ...
Bc 3
Thc hin gii v kim tra kt
qu
Bc 4
Biu din xut kt qu
II. Phn mm phn tch v thit k kt cu Sap2000

1. Lch s hnh thnh :
Phin bn u tin ca chng trnh c mang tn SAP (Structural Analysis Program: Chng
trnh phn tch kt cu) vo nm 1970, sau xut hin SAP3, SAP-IV, SAP86, SAP90 v gn y
nht l SAP2000 V10.
SAP2000 tch hp chc nng phn tch kt cu (tnh phn lc, ni lc, chuyn v, dao ng ...)
bng phng php PTHH vi chc nng thit k kt cu (tnh ton ct thp i vi kt cu b tng ct
thp v chn tit din i vi kt cu thp), SAP2000 cng b sung thm cc loi kt cu mu
vic vo s liu cho bi ton c nhanh hn. Giao din ca SAP2000 rt trc quan v c thc hin
hon ton trn mi trng Windows (SAP86 thc hin vic nhp d liu trn Dos, SAP90 nhp s liu
trn Windows nhng tnh ton v xem kt qu ni lc trn Dos)
2. Kh nng ca phn mm SAP2000 :
Sap2000 cung cp nhiu tnh nng mnh m hnh v tnh ton nhiu kt cu thng gp trong
thc t : Dm, Khung phng, Khung khng gian, Sn, Dn phng, Dn khng gian, Dm trn nn n
hi (dm mng bng), kt cu v mng (mi che, b nc, xil...), kt cu khi (, p ...) ...
Vt liu c th tuyn tnh ng hng hoc trc hng, hoc phi tuyn.
Ti trng bao gm lc tp trung ti nt, lc phn b u hoc phn b dng hnh thang trn thanh,
ti trng do p lc ca cht lng hoc kh. Ti trng c th tc dng tnh hoc tc dng ng, c v tr
bt ng hoc di ng ...
- Trang 2 -
M hnh tnh khng hn ch s nt v s phn t nu dung lng trng cng cn nhiu.

Cc phn tch cho bi ton bao gm : phn tch tnh, phn tch ng (tnh tn s dao ng, tnh ni
lc ng ...) ...
SAP2000 c 4 phin bn :
+ Bn phi tuyn (Nonlinear) : y cc chc nng
+ Bn nng cao (Advanced) : Thiu chc nng phn tch phi tuyn.
+ Bn chun (Standard) : Thiu chc nng phn tch phi tuyn, m hnh tnh gii hn s nt
<1500.
+ Bn hc tp (Education) : min ph, m hnh tnh gii hn ti a 30 nt.
File d liu ca SAP2000 c phn m rng l *.SDB (file gc dng nh phn) hoc *.S2K v
*.S$K (file d liu dng tp tin vn bn), cc file khc c cng tn vi file d liu nhng c phn m
rng khc do SAP to ra trong qu trnh tnh ton.
III. S nguyn l hot ng ca Sap2000 :

(i vi bi ton Phn tch - Thit k h thanh)
V im u cc V ng Chia nh ng sut trc

phn t (Line) phn t (Pre-stress)
Vt liu Gii phng lin kt

Nt (Joint) (Material) (Release)
T. (x,y,z) Tit din
(Section) S im xut kt qu
(Output Stations)
Lin kt gi
(Restraint - Spring) Trc a phng
P.t Thanh
(Local Axes)
(Frame)
Ti trng
Th vin (Load)
Php
kt cu bin i
mu Trng lng b.thn
(Self weight)
T hp
M hnh
(Combination) Ch.v cng bc
(Displacement)
Phn tch
(Analysis) Nhit
(Thermal)
Phn lc, Ni lc ...
(Reaction, Frame force)
Chn tiu chun
Thit k
(Design) Kt cu BTCT
Kt qu
(Result) Kt cu Thp
- Trang 3 -
IV. H to s dng trong Sap2000 :

1. H to tng th (Global System):
Tt c to ca cc phn t trong m hnh u c xc nh thng qua mt h to chung gi
l h to tng th XYZ. Ngoi h to tng th, ngi s dng c th nh ngha thm cc h to
ph phc v cho cng vic xy dng hnh dng hnh hc ca m hnh, cc to ca h to
ph cui cng cng c quy i sang to ca h to tng th.
Trc Z lun l trc thng ng, hng ln, nh vy mt phng XY l mt bng v thng nn chn
mt phng XZ l mt phng lm vic chnh ca h (v d nh phng ngang ca h khung khng gian
hoc mt phng lm vic ca h khung phng). To ca mt v tr c xc nh bng 3 to x, y,
z ca v tr . Phng ca h to c k hiu l X, Y, Z (hng + l cng chiu, - l ngc
chiu).
2. H to a phng (Local System):
Mi i tng trong m hnh u c h to ring ca n gi l h to a phng ca i
tng (v d h to a phng ca nt, ca thanh ...), h to a phng c s dng
xc nh cc tnh cht, ti trng, ni lc ... ca i tng . H to a phng c k hiu l
123. Ni chung, h to a phng ca mi i tng l c th khc nhau, nt ny khc nt kia,
thanh ny khc thanh kia ...
Mc nh cc i tng cng loi (nt, thanh, tm) c mt h to a phng 123 theo mt quy
lut chung ging nhau, v d nh : i vi nt, h to 123 mc nh c phng trng vi h to
tng th XYZ.
Nu h to ca i tng thc t khc vi h to mc nh, ngi s dng cn khai bo cc
thng s gc xoay xc nh phng ca h to a phng thc t.
V. Phn t Thanh (Frame):
1. Tng quan:
Phn t thanh dng m hnh cc cu kin dm, ct, dn trong mt phng cng nh trong khng
gian, ngoi phn t thanh cn c phn t cp (cable, ch chu ko) v phn t dy cng (tendon) cng
c dng ng thng (line). Phn t thanh tng qut trong khng gian chu cc thnh phn moment
un theo 2 phng, lc ct theo 2 phng, lc dc v moment xon.
Phn t thanh c m hnh bng ng thng ni gia 2 im, i vi thanh cong ngi s dng
c th chia nh thnh tp hp nhiu thanh thng xp x c ng cong.
Mi phn t thanh c th chu ti trng do trng lng bn thn (sefl-weight), cc lc tp trung
(concentrated loads), cc lc phn b (distributed loads)
Cc im chn (insertion point) v cc vng cng u thanh (end offsets) cng c xt n
xc nh lch tm v cng ti v tr giao nhau ca cc phn t. Gii phng lin kt ti u thanh
(end release) gip m hnh cc dng lin kt khc nhau ti hai u thanh.
Ni lc trong thanh c th c xut ra ti 2 u thanh v ti cc im cch u nhau (output
station) trn thanh.
2. Vng cng u thanh (End offset)
Trong s tnh, thanh c m hnh
bng mt ng thng trc thanh, ni 2
im u thanh gi l nt i (nt u) v nt
j (nt cui). Thng 2 u thanh c ni
vi cc phn t khc, do ti nt xut
hin nhng vng giao nhau gia cc thanh
(xem hnh), khong cch chng ln cc
phn t khc ca thanh gi l i_off v j_off
c o t nt n bin vng giao nhau
gia thanh ang xt vi cc thanh khc.
- Trang 4 -
End offset l mt phn ca chiu di thanh, c th cng tuyt i hoc mm tuyt i, hoc cng 1
phn (tng i). Ti trng tc dng ln thanh vn xt n cc khong cch end offset.
Chiu di un ca thanh (dng xc nh cng ca thanh) c xc nh nh sau:
Lb = L - r.(i_off + j_off)
Trong : Lb : chiu di un ca thanh
L : chiu di ca thanh trn m hnh
i_off, j_off : cc khong cch end offset ti 2 u thanh : i (u), j (cui)
r : cng tng i ca vng end offset, c gi tr t 0 1 (mm tuyt i
cng tuyt i). Nn ly gi tr r <0,5.
nh hng n kt qu ni lc : Kt qu ni lc c xut ti v tr end offset v ti mt s im
cch u nhau trong on chiu di trng gia thanh . Ni lc khng c xut trn on end offset k
c ti v tr nt.
3. H to a phng ca thanh
Mi phn t thanh u c mt h to a phng ring ca phn t v c k hiu l 123.
Mt iu rt quan trng l cn phi nm vng cch xc nh h to a phng xc nh ng
c trng tit din, ti trng v kt qu ni lc.
H trc a phng ca thanh c xc nh t h trc a phng mc nh v gc xoay h trc
(coordinate angle).
Trc 1 ca h to a phng lun l trc dc trc thanh, c chiu i t u thanh n cui
thanh (nt i n nt j).
Mt phng 1-2 thng l mt phng lm vic chnh ca thanh.
H trc mc nh :
+ Mt phng 1-2 l mt phng thng ng (mt phng Z-1).
+ Trc 2 c chiu hng ln, tr trng hp thanh thng ng, lc trc 2 c chiu +X
+ Trc 3 c xc nh t trc 1&2, c phng nm ngang (nm trong mt phng XY)
Gc xoay h trc (tnh bng )
Nu trc 2&3 thc t khng ng theo phng mc nh, ngi s dng cn khai bo gc xoay
ca h trc 2&3 quanh trc 1 xoay h trc mc nh n h trc thc t.
- Trang 5 -
4. c trng tit din thanh (frame section)

Tit din thanh l mt t hp ca vt liu v hnh hc, dng m t mt ct ngang ca mt hay
nhiu thanh. Mt ct c khai bo c lp v sau dng gn cho thanh.
a. c trng vt liu
Vt liu c th c khai bo bng cc thng s c trng :
+ Modul n hi (modulus of elasticity) E : dng xc nh cng dc trc v cng un.
+ Modul n hi trt (shear modulus) G : dng xc nh cng chng ct v cng
E
xon. G c th c xc nh thng qua E v : G = .
2(1 + m )
+ H s n ngang (Poisson's ratio) : l t s gia bin dng ngang so vi bin dng dc trc
khi chu ko - nn dc trc.
+ Khi lng ring (mass density) r : dng xc nh khi lng ca phn t.
+ Trng lng ring (weight density) w : dng xc nh trng lng ca phn t.
+ Ch s thit k: xc nh loi thit k kt cu (b tng ct thp, thp, nhm) hoc loi vt
liu khc. Nu vt liu thuc loi thit k l b tng ct thp th chng trnh s tnh ton lng ct
thp cn thit ca tit din da vo cng b tng, cng ct thp theo tiu chun thit k b
tng c s dng. Nu vt liu thuc loi thit k l thp hoc nhm th chng trnh s tm loi tit
din c din tch nh nht trong s tit din c khai bo m m bo kh nng chu lc da trn
cng thp hoc nhm theo tiu chun thit k kt cu thp hoc nhm.
b. c trng hnh hc
Su c trng hnh hc cng cc c trng vt liu c dng xc nh cc cng ca tit din
+ Din tch tit din A : dng xc nh cng dc trc = E.A
+ Moment qun tnh I33 (chnh) v I22 (ph) : dng xc nh cng chng un E.I33 v E.I22
+ Hng s xon J : dng xc nh cng chng xon G.J. Lu hng s xon khng phi
l moment qun tnh c cc, tr phi tit din thanh l trn.
+ Din tch chng ct AS2, AS3 : dng xc nh cng chng ct G.AS2 v G.AS3
i vi tit din ch nht : AS2 = AS3 = 5/6 b.h
i vi tit din trn : AS2 = AS3 = 0,9.r2
i vi tit din ch I : AS2 = tw.d
AS3 = 5/3.tf.bf
i vi tit din vnh khn AS2 = AS3 = .r.
(r : bn knh trong, : chiu dy vnh khn)
Khai bo A, I22, I33, J bng 0 c ngha cng tng ng s bng 0. V d phn t dn c th khai
bo J = I22 = I33 = 0; phn t thanh phng trong mt phng 1-2 c th khai bo J = I22 = 0
Khai bo AS2, AS3 bng 0 c ngha l bin dng trt = 0 (b qua bin dng trt trong thanh)
Su gi tr c trng hnh hc c th c khai bo trc tip hoc c chng trnh tnh ton t
cc kch thc v hnh dng tit din hoc c c t file c s d liu v tit din thanh (Sap cung
cp cc file c s d liu v thp hnh ca mt s nc).
Cc dng tit din c th tnh ton c cc c trng hnh hc thng qua cc kch thc tit din
trong Sap bao gm :
+ Hnh ch nht (Rectangular) : nhp kch thc chiu cao v chiu rng.
+ Hnh trn (Circle) : nhp kch thc ng knh.
+ Hnh ng (Pipe) : nhp ng knh ngoi v chiu dy.
+ Hnh hp rng (Box) : nhp chiu cao tng, chiu rng tng, chiu dy cnh ngang, chiu dy
thnh ng.
+ Ch I (I/Wide flange) : nhp chiu cao tng, chiu rng cnh trn, chiu dy cnh trn, chiu
dy bn bng, chiu rng cnh di, chiu dy cnh di.
+ Ch C (Channel) : nhp chiu cao tng, chiu rng cnh, chiu dy cnh v chiu dy bn
bng.
+ Ch T (Tee) : nhp chiu cao tng, chiu rng cnh, chiu dy cnh v chiu dy bn bng.
- Trang 6 -
+ Ch L (Angle) : nhp chiu cao tng, chiu rng tng, chiu dy cnh ngang, chiu dy cnh
ng.
+ 2L (Double Angle) : nhp chiu cao tng, chiu rng tng (bng 2 ln chiu rng L + khong
h gia 2L), chiu dy cnh ngang, chiu dy cnh ng, khong h gia 2 sng L.
- Trang 7 -
5. im chn (insertion point)

Mc nh trc 1 ca thanh s trng vi trc thanh i qua trng tm ca tit din 2 u thanh,
trong mt s trng hp thun tin, ta c th khai bo trc 1 i qua mt v tr khc ti 2 u
thanh gi l im chn.
khai bo im chn ta phi khai bo im nh v (cardinal point) v khong cch t im nh
v n im chn. S hiu cc im nh v c th hin trn hnh (mc nh l 10)
+ im 1 : Gc tri cnh y.
+ im 2 : Trung im cnh y
+ im 3 : Gc phi cnh y
+ im 4 : Bin tri cnh gia thanh (cnh gia thanh i qua
trung im ca chiu cao thanh)
+ im 5 : Trung im cnh gia thanh
+ im 6 : Bin phi cnh gia thanh
+ im 7 : Gc tri cnh trn
+ im 8 : Trung im cnh trn
+ im 9 : Gc phi cnh trn
+ im 10 : Trng tm tit din
+ im 11 : Trng tm ct
Trng hp tit din c 2 trc i xng th im 5 10 11.
Khong cch t im chn n im nh v (Joint offset) : l cc khong cch theo cc trc 1,
2, 3 hoc X, Y, Z nu im chn lch v tr so vi im nh v .
6. Gii phng lin kt ti u thanh (End Release)
Bnh thng cc thnh phn chuyn v thng v xoay ti 2 u thanh cng bng chuyn v ti nt
v cng bng vi cc u thanh khc cng quy t ti nt . Tuy nhin c th gii phng mt hoc mt
s thnh phn chuyn v ca thanh so vi nt, khi iu ny xy ra th ni lc tng ng vi thnh phn
chuyn v c gii phng ti u thanh s bng 0.
im lin tc
Trong v d nh hnh bn : thanh
cho c lin kt cng ti u i v
khp ti u j, hai thanh khc (thanh im khp
ng v thanh ngang) ni cng ti nt
j. khai bo lin kt khp ti nt j im lin tc
nh vy ta phi khai bo thanh cho
gii phng lin kt ngn cn chuyn
v xoay theo phng trc 3, c ngha
l moment M33 ti nt j = 0.
Ta cng c th gii phng nhiu
lin kt theo cc phng khc nhau,
tuy nhin phi khng lm h tr nn
bin hnh.
Nu thanh c khai bo End offset th lin kt gii phng ti v tr mt thanh ch khng phi ti nt.
Nu gii phng lin kt xoay hoc trt cng vi c khai bo end offset chng trnh s xem on end
offset l cng tuyt i theo phng tng ng vi lin kt gii phng.
7. Khi lng (mass)
Trong cc bi ton phn tch ng, khi lng c s dng xc nh cc dng dao ng ring
ca h v lc qun tnh. Khi lng phn b trn thanh c dn v 2 u thanh thnh khi lng tp
trung, do khi phn tch s khng cn khi lng phn b na (h hu hn bc t do).
Gi tr khi lng dn v 2 u thanh c xc nh tng t nh phn lc ti 2 gi ta nu xem
thanh l dm n gin chu ti trng phn b vung gc c gi tr bng gi tr khi lng phn b.
- Trang 8 -
8. Trng lng bn thn (Sefl-weight load)

Trng lng bn thn c th c p dng vo bt c trng hp ti trng no trong h v tc ng
n tt c cc phn t trong h. i vi phn t thanh, ti trng do trng lng bn thn l ti trng
phn b c chiu hng xung, c gi tr bng trng lng ring ca vt liu (w) * din tch tit din
(A) * h s trng lng bn thn.
Trong mi trng hp ti trng, h s trng lng bn thn l mt h s chung cho tt c cc phn
t ca h. Trng lng bn thn s c cng tc dng vi ti trng ngoi cng tc ng ln h.
9. Ti trng tp trung trn thanh (Concentrate span load)
Dng khai bo lc hoc moment tp trung tc dng ti mt v tr bt k trn thanh. Phng ca
ti trng tp trung c th theo phng ca h to tng th hoc theo phng ca h to a
phng ca thanh. Ti trng khai bo tc dng theo h to tng th s c bin i thnh ti trng
tc dng theo phng h to a phng trc khi tnh ton phn tch. S lng ti trng tp trung
tc dng trn mt thanh l khng gii hn, tuy nhin trong 1 ln khai bo ta ch c th t ti a 4 ti
trng tp trung vo thanh, nu 2 ti trng tp trung tc dng vo cng mt v tr s c cng vi nhau.
Lc theo phng Z Moment theo phng Z
Tt c ti trng
tc dng ti v tr
c khong cch
tng i = 0,5
Lc theo phng 2 Moment theo phng 2
10. Ti trng phn b trn thanh (Distributed span load)

Dng khai bo lc hoc moment phn b tc dng trn thanh. Ti trng c th c dng phn b
u (uniform) hoc dng phn b 4 im (trapezoidal). Phng ca ti trng phn b c th theo
phng ca h to tng th hoc theo phng ca h to a phng ca thanh. Ti trng dng
phn b u tc dng sut chiu di vi cng mt gi tr, ti trng phn b dng 4 im tc dng theo
dng ng gy khc i qua 4 im xc nh bng 4 khong cch v 4 cng ti trng phn b
tng ng ti 4 v tr . Nu cc ti trng chng ln nhau s c cng vi nhau.
V d v ti trng dng 4 im
Cng ca ti trng l lc hoc moment trn mt n v chiu di. Nu ti trng phn bntn
chiu di chiu (project) th gi tr s c nhn vi sin hoc cos.
- Trang 9 -
Lc phn b theo Moment phn b theo

phng Z trn chiu di phng Z trn chiu di
Project : nhn vi sin Project : nhn vi cos
11. Ni lc, xut kt qu ni lc (Internal force output)

Ni lc thanh l cc thnh phn lc v moment c tch phn t cc thnh phn ng sut trn ton
b tit din thanh. Cc thnh phn ni lc bao gm :
+ Lc dc (axial) : P
+ Lc ct (chnh) trong mt phng 1-2 (shear force) : V22
+ Lc ct (ph) trong mt phng 1-3 (shear force) : V33
+ Moment xon (axial torque) : T
+ Moment un (ph) trong mt phng 1-3 (bending moment) : M2 (xoay quanh trc 2)
+ Moment un (chnh) trong mt phng 1-2 (bending moment) : M3 (xoay quanh trc 3)
Cc thnh phn ni lc ny xut hin ti tt c cc tit din dc trn chiu di thanh. Chiu dng
ca ni lc c quy c nh trn hnh sau :
Lc dc v moment xon
Moment v lc ct chnh Th nn Moment v lc ct ph
Th cng
Th nn
Th cng
Ni lc ca thanh c tnh ton trong tt c cc trng hp ti trng v c xut ra kt qu ti 2

u thanh cng cc im cch u nhau trn thanh. Nu thanh c khai bo End offset th ni lc c
xut ra ti 2 mt thanh v ti cc im cch u nhau trn chiu di trng ca thanh.
VI. Phn t Tm (Shell):
1. Tng quan
Phn t tm c s dng m hnh cc kt cu v mng, tng, sn trong h phng cng nh
khng gian. Phn t tm l mt dng ca phn t mt (area, gm c phn t ng sut phng, bin dng
phng v i xng trc). Phn t tm c th c 3 hoc 4 nt, 4 nt c th khng nm trong cng mt
mt phng.
- Trang 10 -
Vi phn t tm, c th c dng hon ton lm vic trong mt phng gi l phn t mng
(membrane, cc nt c 3 bc t do), v d nh tm tng, hoc c th c dng hon ton lm vic theo
phng ngoi mt mng gi l tm sn (plate, cc nt c 3 bc t do). Phn t tm tng qut (shell, cc
nt c 6 bc t do) bao gm tng hp ca 2 dng trn (ngi ta khuyn dng phn t tm tng qut d
l tm tng hay tm sn, nhng iu ny s lm tng s n s trong h.
Cc dng ca phn t tm c m t nh hnh sau :
Tm t gic (4 nt) Tm tam gic (3 nt)

+ Tm t gic : c khai bo bi 4 nt j1, j2, j3, j4
+ Tm tam gic : c khai bo bi 3 nt j1, j2, j3
Dng phn t tm t gic m hnh kt cu s cho kt qu chnh xc hn phn t tam gic. Vic
m hnh cc kt cu bng phn t tm t gic c din t nh trong cc v d sau :
Kt cu dng tam gic Dng trn Mt rng v hn Mt chuyn tip

V tr cc nt trong h cn m bo cc iu kin sau :
+ Cc gc trong ca phn t tm phi nh hn 180o, tt nht l gn 90o, hoc t ra l t 45o n
135o.
+ T s chiu di gia 2 cnh (i vi tm tam gic l t s ca cnh di nht/cnh ngn
nht, i vi tm t gic l t s ca 2 ng thng i qua trung im 2 cnh i din nhau) khng
c qu ln, tt nht l gn bng 1 hoc t ra cng phi <4 v khng c >10.
+ i vi tm t gic, 4 nt c th khng ng phng, tuy nhin nh vy s c hin tng
xon, do nn chn cc tm sao cho c 4 nt ng phng hoc lch mt phng khng nhiu lm.
2. H to a phng (Local coordinate system)
Mi phn t tm u c mt h to a phng ca n, dc dng xc nh phng ca ti
trng, vt liu v ni lc, gi l 123. Trc 3 vung gc vi mt phng phn t, cn trc 1&2 nm trong
mt phng phn t. Cn phi nm vng quy tc h to a phng ca phn t trnh nhm ln
trong vic nhp s liu v vic s dng kt qu ni lc.
khai bo h to a phng ca phn t tm, ta s dng h to a phng mc nh v
gc xoay h trc.
H trc mc nh ca phn t tm :
+ Mt phng 2-3 l mt phng thng ng, song song vi trc Z.
- Trang 11 -
+ Trc 2 c chiu hng ln, tr trng hp i vi phn t nm ngang, lc trc 2 s c

chiu +Y.
+ Trc 1 c xc nh t trc 2&3, lun c phng nm ngang, thuc mt phng XY.
Gc xoay h trc c s dng trong trng hp h trc thc t ca phn t khng ging vi h
trc mc nh, l gc xoay (tnh bng ) ca trc 1&2 quanh trc 3 t h trc mc nh n h trc
thc t. Cc v d v gc xoay xem minh ho trn hnh sau :
Hng 1 : Gc h trc = 45o
Hng 4 : Gc h trc = -90o
Trc 3 vung gc mt phng

v c chiu hng ra, v pha
ngi quan st
3. c trng tit din (Section)

c trng tit din ca tm l mt tp hp ca vt liu v hnh hc, dng din t mt ct ngang
ca mt hay nhiu phn t tm. Tit din tm c khai bo c lp vi tm, v sau dng gn
cho phn t mt (area object).
a. Loi phn t (type) : phn t mt gm c cc loi sau
+ Tm (shell) : c phn tch y, mi nt s c 6 bc t do gm 3 chuyn v thng v 3
chuyn v xoay, c kh nng chu lc v moment.
+ Phng (plane) : l dng phn t khi 2 chiu, c kh nng chu lc nhng khng chu
moment, c 2 loi l phn t bin dng phng v phn t ng sut phng.
+ Phn t khi i xng (Asolid) : mi nt c 3 bc t do l 3 chuyn v thng, c kh nng
chu lc nhng khng c kh nng chu moment.
Trong gio trnh ny khng xt 2 loi phn t sau.
i vi phn t tm cng chia lm 3 dng :
+ Phn t mng (membrane) : ch chu lc v moment (xon) trong mt phng.
+ Phn t sn (plate) : chu lc vung gc mt phng v cc moment un.
+ Phn t tm tng qut (shell) : l tng hp ca 2 loi trn.
b. Cc loi chiu dy
C 2 loi cng thc tm ph thuc theo chiu dy tm.
+ Tm dy (thick-plate) : c k n nh hng do bin dng ct theo chiu dy tm.
+ Tm mng (thin-plate) : khng k n nh hng do bin dng ct theo chiu dy tm.
Bin dng ct c nh hng rt ln nu chiu dy tm ln hn t 1/10 n 1/5 chiu di nhp ca
tm, cng nh i vi nhng vng tp trung ng sut v d nh nhng v tr thay i chiu dy t
ngt hoc v tr l sn.
S dng cng thc sn dy s chnh xc hn tuy nhin chnh xc ca sn dy ph thuc nhiu
vo hnh dng v cch chia sn. Cng thc sn dy khng nh hng n kt cu mng.
Mi phn t tm c 2 loi chiu dy : chiu dy mng (membrane) v chiu dy un (bending).
- Trang 12 -
+ Chiu dy mng c s dng xc nh trng lng v khi lng bn thn ca phn t

cng nh xc nh cng trong mt phng ca tm
+ Chiu dy un c s dng xc nh cng chng un ca tm
Thng thng th 2 loi chiu dy ny bng nhau, tr mt s trng hp c bit v d nh i vi
tm c tit din ln sng.
4. Khi lng (mass)
Trong cc bi ton phn tch ng, khi lng ca kt cu c s dng xc nh cc lc qun
tnh. Khi lng phn b trn tm u c dn v cc nt thnh cc khi lng tp trung trc khi
tnh ton phn tch.
5. Trng lng bn thn (sefl-weight load)
Ti trng do trng lng bn thn ca tm c th c p dng vo mt trng hp ti trng bt k
v s tc ng n mi pn t trong h. i vi phn t tm, ti trng do trng lng bn thn l lc
phn b trn ton din tch tm c chiu hng xung, cng lc bng trng lng ring ca vt
liu * chiu dy mng * h s trng lng bn thn
H s trng lng bn thn l mt h s chung cho tt c cc phn t ca h trong mt trng hp
ti trng. Trng lng bn thn s cng vi ti trng ngoi tc dng ln h trong trng hp ti trng
s gy ra ni lc, chuyn v ... trong h.
6. Ti trng phn b u (uniform load)
Ti trng phn b u l lc phn b tc dng ln mt trung tm ca phn t, c gi tr bng nhau
trn sut din tch mt tm. Phng ca lc c th c khai bo theo phng ca h to tng th
hoc theo phng ca h to a phng, v cui cng quy i theo h to a phng v c
cng dn li vi nhau.
Cng lc c n v l lc/1 n v din tch.
7. p lc tc dng trn b mt (surface pressure load)
p lc trn b mt tm c dng khai bo p lc bn ngoi tc dng ln bt k mt no trong 6
mt ca tm (quy c tn mt tm xem hnh trang 10, mt di l 5, mt trn l 6, cc mt bn l 1-4).
p lc lun tc dng theo phng vung gc vi mt tm v c chiu dng hng vo pha trong
tm.
Cng p lc c th l hng s trn b mt tm hoc c ni suy t nhng gi tr cho ti cc
nt. Nhng gi tr cho ti cc nt thng c xc nh t mu gi tr nt (Joint Patern). Joint patern l
cch d dng nht nhp s liu p lc nc (thay i tuyn tnh theo 1 phng no ).
8. Ni lc v ng sut (internal force, stress)
ng sut ca phn t tm l lc trn mt n v din tch xut hin bn trong th tch phn t
chng li ti trng ngoi. Cc ng sut ny gm :
+ ng sut php trong mt phng : S11, S22
+ ng sut tip trong mt phng : S12
+ ng sut tip vung gc mt phn t : S13, S23
+ ng sut php vung gc mt phn t : S33 (thng cho bng 0)
Ba loi ng sut trong mt phng l hng s hoc bin thin bc nht dc theo chiu dy tm. Hai
loi ng sut tip vung gc c cho l hng s dc theo chiu dy tm d thc t ng sut tip phn
b dng parabol, bng 0 2 mp trn v di v t gi tr ln nht ti mt trung tm.
Ni lc ca phn t tm l lc v moment trn mt n v chiu di trong mt phng tm, l
tch phn ca cc thnh phn ng sut trn chiu dy phn t. Cc ni lc ny bao gm :
+ Lc dc trc trong mt phng : F11, F22
+ Lc ct trong mt phng : F12
+ Moment un : M11, M22
+ Moment xon : M12
+ Lc ct vung gc mt phng : V13, V23
Cn nm vng quy c ca ni lc : Chiu dng c th hin trn hnh sau
- Trang 13 -
n v : lc,
moment trn 1
n v chiu
di trong mp
Lc ct vung
gc mt phng
khng th hin
Lc dc trc v lc ct trong mt phng Moment un v moment xon

