=e | 21 Step Ir analyek _asieg PAY Curves @ Geneatrm oy PY ewurea Generation A PY Crvrnre will be A park B computer progeaumme - PPL- RP2A Beck 6. gever methods fer generating PY Curved am Soff Clag and sand . Hoieve. at does nel give any meltod fer olf clay . Soil investigahi Aesults indicate. that tke soil at- ae sile Consists 6B eltaer Sand or stifh Clay. For generating Py curves jor Sand metnocl géveu vin Pasar 617-6 é 6-7-7 4 API-RP2+ Seenm 6 usill be folloue? considering cychee beading However ye aiff Wg Py Cwewved wall be Aerated by wsing me thad given pe cycle heading an paral 4 dhe paper “Unified Ine too pec analyser oy laterally doared poles wn clay ” by WR. Sullivan , LC Reese and 6-0. Ferake . (Copy attached ) SE 2000 1-86JOB Heer No.5 3 TOTAL SHEETS THLE MADE BY DATE ‘SEY NO. JOB NO. Aetical aingle poile amalyars unll be. 4d follows . For this tkerdlve proceduss 44 pollo by mactefying atandard rliffnen malirx frogéamme - Proce Dure. oo laiat down below) Lill be followed an thas computer progeamm Ryo Zz R \ Ley Y Xx rh _ . \ DESIGN ef MUD LINE FL Soil springs te 7epresen bt Secant line in P-Y curves C Number of sptigs shown te indicative only ) <— an yet “p = Yet MG Fla: a Where Yun & dy ane hwrizontad eleflectiana nae oh and y dice Y _%& SECANT Line bed) e SE 2000 1-95JOB SHEET NO. 52, TOTAL SHEETS MADE BY ‘SET NO, Tine DATE JOB NO. Details A, iterdlive procedure ro 22 follows Most critical values 4 moments Med My and shease Rx 2 Ry an typ vetiat planes are obtained by stepI analyus 2) In Step analysis , single pile modelled os @ space element as shoum th the Segue. Ihe pile will be applied Lrtth the critical moment and shears ak the bop $ the crikical combinati induder any apeplted dead along the length of dhe pile that Load will alee be applied. Below the mud Line. tie Sol ull be represented by horigentel Spungo in loth vertecal plames don the frol analysis the value xf he springs shalt he such tral ther yecrtouat resultard— wi be equal le te spe of he Secavd— lene shoum an the pry curve heagiawr une yp ts the Veetginl eeenbtact ot tre kim herr qorted Aeflectiong along x 8 Y direghins , PRY Cowes fr 2 prenge ab acbbetent] fevela wilt be clidhenert- aleper or depth ot the appiicakion peta oh the sfrerg and aok property qk thak depth and By Ovure her Corresponding depth yer cach Springs ‘SE 2000 1-8508 TILE MADE BY DATE SHEET No. S5| TOTAL SHEETS ‘SET NO. JOB NO. will be weed & arrive at Ine slowe of the gerant- Ame. Jmitiakly game Aasemed Sper9 constauls ill be 4se§ and horugené ceflechme A the ple at Vertonr afrung level Yp Aeguared 'P" unil be worked out Maing 2espechie PY curve. This 'P/ will be along Aesultart"Yp' clirection. Thee Pwill b# resolu Aoipechvely. peyised spring constants along 7 y will Aepectively be ae PiPoihyy B SPRY, the sphing represent. Apter Aewising spring const bor elk springo the pile will be Aeancdyed Z amd newisedr deflections will Thin procedure of eevsing Spurg constants ond 4¢2.Ama & pole wth be Aepeatedt til the deflection ak mur ane ob arg 5 pethatran 29 within SK of that oblaine in the prevroug Lteration. BE fis sbage— the jterative procedute ve obopped and BM.s and shears fer he aue and Prented « Aclived lengtr of pre & be provide? helotg nud lene util be. equal & the de/-th at whith bending moment wn pile ao efe / pile has Suppcient Vote cd in &