F-min, F-max, M-min, M-max l cc lc v moment theo cc phng chnh (phng c lc ct
F12 v moment M12 = 0), chiu dng ca gc biu din phng chnh nh trn hnh v.
Cc thnh phn ng sut v ni lc ca tm c tnh ton trong tt c cc trng hp phn tch do
ti trng, do dao ng gy ra.
VII. Nt v bc t do (Joint, degree of freedom):
1. Tng quan
Nt l i tng c bn nht trong vic phn tch kt cu, nt l im lin kt gia cc phn t. Ti
v tr gi ta, chuyn v ca nt theo phng gi ta c bit, cc chuyn v cn li s l n s ca
bi ton v c xc nh khi phn tch h (phng php chuyn v). Chuyn v theo cc phng ca 1
nt gi l bc t do.
Nt c nhiu chc nng:
+ Tt c cc phn t c ni vi nhau ti cc im nt to thnh h kt cu.
+ H kt cu ni vi t bng cc lin kt gi (restraint) hoc cc lin kt n hi (spring) ti
cc nt.
+ Cc rng buc nh rng buc cng hoc rng buc i xng c p dng thng qua vic
khai bo s rng buc (constraint) ca cc nt.
+ Nt c s dng nh l mt v tr c th t ti trng to trung.
+ Cc khi lng phn b trn thanh hay tm c dn v cc im nt.
+ Tt c ti trng tc dng v thanh hoc tm u c a v nt thit lp phng trnh cn
bng.
+ Chuyn v ca nt chnh l n s ca bi ton.
Khi nhp s liu trong Sap2000, nt c t ng to ra ti cc u thanh v ti cc gc ca phn
t tm, nt cng c th c thm vo bng cch khai bo c lp.
S dng tnh nng t phn chia (auto meshing) ca phn t thanh hoc tm s to ra thm nhng
im nt trong qu trnh phn tch.
Bn thn nt cng c th c xem nh l mt phn t, mi nt u c mt h to a phng
ring ca n dng khai bo bc t do, lin kt v ti trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, ta c th khng
cn thay i h to a phng mc nh ca nt.
C 6 thnh phn chuyn v ti mi nt: 3 thnh phn chuyn v thng v 3 thnh phn chuyn v
xoay, cc chuyn v ny c xc nh theo phng ca h to a phng ca nt. Cc chuyn v
ca tt c cc nt (cc n s ca bi ton) s c xc nh khi thc hin tnh ton phn tch h.
Nt c th chu lc tc dng trc tip bi ti trng tp trung ti nt hoc gin tip bi phn lc xut
hin trong cc lin kt gi hoc lin kt n hi.
V tr ca nt v phn t ng vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh chnh xc ca h kt cu,
mt vi yu t cn lu khi khai bo cc phn t (ng thi vi khai bo nt) :
+ S lng phn t miu t hnh dng ca kt cu, i vi nhng cu kin c dng thng
th mt phn t l , i vi nhng thanh cong hoc mt cong s dng nhiu phn t thng xp x
ng cong, mi on thng ng vi mt cung 15o hoc nh hn.
- Trang 14 -
+ Bin ca phn t cng nh l v tr cc nt cn phi t ti nhng v tr (im, ng thng,

mt phng) c s gin on v vt liu, chiu dy tit din v cc c trng hnh hc khc, v tr c
lin kt ni t, nhng v tr c lc tp trung (tr phn t thanh c th t lc tp trung trn thanh),
bin ca h kt cu.
+ Ti nhng vng c s thay i ln v ng sut (hoc ng sut thay i t ngt), cc phn t
tm cn c chia dy hn, khong cch gia cc im chia gn hn.
+ Trong bi ton phn tch ng, nu cn xt s dao ng trn chiu di nhp ca thanh cn
phi chia nh thanh thnh cc on nh v khi lng trn thanh c dn v nt v khng cn khi
lng phn b dc chiu di thanh na.
2. H to a phng ca nt
Mi nt u c h to a phng ring ca n c s dng khai bo bc t do, lin kt gi
v ti trng tc dng ti nt ngoi ra cn dng xc nh cc kt qu lc ti nt. H trc to a
phng ca nt cng c gi l 123, mc nh trng vi h trc XYZ ca h to tng th.
Phng mc nh ny gn nh l khng cn thay i trong a s cc trng hp, tuy nhin v mt
mc ch no (thng l khi khai bo lin kt gi xin) ta c th thay i phng ca h trc 123
bng cch xoay h trc 123 t phng mc nh n phng thc t.
C 3 gc xoay a, b, c xc nh phng ca h trc to a phng 123 :
+ u tin h trc X Y Z xoay quanh trc Z mt gc l a h trc X' Y' Z
+ Tip theo h trc X' Y' Z xoay quanh trc Y' mt gc l b h trc X'' Y' Z'
+ Cui cng h trc X'' Y' Z' xoay quanh trc X'' mt gc l c h trc X'' Y'' Z'' trng vi h
trc 123 thc t cn khai bo.
Z'' Z'
Z'
Y''
Y' Y'
Y'
X' X' X'' X''
3. Bc t do (degree of freedom)
Bin dng ca h kt cu c xc nh t chuyn v ca cc
nt. Mi nt trong h u c 6 thnh phn chuyn v :
+ Ba thnh phn chuyn v thng theo phng h to
a phng gi l U1, U2, U3
+ Ba thnh phn chuyn v xoay theo phng h to
a phng gi l R1, R2, R3
Su thnh phn chuyn v ny gi l bc t do (DOF) ca
nt, cc thnh phn chuyn v ca nt c din t nh trn hnh
v.
Mi bc t do trong m hnh kt cu c th c mt trong cc
dng sau :
+ Hot ng (active) : gi tr chuyn v ca nt theo phng bc t do l n s ca bi ton
v s c xc nh trong qu trnh tnh ton phn tch.
+ Lin kt (restrained) : gi tr chuyn v c cho trc (bng 0 hoc bng chuyn v cng
bc), phn lc tng ng theo phng lin kt c xc nh trong qu trnh tnh ton phn tch.
+ Rng buc (constrained) : gi tr chuyn v c xc nh thng qua chuyn v ca nt khc.
- Trang 15 -
+ Rng (null) : chuyn v khng nh hng n kt cu v c b qua trong qu trnh phn

tch.
+ Khng kch hot (unavailable) : nhng thnh phn chuyn v khng xt n trong qu trnh
phn tch.
a. Bc t do kch hot v khng kch hot :
Ngi s dng c th khai bo s bc t do c kch hot ca nt trong m hnh kt cu. Mc
nh, tt c 6 bc t do u c kch hot. i vi nhng kt cu phng, cn khng ch s bc t do
c kch hot, v d trong mt phng XZ h dn phng ch cn kch hot 2 bc t do l UX v UZ, h
khung phng cn kch hot 3 bc t do l UX, UZ v RY.
Bt k cc cng, ti trng, khi lng, lin kt ... theo phng nhng bc t do khng c
kch hot u b b qua trong qu trnh phn tch
Bc t do c kch hot c th l bc t do hot ng, lin kt, rng buc hoc rng.
b. Lin kt (restrained) v phn lc (reaction):
Nu chuyn v ca nt theo mt phng no trong s cc bc t do c kch hot bit
c gi tr v d nh ti cc v tr gi ta th bc t do gi l c lin kt. Gi tr chuyn v ca
gi c th bng 0 hoc khc 0 (trong trng hp gi ta chu chuyn v cng bc). Lc tc dng theo
phng lin kt gi ngn cn chuyn v ca nt c gi l phn lc (reaction), gi tr phn lc
c xc nh t vic phn tch tnh ton h.
Cc bc t do khng c kch hot cng c th xem nh l cc bc t do c lin kt gi, tuy nhin
nhng bc t do khng c xt trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu.
Nt Lin kt
Tt c U2, R1, R3
1 U3
2 U1, U3, R2
3 U1, U3
Gi di ng Ngm Gi c nh
H khung phng XZ
H khung khng gian
Nt Lin kt
1 U1, U2, U3
2 U3
3 U1, U2, U3, R1, R2, R3
Ngm
4 T do
Khp cu
Gi n hi
Gi di ng
Ngoi lin kt gi cng, cc nt trong h cn c th c lin kt n hi (spring) theo cc phng

khc nhau, chuyn v ca cc gi n hi s t l thun vi phn lc trong lin kt ( = phn lc /
- Trang 16 -
cng gi). Tuy nhin bc t do ca cc gi ny khng phi l loi restrained m thuc loi hot ng
(active)
c. Rng buc (constrained):
Mt nt no c cc bc t do c mi lin h vi nhng bc t do ca mt nt khc c gi
l rng buc. Trong mt nhm nt b rng buc vi nhau, chng trnh s t ng xc nh nt ch v
t chuyn v ca cc nt b ph thuc s c xc nh t chuyn v ca nt ch. Nu bc t do b
rng buc cng l lin kt gi th lin kt gi cng s p dng cho ton b nt trong nhm rng
buc.C 2 dng rng buc thng s dng : Cng (body) v tm (diaphragm)
c.1 Cng (body) : Cc nt trong nhm rng buc s chuyn v cng nhau nh trong mt khi
tuyt i cng 3 chiu. Rng buc ny dng :
+ Khai bo mt mi ni cng gi cc thanh khng ng quy.
+ Ni nhng phn h khng chung im nt vi nhau
+ Ni nhng thanh c lch tm vo phn t tm
Nu nt i l nt ch v j l nt ph thuc, th 6 bc t do ca im j u c xc nh t cc bc
t do ca im i :
u1j = u1i + r2i * x3 - r3i * x2 r1i = r1j
u2j = u2i + r3i * x1 - r1i * x3 r2i = r2j
u3j = u3i + r1i * x2 - r2i * x1 r3i = r3j
Nh vy ton b 6 bc t do ca cc nt ph thuc u b rng buc vi cc bc t do ca nt ch
c.2 Tm (diaphragm) : Cc nt trong nhm rng buc s chuyn v cng nhau nh trong mt
tm c cng trong mt phng rt ln, c ngha l nhng nt b rng buc s c ni vi nhau bng
nhng lin kt c cng trong mt phng l v cng nhng khng nh hng n bin dng ngoi
mt phng. Rng buc ny s dng m hnh cc nt thuc mt mt phng sn bng b tng, thng
c cng trong mt phng l rt ln.
S dng rng buc kiu ny cng c mt li ch ln trong nhng bi ton phn tch dao ng theo
phng ngang, gip lm gim nhiu kch thc bi ton tm gi tr ring.
Nt ph thuc
Dm
Nt ph thuc
Nt ch
Cc lin Nt ph thuc
kt cng
Nt ph thuc
S dng rng buc kiu diaphragm m hnh cc nt thuc sn cng

- Trang 17 -
Nu nt i l nt ch v j l nt ph thuc, th 3 bc t do ca im j c xc nh t cc bc t do
ca im i nh sau:
u1j = u1i r3i * x2 u2j = u2i + r3i * x1 r3i = r3j
d. Hot ng (active):
Tt c cc bc t do c kch hot m khng phi lin kt cng khng phi rng buc th
thuc loi hot ng hoc rng (null). Chng trnh s t ng xc nh bc t do no hot ng da
trn cc c tnh sau :
+ Nu c lc tc dng hoc h c cng theo phng chuyn v thng no ca nt th ton
b cc bc t do chuyn v thng ca nt c cho l hot ng (tr nhng bc t do khng kch
hot hoc c lin kt, rng buc)
+ Nu c moment tc dng hoc h c cng theo phng chuyn v xoay no ca nt th
ton b cc bc t do chuyn v xoay ca nt c cho l hot ng (tr nhng bc t do khng
kch hot hoc c lin kt, rng buc)
+ Tt c cc bc t do ca nt ch trong nhm nt rng buc u l hot ng
Mt nt ni vi mt phn t thanh hoc tm s c cc bc t do ca n l hot ng, mt ngoi l
l i vi phn t thanh dn nhng bc t do chuyn v xoay l khng hot ng.
Khi tnh ton kt cu, vi N bc t do hot ng s c N phng trnh cn bng vi cc n s l
chuyn v ca cc bc t do hot ng. Khi lng tnh ton ph thuc vo gi tr ca N.
Nu theo phng bc t do no m khng c cng th bc t do phi c khai bo l lin
kt hoc khng kch hot, nu khng h kt cu s bin hnh v chng trnh s bo li.
e. Rng (null):
Nhng bc t do c kch hot m khng phi lin kt, rng buc hay hot ng th l bc t do
rng. V khng c lc tc dng, khng c cng theo phng bc t do, chuyn v v phn lc bng
0 v khng nh hng g n h. Chng trnh s t ng loi ra trong qu trnh phn tch
4. Khi lng (mass)
Trong cc bi ton phn tch ng, khi lng ca kt cu c s dng xc nh cc lc qun
tnh. Khi lng phn b trn cc phn t u c dn v cc nt thnh cc khi lng tp trung
trc khi tnh ton phn tch. Cc khi lng theo 3 phng chuyn v thng thng l bng nhau v
moment qun tnh ca khi lng thng bng 0.
Nu cn thit phi khai bo thm khi lng tp trung ti nt, ta c th thc hin lnh gn khi
lng cho nt theo cc phng ca bc t do, nhng khi lng theo phng c lin kt c b qua.
Khi lng = Trng lng / gia tc trng trng (g)
Moment qun tnh khi lng = Trng lng * (bn knh qun tnh)2 / gia tc trng trng (g)
5. Ti trng tp trung (force)
c s dng khai bo lc v moment tp trung ti nt, phng ca ti trng tp trung c th
theo cc phng ca h to tng th hoc h to a phng ca nt. Gi tr ca ti trng c th
khc nhau trong cc trng hp ti. Lc hoc moment dc theo phng ca bc t do c lin kt s
lm tng thm phn lc trong gi nhng khng nh hng n kt cu.
* Chuyn v cng bc
6. Chuyn v cng bc ca gi ta (displacement) ti gi khai bo l :
c s dng khai bo cc chuyn v UZ = -1.000
* Chuyn v quy i
thng hoc xoay cng bc ca gi ta theo theo phng ca h to
cc phng ca h to tng th hoc h a phng l :
to a phng ca nt. Gi tr ca chuyn U1= -0,5; U3= -0,866
v cng bc theo phng ca h to tng * Ch c chuyn v U3
th s c chuyn i thnh cc gi tr mi nh hng n h,
cn chuyn v U1 vn
chuyn v theo phng h to a phng, s c xc nh trong
v ch nhng chuyn v cng bc dc theo phn tch, tnh ton
phng bc t do c lin kt mi l nguyn
nhn gy nh hng n kt cu.
- Trang 18 -
LM QUEN SAP2000 (GETTING STARTED)
I. M hnh kt cu :
Sap2000 phn tch v thit k kt cu bng cch s dng m hnh do ngi dng xy dng trn nn
giao din ca chng trnh. M hnh thng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh sau y :
- n v (Unit)
- i tng (Object)
- H to v h li (Coordinate system and grid)
- c trng, c tnh (Property)
- Trng hp ti trng (Load case)
- Trng hp phn tch (Analysis case)
- T hp (Combination)
- Tham s thit k (Design setting)
- Tham s th hin hnh nh v kt qu (Output and display definition)
Giao din chng trnh Sap2000 cung cp rt nhiu tnh nng mnh xy dng m hnh, ngi s
dng c th bt u vi mt m hnh s b (c th c to t cc m hnh mu trong Sap2000, hoc
t cc phn mm khc nh Autocad, Excel ...), sau s dng cc lnh hon thin m hnh mt
cch nhanh chng.
1. n v :
Sap2000 lm vic vi 4 loi n v chnh : Lc, Chiu di, Nhit , v thi gian. Chng trnh c
sn nhiu nhm n v chn nh l "Kip, in, F" (Lc = kilopound, chiu di = inch, nhit = OF)
hoc "kgf, m, C" (Lc = kilogam lc, chiu di = mt, nhit = OC). Thi gian lun lun tnh bng
giy (sec).
Mt iu quan trng cn phi lu l s khc nhau gia Khi lng (mass) v Trng lng
(weight). Khi lng ch c s dng phn tch ng v tnh lc do gia tc gy ra. Trng lng
l lc v c th tc dng vo kt cu nh bt k cc lc khc (lc phn b). Phi chc chn s dng
n v ca lc khai bo gi tr ca trng lng (vd : kgf, ton ...), v s dng n v khi lng
(=lc*giy2/chiu di) khai bo gi tr ca khi lng. (Trong trng hp thng thng : khi
lng = trng lng / gia tc trng trng (g) - tng ng vi n v ang s dng)
Khi bt u mt m hnh mi, ngi s dng cn nn khai bo h n v s dng chnh, gi l h
n v gc (base units) ca m hnh. Tuy nhin bt c lc no, ngi s dng cng c th thay i h
n v s dng tin cho vic nhp s liu hoc vic xem kt qu, lc cc gi tr theo h n v c
s t ng quy i theo h n v mi, v c lu gi trong file s liu theo h n v gc.
n v o gc c s dng nh sau :
- Hnh hc : nh gc h trc to ... lun lun dng n v .
- Chuyn v gc xoay : lun lun dng n v radian.
- Tn s gc : lun lun dng n v vng/giy (Hz)
2. i tng :
Cc thnh phn thc ca cng trnh c m hnh bng cc i tng, s dng giao din chng
trnh Sap2000, ngi s dng c th "v" (draw) hnh dng hnh hc ca i tng, sau "gn"
(assign) cc c tnh v ti trng vo i tng hon tt vic m hnh cu kin thc ca cng trnh.
i tng thng gm cc loi sau :
- i tng im (Point object) : thng s dng l nt (Joint), nt c t ng to ra ti cc
gc hoc ti cc u ca cc phn t, lin kt ch c th xut hin ti cc nt.
- i tng ng (Line object) : thng s dng l thanh/dy cng (Frame/cable), dng m
hnh cc cu kin nh dm, ct, ging, dn v dy cng.
- i tng mt (Area object) : dng m hnh kt cu tng, sn cng nh cc kt cu khi
c ng sut phng hoc bin dng phng.
Trang 19
- i tng khi (Solid object) : dng m hnh kt cu khi 3 chiu.

Theo quy tc chung, hnh dng ca i tng phi tng ng vi hnh dng thc ca cu kin.
Trong cc phn mm phn t hu hn khc, hoc trong cc version trc y ca Sap2000, i khi
cn phi chia cc phn t thnh cc phn t nh hn tnh ton, trong version 9 ca Sap2000, iu
ny khng cn thit nu dng tnh nng t ng chia nh, do i tng trong m hnh cng tng
ng vi cu kin thc t. Ngi s dng c th khai bo cc thng s ca vic chia nh nh l s
lng, chiu di ln nht ca phn t con ...
3. H to v h li
Mi m hnh u c xy dng trn mt h to chung, gi l h to tng th (Global) XYZ,
c trc Z thng ng hng ln, trng lc (gravity) mc nh s theo phng -Z.
Ngi s dng cng c th khai bo thm nhiu h to bng cc tham s to XYZ ca gc
to cn thm v cc gc xoay Z, Y', X''.
Vi mi h to (tng th hoc thm), ngi s dng c th khai bo mt h li (grid) 3 chiu
c s dng nh nhng ng trc dng nh v cc i tng trong m hnh. Mi h li c th
theo h to vung gc (Cartesian) hoc theo h to tr (Cylindrical). Khi v cc i tng, im
nt s t ng bt dnh (snap) vo giao im ca h li (tr khi ngi s dng tt chc nng bt
dnh). Khi di chuyn cc ng li, ngi s dng c th la chn cc im nt cng di chuyn
theo hoc khng.
Ngoi ra, mi i tng trong m hnh u c mt h to a phng (Local) ca n gi l 123.
H to a phng th khng c h li.
4. c trng, c tnh :
Cc c trng c s dng gn vo cc i tng khai bo tnh cht c hc ca i tng
trong m hnh.
Mt s c trng nh tnh cht vt liu, c trng tit din ... phi c khai bo trc khi gn cho
i tng. V d, trong mt m hnh c :
- Mt c trng vt liu c tn l BETONG.
- Mt c trng tit din c tn l CN20x30, mt c trng tit din c tn l TRON30, c hai
u s dng vt liu BETONG.
Nu ngi s dng gn c trng tit din CN20x30 cho mt phn t thanh, th bt k nhng thay
i no ca c trng vt liu BETONG hoc c trng tit din CN20x30 u c t ng p dng
lm thay i tnh cht ca thanh . Nu mt c trng khng c gn cho i tng th khng nh
hng n m hnh.
Mt s c tnh nh gii phng lin kt ti u phn t (Release) hoc lin kt ni t c gn
trc tip cho i tng. Nhng c tnh ny ch c th thay i bng vic gn mt c tnh khc cho
cng i tng, nhng c tnh ny khng c tn v khng tn ti c lp vi i tng.
5. Trng hp ti trng
Ti trng ni chung l nhng tc ng vo kt cu nh lc, p lc, chuyn v cng bc, thay i
nhit , gia tc nn ... Mt tp hp nhng ti trng do cng mt nguyn nhn gy ra gi l trng hp
ti trng. Ngi s dng c th khai bo nhiu trng hp ti trng nu cn, thng l tnh ti, hot ti
ng, gi, nhit, ng t ...
Sau khi khai bo cc trng hp ti trng, ngi s dng cn khai bo gi tr ti trng v i tng
chu tc ng thuc trng hp ti trng . Gi tr ti trng gm cc thng s : loi ti trng (lc phn
b, lc tp trung, chuyn v cng bc, thay i nhit ...), cng ti trng, phng ti trng.
tnh ton tc ng ca ti trng vo kt cu, ngi s dng phi khai bo v chy cc trng
hp phn tch (analysis case) . Cc trng hp phn tch dng khai bo cc trng hp ti trng tc
dng nh th no (v d : tnh, ng ...) v kt cu s c phn tch nh th no (tuyn tnh, phi tuyn
...).
Trang 20
6. Trng hp phn tch :

C nhiu kiu ca trng hp phn tch
- Tuyn tnh : gm bi ton tnh, bi ton ng, bi ton n nh, tnh ton ti trng di ng.
- Phi tuyn : gm phn tch phi tuyn tnh nh phn tch theo s do v phn tch phi tuyn
theo thi gian.
7. T hp :
T hp thng gi l "combo", l t hp cc kt qu ca mt hoc nhiu trng hp phn tch hoc
ca nhng t hp khc, tt c cc kt qu ca tt c cc i tng trong mt t hp u c t hp
theo cch ging nhau. C 4 kiu t hp : ADD, ABS, SRSS, ENVE
Ni lc dng cho bi ton thit k trong Sap2000 phi c ly t kt qu t hp, do nu ch c
1 trng hp ti trng th cng phi khai bo 1 t hp ch gm c 1 trng hp ti trng . Mi bi
ton thit k u c quy lut t hp tng ng, do ngi s dng phi nm vng nguyn tc t hp
v khai bo t hp dng thit k da trn 4 kiu t hp c bn trn.
8. Tham s thit k :
Tnh nng thit k ch p dng c i vi phn t thanh bng vt liu b tng ct thp, thp hoc
nhm theo cc tiu chun ca M, Anh ...
Thit k kt cu b tng ct thp l i xc nh din tch ct thp ca tit din thanh gm ct dc v
ct ngang. Khi thit k, tit din c tnh ton theo 2 trng hp :
- Cu kin chu un : gi l Dm (Beam), ni lc ti tit din ch c moment v lc ct. ng
thi ct thp dc ch tnh chu moment M33, do vi nhng tit din c M22 tng i ln cn phi
kim tra li kh nng chu lc ca tit din.
- Cu kin chu nn lch tm : gi l Ct (Column), ni lc trong tit din gm lc dc,
moment theo 2 phng M22, M33 v lc ct. Ct dc c tnh ton t lc dc v 2 moment, y l bi
ton nn lch tm xin.
Cc tham s thit k gm : cc tham s ca tng tiu chun, t hp ti trng dng tnh ton -
kim tra, cc gi tr tu chn c p dng i vi mt vi phn t ring l dng thay cho nhng gi
tr mc nh nh h s chiu di tnh ton ...
ng dng c tiu chun thit k c trong Sap2000 thit k kt cu b tng ct thp theo
tiu chun Vit Nam l mt vic lm kh khn v kt qu i khi t chnh xc. Sau y l mt cch
mi c xut v c kt qu tng i kh quan : s dng tiu chun Canada CSA-A23.3-94 lm
nn tng, sau khai bo cc thng s thit k ph hp vi tiu chun Vit Nam
- Khai bo cng b tng f'c tng ng vi mc b tng theo TCVN nh sau :
Mc B tng 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600
Rn (kg/cm2) 65 90 110 130 155 170 215 250
f'c (kg/cm2) 130.39 182.22 224.40 267.26 321.85 355.16 457.85 540.81
- Khai bo cng ct thp fy tng ng vi mc thp theo TCVN nh sau :

Loi thp AI AII AIII CI CII CIII
Ra (kg/cm2) 2100 2700 3600 2000 2600 3400
fy (kg/cm2) 2470.59 3176.47 4235.29 2352.94 3058.82 4000.00
- Trong cu kin chu nn lch tm (ct), cn khai bo li h s chiu di tnh ton k tng ng
vi mc b tng v hm lng ct thp (gi thit) nh sau:
Trang 21
Mc b tng
150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600
Hm lng mgt
1.0% 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83
1.5% 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.76
2.0% 0.58 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.71
2.5% 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.66
3.0% 0.50 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.62
3.5% 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.59
4.0% 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.56
4.5% 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.54
5.0% 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.52
5.5% 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.50
6.0% 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47 0.48
Cng c mt cch n gin hn l s dng tiu chun thit k b tng M ACI 318-99 lm nn
tng, t cc h s gim cng bng 1. Cng b tng f'c ly bng cng Rn/0,85; cng
ct thp fy ly bng cng Ra, h s k ly bng 0,7.
9. Tham s th hin hnh nh v kt qu
Cc thng s v kt qu ca bi ton c th xem theo nhiu cch th hin khc nhau :
- Th hin kt qu bng hnh nh 2 hoc 3 chiu (biu , s bin dng ...).
- Th hin kt qu bng bng biu di dng vn bn Word hoc dng bng tnh Excel, hoc
dng c s d liu Access.
Ngi s dng c th lu li cc tham s th hin tin cho vic xem li kt qu sau ny.
II. Giao din chng trnh:

1. Mn hnh Sap2000: bao gm
- Ca s chnh (Main Windows) : th hin ton b giao din ho ca chng trnh. Ca s ny
c th di chuyn, thay i kch c, ng ... nh cc ca s chng trnh khc s dng h iu hnh
Windows. Dng tiu chnh pha trn cng th hin tn chng trnh v tn ca m hnh hin ti.
- Dy menu : gm tt c cc lnh c dng trong Sap2000, mi menu tng ng vi mt tp hp
cc lnh cng tnh cht c bn.
- Thanh cng c (Toolbar) cc nt lnh trn thanh cng c gip truy cp nhanh n lnh tng
ng
- Ca s hin th (Display Windows) : th hin hnh nh ho ca m hnh, c th th hin c
cc c trng, ti trng, kt qu ni lc, chuyn v ... S ca s t 1 n 4, mc nh l 2. Mi ca s
c ni dung, gc nhn, cch th hin ring. Ch c 1 ca s l hin hnh (active) ti 1 thi im, cc
thay i v cch th hin ch nh hng n ca s hin hnh. C th kch hot cho mt ca s l hin
hnh bng cch kch chut vo dng tiu ca ca s hoc vo bn trong ca s.
- Dng trng thi (Status Line) : th hin cc thng tin
+ Chng trnh ang thc hin hoc s lng cc i tng c chn
+ To ca con tr chut
+ Hp n v xem hoc thay i h n v hin hnh
+ Hp to xem hoc thay i h to hin hnh
Trang 22
+ Hp iu khin xem kt qu dao ng.
Dy Menu Thanh cng c
Ca s hin th:
s ca s = 1 4
Ca s c mu sng
l ca s hin hnh
Dng trng thi Hp n v
Ca s chnh ca chng trnh
2. Cc nt lnh trn thanh cng c: Cc nt lnh c tp hp theo nhm, cc nhm nt

lnh c th c th hin trn mn hnh hoc khng th hin trn mn hnh. Mun thay i trng thi
hin/n nhm nt lnh no th kch chut phi vo thanh cng c v chn hoc hy chn nhm nt
lnh tng ng, ring nhm nt c bn khng n c.
a. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm C bn (Standard)
New Model (M hnh mi): To m hnh tnh ton mt kt cu mi.
Open (M): M m hnh kt cu c lu trn my.
Save (Lu): Lu m hnh kt cu vo my.
Print Graphic (In hnh): In hnh nh ang th hin trn ca s hin hnh ra my in.
Undo: Hy tc v va thc hin.
Redo: Khi phc li tc v va hy bng lnh Undo.
Refresh Windows (Lm ti mn hnh): Thng sau khi thc hin lnh, mn hnh s cp
nht li nhng thng tin mi v th hin li m hnh, tuy nhin c vi trng hp mn hnh khng t
ng th hin vic cp nht nn cn phi refresh mn hnh th hin li m hnh vi cc thuc tnh
thay i.
Trang 23
/ Lock/Unlock Model (Kha/M kha): Sau khi tnh ton ni lc, Sap t ng kha
m hnh phng cc thay i dn n kt qu tnh khng cn ph hp vi s tnh. Nu mun
chnh sa cn phi m kha.
Run Analysis (Chy chng trnh): Sau khi nhp y d liu, cn chy chng trnh
my phn tch v tnh ton h.
Rubber Band Zoom (Phng to 1 khu vc) Ko chut quanh mt khu vc no phng
to khu vc ln.
Restore Full View (Xem ton h) Khi ang ch phng to mun tr li Zoom ton b
h.
Restore Previous Zoom (Tr li ch Zoom trc )
Zoom In One Step (Phng to hnh nh ln tng cp)
Zoom Out One Step (Thu nh hnh nh xung tng cp)
Pan (Di chuyn khung nhn)
Set Default 3D View (Xem hnh nh h di dng 3 chiu theo gc nhn mc nh)
Set XY View (Xem hnh nh h theo tng ct mt bng) Cc ct chnh l cc ng li,
ta cc ng li phi c khai bo trc.
Set XZ View (Xem hnh nh mt ng chnh XZ ca h theo tng li trc Y)
Set YZ View (Xem hnh nh mt ng bn YZ ca h theo tng li trc X)
Xem hnh nh 2D theo mt bng XY Xem hnh nh 2D theo mt phng XZ

ti ct Z = 15m ti li Y = 5,7m
Rotate 3D View (Xoay gc nhn ca hnh nh 3 chiu)

Perspective Toggle (Chuyn i qua li gia hnh chiu phi cnh v hnh chiu trc o)
Object Shrink Toggle (Chuyn i qua li gia cch th hin thu ngn phn t hoc khng
thu ngn phn t)
Trang 24
Hnh chiu 3D phi cnh Hnh chiu 3D trc o
Set Display Option (t cc ty chn hin th): Dng kim sot nhng loi i tng
no, v nhng tnh cht no ca i tng c th hin
Cc tu chn ny ch nh hng n ca s hin hnh.
Nt P. t Thanh Tng qut chung
Tn nt Tn thanh
Gi ta Tit din
Gi ta .hi LK .thanh
T. ring T. ring
n
Khng th hin
Khng th hin
P.T Tm P.T Khi
Tn tm
Tit din
T. ring
Khng th hin
Thuc tnh ca cc i tng (Nt, Thanh ...) nu mun th hin trn mn hnh th chn dng
tng ng.
Phn Tng qut chung:
- Shrink Object: Cc phn t trong h khi th hin trn mn hnh c thu ngn li cn 70%.
- Extrude View: Hnh dng ca tit din cng c th hin y trn mn hnh (mc nh
phn t thanh ch c th hin bng 1 on thng, nu dng ty chn ny, phn t thanh s c th
hin theo kch thc thc).
- Fill Object v Show Edges: T mu cc phn t tm (mc nh phn t tm ch c th hin
bng bin ca tm nu chn Show Edges, nu b chn lun Show Edges th phn t tm ging nh l
khng c trn mn hnh).
Trang 25
- Show Bouding Box: gn ging Extrude View nhng hnh dng thanh th hin bng ng
vin.
Chn xem tn nt, tn phn t thanh Chn xem tn tit din thanh
v b chn trng thi n ca nt
Thu ngn chiu di phn t khi Chn t mu (Fill) phn t tm

th hin trn hnh
Trang 26
Chn Extrude View Chn Show Bouding Box
b. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Hin th (Display)

Show Undeformed Shape (Th hin hnh dng cha bin dng ca h), lnh ny cn c
dng hin th li h vi cc c tnh c chn trong phn Display Option.
Show Deformed Shape (Th hin hnh dng khi bin dng ca h), xem bin dng ca h
tng ng vi trng hp ti trng c chn hoc xem bin dng tng ng vi cc dng dao ng
ring.
Show Forces/Stresses (Th hin phn lc, biu ni lc hoc biu ng sut)
Bm mi tn nh bn cnh s tri xung chn i tng:
- Joints: th hin phn lc ti cc nt
- Frames/Cables: Th hin ni lc trong thanh.
- Shells: Th hin ni lc trong tm
* Joints:
Chn Trng hp ti trng

cn th hin phn lc
Chn Show as Arrows:
Th hin phn lc dng mi tn lc
B chn Show as Arrows:

Th hin phn lc dng k hiu
Trang 27
* Frames/Cables:
Chn Trng hp ti trng

cn th hin ni lc
Chn Thnh phn ni lc cn th hin

- Axial Force: Lc dc - Torsion: Moment xon
- Shear 2-2: Lc ct (chnh) - Moment 2-2: Moment un (chnh)
- Shear 3-3: Lc ct (ph) - Moment 3-3: Moment un (ph)
Chn T l v biu
- Auto: t l t ng
- Scale Factor: nhp t l v nu t l t ng khng nh mun.
Cc ty chn th hin
- Fill Diagram: t mu (kn) biu , nu b chn biu th hin
bng cc tung (cch v quen thuc)
- Show Values: th hin gi tr tung (phi b chn Fill Diagram)
Biu Lc dc trong h Biu Lc dc trong h

trng hp ti trng Gi 900 phng X trng hp ti trng Gi 900 phng Y
(Fill Diagram) (B Fill Diagram, chn Show Values)
c. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm V (Draw)

Set Select Mode (Chuyn v trng thi Chn), trng thi Chn l trng thi mc nh ca
Sap, trng thi ny ta dng chut nhn chn 1 hoc 1 s i tng trc khi thc hin cc lnh
trn cc i tng .
C 3 cch chn i tng:
+ Dng chut kch ngay vo v tr i tng cn chn, nu mun chn thm i tng khc na
th kch tip vo i tng cn chn thm.
+ Dng chut ko t tri sang phi to thnh 1 hnh ch nht bao quanh cc i tng cn
chn, nhng i tng (nt, thanh ...) nm hon ton trong hnh ch nht s c chn.
+ Dng chut ko t phi sang tri to thnh 1 hnh ch nht bao quanh cc i tng cn
chn, nhng i tng (nt, thanh ...) nm trong hoc ct qua hnh ch nht s c chn.
Trang 28
Ko chut t tri sang phi: Ko chut t phi sang tri:

Cc thanh 1321, 1240, 1344 v cc Cc thanh 1321, 1322, 1240, 1241,
nt 1450, 1460, 1191, 1255 s c chn 1344 v cc nt 1450, 1460, 1191, 1255
s c chn
Set Reshape Element Mode (Chuyn sang ch iu chnh hnh dng ca phn t): khi
trong ch ny, dng chut nhn chn phn t cn thay i, sau dng chut ko cc u phn t
n v tr mi.
Ko u thanh t nt 1450 n nt 1191
Chn phn t 1321
Draw Special Joint (V im): Khi ch v ny, ta c th dng chut kch vo 1 hoc 1
s v tr no c thm cc im nt. Trong h bnh thng, ta t khi cn phi v im, v khi v
phn t s t ng c c cc im nt ti cc u ca phn t .
Trang 29
Draw Frame/Cable Element (V phn t thanh): ch v ny, ta c th v thm vo h

cc phn t thanh bng cch nhn chut vo im u v im cui thanh, nu v nhiu thanh lin tc
th tip tc nhn vo cc im tip theo. Kt thc lnh v bng phm Enter hoc kch chut phi.
Quick Draw Frame/Cable Element (V nhanh phn t thanh): tng t nh lnh v thanh,
nhng ta v nhanh 1 thanh bng cch kch chut vo 1 ng li (to t trc) s c 1 phn t
thanh nm ti li v gii hn bng cc mt li hai u, nu dng chut ko thnh 1 hnh ch
nht th s c cc phn t thanh nm trong hnh ch nht .
C th chn loi tit din cho p.t cn v
Kch chut ti ng li Kch chut bao quanh cc ng li

s c 1 p.t thanh s c nhng p.t thanh trong hnh ch nht
Quick Draw Braces (V nhanh cc thanh ging cho): Khi chn lnh s xut hin 1 hp
thoi khai bo dng h ging (ging X, V, V ngc ...), kch thc v loi phn t thanh ging.
Quick Draw Secondary Beams (V nhanh h dm ph): thng s dng trong h sn b

tng - dm thp.
Draw Quad Area Element (V phn t tm t gic): ch v ny, dng chut kch vo
4 gc ca phn t cn v (th t ca 4 im gc nn theo ngc chiu ng h v hng ca nt 1 n
nt 2 nn t tri sang phi)
Draw Rectangular Area Element (V phn t tm ch nht): ch v ny, dng chut

kch vo 2 gc cho ca phn t ch nht cn v.
Quick Draw Area Element (V nhanh phn t tm): ch v ny, dng chut kch vo
1 im nm gia cc ng li s c 1 phn t tm gii hn trong cc ng li hoc ko
chut bao quanh cc ng li to thnh hnh ch nht s v c nhng phn t tm trong hnh ch
nht .
Trang 30
Kch chut vo gia li Ko chut bao quanh cc li

v c 1 phn t tm v c cc phn t tm trong cc o li
d. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Chn (Select)

Ngoi cch chn cc i tng trnh by trn, ta c mt s cch chn i tng nh sau:
Select All: Chn tt c cc i tng c trong h.
Get Previous Selection: Chn li cc i tng trong ln chn lnh ngay trc .
Clear Selection: Hy chn tt c cc i tng ang chn. Cn lu rng cc i tng

c chn c tnh tch ly (v d: ti 1 thi im no , ta ang chn phn t 1, ta chn tip phn t
2, th c 1 v 2 u ang c chn), do nu ta mun chn mi 1 s i tng v b chn nhng
phn t ang c chn th cn chn trc khi chn i tng mi (v d mun chn phn t 2
thay cho phn t 1, th phi hy chn phn t 1 trc, sau mi chn phn t 2)
Select using Intersecting Line (Chn cc i tng bng cch v 1 ng ct): nhng phn
t b ct qua s c chn.
e. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Bt dnh (Snap)
tng chnh xc khi v, ta thng dng tnh nng bt dnh, ngha l khi a chut n gn
im bt dnh (ty ch bt dnh ang bt) con tr chut bt vo im v s nh v c im
cn v mt cch chnh xc.
Points and Grid Intersections (Cc im nt v mt li): khi di chuyn chut n gn cc

im nt hoc cc mt li, con tr chut s bt dnh vo im nt hoc mt li (th hin qua
chm ). y l ch bt dnh mc nh.
Ends and Midpoints (Cc im u v im gia phn t)
Intersections (Giao im cc phn t)
Trang 31
Perpendicular Projections (Hng vung gc vi phn t)
Lines and Edges (im bt dnh s nm trn bin phn t - khng c im chnh xc)
Fine Grid (Mt li ca h li con - cn khai bo trc h li con)

Ngoi cc nhm nt lnh trn, Sap cn c cc nhm nt lnh khc na, hin hoc n cc nhm
nt lnh ta kch chut phi vo 1 v tr no trn thanh cng c v chn n hoc hin nhm nt lnh
tng ng.
Chut phi
f. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Gn thuc tnh cho nt (Point and Joint Assigns)
Cn chn nt trc khi thc hin lnh.
Assign Joint Restraints (Gn lin kt gi cho nt): Dng t cc lin kt gi (gi ngm,
gi c nh ...) vo h hoc b lin kt gi (u t do).
Assign Joint Springs (Gn lin kt gi n hi cho nt): Dng trong cc bi ton h trn
gi n hi.
Assign Joint Masses (Gn khi lng tp trung cho nt): Trong cc bi ton phn tch
ng lc, ta cn quy khi lng ca h v t ti cc nt. Lnh ny khai bo khi lng tp trung
ti cc nt trong h.
Assign Joint Panel Zones (Gn vng n hi cho nt): Thng cc phn t c xem l
ni cng vo nt, lnh ny dng khai bo mt vng n hi ti nt .
Trang 32
Assign Joint Forces (Gn ti trng tp trung ti nt): Dng t cc lc v moment tp

trung vo cc nt trong cc trng hp ti trng.
Assign Ground Displacements (Gn chuyn v nn): Dng khai bo nguyn nhn
chuyn v cng bc (v d: do ln khng u) tc dng vo cc nt trong cc trng hp ti trng.
g. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Gn thuc tnh cho thanh (Frame and Line Assigns)
Cn chn thanh trc khi thc hin lnh.
Assign Frame Sections (Gn tit din cho thanh): Dng gn loi tit din khai bo
vo cc thanh trong h (tit din thanh bao gm loi vt liu v hnh dng - kch thc tit din)
Assign Frame Releases/Partial Fixity (Gii phng lin kt ti u thanh): Mc nh cc

phn t lin kt cng (lin kt hn) vo nt, trong cc trng hp c bit (v d: thanh ging, thanh
dn ...) cc phn t c th khng lin kt cng vi nt nn dng lnh ny gii phng lin kt ti u
thanh, ni lc theo phng lin kt c gii phng s bng khng (v d: cc thanh dn cn phi gii
phng lin kt moment ti 2 u thanh, ngha l moment ti 2 u thanh dn bng khng). Xem thm
trang mc 6 trang 8.
Assign Frame End (Length) Offsets (Gn chiu di bin cng u thanh): Mc nh cc
phn t c m hnh bng ng trc thanh, im nt c xem nh c kch thc bng khng, tuy
nhin thc t cc thanh c kch thc tit din nn ti im nt c cc on giao nhau gia cc phn
t, lnh ny dng khai bo chiu di phn giao nhau ca thanh ti hai u vi cc phn t khc
(chiu di ny cng c th c Sap t tnh ton t kch thc tit din thanh). Xem thm trang mc 2
trang 4.
Assign Frame Output Stations (Khai bo s mt ct xut kt qu ni lc): Khi xut kt qu

ni lc sang file s liu, Sap s xut kt qu ni lc ti hai u thanh, ti cc v tr c ti trng tp
trung trn thanh ng thi ti 1 s im cch u nhau trn thanh, lnh ny dng khai bo s tit
din cch u nhau trn thanh khi xut kt qu ni lc.
Assign Frame Local Axes (Gn gc xoay h trc a phng): Mi phn t thanh trong h
s c mt h ta ring dng xc nh c trng tit din cng nh phng ca cc thnh phn
ni lc, lnh ny dng khai bo gc xoay h ta a phng ca thanh nu h ta a phng
ca thanh khng trng h ta do Sap quy nh. Xem thm trang mc 3 trang 5.
Assign Line Springs (Gn lin kt n hi cho thanh): Dng khai bo cng ca lin
kt n hi tip xc dc theo chiu di thanh (trong bi ton dm trn nn n hi).
Assign Line Mass (Gn khi lng phn b trn thanh): Dng khai bo cng ca
khi lng phn b trn thanh (dng trong bi ton phn tch ng lc).
Assign Point Loads (Gn ti trng tp trung trn thanh): Dng khai bo lc hoc
moment tp trung tc dng trn thanh trong cc trng hp ti trng.
Assign Frame Distributed Loads (Gn ti trng phn b u trn thanh): Dng khai bo
lc hoc moment phn b (phn b u hoc phn b 4 im) tc dng trn thanh trong cc trng
hp ti trng.
Assign Frame Temperature Loads (Gn ti trng nhit): Dng khai bo nguyn nhn
thay i nhit trong thanh.
Trang 33
h. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Gn thuc tnh cho tm (Shell and Area Assigns)
Cn chn tm trc khi thc hin lnh.
Assign Area Sections (Gn tit din cho tm)
Assign Area Stiffness Modifiers (Thay i h s cng ca tm)
Assign Local Axes (Gn gc xoay h trc a phng): Khi cn thay i h trc a
phng khc vi phng mc nh.
Assign Area Springs (Gn lin kt tip xc n hi trn b mt din tch tm)
Assign Area Mass (t khi lng phn b vo tm)
Assign Area Uniform Loads (t ti trng phn b u vo tm)
Assign Area Temperateurs (Khai bo nguyn nhn do thay i nhit trong tm)
3. S dng chut:
Nt chut tri v chut phi c nhng chc nng khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr con tr chut trn
mn hnh.
- Trong khu vc menu lnh hoc thanh cng c :
+ Nt tri chut : dng chn lnh t menu hoc thanh cng c, di chuyn thanh cng c.
+ Nt phi chut : dng tu bin (customize) thanh cng c
- Trong ca s hin hnh :
+ Nt tri chut : ph thuc vo ch ang s dng l chn (select mode) hay v (draw
mode), nt tri c s dng v i tng, chn cc i tng, thc hin cc lnh ho nh di
chuyn (pan), phng to - thu nh (zoom), xoay gc nhn.
+ Nt phi chut : khi kch vo i tng, nt phi chut c tc dng lm xut hin bng nhng
thng tin v i tng, khi kch vo nn, nt phi chut c tc dng hin ra menu nhng lnh tt.
4. Cc lnh c bn
a. Cc lnh v file (File operation)
Gm nhng lnh c s dng to m hnh mi, m m hnh c xem hoc chnh sa, lu
(save) m hnh vi nhng d liu c thc hin, v xut kt qu tnh ton.
M hnh mi c th c to mi hon ton hoc t mu c sn trong Sap2000. File d liu ca m
hnh lu di tn c phn ui l .SDB
b. Cch dng tn :
Tn c s dng nh danh cc c trng (vt liu, tit din ...), h to , rng buc
(constraint), nhm i tng, quan h vi ti trng (trng hp ti, mu nt (joint pattern), on ti
trng di ng),trng hp phn tch, t hp ti trng v.v.
Tn thng ti a 8 k t khng cha khong trng v cc k t c bit
c. V (Draw)
V l cch chnh thm i tng vo m hnh, i tng c th v bao gm : nt, thanh, tm.
Khng th v c phn t khi, nhng c th to phn t khi t vic "ko dn" phn t tm trong
khng gian. Khi thc hin lnh v, chng trnh chuyn sang ch v. Trong khi v, xut hin mt
ca s ni gip ngi s dng chn cc thng s thuc tnh i tng cn v v cc thng s iu
khin qu trnh v. tr v ch chn (l ch mc nh) nhn phm Esc.
Trang 34
c.1 Cng c bt dnh (Snap Tool):

Khi con tr chut di chuyn gn im bt dnh th s c bt dnh vo im , gip vic v c
chnh xc hn. Cc im bt dnh c th c chn l :
- im nt v giao im h li.
- u v gia thanh hoc im gc v im gia bin phn t tm
- Giao im cc phn t.
- Phng vung gc vi phn t thanh, hoc bin phn t tm
- im bt dnh nm trn phn t thanh hoc bin tm.
- Li con : Bt dnh vo giao im h li con. Khong cch h li con c khai bo thng
qua lnh Options Preferences Dimensions/Tolerances Plan Fine Grid Spacing.
c.2 iu khin v :
Trong 2-D, cng c iu khin v cung cp kh nng rng buc im c v theo cc nguyn tc
c khai bo :
- H : ng v song song vi trc nm ngang trn hnh 2-D
- V : ng v song song vi trc thng ng trn hnh 2-D
- A : ng v to thnh mt gc nh c khai bo so vi phng ngang trn hnh 2-D
- L : ng v c chiu di nh c khai bo.
- S : nh A cng vi L
- D : ng v c chiu di theo phng ng v ngang nh khai bo.
d. Chn (Select)
Sap2000 s dng quy tc "noun - verb" ngha l cn phi chn cc i tng trc, sau mi
thc hin lnh trn cc i tng c chn . chn i tng, phi chuyn sang ch chn.
Vic chn i tng c tnh tch lu, cc i tng chn vn khng mt chn khi thc hin chn
i tng mi. Nhng i tng c chn s th hin bng ng t nt trn mn hnh. Mt khi
chn xong cc i tng, ta c th dng cc lnh tc ng ln chng, iu ny ng thi s hu
chn cc i tng, v ta bt u li vic chn cc i tng thc hin lnh tip theo.
Ngoi cch chn i tng bng chut (trang 27) ta c th chn i tng theo cc c tnh:
- Chn nhng i tng trn cng mt phng
- Chn nhng i tng c cng c trng tit din
- Chn nhng i tng thuc nhm i tng c khai bo.
- Chn nhng i tng cng trong mt rng buc (constraint)
- Chn nhng i tng theo tn.
e. Hiu chnh (Edit)
- Cut, copy nhng thng tin v hnh hc ca i tng vo clipboard ca Windows, nhng thng
tin ny c th truy cp c bng cc chng trnh khc nh Excel ...
- Paste nhng thng tin v hnh hc ca i tng t clipboard ca Windows, nhng thng tin ny
c th c chnh sa trong cc chng trnh khc nh Excel ... t ln cut, copy trc. C ngha l ta
c th cut hoc copy nhng thng tin v hnh hc ca i tng, sau paste vo Excel, dng Excel
chnh sa s liu, sau copy v paste ngc li vo Sap2000. Ch cc lnh ny ch c tc dng i
vi nhng thng tin v hnh hc, khng th cut, copy, paste cc c trng ca i tng nh ti trng,
lin kt ...
- Xo (delete) cc i tng
- Sao chp (replicate) i tng theo dy ng thng hoc cung trn. Vic sao chp ny c th sao
chp c cc c trng ca i tng nu c chn.
- Di chuyn (move) i tng n v tr mi.
- Ko (extrude) i tng thnh i tng c s chiu khng gian cao hn : Nt Thanh, Thanh
Tm, Tm Khi.
- Chia nh (mesh, divide) cc i tng thnh nhng i tng nh hn.
- Ni (connect) hoc ngt ni (disconnect) cc i tng ti nt chung.
Trang 35
- Thm vo m hnh cc cu kin mu trong Sap2000

- Sa cc thng tin ca cc i tng di dng bng d liu
- i tn (label) cc i tng.
f. Gn ( Assign)
Dng gn cc c trng cho cc i tng v t ti trng tc dng vo cc i tng
- Gn c trng cho nt gm : lin kt cng ni t (restraint), lin kt n hi ni t (spring),
rng buc gia cc nt (constraint), khi lng tp trung ti nt (mass), v gc h to a phng
(local axes).
- Gn cc c trng cho thanh gm : c trng tit din (section), gii phng lin kt u thanh
(release), gc h to a phng, bin cng u thanh (end offset), im chn (insertion point), v
tr xut ni lc (output station), lin kt n hi dc thanh (line spring), nhng thng s t phn chia
(auto divide) ...
- Gn cc c trng cho tm gm : c trng tit din, gc h to a phng, lin kt n hi
trn b mt (area spring), nhng thng s t phn chia (auto mesh) ...
- t ti trng tc dng vo cc i tng gm nhiu loi khc nhau tu theo tng loi i tng.
- Gn gi tr Joint pattern cho cc nt dng khai bo gi tr p lc hoc nhit
g. Phn tch, tnh ton (Analyze)
Sau khi xy dng hon chnh m hnh, ta cn thwcj hin chng trnh phn tch m hnh cho kt
qu chuyn v, ng sut, ni lc, phn lc ... tng ng vi cc trng hp phn tch.
Trc khi phn tch m hnh, ngi s dng phi khai bo cc bc t do hot ng, thng s
dng khai bo s lm vic phng hay khng gian ca h.
Ngi s dng c th chn trng hp phn tch no c chy hoc khng. Trc khi chy
chng trnh phn tch, Sap2000 t ng lu (save) nhng thng tin ca m hnh. Trong qu trnh
phn tch s xut hin nhng dng thng bo v thng tin phn tch hoc cc li nu c.
h. Hin th (Display)
c s dng xem ti trng v kt qu tnh ton gm s bin dng (deformed shape), phn
lc gi ta (reaction & spring force), biu ni lc (internal force diagram), biu ng sut (stress
diagram), ng nh hng (influence line)
i. Thit k (Design)
S dng tnh ton hoc kim tra tit din thanh ca kt cu b tng ct thp, kt cu thp, kt
cu nhm. Tnh ton tit din b tng ct thp s cho bit din tch ct thp dc (dm : gm din tch
lp thp trn v di, ct : tng din tch ct thp ca tit din), v din tch ct thp ai trn 1 n v
chiu di thanh. Tnh ton tit din kt cu thp, nhm s cho bit tit din tit kim nht m vn bo
m kh nng chu lc trong s cc tit din khai bo. Do sau khi chn li tit din th ni lc trong h
khng cn chnh xc vi tit din thc t c chn nn ngi s dng cn phi chy li chng trnh
tnh v chng trnh thit k kim tra kh nng chu lc ca tit din c chn.
j. Kho v m kho (Lock & Unlock)
Sau khi chy chng trnh tnh, chng trnh t ng kho m hnh khng c s thay i no c
th lm kt qu hin ti khng cn ng vi m hnh hin ti. Ngi s dng cng c th kho m
hnh bt c lc no nu cn bng vic bm vo biu tng . m kho ch vic bm li vo
biu tng, lc ny c dng , tuy nhin vic lm ny s xo ht cc kt qu tnh ton, mun xem
kt qu tnh ton phi chy chng trnh phn tch li m hnh.
k. Nhp d liu dng s
Khi nhp d liu dng s, n v ca d liu c ly theo h n v hin hnh, tuy nhin ngi s
dng c th nhp gi tr s cng vi k hiu ca n v nu n v nhp khc vi n v hin hnh.
Trang 36
V d : n v hin hnh ang l mt, nhng ta c th nhp vo kch thc chiu di l "3000 mm",
gi tr ny s c t ng chuyn thnh 3.
Ngi s dng cng c th nhp cng thc vo trong s liu, v d "10*sin(30)" hoc "100+34".
Hoc c th gi chng trnh my tnh bn trong Sap2000 tnh gi tr mt cng thc nu gi
Shift v bm i vo s liu cn nhp
l. Thit lp chng trnh (Option)
C nhiu tu chn thit lp ngi s dng iu khin s hot ng ca chng trnh, bao gm:
- Chiu dy nt th hin trn mn hnh v trn my in, khong cch t sp nhp, bin zoom,
pan ...
- Tiu chun thit k v cc thng s hiu chnh.
- Mu ca i tng v kt qu th hin trn mn hnh v trn my in.
- nh dng bng d liu.
- S lng ca s hin th
- Ca s nhn t trn khng (aerial view), gip pan v zoom c nhanh chng.
m. Gip (Help)
Nu mt hp thoi ang c m, nhn phm F1 c nhanh phn hng dn v cch nhp s
liu tng ng trong hp thoi.
T menu Help ngi s dng c th gi v truy cp n cc ti liu hng dn u di dng
file PDF. Trong my cn phi ci trc chng trnh Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Trang 37
CC BC TIN HNH KHI PHN TCH KT CU BNG

PHN MM SAP2000 V9
I. Lp s tnh : mc ch to s hnh hc ca m hnh (phn t, kch thc, lin kt ...)
1. Chn h n v s dng chnh.
2. To m hnh mi : File New Model
a. Blank : ch to bi ton mi. Khng to h li v i tng.
b. Grid Only (H li) :
Trang 38
Nhp ta mi cho cc ng li
(S ng li) (Ta cc ng li theo phng X)

Phng X
Phng Y
Phng Z
(Khong cch)
Phng X
Phng Y
(Ta cc ng li theo phng Y)
Phng Z
Nu mun nhp s liu

theo khong cch cc
li th chn Spacing
Nu mun thay i h
li th chn Edit Grid (Ta cc ng li theo phng Z)
Nhp khong cch cho cc li
(Khong cch cc li theo phng X)
(Khong cch cc li theo phng Y)
(Khong cch cc li theo phng Z)
Trang 39
c. Beam (Dm lin tc):
(S nhp) (chiu di nhp)
Nu mun nhp kch thc cho dm khng u nhp

th ch cn nhp s nhp dm v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
d. 2D Trusses (Dn phng):

C 3 dng: H dn hnh thang (Sloped Truss); H dn hnh ch nht (Vertical Truss); H
dn mi (Pratt Truss).
H dn hnh thang (Sloped Truss)
(S t dn) (Chiu di 1 t)
(chiu cao dn)
Nu mun nhp kch thc cho dn khng u nhp

th ch cn nhp s t dn v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
H dn hnh ch nht (Vertical Truss)
(S t dn) (Chiu di 1 t)
(chiu cao dn)
Nu mun nhp kch thc cho dn khng u nhp

th ch cn nhp s t dn v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
Trang 40
H dn mi (Pratt Truss)
(Nhp L1) (S t N1)

(Nhp L2) (S t N2)
(Chiu cao H1) (Chiu cao H2)
(Chiu cao H3)
e. 3D Truses (Dn khng gian):

C 6 dng: Dm mi tinh th (Roof Truss); 4 dng dn hnh thp (Transmission Tower 1-4);
Dn c dy ging (Guyed Truss).
H dn mi tinh th (Roof Truss)
(S nhp X) (S nhp Y)
(C.di nhp X) (S t trong nhp X)
(C.di nhp Y) (S t trong nhp Y)
(Chiu cao dn)
Nu mun nhp kch thc cho dn khng u nhp th ch cn

nhp s nhp X-Y, s t X-Y v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
H dn thp dng 1 (Transmission Tower 1)
(Cao ) (Chiu rng)
Trang 41
(Cao ) (Chiu rng)
(Cao ) (Chiu rng)
(Cao ) (Chiu rng)
Trang 42
H dn thp c dy ging (Guyed Tower)
(Cao ) (Chiu rng)
f. 2D Frames (H khung phng):

C 3 dng khung phng: Khung vung gc (Portal); Khung c thanh ging cho (Braced
[Concentric]); Khung c thanh ging chng (Braced [Eccentric])
H Khung vung gc (Portal)
(S tng) (Chiu cao 1 tng)

(S nhp) (Chiu rng 1 nhp)
Nu mun nhp kch thc cho khung khng u nhp v u tng

th ch cn nhp s tng, s nhp v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
H Khung c thanh ging cho (Braced [Concentric])


sau chn Edit Grid
Trang 43
H Khung c thanh ging chng (Braced [Ecconcentric])

(Khong h gia cc thanh ging)

sau chn Edit Grid
g. 3D Frames (H khung khng gian):

C 4 dng: Khung khng gian (Open Frame Building); Khung khng gian ch c dm bin
(Perimeter Frame Building); Khung khng gian lm vic ng thi vi sn (Beam-Slab Building); Flat
Plate Building (Kt cu sn phng, sn nm).
H Khung khng gian (Open Frame Building)
(S tng) (Chiu cao tng)

(S nhp X) (Chiu rng nhp X)
(S nhp Y) (Chiu rng nhp Y)

sau chn Edit Grid
H Khung ch c dm bin (Perimeter Frame Building)


sau chn Edit Grid
Trang 44
H Dm sn lm vic ng thi (Beam-Slab Building)

(S on chia trong 1 nhp X) (S on chia trong 1 nhp Y)

sau chn Edit Grid
H Sn phng khng dm (Flat Plate Building)

(S on chia trong 1 nhp X) (S on chia trong 1 nhp Y)

sau chn Edit Grid
h. Wall (Tng):
(S on chia theo X) (Chiu di 1 on X)

(S on chia theo Z) (Chiu cao 1 on Z)
Nu mun chia kch thc cho tng khng u nhau th ch

cn nhp s on chia X-Z v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
Trang 45
i. Flat Slab (Kt cu sn):
(S on chia theo X) (Chiu rng 1 on X)

(S on chia theo Y) (Chiu rng 1 on Y)
(Chiu rng di nhp X) (Chiu rng di nhp Y)
Nu mun chia kch thc cho sn khng u nhau th ch

cn nhp s on chia X-Y v chn Use Custom Grid
sau chn Edit Grid
j. Shell (Kt cu v mng):

C 7 dng: Tr trn xoay (Cylinder); Mi cong (Barrel Shell); Mi cong lin tc nhiu nhp
(Multi-bay Cylindrical Shell); V Hyperbol-Parabol (Hyperbolic Paraboloid); V cu (Partial Sphere);
Chm cu (Spherical Dome); Paraboloid Dome (Vm Parabol).
Khi nhp s liu cn chn bit k hiu cc thng s.
k. Staircases (cu thang):

C 3 dng: Cu thang 1 v, 2 v v cu thang xon
Cu thang 1 v
S tng Chiu cao tng

LLW SPL
RLW OW
W1 SW2
Kch thc ti a 1 on chia
Trang 46
Cu thang 2 v
S tng Chiu cao tng

LLW SPL
RLW OW
SW1 SW2
Kch thc ti a 1 on chia
Cu thang xon
(Gc u T1) (Gc cui T2)
S on chia theo chu vi S on chia theo bn knh

Bn knh trong Bn knh ngoi
Tng chiu cao
l. Storage Structures (Kt cu b cha, sil).
m. Underground Concrete (Kt cu ngm).
n. Solid Models (Kt cu khi).
o. Cable Bridges (Cu treo).
p. Caltrans-BAG (Gi chng trnh nhp s liu cu Bridge Analysis

Generator).
Trang 47
q. Bridge Wizard (Hng dn tng bc nhp d liu kt cu cu).
r. Pipes and Plates (Gi chng trnh nhp d liu cho kt cu ng v tm).
3. iu chnh h li : Define Coordinate Systems/Grids ... (hoc kch i vo

mt ng li): mc ch iu chnh h li hin ti theo yu cu, c th khai bo thm cc
ng li mi hoc xo cc ng li khng cn thit.
a. Chn Modify/Show System

xem hoc iu chnh cc h
li ca h to chung
b. Chn Add New System

khai bo thm h to mi
ngoi h to tng th
Li X
Thay i gi tr hoc xa ng li (xa hng) hoc

copy c hng v paste xung c ng li mi
Li Y
Nu iu chnh: Ta ng li chn Ordinates

Khong cch li chn Spacing
Li Z
Trang 48
4. Xo cc i tng tha :
Sau khi dng cc m hnh mu trong Sap2000, c th c nhng phn t tha, nn cn xo b
c m hnh ng yu cu. xo cc i tng, trc ht phi chn nhng i tng cn xo. Vic
chn i tng c thc hin bng cch kch trc tip vo i tng, hoc ko chut t tri sang phi
bao quanh nhng i tng cn chn hoc ko chut t phi sang tri bao quanh v ct qua nhng i
tng cn chn. Nhng i tng c chn s th hin trn mn hnh bng ng t nt, kch chut
vo i tng ang c chn s hu chn i tng . Lu vic chn i tng l c tnh tch lu.
Chn nhng i tng cn xo, bm phm Del trn bn phm xo cc i tng c chn.
Khng th xo c lp mt nt nu nt l nt ca mt phn t no cn li, khi xo cc phn t
th cc nt khng cn ni vi phn t no na s b xo lun d khng c chn.
5. V thm cc i tng : Khi v nn t gc nhn 2D

a. V im Draw Draw Special Joint
Xem cch v trang 28
Khi v ch cc ch bt dnh (xem trang 30) nh v im v c chnh xc.
b. V thanh bng 2 im Draw Draw Frame/Cable
Xem cch v trang 29
c. V nhanh thanh Draw Quick Draw Frame/Cable
Xem cch v trang 29
d. V nhanh thanh ging Draw Quick Draw Braces
e. V nhanh dm ph Draw Quick Draw Secondary Beams
f. V tm t gic hoc tam gic Draw Draw Quad Area
Xem cch v trang 29
g. V nhanh tm ch nht Draw Draw Quad Area
Xem cch v trang 29
h. V nhanh tm nm trng vi li Draw Quick Draw Area
Xem cch v trang 29
i. V thanh cong Edit Edit Curved Frame/Cable
Trc tin phi c thanh thng ni gia hai u ca thanh cong cn v. Chn thanh thng , thc
hin lnh.
- Khai bo kiu ng cong (Line Object Type): Thanh cong (Curved Frame) hay Dy treo (Cable)
- Khai bo cch xc nh ng cong:
+ Cung trn qua 3 im: c th nhp tn im th 3 (Circular Arc - 3rd Point ID) hoc nhp ta
im th 3 (Circular Arc - 3rd Point Coords)
+ Khai bo thm ta 1 im xc nh mt phng, v khai bo bn knh cong (Circular Arc
- Planar Point and Radius)
+ Cung parabol qua 3 im: c th nhp tn im th 3 (Paraboloic Arc - 3rd Point ID) hoc
nhp ta im th 3 (Paraboloic Arc - 3rd Point Coords)
- Dng phn t sau khi bin i: chia nh thnh cc phn t thanh thng (Break into Multiple Equal
Length Objects) hoc gi nguyn l 1 phn t thanh cong (Keep Single Object)
6. Hiu chnh i tng :

a. Chnh dng hnh hc : Draw Set Reshape Element Mode
Xem trang 28
b. Sao chp, ct, dn i tng : Edit Copy, Cut, Paste
Chn cc phn t, thc hin lnh Copy, hoc Cut s a cc thng tin hnh hc ca i tng vo
b nh tm (clipboard) ca Windows
Trang 49
Thc hin lnh Paste s dn thng tin hnh hc ca i tng t clipboard vo h, ng thi cho
php khai bo khong cch dch chuyn ca nhng i tng c paste so vi nhng i tng
copy/cut. C th copy thng tin hnh hc ca i tng t Excel ri dn vo Sap2000.
c. Ct ngn/ko di thanh : Edit Trim/Extend Frames
Chn cc thanh cn ct hoc ko di, chn nt u thanh ca thanh b ct hoc ko v pha ct hoc
ko, chn cc thanh lm ng ct hoc ng n, thc hin lnh, chn Trim nu mun ct, Extend
nu mun ko di.
d. Chia nh thanh : Edit Divide Frames
Chn cc thanh cn chia, thc hin lnh chia nh, khai bo s lng v t l chiu di thanh
cui/thanh u, hoc chia bi giao im ca nhng thanh v nt c chn.
e. Ni cc thanh : Edit Join Frames
Chn cc thanh cn ni (phi thng hng v lin tc) thc hin lnh ni.
f. Chia nh tm : Edit Mesh Areas
Chn cc tm cn chia, thc hin lnh chia nh, khai bo s lng chia theo phng 1 v 2 (h to
a phng), hoc chia bi nhng nt c chn trn cc bin (s lng nt trn 2 bin i din
phi bng nhau), hoc chia bng cc ng li.
g. Cn chnh v tr nt : Edit Align Points
Chn cc nt cn chnh cho thng hng, thc hin lnh, chn to X, hoc Y, hoc Z cc nt
nhn gi tr to mi.
h. Tch phn t ti nt : Edit Disconnect
C mt s trng hp, cc phn t c cc nt ti cng mt v tr nhng khng lin kt vi nhau
(mc nh cc phn t s lin kt cng vi nhau ti cc nt chung). Do cn thc hin lnh ny
tch phn t khng cn lin kt vi phn h cn li, phn t sau khi tch s c nt mi trng vi nt
chung c nhng khng lin kt vi nt c. Chn phn t v nt ti v tr cn tch, thc hin lnh.
i. Ni li nhng phn t tch : Edit Connect
Ngc vi lnh Disconnect, chn phn t v nt ti v tr cn ni li, thc hin lnh.
j. Nhn bn cc phn t : Edit Replicate
Chn phn t cn nhn bn, thc hin lnh.
Chn kiu pht sinh : theo ng thng (Linear), theo ng trn (Radial) hoc i xng (Mirror).
Dng ng thng : khai bo s gia khong cch X, Y, Z; s lng nhn bn thm; cc c tnh
c nhn bn cng i tng (ti trng, tit din ...).
Dng ng trn : khai bo trc xoay song song vi trc X hoc Y hoc Z hoc ng thng trong
khng gian; to trc xoay hoc to 2 im ca trc xoay; s lng nhn bn thm; gia s gc;
cc c tnh c nhn bn cng i tng.
Dng i xng : khai bo mt phng i xng l mt phng song song vi trc Z (cn khai bo
on thng giao tuyn ca mt i xng vi mt XY); hoc song song vi trc X (cn khai bo on
thng giao tuyn ca mt i xng vi mt YZ); hoc song song vi trc Y (cn khai bo on thng
giao tuyn ca mt i xng vi mt XZ) hoc mt i xng l mt mt phng trong khng gian c
xc nh bng to 3 im ca mt i xng; ng thi chn cc c tnh c nhn bn cng i
tng.
Do vic nhn bn c th sao chp c cc c tnh ca i tng nh tit din, lin kt, ti trng v.v.
nn c th sau khi gn cc c tnh cho i tng xong ta mi thc hin nhn bn n gin.
k. Thm mt b phn ca h t kt cu mu trong Sap : Edit Add to Model From
Template
Tng t nh khi to mi m hnh bng cc kt cu mu, ch khc l kt cu mu c a thm
vo trong h hin ti.
Trang 50
7. Gn, sa lin kt cho nt : Assign Joint Restraints hoc Springs

Chn cc nt cn gn/sa lin kt, thc hin lnh.
Lin kt cng (Restraint) : khai bo phng lin kt : chuyn v thng (translation) 123, chuyn v
xoay (rotation) 123.
Nu gi xin cn khai bo li h to a phng ca nt : Chn nt, Assign Joint Local
Axes: khai bo cc gc xoay Z, Y', X'' (Xem thm mc 2 trang 15)
Lin kt n hi (Spring) : khai bo cng ca lin kt theo cc phng chuyn v thng
(translation) 123 hoc XYZ, chuyn v xoay (rotation) 123 hoc XYZ. n v cng l Lc/chiu
di nu l cng chuyn v thng; Moment/radian nu l cng chuyn v xoay.
8. Gn, sa lin kt cho thanh :

Chn cc thanh cn gn/sa lin kt, thc hin lnh.
Lin kt n hi (tng t dm trn nn n hi) : Assign Frame/Cable Line Springs,
khai bo phng ca gi n hi (theo h to a phng 123 ca thanh), khai bo cng ca lin
kt (n v Lc/chiu di2)
Gii phng lin kt ti u thanh (lin kt gia thanh v nt) : Assign Frame/Cable
Releases/Partial Fixity, chn u thanh v ni lc cn gii phng (tng ng vi lin kt c gii
phng), khai bo cng n hi ca lin kt thanh vi nt (= 0 nu gii phng hon ton).
9. Gn, sa lin kt cho tm : Assign Area Area Springs (tng t tm

trn nn n hi)
Chn cc tm cn gn/sa lin kt, thc hin lnh. Khai bo mt tip xc vi nn n hi (k hiu
cc mt xem hnh trang 11, thng lin kt n hi tip xc tm ti mt 5 l mt di ca tm),
phng n hi (trc 3 nu tm tit xc vi nn theo phng vung gc vi mt phng tm), cng
ca nn (n v Lc/chiu di3)
10. Thit lp cch xem s h

- : xem h di dng 3D, dng cc phm mi tn trn bn phm xoay hnh
- : xem h di dng 2D theo cc mt phng XY, XZ, YZ. Dng cc biu tng
di chuyn mt phng nhn n cc mc li khc nhau.
- (Object Shrink Toogle) : xem h di dng cc phn t co ngn/khng co ngn. (Xem

thm trang 23)
- (Set Display Option) : thit t cc ty chn hin th s . (Xem thm trang 24)
+ Label : th hin tn i tng trn s .
+ Restraints : th hin cc lin kt gi.
+ Spring : th hin cc lin kt n hi.
+ Local Axes : th hin trc to a phng ca i tng trn s (trc 1 : ; trc 2 :
trng; trc 3 : xanh).
+ Invisible : khng trng thy, nhng c th chn c.
+ Not in view : n, khng th hin trn s , khng th chn c.
+ Sections : th hin tn tit din trn s h.
Trang 51
+ Releases : th hin k hiu gii phng lin kt u thanh trn s .
- : Rubber Band Zoom : dng chut phng to mt vng trn s
- : Restore Full View : khi phc tr li trng thi xem ton b h.
- : Restore Previous Zoom : khi phc tr li trng thi zoom ngay trc .
- : Zoom in, Zoom out : Phng to, thu nh s h theo tng cp. Mi cp c khai
bo trong Options Preferences Dimensions/Tolerances Auto Zoom Step.
- : Pan : dng chut di chuyn khung nhn xem cc v tr khc ca h.
Trang 52
II. Khai bo cc thuc tnh ca h : mc ch khai bo, nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca h

v vt liu, tit din, t hp ... , mt s c trng dng gn tnh cht cho cc i tng.
1. Khai bo cc thng s lm vic
a. Chn my in v nh dng trang in: File Print Setup for Graphics
Chn my in
Chn kh giy
In ng
In ngang
b. Thit lp cc thng s v kch thc, nt ... : Options Preferences

Dimensions/Tolerances
Khong cch ti thiu (khi nhp s liu nu 2
nt c khong cch gn hn s t ni li)
Phm vi sai s khi bm chut chn i tng

(cng nh cng phi kch chut chnh xc mi
chn c i tng)
Phm vi bt dnh (khi con tr chut n gn
im bt dnh trong phm vi ny s c bt
dnh vo im bt dnh
Chiu dy nt th hin trn mn hnh (Screen)

v trn my in (Printer)
C ch ln nht v nh nht. Khi Sap hin th

gi tr s trn s s dng c ch trong gii
hn ny
T l % ca mi cp phng to hay thu nh bng

lnh Zoom in v Zoom out
T l thu ngn li ca i tng khi xem di

dng Shrink
c. Chn tiu chun thit k kt cu thp : Options Preferences Steel Frame Design
d. Chn tiu chun thit k kt cu b tng ct thp : Options Preferences Concrete

Frame Design
e. Thit lp cch th hin mu trn mn hnh v trn my in : Options Color Display

(mu th hin ca i tng) hoc Output (mu th hin ca biu )
Trang 53
2. Chn i
tng cn thay
i mu v t
li mu mi.
1a. Chn thit b
- Mn hnh
- My in en trng
- My in mu
Chn Reset Defaults nu mun

dng mu mc nh ca Sap
1b. Chn Use Color Printer nu my in s dng l
my in mu, nu dng my in en trng th b chn
Biu ni lc Tm
Biu ni lc Thanh
2. Chn i tng
cn thay i mu
v t li mu mi.
1a. Chn thit b
- Mn hnh
- My in en trng
- My in mu
Chn Reset Defaults nu mun

dng mu mc nh ca Sap
1b. Chn Use Color Printer nu my in s dng l
my in mu, nu dng my in en trng th b chn
Cc s v biu ni lc nn c in vi my in mu, trng hp in bng my in en trng cn

thc hin cc bc sau nt v c m:
- Trong phn Display: Chn thit b l Printer, b chn Uses Color Printer, chn cc i tng
Points (im), Frames - Cables - Tendons (Thanh), Spring/NLLinks - Restraints - Releases (Lin kt),
Text (Ch) chuyn sang mu en.
- Trong phn Output: Chn thit b l Printer, b chn Uses Color Printer, chn mc Positive v
mc Negative chuyn sang mu en.
Nu dng lnh bt hnh chn sang Word hoc cc chng trnh khc (Lnh Ctrl-Shift-U),
hnh c m cng lm nh trn nhng chn thit b l Screen.
Trang 54
2. c trng vt liu Define Materials

Sap2000 c sn 6 loi vt liu : nhm (ALUM), thp hnh dp ngui (CLDFRM), b tng
(CONC), bt k (OTHER), ct thp (REBAR) v thp (STEEL).
C 2 cch khai bo vt liu trong Sap:
- Dng loi vt liu c sn ri hiu chnh cc thng s c trng (thng dng).
- Khai bo mi 1 loi vt liu bng cch nhp tt c cc thng s c trng.
1. Chn loi vt liu tng ng v
chn Modify/Show Material hiu
chnh cc thng s c trng
2. Chn Add New Material khai

bo thm loi vt liu mi.
Thng s phn tch Thng s thit k

Khi lng ring C. chu nn BT f'c
Trng lng ring w C. chu ko CT fy
Modun n hi E C. chu ct CT fys
H s Poisson
H s dn n nhit
Modun .h trt G
+ Mass per unit Volume : Khi lng ring, dng xc nh khi lng bn thn ca kt cu tnh
ton tn s dao ng ring ca h, gi tr = trng lng ring /gia tc trng trng (g).
+ Weight per unit Volume : Trng lng ring, dng xc nh trng lng ca kt cu tnh lc
tc dng do trng lng bn thn cc cu kin.
+ Modulus of Elasticity : Module n hi ca vt liu (E)
B tng M.200# c E = 2,4.109 (kg/m2)
B tng M.250# c E = 2,65.109 (kg/m2)
B tng M.300# c E = 2,9.109 (kg/m2)
+ Poisson's Ratio : H s Poisson, h s n ngang (), i vi b tng thng ly = 0,2
+ Coeff of Thermal Expansion : H s dn n nhit (), i vi b tng thng ly = 10-5.
Trang 55
+ Shear Modulus : Module n hi trt (G), c tnh t G = E/2(1+).

+ f'c : cng chu nn ca b tng. Nu dng Sap tnh ct thp theo tiu chun Vit nam (kt
qu ch tham kho)
- Nu tnh theo tiu chun ACI 318 - 99 th ly bng Rn/0,85.
- Nu tnh theo tiu chun CSA - A 23.3 - 94 th ly theo bng sau :
Mc B tng 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600
Rn (kg/cm2) 65 90 110 130 155 170 215 250
f'c (kg/cm2) 130.39 182.22 224.40 267.26 321.85 355.16 457.85 540.81
+ fy : cng chu ko ca ct thp. Nu dng Sap tnh ct thp theo tiu chun Vit nam (kt
qu ch tham kho)
- Nu tnh theo tiu chun ACI 318 - 99 th ly bng Ra.
- Nu tnh theo tiu chun CSA - A 23.3 - 94 th ly theo bng sau :
Loi thp AI AII AIII CI CII CIII
2
Ra (kg/cm ) 2100 2700 3600 2000 2600 3400
fy (kg/cm2) 2470.59 3176.47 4235.29 2352.94 3058.82 4000.00
+ fys : cng chu ct ca ct thp. Nu dng Sap tnh ct thp theo tiu chun Vit nam (kt
qu ch tham kho) ly bng Ra.
3. c trng tit din thanh Define Frame/Cable Sections

1. Thm loi tit din mi bng cch chn
dng tit din v khai bo kch thc.
2. Chn hnh dng

tit din cn thm
Nhng loi tit din

c khai bo
3. Chn Add New Property thm 1 loi

tit din mi (c hnh dng chn trn)
Ty hnh dng tit din (xem thm trang 7) m ta cn nhp kch thc khc nhau: v d tit din
hnh ch nht cn nhp chiu cao v chiu rng, hnh trn cn nhp ng knh ...
Nguyn tc chung ca cc k hiu kch thc:
- t3: tng chiu cao ca tit din.
- t2: tng chiu rng ca tit din.
- K hiu f l cnh (flange) => tf l chiu dy bn cnh
- K hiu w l sn (web) => tw l chiu dy sn
- K hiu b l cnh di (bottom) => t2b l chiu rng cnh di tit din.
- K hiu t l cnh trn (top) => t2t l chiu rng cnh trn tit din.
Trang 56
4. c trng tit din tm Define Area Sections
1. Chn loi phn t
Tm tng qut
Phn t phng t tn tit din
Nhng tit din Phn t khi .xng
Chn loi phn t
tm khai bo Tm mng, khi h/l 1/5
Tm dy, khi h/l > 1/5
2. Chn thm loi mi Tm sn mng, khi h/l 1/5
Tm sn dy, khi h/l > 1/5
Tm tng
Chn loi vt liu
Khai bo chiu dy
Chiu dy mng
Chiu dy un
5. Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng Define Load Cases

Bc ny ch khai bo trc tn ca cc trng hp ti trng c trong bi ton phn tch v h
s trng lng bn thn, ch cha khai bo gi tr ti trng.
H s trng
lng bn thn
Tn trng hp ti Loi 2. Chn Add nu
mun thm mi,
1. Nhp d liu
Modify nu mun
iu chnh trng
Cc trng hp ti ang chn.
hp ti trng
khai bo
Mi mt trng hp c mt h s trng lng bn thn, dng khai bo ti trng thm vo

cc phn t do trng lng bn thn.
+ Phn t thanh: ti trng phn b u tc dng thm vo do trng lng bn thn = h s
trng lng bn thn * trng lng ring vt liu w ( khai bo trong c trng vt liu) * din tch
tit din (tnh t kch thc tit din khai bo trong c trng tit din thanh)
+ Phn t tm : ti trng phn b u tc dng thm vo do trng lng bn thn = h s
trng lng bn thn * trng lng ring vt liu w ( khai bo trong c trng vt liu) * chiu dy
tit din ( khai bo trong c trng tit din tm)
Trang 57
Ti trng ny c chiu hng xung v tc dng vo tt c cc i tng trong h vi cng mt

h s trng lng bn thn, nu mun khai bo ti trng do trng lng bn thn ch tc dng vo mt
s phn t trong m hnh hoc khai bo h s trng lng bn thn ca mi i tng mi khc th
phi dng ti trng dng gravity (s cp trong phn t ti trng vo h)
6. Khai bo cc trng hp phn tch Define Analysis Cases
Cc trng
hp phn tch
2. Chn Modify nu
mun thay i, Delete
1. Chn trng hp phn nu mun xa
tch cn xa hoc sa
Tng ng mi trng hp ti trng c mt trng hp phn tch, trng hp phn tch dng
khai bo loi phn tch vi trng hp ti trng l phn tch tnh, phn tch ng, phn tch tuyn tnh,
phn tch phi tuyn ...Mc nh, Sap2000 t thm mt trng hp phn tch ng MODAL. Nu bi
ton khng cn phn tch ng th c th xo trng hp phn tch MODAL khi chy chng trnh
tnh s nhanh hn.
7. Khai bo cc t hp ti trng Define Combinations
Khai bo thm hoc chnh sa cc t hp c.
Chn Add New nu

Cc t hp mun thm t hp mi
khai bo
Chn Modify nu mun thay
T hp ang i t hp ang chn
chn
Trong Sap2000 c 4 loi t hp :

* Loi ADD : Cng tc dng.
* Loi ENVE : Ly gi tr bao.
* Loi ABS : Cng gi tr tuyt i.
* Loi SRSS : Ly cn bc 2 ca tng cc bnh phng.
V d :
C 5 trng hp ti trng : TT1; TT2; TT3; TT4; TT5.
- Gi tr moment ti K : MK do TT1 l : 3,5
- Gi tr moment ti K : MK do TT2 l : -4,0
- Gi tr moment ti K : MK do TT5 l : -3,0
Nu khai bo t hp 1 l kiu ENVE ca 3 thnh phn TT1; 0,9*TT2; 0,9*TT3:
Trang 58
C th vit: TH1 = ENVE (TT1; 0.9*TT2; 0.9*TT3)

=> MK = ENVE (3.5; 0.9*-4.0; 0.9*5.0)
ta s c MK min ca TH1 = -3.6 v MK max ca TH1 = 4.5
Nu khai bo t hp 2 l t hp kiu ADD ca 3 thnh phn TT4; TT5; TH1 :
TH2 = ADD (TT4; TT5; TH1)
=> MK = ADD (4.5; -3.0; -3.6 4.5)
ta s c MK min ca TH2 = -2.1 v MK max ca TH2 = 6.0
Khai bo cc thnh phn v kiu t hp
1. t tn t hp
2. Chn kiu t hp
3. Nhp d liu ca tng

thnh phn trong t hp 4. Chn Add nu mun
Cc thnh phn thm thnh phn mi,
trong t hp Modify hoc Delete nu
Thnh phn ang chn mun iu chnh hoc Xa
thnh phn ang chn.
8. Khai bo cc mt ct tnh hp lc (Sum Forces Group)

a. Khai bo nhm : Define Group
Bc ny ch khai bo tn v mc ch s dng ca cc nhm i tng, cha khai bo i tng
trong nhm.
Cc nhm 4. Chn Add nu mun

khai bo thm nhm mi, Modify
hoc Delete nu mun iu
Nhm ang chn
chnh hoc Xa nhm ang
chn.
b. Khai bo i tng thnh phn trong nhm : Assign Assign to Group

Dng khai bo cc i tng c trong nhm, y l cc i tng v im dng tnh hp
lc ca lc nt.
Chn cc phn t v cc u phn t, thc hin lnh.
V d: mun tnh hp lc ca phn lc ti 3 gi ta A,
B, C ta phi chn 3 thanh 1, 2, 3 v 3 im nt ca 3 thanh l 1 2 3
A, B, C (my hiu l ta cn tnh hp lc ca cc lc nt A ca
phn t 1, lc nt B ca phn t 2, lc nt C ca phn t 3) A B C
Trang 59
c. Khai bo mt ct Section cut : Define Section Cuts
t tn cho Section Cut

Chn Add
thm mi,
Cc mt ct
Modify
Section Cut Chn nhm i
chnh sa
khai bo tng khai bo
9. Khai bo cc mu gi tr nt (Joint Pattern)

a. Khai bo tn cc Joint Pattern : Define Joint Patterns
JP l mt hm s bc nht theo to cc nt (gi tr hm s c tnh theo to nhm nt trong
JP ), dng khai bo ti trng gn cho cc i tng trong h m gi tr ca ti trng l mt
hm s bin thin tuyn tnh theo v tr cc i tng (v d : p lc thu tnh l mt hm s tuyn tnh
theo chiu cao - to Z ca i tng)
Bc ny ch mi khai bo c bao nhiu JP, v tn ca cc JP , cha khai bo cc h s ca hm
s.
1. Nhp tn Joint Pattern 2. Chn Add nu mun

Cc Joint Pattern thm JP mi, Change nu
khai bo mun i tn JP ang chn
b. Gn JP cho cc nt, v khai bo cc h s ca JP : Assign Joint Patterns

Chn cc nt cn gn JP, thc hin lnh.
Gi tr ca JP l : V = A.x + B.y + C.z + D
Trong : A, B, C, D l cc h s do ngi s dng nhp vo
x, y, z l to ca nt.
Cc tu chn ca JP : - S dng mi gi tr (nu JP > 0 hoc < 0 th gi tr u gn cho nt)
- S dng ch gi tr dng (nu JP <0 th gi tr gn cho nt = 0)
- S dng ch gi tr m (nu JP >0 th gi tr gn cho nt = 0)
Trang 60
1. Chn JP gn cho nhm nt
2. Khai bo cc
gi tr ca hm s
3. Hn ch cc gi tr
S dng mi gi tr
Nu gi tr m th ly bng 0
Nu gi tr dng th ly bng 0
Sau bc ny cc nt c mt gi tr JP tng ng vi to xyz ca nt . Cc gi tr ny sau

ny c th c s dng gn ti trng, s thay i nhit cho cc phn t c im nt l cc nt
c trong JP.
10. Khai bo cch xc nh khi lng trong m hnh Define Mass source
Lu rng khi lng dng cho mc ch tnh dao ng ca m hnh, cn trng lng v ti trng
l lc tc dng vo m hnh nn 2 khi nim ny l khc nhau, v mc ch s dng cng khc nhau.
Tuy nhin c th tnh c khi lng t trng lng v lc. Do Sap2000 k t V8 cung cp
mt tu chn xc nh khi lng ca m hnh:
a. T khi lng ca bn thn cc phn t v cc
khi lng t thm vo h.
b. T ti trng tc dng ca cc trng hp ti (chia
gia tc trng trng). Cc trng hp ti c th cng vi
nhau sau khi nhn h s t l. (Nn dng cch ny)
V d : theo TCVN khi tnh tn s dao ng
ring tnh thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi: cn ly
khi lng h = khi lng tng ng vi trng hp tnh
ti + 50% khi lng tng ng ca trng hp hot ti
ng tc dng
c. T khi lng t thm vo h v t ti trng
(khng xt khi lng bn thn cc phn t).
Trang 61
III. Gn cc c trng v ti trng cho h, chy chng trnh phn tch:

mc ch khai bo cc tnh cht ca cc i tng v ti trng tc dng vo h. Trc khi thc hin
lnh cn phi chn i tng. Sau khi hon thnh m hnh tin hnh phn tch kt cu xc nh
chuyn v, phn lc, ni lc, dao ng ...
1. Gn c tnh cho nt. (Cn chn nt trc khi thc hin lnh)
a. Rng buc (constraint): Assign Joint Constraints
1. Chn kiu rng buc
2. Chn Add thm mi

hoc Modify iu chnh
Nn chn phng rng buc l Auto. ngha cc dng rng buc xem trang 17.
b. Khi lng gn thm vo nt : Assign Joint Mass

Khi tnh dao ng, nu ti cc nt c thm khi lng tp trung cn khai bo gi tr ca khi
lng tp trung thm vo ti nt.
Trong cc version t Sap v8 tr i, vic khai bo khi lng cho cc nt thng t c s dng v
Sap c kh nng t tnh c khi lng a v nt bng cch khai bo Mass source (trang 60)
2. Gn c tnh cho thanh. (Cn chn thanh trc khi thc hin lnh)
a. Tit din : Assign Frame/Cable Section
1. Chn tit din

gn cho thanh 2. Nu cn thit
c th khai bo
tit din mi
bng cch chn
hnh dng tit
din cn Add v
chn Add New
khai bo kch
thc
b. H to a phng : Assign Frame/Cable Local Axes

Nu h to ca thanh khc h to mc nh, cn khai bo gc xoay ca h to .
Xem trang5 bit cch quy nh h ta a phng ca thanh.
c. o chiu trc 1 ca h to a phng : Assign Frame/Cable Reverse
Connectivity
Chn cc tnh cht ca thanh nh ti trng ... c gi nguyn theo trc a phng hay trc tng
th.
Trang 62
d. Gn on cng u thanh : Assign Frame/Cable End offset

Ti cc nt, cc thanh giao nhau to nn mt vng cng, do chiu di un ca thanh gim i.
Lnh ny dng khai bo kch thc vng giao gia thanh ang xt vi cc thanh khc v
cng tng i (t 0 1, nn chn < 0,5)ca vng giao . (Xem trang 4)
e. Khai bo im chn ca thanh vo m hnh : Assign Frame/Cable Intesertion
Point
Mc nh, cc thanh c m hnh bng ng trc thanh, tuy nhin ngi s dng c th thay v
tr ca trc thanh so vi ng line c m hnh trn s . (Xem trang 8)
1. Chn im chun trn thanh
2. Khai bo khong cch

lch t im nt trn s
tnh n im chun
trn thanh (tnh theo h
ta a phng)
3. Nu chn Do not ...,
khi tnh ton ni lc s
khng xt n lch
tm.
f. Khai bo s im xut ni lc: Assign Frame/Cable Output Stations

Khai bo s im xut ni lc hoc khong cch ti a gia cc im xut ni lc ng thi ti cc
v tr c gin on ni lc do lc tp trung hoc v tr giao nhau vi cc phn t khc.
Khi xut ni lc ra file hoc ra bng, ch c ni lc ti cc im xut mi c th hin trong bng.
Nu s im cng nhiu cng xem c chi tit ni lc trong thanh, nhng file kt qu cng ln v
s liu x l nhiu, phc tp. S im ny cng nh hng n biu bao ni lc, s im cng
nhiu, biu bao ni lc cng mn, cng chnh xc; nhng khng nh hng n biu ni lc.
g. Khi lng gn thm vo thanh : Assign Frame/Cable Line Mass

Khi tnh dao ng, nu trn cc thanh c thm khi lng phn b cn khai bo gi tr ca khi
lng phn b thm vo ti thanh.
Trong cc version t Sap v8 tr i, vic khai bo khi lng cho cc thanh thng t c s dng
v Sap c kh nng t tnh c khi lng a v nt bng cch khai bo Mass source (trang 60)
h. Khai bo nhit ca thanh: Assign Frame/Cable Material Temperature
Trong bi ton tnh nh hng do nhit , s chnh lch nhit l nguyn nhn gy tc ng i
vi h, nhit ny l nhit ti thi im xy dng, l nhit ng vi ng sut trong kt cu
do nhit gy ra = 0. Nu nhit kt cu thay i so vi nhit ny, s dn n trong h xut hin
thm ng sut do nhit.
Trang 63
i. Khai bo vic t ng chia nh thanh : Assign Frame/Cable Automatic Frame

Subdivide
Trong bi ton tnh dao ng: khi lng tc dng trn thanh c dn v cc nt, do mun tnh
c dng dao ng vng ca thanh ta cn chia nh thanh thnh cc on, v khi lng s dn v cc
nt chia nm dc theo thanh, sinh ra dng dao ng theo phng ng ca thanh.
Trong bi ton tnh dm trn gi ta n hi (Line spring): cng ca gi ta dc thanh c dn
v cc nt, do mun tnh thanh t tip xc lin tc vi nn ta cn chia nh thanh thnh cc on,
v cng gi dn v cc nt chia nm dc theo thanh, xem nh gn ng l tip xc lin tc vi
thanh.
Trong bi ton tnh h va c thanh, va c tm, v tm lin kt lin tc dc thanh, ta cng phi
chia thanh thnh cc on tng ng vi s on chia ca tm tm v thanh chung nhau nt, v
chnh l nhng im lin kt gia tm v thanh, xem gn ng l lin kt lin tc gia thanh v tm
Ti cc im nt t sinh trong qu trnh tnh ton

Thng chn
Ti giao im vi cc thanh khc
S on chia ti thiu
Chiu di ti a ca 1 on chia
3. Gn c tnh cho tm. Cn chn tm trc khi thc hin lnh

a. Tit din : Assign Area Section
Chn tm cn gn tit din, thc hin lnh, chn tit din cn gn OK
b. H to a phng : Assign Area Local Axes
Nu h to ca tm khc h to mc nh, cn khai bo gc xoay ca h to .(Xem trang 11 )
c. o chiu trc 3 ca h to a phng : Assign Area Reverse Local 3
Lnh ny s lm o chiu mt trn v mt di ca tm.
Chn cc tnh cht ca tm nh ti trng ... c gi theo trc a phng hay trc tng th.
d. Khi lng gn thm vo tm : Assign Area Area Mass
Khi tnh dao ng, nu trn cc tm c thm khi lng phn b cn khai bo gi tr ca khi
lng phn b thm vo ti tm.
Trong cc version t Sap v8 tr i, vic khai bo khi lng cho cc tm thng t c s dng v
Sap c kh nng t tnh c khi lng a v nt bng cch khai bo Mass source (trang 60)
e. Khai bo nhit ca thanh : Assign Area Material Temperature
Khai bo nhit ng vi ng sut trong kt cu do nhit gy ra = 0. Nu nhit kt cu thay i
so vi nhit ny, s dn n trong h xut hin thm ng sut do nhit.
f. Khai bo vic t ng chia nh tm : Assign Area Automatic Area Mesh
Theo l thuyt phng php phn t hu hn, cc phn t trong h l nhng phn t ri rc ch lin
kt vi nhau thng qua cc im nt, do khi tnh phn t tm, cn chia nh tm thnh nhiu tm
nh, cc tm nh lin kt vi nhau ti cc im chia, v do c xem gn ng nh mt phn t
lin tc
Trang 64
Khai bo s lng phn t

con ti thiu trn 2 cnh
Khai bo kch thc ti a ca

phn t con theo 2 phng
4. t nguyn nhn tc dng vo nt.

a. Ti trng tp trung : Assign Joint Loads Forces
1. Chn trng hp ti cn t ti trng
2. Chn phng t lc theo h

3. Khai bo gi tr ti trng:
to a phng hay tng th
- Lc tp trung FX, FY,
FZ.
- Moment tp trung MX,
MY, MZ (theo chiu vn nt 4. Cc la chn:
chai) - Thm vo ti trng c.
- Thay th ti trng c
- Xo ti trng c.
b. Chuyn v cng bc ti gi ta : Assign Joint Loads Displacements

Chn cc nt c lin kt gi, thc hin lnh, cch nhp s liu ging trn.
Ch : ch c chuyn v cng bc theo phng ca lin kt gi th mi c tc dng.
5. Gn nguyn nhn tc dng cho thanh.
a. Ti trng do trng lng bn thn : Assign Frame Loads Gravity
Ti trng ny c xc nh
t trng lng ring ca vt 1. Chn trng hp ti cn t ti trng
liu, din tch ca tit din v
cc h s trng lng bn thn
c khai bo y. Khng 2. Chn phng t lc theo h
nh h s trng lng bn thn to a phng hay tng th
khi khai bo trng hp ti
trng (Self weight Multiplier -
Trang 56), h s ti trng ny 4. Cc la chn:
3. Khai bo H
c th c gn ring cho tng - Thm vo.
s nhn theo
thanh v theo cc phng khc cc phng - Thay th.
nhau. - Xo.
Trang 65
b. Ti trng tp trung tc dng trn thanh : Assign Frame Loads Point

Mi ln thc hin lnh c th gn ti a 4 lc hoc moment tp trung vo thanh. Ti trng tp
trung c xc nh bi cc thng s :
+ Lc hay Moment
+ Phng ti trng xc nh theo h a phng hay tng th
+ Chiu ca ti trng (tu theo h to c chn trn), mc nh l gravity # -Z
+ Khong cch t im u thanh n im t lc (mi ti trng c mt khong cch)
C 2 cch tnh khong cch P
Nt i Nt j
- Khong cch tng i (Relative): = a/L
- Khong cch tuyt i (Absolute): = a a
+ Gi tr ti trng ti cc v tr tng ng L
2. Lc hay Moment 7. Cc la chn:

- Thm vo.
3. Chn phng t ti trng theo - Thay th.
h to a phng hay tng th
- Xo.
6. Khai bo khong
4. Chn chiu ti trng cch v gi tr ti trng
(mi ln thc hin lnh
t c ti a 4 ti
5. Xc nh khong cch theo Tng i hay Tuyt i trng tp trung)
c. Ti trng phn b tc dng trn thanh : Assign Frame Loads Distributed

C 2 loi ti trng phn b:
+ Ti trng phn b u.
+ Ti trng phn b dng 4 im.
Ti trng phn b c xc nh bi cc thng s :
+ Ti trng l Lc hay Moment
+ Phng ti trng xc nh theo h a phng hay tng th
+ Chiu ca ti trng (tu theo h to c chn trn), mc nh l gravity # -Z
+ i vi dng phn b 4 im: khai bo khong cch v cng ti trng phn b ti 4 im.
+ i vi dng phn b u: khai bo cng ti trng phn b.
q2 q3 q4
q1
Nt i Nt j
a1
a2
a3
L
Ti trng phn b dng 4 im
Trang 66
2. Lc hay Moment 7. Cc la chn:

- Thm vo.
3. Chn phng t ti trng theo - Thay th.
h to a phng hay tng th
- Xo.
6a. Khai bo khong
4. Chn chiu ti trng cch v cng ti
trng ti 4 im
5a. Xc nh khong cch theo Tng i hay Tuyt i
5b-6b. Khai bo cng

ti trng phn b u
d. S thay i nhit trn thanh : Assign Frame Loads Temperature

C 3 kiu thay i nhit :
- Thay i nhit ti trc thanh
- Gradient thay i nhit theo phng trc 2 :
= (nhit mt trn - nhit mt di) / chiu cao tit din thanh
= (nhit mt +3 - nhit mt -3) / chiu rng tit din thanh
C th khai bo trc tip gi tr (hoc gradient) nhit hoc c th khai bo gi tr nhit c
ly theo gi tr Joint Pattern c * h s t l.
1. Chn trng hp ti cn t nhit
2. Chn kiu thay i nhit : 4. Cc la chn:

- Thay i u - Thm vo nhit c.
- Gradient 2 - Thay th nhit c.
- Gradient 3 - Xo nhit c.
3. Chn cch xc nh gi tr
nhit :
- Nhp gi tr trc tip
- Xc nh t gi tr Joint
Patern ca nt * H s t l
6. Gn nguyn nhn tc dng cho tm. Cn chn tm trc khi thc hin lnh
a. Ti trng do trng lng bn thn : Assign Area Loads Gravity
Ti trng ny c xc nh t trng lng ring ca vt liu, chiu dy ca tit din v cc h s
trng lng bn thn c khai bo y. Khng nh h s trng lng bn thn khi khai bo trng
hp ti trng (Self weight Multiplier - Trang 56), h s ti trng ny c th c gn ring cho tng
tm theo cc phng khc nhau.
Trang 67
2. Chn phng t lc theo h

3. Khai bo H to a phng hay tng th
s nhn theo
cc phng
4. Cc la chn:
- Thm vo.
- Thay th.
- Xo.
b. Ti trng phn b u : Assign Area Loads Uniform

Khai bo ti trng phn b u tc dng trn din tch ca tm (n v : Lc / Din tch)
2. Nhp gi tr ti phn b u
5. Cc la chn:
3. Chn phng t lc theo h - Thm vo vi ti trng c.
to a phng hay tng th - Thay th ti trng c.
- Xo ti trng c.
4. Chn chiu ti trng
c. p lc (cht kh, cht lng) tc dng ln tm : Assign Area Loads Surface

Pressure
Ti trng ny cng c n v l Lc / Din tch, tc dng theo phng vung gc vi mt tm c
chiu dng hng vo trong (k hiu mt: 1-6, xem trang 11). Gi tr p lc c th c nhp trc
tip hoc dng nhng gi tr ca Joint Pattern nhn vi h s t l
3. Chn b mt chu ti trng

2. Chn cch xc nh gi tr (Mt 5: di, mt 6: trn)
ti trng:
- Nhp gi tr trc tip 4. Cc la chn:
- Xc nh t gi tr Joint - Thm vo vi ti trng c.
- Thay th ti trng c.
- Xo ti trng c.
Bng cch khai bo Joint Pattern, v gn ti trng dng p lc vi gi tr ly t Joint Pattern

khai bo, vic nhp gi tr p lc nc khi tnh ton cc kt cu b nc, i nc kh n gin.
Trang 68
d. S thay i nhit trn tm : Assign Area Loads Temperature

C 2 dng nguyn nhn do thay i nhit :
- Thay i nhit ti mt trung tm ca tm
= (nhit mt trn - nhit mt di) / chiu dy tit din tm
C th khai bo trc tip gi tr (hoc gradient) nhit hoc c th khai bo gi tr nhit c
ly theo gi tr Joint Pattern c * h s t l.
1. Chn trng hp ti cn t nhit
2. Chn kiu thay i nhit : 4. Cc la chn:

- Thay i u - Thm vo nhit c.
- Gradient 3 - Thay th nhit c.
- Xo nhit c.
3. Chn cch xc nh gi tr
nhit :
- Nhp gi tr trc tip
- Xc nh t gi tr Joint
7. Thay i hng lot tn nt v phn t: Edit Change Label.

Cn chn i tng (nt, phn t) trc khi thc hin lnh.
Trong qu trnh nhp s liu, Sap t ng t tn cho cc nt v phn t trong h, tuy nhin
qun l kt qu tnh ton c tt hn, ta nn t li tn cho cc nt v phn t theo mt quy lut d
theo di.
Tn cc i tng s c t li bng cc thng s:
- Tip u ng (Prefix): Tn cc i tng s c bt u bng phn Prefix ny.
- Phn sau Prefix s l mt cp s cng vi 2 thng s l gi tr bt u (Next number) v
cng sai (Increment)
V d: vi Prefix: DX, Next number: 3, Increment: 4 th tn cc i tng s theo th t:
DX3, DX7, DX11 ...
- Th t tn s ph thuc ta ca cc i tng v th t u tin ca cc trc ta .
V d: Vi trc ta u tin 1: Z, trc ta u tin 2: Y khi t tn cho cc i
tng, i tng no c ta Z ln hn s c tn ln hn, nu cng ta Z khi s xt ta Y,
nu cng ta Y s xt ta X (ging nh khi so snh cc s c 3 ch s, u tin 1 ng vi s hng
trm, u tin 2 ng vi s hng chc, trc cn li ng vi s hng n v).
Thng trong h khung phng XZ: d3 d4
7 8 9
- Tn cc nt c t theo th t t tri
sang phi (trc X), t di ln trn (trc Z) nh vy
th t u tin phi ngc li: u tin 1: trc Z, u
c2 c4 c6
tin 2: trc X. Cn rng th t u tin ngc so
vi th t m, ging nh s c 3 ch s, th t u d1 d2
4 5 6
tin l hng trm - chc - n v nhng th t m l
n v - chc - trm.
- Tn phn t dm c tip u ng l D, c
c1 c3 c5
th t t tri sang phi (trc X), t di ln trn (trc
Z) nh vy th t u tin phi ngc li: u tin 1: 1 2 3
trc Z, u tin 2: trc X.
Trang 69
- Tn phn t ct c tip u ng l C, c th t t di ln trn (trc Z), t tri sang phi

(trc X) nh vy th t u tin phi ngc li: u tin 1: trc X, u tin 2: trc Z.
Khung khng gian tng t khung phng nhng thm tip u ng l trc nh v ca tng mt
phng khung.
1. Chn kiu i tng cn i tn
i tn phn t tm
i tn phn t thanh
i tn nt
2. Nhp tip 3. Khai bo th t u

u ng, gi tr tin ca cc trc ta
bt u, s gia
4. Vo menu Edit Auto Relabel All in List
8. Tin hnh phn tch kt cu.

a. Thit t cc bc t do hot ng: Analyze Set Analysis Option
Dng khai bo phng chuyn v ca nt m Sap dng lm n s. C th chn t hp ca tng
phng hoc chn theo cc dng h mu (khung khng gian, khung phng ...)
Trang 70
Chn cc bc t do hot ng
Hoc chn nhanh theo dng kt cu
Khung k.gian Dn k.gian

Khung phng XZ Tm sn XY
b. Tin hnh phn tch : Analyze Run Analysis
Cc trng hp phn tch ca h

Nu mun
khng chy
trng hp
phn tch
Tn Kiu phn tch Trng thi Nhim v c chn
Chn Run Now Sap tin

hnh phn tch tnh ton kt cu
Trong qu trnh phn tch, chng trnh s hin ra cc thng bo, ni dung cc thng bo cng
c lu li trong file c phn ui l .log. Nu c li ngi s dng nn c cc thng bo ny tm
li c nhanh chng. Nu khng c li v chng trnh thc hin xong vic phn tch Sap s thng
bo "ANALYSIS COMPLETE"
Trang 71
IV. Xem kt qu :
1. Xem s h lc cha bin dng Display Show Undeformed Shape .
2. Xem ti trng tc dng vo h:
a. Ti trng tc dng vo nt (hoc chuyn v cng bc ti gi ta) : Display Show
Load Assigns Joint
Chn trng hp ti cn xem
Lc tp trung Chuyn v cng bc
C th hin gi tr
b. Ti trng tc dng vo thanh (ng thi c th xem c c ti trng nt) : Display

Show Load Assigns Frame
1. Chn trng hp ti cn xem
2. Chn
kiu ti
trng tc
dng vo
thanh
C th hin lc tp trung ti nt cng vi lc tc dng trn thanh

C th hin gi tr
Trang 72
c. Ti trng tc dng vo tm (xem di dng gi tr th hin bng mu hoc bng s) :

Display Show Load Assigns Area
2a. Chn kiu ti

trng cn th hin
2b. Chn cch th
hin cng bng
mu (Contour) hoc
bng gi tr (Value)
3. Xem s bin dng ca h : Display Show Deformed Shape
1. Chn trng hp ti cn xem i vi trng hp phn tch ng
2. Chn t l Dng dao ng ring

T l t ng
Nhp h s t l
C th hin nt lc 3. Ty chn
cha bin dng
Th hin dng
ng cong
Trang 73
4. Phn lc trong cc lin kt (cng v n hi): Display Show

Forces/Stresses Joints .
Phn lc c th hin di 2 dng :
- Dng lit k : V d : Rx = 0.12 My = 3,5
- Dng th hin bng mi tn lc (moment c th hin bng mi tn kp )
2. Nu chn s th hin phn lc dng mi tn

Nu b chn s th hin phn lc dng k hiu
5. Xem ni lc trong thanh : Display Show Forces/Stresses

Frames/Cables .
2. Chn thnh phn ni lc

Lc dc Moment xon
Lc ct 2-2 Moment un 2-2
Lc ct 3-3 Moment un 3-3
3. Chn t l
T l t ng
Nhp h s t l
4. Ty chn
T en biu
Th hin gi tr
Th hin s
bin dng
6. Ni lc trong tm : Display Show Forces/Stresses Area .
Trang 74
2. Th hin ni lc
1. Chn trng hp ti cn xem 2. Th hin ng sut
3. Chn thnh phn ni lc 3a. Chn b mt th hin
3b. Chn thnh phn ng sut
7. Xem kt qu chuyn v, phn lc, ni lc ... di dng bng gi tr :

Display Show Analysis Result Table.
Cc kt qu c sp xp di dng cy th mc
Cc s liu u vo
Chn:
+ m Chn trng hp ti
rng nhnh trng cn xut kt qu
- thu
gn nhnh
Phn lc gi
Gi Ctrl khi kch chut
Khi lng dn v nt chn c nhiu
trng hp ti
Ni lc thanh
Cc kt qu u ra
Ni lc tm
Tn s dao ng
Trang 75
Sau khi thc hin lnh s xut hin bng gi tr
Chn bng s liu
C th xut gi tr bng s liu ang xem hoc tt c cc bng s liu sang Excel bng lnh File
Export Current Table To Excel hoc File Export All Tables To Excel
Trang 76
V. Thit k kt cu b tng ct thp:

Sap2000 c kh nng tnh ton c lng ct thp cn dng ti cc tit din trong thanh theo tiu
chun ca mt s nc trn th gii nh Trung Quc, M, Anh, Canada, n , , Mexico, New
Zealand ...). Hin nay, vic s dng Sap tnh ct thp theo tiu chun Vit nam l cha thc hin
c, tuy nhin sau y l mt cch (c tnh tham kho) tnh ct thp theo TCVN bng cch s
dng tiu chun nc ngoi nhng c iu chnh mt s tham s cho ph hp.
* Yu cu : trc trong phn khai bo
+ Vt liu khai bo ng cng b tng v ct thp (xem trang 20).
+ Tit din thanh khai bo ng loi tit din (dm, ct) cch cu to ct thp.
+ T hp ti trng khai bo cc t hp dng thit k theo ng quy nh ca TCVN.
+ Tu chn cc tiu chun thit k kt cu b tng chn ng tiu chun v h s gim
cng (nu dng tiu chun CSA th nguyn h s gim cng , nu dng tiu chun ACI
th cho cc h s gim cng = 1)
a. Chn cc t hp ni lc dng thit k (tnh ct thp cho tit din) : Design
Concrete Frame Design Select Design Combos.
Thm vo t
hp thit k
Nhng t Nhng t
hp cn li hp dng
Loi khi t tnh ct thp
hp thit k
Ct thp trong tit din c tnh ton m bo chu c ni lc ca tt c cc t hp dng thit

k.
b. Sa i cc thng s thit k mc nh : Design Concrete Frame Design
View/Revise Overwrite
Nu mun thay i cc thng s mc nh ca tiu chun thit k bng thng s ca ngi s dng.
Trong c thng s quan trng khi thit k kt cu ct l h s K (xem trang 21).
Cn chn cc thanh trc khi thc hin lnh.
Trang 77
c. Chy chng trnh thit k kt cu : Design Concrete Frame Design Start

Design/Check of Structure.
d. Chn cc kt qu thit k th hin : Design Concrete Frame Design Display
Design Info.
Chn loi ct
thp cn th hin
* Lu : chn li n v th hin d theo di (nn chn l cm)
Trang 78
V DU TNH TOA N H DM LIN TUC BNG PHN MM SAP2000
I/ S liu :
1. Cho h dm lin tuc bng b tng M.250# co :
- Modulus an hi : E = 2.650.000 T/m2;
- H s Poisson : = 0,2;
2. Tai trong tac dung vao dm gm co :

* Tnh tai : (a k n trong lng ban thn cua dm)
T T T
1,2 T/m T/m T/m T/m T/m 4,0 T/m T/m 1,2
0,6 1,8 1,5 2,0 1,2 1,5 0,6
0,2x0,35 0,2x0,35 0,2x0,35 0,2x0,4 0,2x0,4 0,2x0,35
1500 4000 3600 5400 2400 3600 1500
A B C D E F G
(S liu bn di la kch thc tit din dm : hnh ch nht b x h)
* Hoat tai :
T T T
0,6 2,0 0,6
T/m T/m T/m T/m T/m T/m T/m
0,3 0,8 0,6 1,0 0,5 0,6 0,3
1500 4000 3600 5400 2400 3600 1500
3. Yu cu :
- Xac nh ni lc trong h khi chu cac trng hp tai trong (cn phn tch hoat tai
thanh cac trng hp t hp ni lc).
- T hp ni lc va ve biu bao ni lc.
Trang 79
II/ Cac bc tin hanh :

1. Phn tch hoat tai thanh cac trng hp tac dung ring le trn tng nhp :
Do tnh cht cua hoat tai la co th thay i nn cn phn tch hoat tai thanh cac trng
hp ring le, mi trng hp hoat tai ch tac dung trn mt nhp, sau o se tin hanh t hp
xac nh gia tr ln nht va nho nht cua ni lc (hoc phan lc) do hoat tai gy ra trn h.
T s liu hoat tai a cho ta phn tch c 6 trng hp hoat tai nh sau :
* Hoat tai 1 :
T
0,6
T/m
0,3
* Hoat tai 2 :
T/m
0,8
* Hoat tai 3 :
T/m
0,6
* Hoat tai 4 :
T/m
1,0
* Hoat tai 5 :
T
T/m
2,0 T/m
0,5 0,6
* Hoat tai 6 :
Trang 80
T
0,6
T/m
0,3
2. Lp s hnh hoc :
- Khi ng chng trnh Sap2000.
Bm vao menu trai xung
- Chon h n v T-m -OC: Chon n v Ton, m, C

- Vao Menu File chon lnh .
Dm lin tuc
Chon h dm lin tuc (Beam).

- Khai bao s nhp dm va chiu dai cac nhp:
Phn console cung khai bao nh 1 nhp, sau nay ch vic bo i gi ta u la c oan
console.
Trang 81
Nh vy khai bao h dm se co 6 nhp, chiu dai mi nhp se c khai bao cu th trong

muc Edit Grid ( nhp c chiu dai cho tng nhp ring bit, phai chon muc Use Custom
Grid Spacing and Locate Origin, sau o chon Edit Grid...)
(S nhp)
Chon muc nay, sau o nhn vao y
(Co t thm gi ta vao nut)
Trong phn Edit Grid ta chon kiu Spacing nhp khoang cach cac li:
2. Nhp khoang cach cac li
1. Chon Spacing
Trang 82
- Ta c h dm nh hnh sau :
Cac ng li
Gi ta c nh Gi ta di ng H truc toa
Trn man hnh co 2 ca s xem h di 2 goc nhn khac nhau : theo hnh chiu 3D
(khng gian) va theo hnh chiu 2D (mt phng XZ).
Ta co th vao menu Options Windows chon s lng ca s trn man hnh xem
h theo cac goc khac nhau (1, 2, 3, hoc 4 ca s c th hin trn man hnh). i vi h
phng, nhn h cho c ro ta nn ch chon s ca s bng 1 ( ), va chon goc nhn la
hnh chiu 2D - mt phng XZ ( ).
(Cac nut lnh chon goc nhn )
trn man hnh khng th hin cac ng li ta nhn phm F7 (trn ban phm),
khng th hin h truc toa ta vao menu View Show Axes ( )
- Khai bao lin kt gi :
Cac gi trong h nh trn cha ung vi bai toan t ra :
* Cn thay lin kt gi 2 u console bng lin kt t do (trong Sap2000 bo lin kt
gi phai thc hin lnh t lin kt, nhng la lin kt t do) .
* Thay gi truc B bng gi c nh.
thay lin kt gi tai 1 hoc 1 s nut trong h, cn chon nut hoc s nut o bng cach
bm chut vao v tr cac nut o hoc r chut xung quanh cac nut mun chon. Sau khi chon,
vao menu Assign Joint Restraints ( ) hoc bm vao biu tng
( )
Chon nut bng cach bm chut vao v tr cac nut hoc r chut quanh cac nut o
Sau khi chon nut va bm vao biu tng se xut hin hp thoai cho phep khai bao lin
kt gi (hoc bo lin kt gi)
Trang 83
Khai bao tng lin kt

Khai bao tng lin kt ngn can chuyn v xoay
ngn can chuyn v thng quanh truc X; Y; Z
theo phng X; Y; Z
Khai bao nhanh lin kt :

Ngam; Gi c nh;
Gi di ng; T do
Nh vy, ta chon cac nut tai truc A va G, bm vao biu tng , chon chon
hoan thanh.
Tip tuc chon nut tai truc B, bm vao biu tng , chon chon hoan
thanh.
Ta c h nh sau:
Nh vy, ta a tao c s tnh cua h dm ( phn nay, ta phai tao c 1 h dm co

kch thc cac nhp va lin kt gi theo yu cu)
3. Khai bao cac c trng cua h :

a. Khai bao c trng vt liu : vao menu Define Materials ...( )
1. Chon loai vt liu 2. Sa i cac thng s

chnh sa cac thng s : mc nh cua vt liu
CONC : B tng
STEEL : Thep
........................
H dm tnh toan bng b tng nn chon loai vt liu la CONC Modify/Show

Material... sa lai cac gia tr :
Trang 84
Khi lng ring r
Trong lng ring w

Modulus an hi E
H s Poisson
H s dan n nhit
Modus an hi trt (may t tnh) G
* Khi lng ring : ch dung trong bai toan dao ng.

* Trong lng ring : tnh tai trong do trong lng ban thn cua h kt cu.
* Modulus an hi : dung tnh cng kt cu, tnh/kim tra bin dang - vong.
* H s Poisson : h s bin dang ngang, co anh hng rt ln n kt qua i vi kt
cu tm - vo hoc khi.
* H s dan n nhit : dung tnh bin dang, ni lc do s thay i nhit .
i vi h dm a cho, ta a tnh trong lng ban thn cua h vao trong trng hp Tnh
tai, nn y ta khng quan tm n trong lng ring. Nh vy thng ta ch quan tm n
cac gia tr E ; . (H dung: B tng M.250# co : E = 2.650.000 T/m2; = 0,2).
Chon chp nhn cac gia tr thng s cua vt liu a nhp, chon tip
thoat khoi lnh khai bao c trng vt liu.
b. Khai bao hnh dang va kch thc tit din :

Theo bai : h dm co 2 loai tit din
* Nhp D-E-F : co tit din hnh ch nht b = 0,2m ; h = 0,4m.
* Cac nhp con lai : co tit din hnh ch nht b = 0,2m ; h = 0,35m.
khai bao cac loai tit din trong h : vao menu Define Frame Sections ...
( ):
Trang 85
1. Chon hnh dang tit

Danh sach cac loai
din cn thm.
tit din a khai bao
2. Khai bao thm loai tit

din vi hnh dang c
chon trn
Mun thm vao loai tit din mi co dang hnh ch nht : Bm vao menu trai xung,
chon Add Rectangular
Chon
1. t tn cho loai tit din (ti a 8 ky t gm ch cai + ch s)
Vt liu
Chiu cao
2. Nhp kch
thc tit din Chiu rng
Hnh dang tit din

c ve minh hoa
Trang 86
Ta khai bao mi 2 loai tit din :

+ Loai tit din hnh ch nht 0,2 x 0,35 m se co cac thng s :
* Tn : DCN20x35 * Vt liu : CONC (B tng)
* Chiu cao : 0,35 * Chiu rng : 0,2
+ Loai tit din hnh ch nht 0,2 x 0,4 m se co cac thng s :
*Chu y : Khi vt liu la loai CONC th se xut hin nut lnh khai bao cac thng s
phuc vu vic tnh ct thep (nu ch cn kt qua ni lc th khng quan tm)
Tip tuc khai bao thm cac loai tit din khac ( y cn khai bao thm loai tit din
DCN20x40) mt cach tng t. Ngoai ra, ta co th chon loai tit din DCN20x35 va khai bao
va chon tao loai tit din mi trn c s loai tit din DCN20x35, sau
o ch cn sa lai tn tit din va chiu cao. Bm , ta c loai tit din mi la
DCN20x40.
Bm chp nhn cac loai tit din va khai bao mi.
c. Khai bao cac trng hp tai trong :

phuc vu vic t hp ni lc trong dm ta cn phn tch Hoat tai thanh 6 trng hp nh
a trnh bay phn trn (HT1, ..., HT6) va trng hp Tnh tai.
Do tai trong cua phn Tnh tai a tnh n trong lng ban thn cua h, nn y ta khai
bao cho Sap2000 khng t ng cng thm trong lng ban thn cua h na.
khai bao cac trng hp tai trong : vao menu Define Load Cases ... ( )
Trang 87
Phn nhp s liu Thm t.hp mi
Sa s liu t.hp a co
Tn trng
Loai tai trong H s xet
hp tai n Trong
lng Ban
Thn
Phn s liu a nhp (c chp nhn)
+ i vi trng hp Tnh tai :

* Tn : TinhTai * Loai : DEAD * H s TLBT : 0
Sau khi sa gia tr chon Modify Load ( )
+ i vi trng hp Hoat tai 1,2,3,4,5,6 :
* Tn : HT1 (hoc 2,3,4,5,6) * Loai : LIVE * H s TLBT : 0
Sau khi sa gia tr chon Add New Load ( ).
Kt qua c bang cac trng hp tai trong nh hnh sau:
Chon chp nhn.

d. Khai bao cac trng hp phn tch :
Vao menu Define Analysis Cases ... ( )
Bnh thng nu khng xet dao ng th mi trng hp phn tch se tng ng vi mt
trng hp tai trong va nn xoa trng hp phn tch ng (MODAL) khi tnh toan c
nhanh hn.
Trang 88
Chon trng hp Modal
Chon xoa
e. Khai bao t hp tai trong (t hp ni lc) :

Trong Sap2000 co 4 loai t hp :
(1) Loai ADD : Cng ai s .
(2) Loai ENVE : Ly gia tr bao.
(3) Loai ABS : Cng theo gia tr tuyt i.
(4) Loai SRSS : Ly cn bc hai cua tng cac bnh phng.
Thng s dung 2 loai t hp (1) va (2).
V du :
Co 5 trng hp tai trong : TT1; TT2; TT3; TT4; TT5.
- Gia tr Moment tai K : MK do TT1 la : 3,5
- Gia tr Moment tai K : MK do TT2 la : -4,0
Nu khai bao T hp 1 la t hp kiu ENVE cua TT1; 0,9*TT2; 0,9*TT3:
TH1 = ENVE (TT1; 0.9*TT2; 0.9*TT3)
ta se c MK max cua TH1 = 4,5 va MK min cua TH1 = -3,6
Nu khai bao T hp 2 la t hp kiu ADD cua TT4; TT5; TH1 :
ta se c MK max cua TH2 = 6 va MK min cua TH2 = -2,1
Trong dm ta cn t hp ni lc theo cng thc :

M max = M TT + M HT (+ )
Q max = QTT + Q HT
(+)
M min = M TT + M HT
(-)
Q min = QTT + Q HT
(-)
co c t hp nay :
+ Trc tin ta khai bao cac T hp Hoat tai bin i :
HT1 HTBD1 = ENVE (HT1; 0*TT) v.v.
Trang 89
Nu HT1 co du "+" th HTBD1 se co gia tr Max = HT1 ; gia tr Min = 0

Nu HT1 co du "-" th HTBD1 se co gia tr Max = 0 ; gia tr Min = HT1 v.v.
+ Sau o ta khai bao T hp Bao :
Bao = ADD (TT; HTBD1; HTBD2; . . . ; HTBD6)
Nh vy gia tr Max cua T hp Bao se la gia tr tng cua Tnh tai vi cac gia tr Hoat
tai nu "+" , con nhng gia tr Hoat tai "-" se c thay bng gia tr 0. Tng t gia tr Min cua
T hp Bao se la gia tr tng cua Tnh tai vi cac gia tr Hoat tai nu "-" , con nhng gia tr
Hoat tai "+" se c thay bng gia tr 0. y chnh la T hp cn tm.
khai bao cac t hp tai trong : vao menu Define Combinations ...
( )
Khai bao thm

cac t hp
Lit k cac t hp
a khai bao
Chon
1.Tn t hp
2. Kiu t hp
3a. Khai bao thanh

phn cua t hp
3b. H s nhn cua 4. Thm thanh phn

cac thanh phn
Lp lai bc 3 va
4 cho cac thanh
phn khac
Trang 90
khai bao t hp HTBD1 la t hp kiu ENVE cua HT1 va 0*TT :

* t tn t hp : HTBD1;
* Chon kiu t hp : Envelope ( );
* Chon thanh phn : TinhTai (DEAD); Sa h s nhn : 0,00001bm
Nu h s nhn c nhp bng 0 th Sap2000 se bo qua thanh phn o (xem nh
khng co thanh phn o trong t hp, do o ta phai nhp vao 1 s v cung be nao o, v du nh
0,00001)
* Chon thanh phn : HT1; Sa h s nhn : 1 bm
Chon chp nhn

Tip tuc chon thm vao cac t hp HTBD2, HTBD3, HTBD4,
HTBD5, HTBD6, cach tin hanh tng t nhng thay thanh phn HT1 bng thanh phn hoat
tai tng ng (HT2; HT3; HT4; HT5; HT6).
Khai bao t hp BAO

* t tn t hp : BAO;
* Chon kiu t hp : Linear Add;
* Chon thanh phn : TinhTai (DEAD); H s nhn : 1 bm nut
* Chon thanh phn : HTBD1 ; H s nhn : 1 bm nut
.........................................................................................................................
* Chon thanh phn : HTBD6 ; H s nhn : 1 bm nut
Trang 91
Chon chp nhn. Ta c cac t hp nh sau:
Chon chp nhn.
4. Gan cac c trng cho cac phn t trong h :

Chu y: cn chon i tng trc ri mi thc hin lnh gan.
Chon cac i tng bng cach bm chut trc tip vao i tng hoc r chut bao
quanh i tng o.
a. Gan tit din cho cac thanh trong h :
* Chon cac thanh dm nhp A-B-C-D va nhp F-G
R chut chon
Trang 92
* Thc hin lnh gan : vao menu Assign Frame/Cable Sections ...
( ), hoc bm vao biu tng trn Toolbar.
1.Chon loai tit din

gan cho thanh
2.Chp nhn
Tng t chon cac thanh dm trong nhp D-E-F va gan cho loai tit din la DCN20x40
b. Gan s lng tit din xut kt qua:

Nu s tit din nhiu, biu se mn va chnh xac hn, nhng bang kt qua se nhiu,
kho theo doi. Nu s tit din t, biu se khng chnh xac (co dang gay khuc thay v dang
ng cong), nhng bang kt qua se d quan ly.
Do o nu ly kt qua la biu ni lc th khai bao s lng tit din la mt s kha
ln (khoang 9-15 tit din mi thanh), nu ly kt qua la bang s liu ni lc th khai bao s
tit din xut kt qua trong cac thanh ngang (dm) la 5 tit din.
Chon cac thanh cn thay i s tit din xut ni lc --> Assign --> Frame/ Cable/
Tendon --> , hoc chon biu tng lnh
Nhp s lng tit din

xut kt qua
Nu xut kt qua sang

Excel th nn bo chon cac
muc nay. Nu in biu
th khng bo muc nay
Trang 93
5. Gan tai trong tac dung :

a. Tai trong tp trung tai nut :
Chon nut, vao menu Assign Joint Loads Forces ... ( ), hoc bm
vao biu tng
1. Chon trng hp
tai trong cua tai
trong cn gan
2. Khai bao gia tr

lc va moment theo 3. Chon phng an:
phng X; Y; Z.
a. Thm tai trong
(moment xac nh
nay vao tai trong a
theo chiu vn nut
co
chai)
b. Thay tai trong a
co bng tai trong
nay
b. Tai trong phn b u trn thanh:

Chon thanh, vao menu Assign Frame Loads Distributed ... ( ),
hoc bm vao biu tng
1. Chon trng hp
tai cua tai trong cn
t lc
4. Chon phng an:
2. Khai bao phng a. Thm tai trong
cua lc. nay vao tai trong a
Gravity : phng co
trong lc, chiu
b. Thay tai trong a
dng hng xung
co bng tai trong
nay
5. Chu y cac gia tr

3. Khai bao gia tr nay phai bng 0
cua tai trong phn
b
c. Tai trong phn b dang 4 im trn thanh:

Chon thanh, vao menu Assign Frame Loads Distributed ... ( ),
hoc bm vao biu tng
Trang 94
1. Chon trng hp
t lc
4. Chon phng an:
a. Thm tai trong nay
vao tai trong a co
b. Thay tai trong a co
2. Khai bao phng
bng tai trong nay
cua lc.
Gravity : phng 3. Khai bao khoang
trong lc, chiu cach va gia tr cua
dng hng xung tai trong phn b tai
4 im.
Co 2 cach khai bao
khoang cach: theo
5. Chu y cac gia tr Relative - tng i
nay phai bng 0 (= a/l) va theo
Absolute - tuyt i
(=a)
d. Tai trong tp trung trn thanh:

Chon thanh, vao menu Assign Frame Loads Point ... ( ), hoc bm
vao biu tng
1. Chon trng hp
t lc
4. Chon phng an:

2. Khai bao phng a. Thm tai trong
cua lc. nay vao tai trong a
Gravity : phng co
trong lc, chiu
b. Thay tai trong a
dng hng xung
co bng tai trong
nay
3. Khai bao khoang

cach va gia tr cua
Co 2 cach khai bao khoang cach: tai trong tp trung
theo Relative - tng i (= a/l) va (mi ln t c ti
theo Absolute - tuyt i (=a) a 4 lc)
Ap dung gan tai trong vao h :

* Tnh tai :
- Lc tp trung:
Trang 95
Chon nut truc A va G, bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai), t gia tr Force

Global Z = -1,2.
- Lc phn b u:
+ Chon thanh nhp AB va FG , bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai,
Direction la Gravity), t gia tr Uniform Load = 0,6.
+ Chon thanh nhp BC, bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai, Direction la

Gravity), t gia tr Uniform Load = 1,8.
Trang 96
+ Chon thanh nhp CD, bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai, Direction la

Gravity), t gia tr Uniform Load = 1,5.
+ Chon thanh nhp DE, bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai, Direction la

Gravity), t gia tr Uniform Load = 2.
- Lc phn b dang 4 im:

Chon thanh nhp EF, bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai, Direction la
Gravity), chon kiu khoang cach la Absolute - tuyt i.
Nhp 4 im:. im 1: khoang cach 0 (m), gia tr lc 1.2 (T/m)
im 2: khoang cach 2.4 (m), gia tr lc 1.2 (T/m)
im 4: khoang cach 6 (m), gia tr lc 1.5 (T/m)
Chu y t tai trong muc Uniform Load = 0 (nu khng tai trong dang 4
im se cng vi tai trong phn b u cung tac dung ln h)
- Lc tp trung trn thanh:

Chon thanh nhp EF , bm , (Load Case Name la TinhTai, Direction la
Nhp tai trong tp trung: (ch co 1 lc) khoang cach 2.4 (m), gia tr lc 4 (T)
Trang 97
* Hoat tai 1:
- Lc tp trung:
Chon nut truc A, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT1, t gia tr Force
Global Z = -0,6
- Lc phn b u:
Chon thanh nhp AB, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT1, Direction la
Gravity, t gia tr Uniform Load = 0,3. Chu y cho cac gia tr cua tai trong dang 4 im bng
0.
Trang 98
* Hoat tai 2:
Lc phn b u:
Chon thanh nhp BC, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT2, Direction la
Gravity, t gia tr Uniform Load = 0,8.
* Hoat tai 3:
Lc phn b u:
Chon thanh nhp CD, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT3, Direction la
Gravity, t gia tr Uniform Load = 0,6.
Trang 99
* Hoat tai 4:
Lc phn b u:
Chon thanh nhp DE, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT4, Direction la
Gravity, t gia tr Uniform Load = 1.
* Hoat tai 5:
- Lc tp trung trn thanh:
Chon thanh nhp EF , bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT5, Direction la
Nhp tai trong tp trung: (ch co 1 lc) khoang cach 2.4 (m), gia tr lc 2 (T)
Trang 100
- Lc phn b dang 4 im trn thanh:

Chon thanh nhp EF, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT5, Direction la
Nhp 4 im:. im 1: khoang cach 0 (m), gia tr lc 0.5 (T/m)
im 4: khoang cach 6 (m), gia tr lc 0.6 (T/m)
Chu y t tai trong muc Uniform Load = 0 (nu khng tai trong dang 4
im se cng vi tai trong phn b u cung tac dung ln h)
* Hoat tai 6:
- Lc tp trung:
Trang 101
Chon nut truc G, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT6, t gia tr Force
Global Z = -0,6
- Lc phn b u:
Chon thanh nhp FG, bm , Chon Load Case Name la HT6, Direction la
Gravity, t gia tr Uniform Load = 0,3. Chu y cho cac gia tr cua tai trong dang 4 im bng
0.
Lu y : do trn man hnh ch hin th 1 loai tai trong, nn sau khi khai bao tai trong phn b
th trn man hnh hin th tai phn b th se khng "thy" cac lc tp trung. iu nay la bnh
thng.
Nu mun xem y u ca tai tp trung va tai phn b trn man hnh th vao menu
Display Show Loads Assign Frame ... ( )
Chon Trng hp tai trong cn xem lc tac dung.
Trang 102
Chon trng hp tai

trong cn xem
Hin th tai tp trung cung tai phn b
Hin th gia tr tai trong
6. Chay chng trnh tnh :

- Khai bao cac dang kt cu: vao menu Analyze Set Analysis Options ...
( )
Khai bao cac bc t do hoat ng.
Chon nhanh cac bc t do hoat ng tuy tng loai h.
H khung khng gian
H khung phng H san phng trong

H dan khng gian
trong mt phng XZ mt phng XY
H dm cung c coi la h khung phng (kt cu chu un trong XZ) nn ta chon :
Trang 103
- Chay chng trnh tnh : vao menu Analyze Run Analysis (hoc
bm ) chon
Nu ta cha save file s liu Sap2000 nay, th trc khi chay chng trnh tnh, Sap2000
se t ng save va se hoi tn file, ta nhp tn file s liu cho Sap2000.
Chng trnh tnh sau khi chay
Trang 104
Nu thy dong cui cung la ANALYSIS COMPLETE th s liu nhp vao khng b li
va chng trnh tnh a xac nh c ni lc trong h.
Sau khi chay chng trnh tnh th Sap se khoa s liu (biu tng khoa trn man hnh se
ong lai ), nu mun sa s liu a nhp th phai m khoa bng cach bm vao biu tng
, luc o se tr thanh )
7. Xem kt qua phan lc, ni lc :

- Xem kt qua phan lc : vao menu Display Show Forces/Stresses Joints ...
(hoc bm vao du mui tn trn biu tng chon Joints)
Chon trng hp tai
cn xem phan lc
Chon Show as Arrow biu din

phan lc di dang mui tn lc.
Bo chon se biu din phan lc di
dang lit k gia tr
Trang 105
Xem
phan lc theo dang lit k gia tr
Xem phan lc theo dang mui tn lc (Show as Arrows)
- Xem kt qua ni lc : vao menu Display Show Forces/Stresses Frames/Cables

... (hoc bm vao du mui tn trn biu tng chon Frames/Cables)
1. Chon trng hp
tai cn xem ni lc
2. Chon thanh phn ni

lc cn xem :
* Lc doc (N)
* Lc ct 2-2 (Q)
* Lc ct 3-3
* Moment xon
* Moment un 2-2
* Moment un 3-3 (M)
4a. Bo chon T en biu

3. Chon ty l cac tung :
* T ng
* Nhp ty l 4b. Hin th gia tr cac tung
(phai bo chon t en biu )
Biu moment M3-3 cua Tnh tai
Trang 106
Do Sap2000 quy nh du lc ct ngc du vi quy nh du cua VN, nn khi xem biu

lc ct trong phn khai bao ty l ta chon ty l mang du -, c biu ung quy nh.
Biu moment Q2-2 cua Tnh tai (a chnh ty l -)
Trang 107
QUY C DU NI LC TRONG SAP
Lc doc
Moment xon
Lc doc Moment xon

Lc ct V2-2
Th ep
Moment un M33
Moment un M33 (theo chiu vn nut chai)
(theo chiu vn nut chai)
Th cng
Lc ct V2-2
Moment un M2-2
Th cng
Lc ct V3-3
Th ep
Lc ct V3-3
Moment un M2-2
Nh vy M3-3 # moment M; V2-2 # lc ct Q nhng trong thanh ngang (dm) th V2-2 ngc
chiu Q, trong thanh ng V2-2 cung chiu Q; P # lc doc N.
Trang 108
8. In kt qua phan lc, ni lc :

- In biu ang hin th trn man hnh : vao menu File Print Graphics
( ), hoc bm vao biu tng
- In gia tr phan lc va ni lc ra file Excel x ly s liu tnh: vao menu Display
Show Table...
2. Chon cac trng hp hoc t

hp tai trong xut kt qua
3. Bo chon muc nay
1. Chon d liu xut sang Excel

Bm vao du + m rng cy kt qua
a. Chon d liu xut kt qua: (chu y i sang n v kgf-m-C nu mun dung Excel tnh
ct thep)
- Phan lc: ANALYSIS RESULTS Joint Output Reactions Table: Joint
Reactions.
- Ni lc trong thanh: ANALYSIS RESULTS Element Output Frame Output

Table: Element Forces - Frames
Trang 109
b. Chon Trng hp tai trong hoc t hp tai trong xut kt qua ( )
Chon cac trng hp tai trong: Tnh Tai (DEAD), Hoat Tai t 1-6 (HT1, HT2, ..., HT6).
(Gi phm Crtl khi nhn chut chon c nhiu trng hp), chon OK chp nhn.
Chon OK xut kt qua.
Vao menu File Export all Table ( ) To Excel ( ) xut kt qua

sang Excel. Chon Done ( ) tr v man hnh Sap2000.
Kt qua ni lc xut sang Excel co dang nh sau:
TABLE: Element Forces - Frames
Frame Station OutputCase CaseType P V2 V3 T M2 M3 FrameElem ElemStation
Text m Text Text Kgf Kgf Kgf Kgf-m Kgf-m Kgf-m Text m
1 0 DEAD LinStatic 0 1200 0 0 0 2.22E-13 1 0
1 0.375 DEAD LinStatic 0 1425 0 0 0 -492.19 1 0.375
1 0.75 DEAD LinStatic 0 1650 0 0 0 -1068.75 1 0.75
1 1.125 DEAD LinStatic 0 1875 0 0 0 -1729.69 1 1.125
1 1.5 DEAD LinStatic 0 2100 0 0 0 -2475 1 1.5
1 0 HT1 LinStatic 0 600 0 0 0 -4.441E-13 1 0
1 0.375 HT1 LinStatic 0 712.5 0 0 0 -246.09 1 0.375
Trang 110
Trong o:
+ Ct Frame la tn cac phn t trong h.
+ Ct Station la khoang cach cua tit din n u trai cua thanh.
+ Ct Output Case la tn cua trng hp tai trong.
+ Ct P la lc doc, V2 la lc ct (ngc du Q theo quy c du cua TCVN), M3 la
moment.
Trong dm ch cn lc ct va moment do o xoa cac ct Case Type, P, V3, T, M2 Frame
element, Elem Station. Ch gi lai cac ct Frame, Station, Output Case, V2, M3.
Frame Station OutputCase V2 M3
Text m Text Kgf Kgf-m
1 0 DEAD 1200 2.22E-13
1 0.375 DEAD 1425 -492.19
1 0.75 DEAD 1650 -1068.75
1 1.125 DEAD 1875 -1729.69
1 1.5 DEAD 2100 -2475
1 0 HT1 600 -4.441E-13
1 0.375 HT1 712.5 -246.09
Cach oc gia tr ni lc nh sau: mi hang la gia tr ni lc cua mt tit din nao o cua
phn t nao o trong trng hp tai trong nao o.
V du: hang th 4 trong bang trn la ni lc cua tit din cach u trai thanh 1 khoang
1,125m cua phn t s 1 trong trng hp Tnh tai:
V2=1875kgf, M3=-1729.69kgf.m
Do kt qua trn sp xp theo th t tn phn t (ngha la th hin ni lc cua phn t 1
trong cac trng hp TT, HT1..HT6 n ni lc cua phn t 2 ...) nn kho theo doi. Ta cn sp
xp lai theo th t cua tn trng hp tai (ngha la th hin ni lc cua phn t 1, phn t 2...
trong trng hp TT n ni lc cua phn t 1, phn t 2... trong trng hp HT1 ...). Cach sp
xp trong Excel nh sau: chon cac d liu (k thm 1 hang tiu : Text-m-Text...)
Chon vung d
liu cn sp xp
(co thm 1 hang
tiu )
Trang 111
Thc hin lnh Data --> Sort:

Chon th t sp xp theo Text (2) la tn cua ct Output Case (do ct Frame cung co tn
la Text nn ct nay co tn la Text(2))
Kt qua sp xp nh sau:
1 0 DEAD 1200 2.22E-13
1 0.375 DEAD 1425 -492.19
1 0.75 DEAD 1650 -1068.75
1 1.125 DEAD 1875 -1729.69
1 1.5 DEAD 2100 -2475
2 0 DEAD -3763.82 -2475
2 1 DEAD -1963.82 388.82
2 2 DEAD -163.82 1452.64
Ni lc c sp xp theo th t phn t 1, 2, ... cua cac trng hp TT n phn t 1, 2,
... cua cac trng hp HT1 ...
Do du cua V2 ngc du vi Q nn cn nhn V2 vi -1 ao chiu. Cach thc hin
trong Excel nh sau:
- Nhp -1 vao 1 bt ky. Copy o
- Chon cac d liu cn i du:
Trang 112
- Thc hin lnh Edit --> Paste Special chon Value va Multiply

1 0 DEAD -1200 2.22E-13
1 0.375 DEAD -1425 -492.19
1 0.75 DEAD -1650 -1068.75
1 1.125 DEAD -1875 -1729.69
1 1.5 DEAD -2100 -2475
2 0 DEAD 3763.82 -2475
2 1 DEAD 1963.82 388.82
2 2 DEAD 163.82 1452.64
9. Dung cac bang tnh lp sn t hp ni lc va tnh ct thep dm:

- M file bang tnh a lp sn Dam phu (5574).xls chon Sheet TH M (t hp Moment).
BNG T HP MOMENT DM LIN TC
Phn Tit Trng hp ti trng T hp
t din TT HT1 HT2 HT3 HT4 HT5 Mmin Mmax Mtton
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.125 2'433 1'248 -195 29 -8 3 2'230 3'713 3'713
1 2.25 2'587 1'484 -391 59 -16 5 2'181 4'135 4'135
1 3.375 464 707 -586 88 -23 8 -146 1'266 -146/+1266
1 4.5 -3'938 -1'082 -781 117 -31 10 -5'833 -3'811 -5'833
2 0 -3'938 -1'082 -781 117 -31 10 -5'833 -3'811 -5'833
2 1.125 -143 -737 703 -31 8 -3 -913 569 -913/+569
2 2.25 1'374 -391 1'175 -179 48 -16 789 2'597 2'597
2 3.375 613 -45 635 -326 87 -28 213 1'335 1'335
2 4.5 -2'426 301 -918 -474 127 -41 -3'860 -1'999 -3'860
3 0 -2'426 301 -918 -474 127 -41 -3'860 -1'999 -3'860
- Bang nay c lp vi dm co 5 nhp (5 trng hp hoat tai), nn cn thm 1 ct hoat

tai bng cach chon ct HT3 (khng nn chon ct HT1 va HT5) --> chut phai --> copy -->
chut phai --> insert copy cell. Sa tn cac trng hp HT 1-6
BNG T HP MOMENT DM LIN TC

Phn Ti t Trng hp ti trng T hp
t di n TT HT1 HT2 HT3 HT4 HT5 HT6 M min M max M tton
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1.125 2'433 1'248 -195 29 29 -8 3 2'230 3'742 3'742
1 2.25 2'587 1'484 -391 59 59 -16 5 2'181 4'193 4'193
1 3.375 464 707 -586 88 88 -23 8 -146 1'354 -146/+1354
1 4.5 -3'938 -1'082 -781 117 117 -31 10 -5'833 -3'694 -5'833
2 0 -3'938 -1'082 -781 117 117 -31 10 -5'833 -3'694 -5'833
2 1.125 -143 -737 703 -31 -31 8 -3 -944 569 -944/+569
Trang 113
- Copy d liu trong ct Frame va Station cua File kt qua Sap, dan vao ct phn t va
tit din cua bang t hp nay
Copy d liu ct
Frame va Station
(ch ly ht phn
DEAD) dan vao
bang t hp
(nu mun gi lai
nh dang cua bang
t hp th chon Paste
Special --> Value
- Copy gia tr moment cua Tnh tai trong bang kt qua Sap, dan vao ct TT cua bang t
hp:
Copy gia tr moment

(ch ly ht phn
DEAD) dan vao ct
TT cua bang t hp
(nu mun gi lai
nh dang cua bang
t hp th chon Paste
Special --> Value
Trang 114
- Copy gia tr moment cua Hoat tai 1 trong bang kt qua Sap, dan vao ct HT1 cua bang
t hp:
Copy gia tr moment

(ch ly phn HT1)
dan vao ct HT1 cua
bang t hp
(nu mun gi lai
nh dang cua bang
t hp th chon Paste
Special --> Value
- C tip tuc nh vy cho n copy va dan ht cac trng hp tai trong. Tng t i vi
bang t hp lc ct, copy kt qua V2 cua Sap dan vao bang t hp lc ct.
Do bang Excel lp sn c cho ti a la dm 15 nhp nn cn xoa cac nhp 7-15 (tha)
cua bang t hp va bang tnh ct thep.
- Chuyn sang Sheet Thep Dm, chon mac B tng, mac thep, nhp b, h, a cho cac tit
din (chu y co xet n s tham gia lam vic cua canh hay khng, nu canh nm trn
-> M dng tnh vi bc, canh nm di -> M m tnh vi bc). Sau o chon ct thep.
Trang 115
V DU TNH TOAN H KHUNG BNG CHNG TRNH SAP2000
I/ S liu :
1. Cho h khung phng bng b tng M.250# co :
- Modulus an hi : E = 2.650.000 T/m2;
- H s Poisson : = 0,2;
2. Tai trong tac dung vao khung gm co :
* Tnh tai : (a k n trong lng ban thn cua dm va ct)
T/m T/m
T 0,8 T T/m T T/m T T 0,8 T
1 6 2,4 4 2,4 7 3 1
1,6T/m
3,6m
5T 2,4T/m 4T 2,4T/m 7T 2T
1,6T/m
3,6m
5T 2,4T/m 4T 2,4T/m 7T 2T
1,6T/m 3,9m
0,9m
Tnh tai
1m 3,6m 3,6m 2,4m 1m
* Hoat tai ng : c tach thanh 2 trng hp t xen ke (cach tng - cach nhp)
Trang 116
0,8T 0,8T 1,6T 1,6T

0,7T/m
3,6m
2,4T 1,1T/m 3T 1,1T/m 2,4T
3,6m
1,6T T/m 1,6T
0,7
3,9m
Hoat tai 1
0,9m
1m 3,6m 3,6m 2,4m 1m
2,4T 1,1T/m 3T 1,1T/m 2,4T 0,8T 0,8T

3,6m
1,6T T/m 1,6T

0,7
3,6m
2,4T 1,1T/m 3T 1,1T/m 2,4T

3,9m
Hoat tai 2
0,9m
1m 3,6m 3,6m 2,4m 1m

Trang 117
* Tai trong gio : gm 2 trng hp

T T
0,64 0,48
3,6m
0,36T/m 0,27T/m
3,6m
0,32T/m 0,24T/m
3,9m
0,28T/m Gio trai 0,21T/m
0,9m
1m 3,6m 3,6m 2,4m 1m
T T
0,48 0,64 3,6m
0,27T/m 0,36T/m
3,6m
T/m T/m
0,24 0,32
3,9m
0,21T/m Gio phai 0,28T/m

0,9m
1m 3,6m 3,6m 2,4m 1m
Trang 118
3. Yu cu :
- Xac nh ni lc trong h khi chu cac trng hp tai trong.
- T hp ni lc va ve biu bao ni lc.
II/ Cac bc tin hanh :

1. Lp s hnh hoc :
- Khi ng chng trnh Sap2000.
Bm vao menu trai xung
- Chon h n v Tn - m - oC : Chon n v Ton, m, C
- Vao Menu File chon lnh .
H khung phng
Chon 2D Frames, khai bao s tng, s nhp, chiu cao tng va chiu dai nhp. Ta
xem 2 console nh la 2 nhp cua dm, nh vy h khung se c khai bao co 4 nhp, 3 tng.
Trang 119
S tng Chiu cao tng

S nhp Chiu dai nhp
Nu ta bm OK tip tuc th h khung se co chiu cao cua cac tng nh nhau va bng 3m,
chiu dai cua cac nhp nh nhau va bng 6m. Do h khung y co chiu cao cac tng khac
nhau va chiu dai cac nhp cung khac nhau nn ta chon va
bm vao lnh thay i kch thc li theo ung yu cu.
Chon muc Spacing h li c th hin theo khoang cach cac
li (mc nh la Ordinates - h li c th hin theo toa cac ng li). Nhp kch
thc cac nhp va chiu cao cac tng.
Trang 120
Chon OK chp nhn cac gia tr a nhp, tr lai ca s 2D Frames, chon OK tip
chp nhn h khung a khai bao. Man hnh se th hin s h trn 2 ca s: phng va 3D,
mun th hin h trn 1 ca s theo dang phng: thc hin lnh Options --> Windows -->
, sau o chon biu tng
Man hnh luc nay se th hin s h khung 4 nhp-3 tng vi kch thc nhp va chiu cao
tng theo yu cu. Ta cn thay i lin kt gi va xoa cac thanh tha.
Chon cac thanh tha, bm phm Del (trn ban phm) xoa. Bm phm F7 (trn ban phm)
khng th hin cac ng li trn man hnh. Thc hin lnh View --> Show Axes
khng th hin gc toa trn man hnh.
Chon cac im gi thay i lin kt t lin kt gi c nh (mc nh) sang lin kt
ngam.
Chon cac nut,
Thc hin lnh Assign Joint hoc bm biu tng lnh
Trang 121
Chon lin kt ngam , .
2. Khai bao cac c trng cua h :

a. Khai bao mau i tng th hin trn man hnh va trn may in: Options Color -
-> va Options Color --> .
Chng trnh mc nh may in la may in mau do o khi in ra may in en trng thng cac
ng net rt nhat. in ra may in en trng c m cn thc hin cac bc sau:
1. Bo chon
2. Chon muc Device Type.
Trang 122
3. Chon cac i tng: (nut), (thanh), (gi),

(ch) ... i sang mau en
4. Chuyn sang phn Output: Cung chon muc Device Type. muc va
chon hp mau bn canh chuyn sang mau en.
Trang 123
b. Thit lp cac thng s v kch thc, net ... : Options Preferences

thay i cac gia tr kch thc, net ... nu cn.
B day net line th hin trn man hnh

B day net line th hin trn may in
C ch ln nht va nho nht (nu

thy ch qua to hoc qua nho th
thay i gia tr nay)
c. Khai bao c trng vt liu : vao menu Define
1. Chon loai vt liu 2. Sa i cac thng s

chnh sa cac thng s : mc nh cua vt liu
ALUM : Nhm
CONC : B tng
STEEL : Thep
H khung co vt liu bng b tng M.250#, do o ta chon loai vt liu la CONC

sa lai cac gia tr :
Trang 124
Khi lng ring r
Trong lng ring w

Modulus an hi E
H s Poisson
H s dan n nhit
Modus an hi trt (may t tnh) G
* Khi lng ring: ch dung trong bai toan dao ng.

* Trong lng ring: tnh tai trong do trong lng ban thn cua h kt cu.
* Modulus an hi: dung tnh cng kt cu, tnh kim tra bin dang - vong.
* H s Poisson: h s bin dang ngang, co anh hng rt ln n kt qua i vi kt
cu tm - vo hoc khi.
* H s dan n nhit : dung tnh bin dang, ni lc do s thay i nhit .
Tra bang trong TCVN 5574-1991, b tng M.250# co: E = 2.650.000 T/m2; = 0,2;
Cac s liu nhp c th hin nh hnh trn.
Chon chp nhn cac gia tr mi, tr v ca s Define Materials, chon
tip tr v man hnh chnh.
d. Khai bao hnh dang va kch thc tit din :
d theo doi, ta thng t tn cho cac tit din cua dm bng ch u la D, tit din
ct bng ch u la C.
Nh vy h co 7 loai tit din (dm co 4 loai tit din, ct co 3 loai tit din)
DCN25x60; DCN25x55; DCN25x40; DCN25x30
CCN25x35; CCN25x30; CTRON30
Trang 125
khai bao cac loai tit din trong h : vao menu Define :
Chon cac loai tit din t

file hnh mu (VD : Thep
hnh theo tiu chun
AISC - My ...)
1. Chon hnh dang tit

Danh sach cac loai
din cn khai bao thm
tit din a khai bao
2. Thm loai tit din mi
Chnh sa kch thc tit

din a co (loai tit din
a chon ct trai)
Mun thm vao loai tit din mi co dang hnh ch nht : Bm vao menu trai xung
, chon Add Rectangular; sau o bm
Khai bao cac thng s cho loai tit din cn thm
t tn cho loai tit din (ti a 8 ky t gm ch cai + ch s)

Chon loai
Vt liu Vt liu
Chiu cao
Chiu rng
Hnh dang tit din

c ve minh hoa
- Khai bao cac thng s cho loai tit din dm :(S liu nhp nh trn hnh)
+ Loai tit din dm hnh ch nht 0,25 x 0,6 m se co cac thng s :
Trang 126
Bm chp nhn cac thng s cua tit din. C tip tuc i vi cac tit din dm
khac.
- Khai bao cac thng s cho loai tit din ct ch nht.

+ Loai tit din ct hnh ch nht 0,25 x 0,35 m se co cac thng s :
* Tn : CCN25x35 * Vt liu : CONC (B tng)
+ Loai tit din ct hnh ch nht 0,25 x 0,3 m se co cac thng s :
* Tn : CCN25x30 * Vt liu : CONC (B tng)
+ Loai tit din ct tron : Chon hnh dang : Add Circle; bm
* Tn : CTRON30 * Vt liu : CONC *ng knh (diameter) : 0,3
Bm chp nhn cac thng s cua tit din, tr v ca s Frame Properties

Bm thoat v man hnh chnh.
Trang 127
e. Khai bao cac trng hp tai trong : theo bai co 5 trng hp tai
Nh a trnh bay, tai trong cua phn Tnh tai a tnh n trong lng ban thn cua h, nn
y ta khng khai bao trong lng ban thn cua h na.
khai bao cac trng hp tai trong : vao menu Define
H s xet n TLBT Thm t.hp mi

Tn trng hp tai Loai tai trong
Sa s liu t.hp a co
+ i vi trng hp Tnh tai :

* Tn : TT * Loai : DEAD * H s TLBT :
0
Sau khi sa gia tr chon Modify Load
+ i vi trng hp Hoat tai 1 va 2 :
* Tn : HT1 (hoc HT2) * Loai : LIVE * H s TLBT : 0
Sau khi sa gia tr chon Add New Load
+ i vi trng hp Gio trai va Gio phai :
* Tn : GT (hoc GP) * Loai : WIND * H s TLBT : 0
Sau khi sa gia tr chon Add New Load
Chon chp nhn.
f. Khai bao cac trng hp phn tch:
khai bao cac trng hp phn tch : vao menu Define
Bai toan bnh thng nu khng xet dao ng th nn xoa trng hp phn tch ng
(MODAL) khi tnh toan c nhanh hn. Chon Modal -->
Trang 128
g. Khai bao t hp tai trong (t hp ni lc) :

- Theo TCVN co 2 loai t hp ni lc: T hp c ban va T hp c bit (ng t ...)
y ta ch xet T hp c ban:
+T hp c ban 1 : Gm Tnh tai & 1 loai Hoat tai nguy him nht.
+ T hp c ban 2 : Gm Tnh tai & t 2 loai Hoat tai tr ln gy nguy him * h s
giam tai = 0,9.
Chu y: trng hp Hoat tai 1 & Hoat tai 2 la cung 1 loai, do o nu t hp gm ca
Hoat tai 1 va Hoat tai 2 th coi nh cung ch la 1 loai. Trng hp Gio trai va Gio phai khng
cung nm trong 1 t hp.
Trong Sap2000 co 4 loai t hp :
(1) Loai ADD : Cng ai s .
(2) Loai ENVE : Ly gia tr bao.
(3) Loai ABS : Cng theo gia tr tuyt i.
(4) Loai SRSS : Ly cn bc hai cua tng cac bnh phng.
Thng s dung 2 loai t hp (1) va (2).
V du :
Co 5 trng hp tai trong : TT1; TT2; TT3; TT4; TT5.
Nu khai bao T hp 1 la t hp kiu ENVE cua TT1; 0,9*TT2; 0,9*TT3:
TH1 = ENVE (TT1; 0.9*TT2; 0.9*TT3)
ta se c MK max cua TH1 = 4,5 va MK min cua TH1 = -3,6
Nu khai bao T hp 2 la t hp kiu ADD cua TT4; TT5; TH1 :
ta se c MK max cua TH2 = 6 va MK min cua TH2 = -2,1
- Trong khung ta se lit k cac t hp ni lc co th co, va ta ly t hp bao cua cac t hp
ni lc o. Nh vy cac t hp se la :
T hp c ban 1 : T hp c ban 2 :
TH1 = ADD (TT; HT1) TH6 = ADD(TT; HT1*0,9; GT*0,9)
TH7 = ADD(TT; HT1*0,9; GP*0,9)
TH2 = ADD(TT; HT2) TH8 = ADD(TT; HT2*0,9; GT*0,9)
TH3 = ADD(TT; HT1;HT2) TH9 = ADD(TT; HT2*0,9; GP*0,9)
TH4 = ADD(TT; GT) TH10 = ADD(TT; HT1*0,9; HT2*0,9; GT*0,9)
TH5 = ADD(TT; GP) TH11 = ADD(TT; HT1*0,9; HT2*0,9; GP*0,9)
T hp Bao:
BAO = ENVE (TT; TH1; TH2; TH3; TH4; TH5; TH6; TH7; TH8; TH9; TH10; TH11)
Trang 129
khai bao cac t hp tai trong : vao menu Define
Khai bao thm

cac t hp
Lit k cac t hp
a khai bao
Chon
1. Tn t hp
2. Kiu t hp
3a. Chon thanh phn

cua t hp
3b. Nhp h s nhn 4. Thm thanh phn

cua thanh phn o.
+ khai bao t hp TH1 la t hp kiu ADD cua TT va HT1 :

* t tn t hp : TH1;
* Chon kiu t hp : Linear Add;
* Chon thanh phn : DEAD; H s nhn : 1 bm nut
* Chon thanh phn : HT1; H s nhn : 1 bm nut
Chon chp nhn.
Tng t i vi cac t hp khac, khai bao tn t hp; chon kiu t hp; chon cac thanh
phn va nhp h s nhn Add; .....
- Trang 130 -
+ khai bao t hp BAO la t hp kiu Envelope cua TT va HT1-HT11 :

* t tn t hp : BAO;
* Chon kiu t hp : Envelope;
* Chon thanh phn : DEAD; H s nhn : 1 bm nut
............................
Chon chp nhn.
Chon thoat v chng trnh chnh.
- Trang 131 -
h. Thay i tn cac thanh trong h : (nu cn, d quan ly cac thanh)
Sau khi xoa cac thanh trong h, cac thanh con lai co s th t khng lin tuc va khng theo
nguyn tc, nn ta t lai tn cho cac thanh.
xem tn cua cac thanh : bm biu tng , chon Labels trong phn Frame OK.
S h trn man hnh se th hin tn cac thanh.
- Trang 132 -
Nu mun thay i tn hang loat cac thanh, chon cac thanh cn i tn, vao menu Edit
, chon Item Type la Element Labels - Frame
* Prefix : Tip u ng, cac

thanh se co tn bt u bng cac ky
t.
* Next number : s th t bt u.
* Increment : S gia (bc tng)
Th t :
* Phng uu tin 1
* Phng uu tin 2
Thanh co toa theo
phng u tin 1 ln hn se
co tn ln hn, nu bng
nhau th xet toa theo
phng u tin 2
Vao menu Edit --> Auto Relabel --> thc hin lnh.
Trong h, ta se thay i tn cac thanh theo quy lut sau :
- Thang ngang (dm) co tn bt u bng ch D tip theo la mt con s, dm trn se co s
ln hn dm di, nu 2 dm cung tng th dm bn phai co s ln hn dm bn trai.
- Thang ng (ct) co tn bt u bng ch C tip theo la mt con s, ct bn phai se
co s ln hn ct bn trai, nu 2 ct cung truc th ct trn co s ln hn ct di.
- Trang 133 -
Ta chon tt ca cac thanh ngang trong h, vao menu Edit
Chon Item Type la i tn cac thanh

Element Labels - Frame * Prefix : D0 (cac
thanh u bt u bng
ch D0).
* Next number : 1.
* Increment : 1.
Tn dm se bt u la
D01, sau o n D02, D03
Th t :
* Phng u tin 1 : Z
* Phng u tin 2 : X
Nh vy dm trn se co
s th t ln hn dm
di; dm bn phai se co
s th t ln hn dm
bn trai trong cung 1 tng
Vao menu Edit --> Auto Relabel -->
Chon tt ca cac thanh ng trong h, vao menu Edit Change Labels...
i tn cac thanh
Chon Item Type la
* Prefix : C0 (cac
Element Labels - Frame
thanh u bt u bng
ch C0).
* Next number : 1.
* Increment : 1.
Tn ct se bt u la C01,
sau
Th o
t :n C02, C03 ....
* Phng u tin 1 : X
* Phng u tin 2 : Z
Nh vy ct bn phai se
co s th t ln hn ct
bn trai; ct trn se co s
th t ln hn ct di
trong cung 1 truc
- Trang 134 -
Cac thanh trong h se co tn nh th hin trn hnh sau
3. Gan cac tnh cht va tai trong cho cac phn t trong h :
Chu y: cn chon i tng trc ri mi thc hin lnh gan.
a. Gan tit din:
Chon cac i tng bng cach bm chut trc tip vao i tng hoc r chut bao
quanh i tng o (keo t trai qua phai hoc t phai qua trai)
Gan tit din cho cac thanh trong h:
* Chon cac thanh dm D01 va D03
R chut t phai
qua trai chon
- Trang 135 -
Thc hin lnh gan : vao menu Assign Frame/Cable/Tendon

hoc bm biu tng lnh , chon tit din DCN25x60 OK
Chon loai tit din

gan cho thanh
Chp nhn
Tng t i vi cac thanh khac.
b. Khai bao s tit din xut kt qua:

Nu s tit din nhiu, biu se mn va chnh xac hn, nhng bang kt qua se nhiu,
kho theo doi.
- Trang 136 -
Nu s tit din t, biu se khng chnh xac (co dang gay khuc thay v dang ng
cong), nhng bang kt qua se d quan ly.
Do o nu ly kt qua la biu ni lc th khai bao s lng tit din la mt s kha
ln (khoang 9-15 tit din mi thanh), nu ly kt qua la bang s liu ni lc th khai bao s
tit din xut kt qua trong cac thanh ng (ct) la 2 tit din, trong cac thanh ngang (dm)
la 5 tit din.
Chon cac thanh cn thay i s tit din xut ni lc --> Assign --> Frame/ Cable/
Tendon --> , hoc chon biu tng lnh
Nhp s lng tit din

xut kt qua
Nu xut kt qua sang

Excel th nn bo chon cac
muc nay. Nu in biu
th khng bo muc nay
c. Gan tai trong tac dung :

c1. Tai trong tp trung tai nut :
Chon nut, vao menu Assign Joint Loads hoc bm biu tng
lnh
Chon trng hp tai

trong cua tai trong
cn gan
Khai bao gia tr lc

va moment theo
phng X; Y; Z.
(moment xac nh Thm tai trong nay
theo chiu vn nut vao tai trong a co
chai)
Thay tai trong a co

bng tai trong nay
c2. Tai trong tp trung trn thanh :

Chon thanh, vao menu Assign Frame/ Cable/ Tendon Loads
hoc bm biu tng lnh
- Trang 137 -
Chon trng hp tai

trong cua tai trong
cn gan
Khai bao phng
cua lc. Thm tai trong nay
Gravity : phng vao tai trong a co
trong lc, chiu
dng hng xung
Thay tai trong a co
bng tai trong nay
Khai bao gia tr va
khoang cach cac lc
tp trung (ti a c
4 lc)
Co 2 cach tnh khoang cach t lc:
-Relative: tng i
- Absolute: tuyt i
c3. Tai trong phn b u trn thanh :

Chon thanh, vao menu Assign Frame Loads hoc bm biu
tng lnh
Chon trng hp tai

cua tai trong cn
t lc
Khai bao phng

cua lc.
Gravity : phng
trong lc, chiu
dng hng xung
Chu y: nhng gia tr

tai trong nay phai =0
Khai bao gia tr cua
tai trong phn b u
c4. Tai trong phn b dang 4 im trn thanh :

Chon thanh, vao menu Assign Frame Loads hoc bm biu
tng lnh
- Trang 138 -
Chon trng hp tai

cua tai trong cn
t lc
Khai bao phng

cua lc.
Gravity : phng
trong lc, chiu
dng hng xung
Khai bao gia tr va

khoang cach cua tai
trong phn b 4 im
Chu y: gia tr
tai trong phn
b u nay
phai =0
Ap dung gan tai trong cho cac trng hp trong h :

* Tnh tai :
- Lc tp trung:
+ Chon nut 2 u console, vao menu Assign Joint Loads
hoc bm biu tng lnh , chon Load Case Name la TT, t gia tr Force Global Z = -1
OK
+ Tng t: chon cac nut khac nhp gia tr tai trong tng ng. Ta c s tai
trong tp trung tai nut nh hnh sau:
- Trang 139 -
- Lc tp trung trn thanh :

Chon cac dm nhp 7,2m, vao menu Assign Frame/ Cable/ Tendon Loads
hoc bm biu tng lnh . Nhp khoang cach theo kiu Tuyt i, gia tr lc
4T tai v tr 3,6m --> OK.
Ta c s tai trong tp trung trn thanh nh hnh sau:
- Trang 140 -
- Lc phn b u:
+ Chon 2 console, vao menu Assign Frame Loads hoc
bm biu tng lnh , chon Load Case Name la TT, chon Direction la Gravity, t gia tr
Uniform Load = 0,8T/m.
+ Tng t: chon cac thanh khac, nhp gia tr tai trong tng ng. Ta c s
tai trong phn b u trn thanh nh hnh sau:
- Trang 141 -
Lu y : do trn man hnh ch hin th 1 loai tai trong, nn sau khi khai bao tai trong phn b
th trn man hnh hin th tai phn b th se khng "thy" cac lc tp trung. iu nay la bnh
thng.
Nu mun xem y u ca tai tp trung va tai phn b trn man hnh th vao menu
Display Show Loads Assign
- Trang 142 -
* Hoat tai 1 & Hoat tai 2 :

Khai bao tng t nhng chu y mi khi khai bao sang tai trong trong trng hp hoat tai
mi cn thay i Load Case Name
* Gio trai va Gio phai :

Khai bao tng t nhng chu y mi khi khai bao sang tai trong trong trng hp hoat tai
mi cn thay i Load Case Name, va khai bao phng cua lc la X.
- Trang 143 -
Ring tai trong gio phn b tac dung ln ct tng 1, du la tai trong phn b u nhng do
khng tac dung trn sut ca chiu dai thanh nn tai trong nay thuc dang tai trong phn b 4
im ( y dung 2 im khai bao, chon khoang cach loai Tuyt i, khoang cach im 1 la
0,9m; im 2 la 4,8m).
- Trang 144 -
4. Chay chng trnh tnh :

- Khai bao cac thng s tnh toan : vao menu Analyze
Khai bao cac bc t do hoat ng.
Chon nhanh cac bc t do hoat ng tuy tng loai h.
H khung khng gian
H khung phng
trong mt phng XZ H dan khng gian
H a cho la h khung phng nn ta chon :
- Chay chng trnh tnh : vao menu Analyze (hoc

bm biu tng lnh )
- Trang 145 -
Trc khi chay chng trnh tnh Sap2000 se t ng Save (lu) file s liu, nn nu trc
o ta cha Save file s liu vao a th Sap2000 se t ng lu va yu cu chung ta nhp tn
file. (Tn file s liu co phn m rng - ui file la : sdb)
Nu thy dong cui cung la ANALYSIS COMPLETE th s liu nhp vao khng b li
va chng trnh tnh a xac nh c ni lc trong h.
Sau khi chay chng trnh tnh th Sap se khoa s liu (biu tng khoa trn man hnh se
ong lai ), nu mun sa s liu a nhp th phai m khoa bng cach bm vao biu tng
, luc o se tr thanh )
Trn man hnh by gi la s bin dang cua h.
5. Xem kt qua phan lc, ni lc :
- Xem kt qua phan lc : vao menu Display Show Forces/Stresses
(hoc bm vao du mui tn bn canh biu tng chon Joints)
- Trang 146 -
Chon trng hp tai

cn xem phan lc
Nu chon Show as Arrows th phan lc

c th hin di dang cac mui tn lc,
(moment c th hin bng mui tn
theo quy tc vn nut chai va co 2 du
mui tn u)
Xem phan lc theo dang lit k gia tr
Xem phan lc theo dang mui tn lc (Show as Arrows)
- Xem kt qua ni lc : vao menu Display Show Forces/Stresses

(hoc bm vao du mui tn bn canh biu tng chon Frames/Cables)
- Trang 147 -
Chon trng hp tai

cn xem ni lc
Chon thanh phn ni lc cn xem :
* Lc doc (N)
* Lc ct 2-2 (Q)
* Lc ct 3-3
* Moment xon
* Moment un 2-2
* Moment un 3-3 (M)
T en biu
Chon ty l cac tung :
* T ng Hin th gia tr cac tung

* Nhp ty l (phai khng chon t en biu
)
Biu moment M3-3 cua Tnh tai
- Trang 148 -
Do khai bao s tit din xut ni lc trong dm la 5 va trong ct la 2 nn biu khng

c trn mn. Nu mun biu c mn, m khoa, chon tt ca cac thanh, gan s lng tit
din (lnh ) khoang 9-15 ri chay lai.
Nu mun xem ni lc chi tit trong thanh th bm chut phai vao thanh cn xem.
V tr (khoang cach
n u trai thanh)
Gia tr ni lc (Q va
M) tai v tr o
vong doc theo

chiu dai thanh.
- Trang 149 -
Biu bao moment

(chon t hp BAO khi thc hin lnh xem biu )
- Trang 150 -
Biu Lc ct V2-2 (Shear 2-2 ) cua Tnh tai
co c biu theo ung chiu Q , ta khai bao ty l

tung co du "-"
- Trang 151 -
Biu Lc ct V2-2 (Shear 2-2 ) cua Tnh tai sau khi khai bao ty l "-"
6. In kt qua phan lc, ni lc :

- In biu ang hin th trn man hnh : vao menu File Print Graphics
( ), hoc bm vao biu tng
- In gia tr phan lc va ni lc ra file Excel x ly s liu tnh: vao menu Display
Show Table...
- Trang 152 -
Chon cac trng hp hoc t hp

tai trong xut kt qua
a. Chon d liu xut kt qua: (chu y i sang n v kgf-m-C nu mun dung Excel tnh
ct thep)
- Phan lc: ANALYSIS RESULTS Joint Output Reactions Table: Joint
Reactions.
- Ni lc trong thanh: ANALYSIS RESULTS Element Output Frame Output
Table: Element Forces - Frames
b. Chon Trng hp tai trong hoc t hp tai trong xut kt qua ( )
Chon cac trng hp tai trong: Tnh Tai (DEAD), Hoat tai 1, 2, Gio trai, Gio phai. (Gi
phm Crtl khi nhn chut chon c nhiu trng hp), chon OK chp nhn.
Chon OK xut kt qua.
- Trang 153 -
Vao menu File Export all Table ( ) To Excel ( ) xut kt qua

sang Excel. Chon Done ( ) tr v man hnh Sap2000.
Kt qua ni lc xut sang Excel co dang nh sau:
Frame Station OutputCase CaseType P V2 V3 T M2 M3 FrameElem ElemStation
Text m Text Text Kgf Kgf Kgf Kgf-m Kgf-m Kgf-m Text m
C01 0 DEAD LinStatic -48464.95 -962.69 0 0 0 -1443.86 1 0
C01 4.8 DEAD LinStatic -48464.95 -962.69 0 0 0 3177.03 1 4.8
C01 0 HT1 LinStatic -9367.98 35.74 0 0 0 39.46 1 0
C01 4.8 HT1 LinStatic -9367.98 35.74 0 0 0 -132.08 1 4.8
C01 0 HT2 LinStatic -15134.81 -547.94 0 0 0 -803.71 1 0
C01 4.8 HT2 LinStatic -15134.81 -547.94 0 0 0 1826.42 1 4.8
C01 0 GT LinStatic 3279.29 2960.2 0 0 0 7001.98 1 0
C01 4.8 GT LinStatic 3279.29 1868.2 0 0 0 -5077.6 1 4.8
C01 0 GP LinStatic -3294.79 -2849.72 0 0 0 -6883.28 1 0
C01 4.8 GP LinStatic -3294.79 -2030.72 0 0 0 5198.32 1 4.8
- Do quy c du V2 va Q trong dm ngc nhau nn cn ao du V2 trong cac thanh dm.

- Do bang kt qua nay sp xp theo tn phn t, do o cn sp xp lai theo tn trng hp
tai.
- Copy d liu t bang kt qua nay vao file bang tnh Excel lp sn tnh ct thep dm va
ct khung (file Khung (5574).xls), cach tin hanh tng t nh trong v du dm.
c. Mun xut hnh ve (biu ) trn man hnh ra thanh file anh chen vao trong Word:
Thc hin lnh File --> Capture Enhanced Metafile --> User Region in Current Windows
(hoc t hp phm tt Ctrl-Shift-R): t tn cho file anh, sau o chon vung hnh ve trn man
hnh xut ra file anh. Trong Word dung lnh Insert --> Picture --> From file tm va chen
file anh o vao file vn ban Word.
- Trang 154 -
PH LC
Cc nt lnh trn Thanh cng c ca Sap2000 :
1. Standard (tiu chun)
New Model... : To m hnh (file) mi
Open ... : M file d liu c trn a
Save : Lu d liu ca m hnh hin ti vo file.
Print Graphics : In hnh nh th hin trn ca s hin hnh ra my in.
Undo : Hu lnh va thc hin.
Redo : Khi phc lnh va b hu.
Refresh Window : Lm ti mn hnh.
Lock Model : Kho m hnh, khng th nhp s liu.

Run Analysis : Chy chng trnh phn tch sau khi nhp xong d liu.
Rubber Band Zoom : Phng to vng ca s c ko bng chut
Restore Full View : Nhn ton h.
Previous Zoom : Tr li cch nhn ngay trc .
Zoom In One Step : Phng to h ln mt cp.
Zoom Out One Step : Thu nh h xung mt cp.
Pan : Dch chuyn khung nhn xem cc v tr khc ca h.
Set Default 3D View : Xem h di dng 3D (gc nhn mc nh).
Set XY View : Xem h di dng 2D, trn mt phng XY
Set XZ View : Xem h di dng 2D, trn mt phng XZ
Set YZ View : Xem h di dng 2D, trn mt phng YZ

Set Named View : Lu hoc khi phc cch nhn lu trc .
Rotate 3D View : Xoay h, dng chut ko h xoay theo cc hng.
Perspective Toggle : Chuyn i qua li gia hnh chiu trc o v hnh chiu phi cnh
Move Up in List : Dch mt phng nhn 2D ln li ngay trn.
Move Down in List : Dch mt phng nhn 2D xung li ngay di.
Object Shrink Toggle : Chuyn i gia cch xem co ngn h vi cch xem bnh thng.
Set Display Option : Chn cc tnh cht i tng th hin trn mn hnh.
- Trang 155 -
Assign to Group... : Gn cc i tng c chn cho nhm.
2. View (Xem)
Show Joints : Th hin nt trn s tnh
Show Frames : Th hin thanh trn s tnh
Show Shells : Th hin tm trn s tnh
Show Grid : Th hin li.
Show Axes : Th hin k hiu h to XYZ.
Show Selection Only : Ch th hin nt cc i tng c chn
Show All : Th hin tt c cc i tng trn s tnh
3. Edit (Son tho, hiu chnh)

Cut : Ct i tng, a vo b nh Clipboard ca Windows.
Copy : Sao chp i tng, a vo b nh Clipboard ca Windows.
Paste... : Dn i tng t b nh Clipboard ca Windows vo h.
Delete : Xo cc i tng c chn.
Replicate... : Nhn bn cc i tng c chn.
Set Coordinate System... : Khai bo, iu chnh h to v h li trc.
Merge Points... : Ni cc im ln cn nhau trong khong cch khai bo thnh 1 im.
Align Points... : Cn hng cc nt c cng to theo 1 phng no .
Move Point... : Di chuyn i tng n v tr mi
Mesh Areas... : Chia cc phn t tm c chn thnh nhiu tm nh
Join Frames : Ni cc phn t thanh lin tc v thng hng thnh 1 thanh
Divide Frames... : Chia cc thanh c chn thnh nhiu thanh nh
4. Snap (t ch bt dnh)
Points and Grid Intersections : im nt v giao im h li trc.
Ends and Midpoints : im u v trung im ca phn t
Intersections : Giao im ca cc phn t.
Perpendicular Projections : C hng n vung gc vi cnh phn t
Lines and Edges : im bt dnh nm dc theo thanh hoc bin ca tm
- Trang 156 -
Fine Grid : Bt dnh vo giao im h li con, kch thc h li con

c khai bo trong Option
5. Draw (V thm cc i tng)
Set Select Mode : Chuyn sang ch chn
Set Reshape Element Mode : Chuyn sang ch chnh v tr cc im nt ca phn t.
Draw Special Joint : V thm cc im bng cch kch chut.
Draw Frame/Cable : V thm thanh bng cch kch chut vo v tr 2 u thanh.
Quick Draw Frame/Cable : V nhanh thanh bng cch kch chut vo cc ng li

trc
Quick Draw Braces : V nhanh thanh ging bng cch kch chut vo gia cc
li trc
Quick Draw Secondary Beams : V nhanh h dm ph
Draw Quad Area : V tm t gic hoc tam gic bng cch kch chut vo cc
nt
Draw Rectangular Area : V nhanh tm ch nht bng cch kch chut vo 2 gc

cho
Quick Draw Area : V nhanh tm bng cch kch chut vo gia li trc.
6. Define (Khai bo cc thuc tnh trong h)

Materials... : Khai bo tnh cht vt liu
Frame/Cable Sections... : Khai bo cc loi v kch thc tit din thanh.
Area Sections... : Khai bo cc loi v kch thc tit din tm
Mass Source... : Khai bo cch xc nh khi lng ca h.
Joint Constraints... : Khai bo cc rng buc ca cc nhm nt
Loads... : Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng.
Analysis Cases... : Khai bo cc trng hp phn tch
Response Combinations... : Khai bo cc t hp ti trng trong h.
7. Select (Chn i tng)
All : Chn tt c cc i tng trong h.
- Trang 157 -
Get Previous Selection : Chn li nhng i tng va c chn trong lnh trc .
Clear Selection : Hu chn tt c cc i tng
Intersecting Line : Chn bng cch v ng ct qua cc i tng cn chn.
8. Point and Joint Assigns (Gn tnh cht cho nt)

Restraints... : Gn lin kt (cng) ni t cho cc nt c chn
Springs... : Gn lin kt n hi cho cc nt c chn
Masses... : Gn khi lng tp trung cho cc nt c chn
Forces... : Gn ti trng vo cc nt c chn
Displacements... : Gn chuyn v cng bc vo cc nt c chn
9. Frame and Line Assigns (Gn tnh cht cho thanh)

Frame Section... : Gn tit din cho cc thanh c chn
Frame Releases/Partial Fixity... : Gii phng lin kt ti 2 u ca cc thanh c chn
End (Length) Offsets... : Khai bo vng cng ti 2 u thanh ca cc thanh c chn
Output Stations... : Khai bo s im xut kt qu ni lc cho cc thanh c chn
Local Axes... : Khai bo gc xoay h to a phng ca cc thanh c chn
Line Springs... : Khai bo cng ca lin kt n hi tip xc dc trc thanh.
Line Mass... : Khai bo khi lng dc trc thanh.
Point... : t ti trng tp trung tc dng vo cc thanh c chn
Distributed... : t ti trng phn b vo cc thanh c chn
Temperature... : Khai bo ti trng nhit tc dng vo thanh.
10. Shell and Area Assigns (Gn tnh cht cho tm)
Sections... : Gn tit din cho cc tm c chn
Area Stiffness Modifiers... : Khai bo cc h s iu chnh cng ca tm.
Local Axes... : Khai bo gc xoay h to a phng ca cc tm c chn.
Area Springs... : Khai bo cng n hi tip xc vi cc mt ca tm.
Area Mass... : Khai bo khi lng phn b trn din tch tm.
Uniform... : Khai bo ti trng phn b u trn b mt tm.
Temperature... : Khai bo ti trng nhit tc dng vo tm.
- Trang 158 -
11. Display (Th hin s , kt qu ...)
Show Undeformed Shape : Th hin s cha bin dng ca h
Show Deformed Shape... : Th hin s bin dng ca h di tc dng ca cc trng

hp ti trng
Show Forces/Stresses : Th hin phn lc, biu ni lc ca cc phn t di tc

dng ca cc trng hp ti trng
(chn i tng t menu tri xung)
12. Design (Thit k tit din)

Steel Frame Design : Chn cc lnh t menu tri xung thc hin cng vic thit
k kt cu thp
Concrete Frame Design : Chn cc lnh t menu tri xung thc hin cng vic thit
k kt cu b tng ct thp
- Trang 159 -

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I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

CC KIN THC C BN V PHN TCH KT CU

I. Phng php phn t hu hn

2. Trnh t gii bi ton kt cu bng phn mm PTHH:

II. Phn mm phn tch v thit k kt cu Sap2000

M hnh tnh khng hn ch s nt v s phn t nu dung lng trng cng cn nhiu.

III. S nguyn l hot ng ca Sap2000 :

V im u cc V ng Chia nh ng sut trc

Vt liu Gii phng lin kt

IV. H to s dng trong Sap2000 :

4. c trng tit din thanh (frame section)

5. im chn (insertion point)

8. Trng lng bn thn (Sefl-weight load)

Lc theo phng Z Moment theo phng Z

Lc theo phng 2 Moment theo phng 2

10. Ti trng phn b trn thanh (Distributed span load)

Lc phn b theo Moment phn b theo

11. Ni lc, xut kt qu ni lc (Internal force output)

Moment v lc ct chnh Th nn Moment v lc ct ph

Ni lc ca thanh c tnh ton trong tt c cc trng hp ti trng v c xut ra kt qu ti 2

Tm t gic (4 nt) Tm tam gic (3 nt)

Kt cu dng tam gic Dng trn Mt rng v hn Mt chuyn tip

+ Trc 2 c chiu hng ln, tr trng hp i vi phn t nm ngang, lc trc 2 s c

Trc 3 vung gc mt phng

3. c trng tit din (Section)

+ Chiu dy mng c s dng xc nh trng lng v khi lng bn thn ca phn t

Lc dc trc v lc ct trong mt phng Moment un v moment xon

+ Bin ca phn t cng nh l v tr cc nt cn phi t ti nhng v tr (im, ng thng,

X' X' X'' X''

+ Rng (null) : chuyn v khng nh hng n kt cu v c b qua trong qu trnh phn

H khung khng gian

Ngoi lin kt gi cng, cc nt trong h cn c th c lin kt n hi (spring) theo cc phng

S dng rng buc kiu diaphragm m hnh cc nt thuc sn cng

LM QUEN SAP2000 (GETTING STARTED)

- i tng khi (Solid object) : dng m hnh kt cu khi 3 chiu.

6. Trng hp phn tch :

- Khai bo cng ct thp fy tng ng vi mc thp theo TCVN nh sau :

II. Giao din chng trnh:

+ Hp iu khin xem kt qu dao ng.

Dy Menu Thanh cng c

Dng trng thi Hp n v

Ca s chnh ca chng trnh

2. Cc nt lnh trn thanh cng c: Cc nt lnh c tp hp theo nhm, cc nhm nt

Xem hnh nh 2D theo mt bng XY Xem hnh nh 2D theo mt phng XZ

Rotate 3D View (Xoay gc nhn ca hnh nh 3 chiu)

Hnh chiu 3D phi cnh Hnh chiu 3D trc o

Nt P. t Thanh Tng qut chung

Thu ngn chiu di phn t khi Chn t mu (Fill) phn t tm

Chn Extrude View Chn Show Bouding Box

b. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm Hin th (Display)

Chn Trng hp ti trng

B chn Show as Arrows:

Chn Trng hp ti trng

Chn Thnh phn ni lc cn th hin

Biu Lc dc trong h Biu Lc dc trong h

c. Cc nt lnh thuc nhm V (Draw)

Ko chut t tri sang phi: Ko chut t phi sang tri:

Ko u thanh t nt 1450 n nt 1191

Chn phn t 1321

Draw Frame/Cable Element (V phn t thanh): ch v ny, ta c th v thm vo h

C th chn loi tit din cho p.t cn v

Kch chut ti ng li Kch chut bao quanh cc ng li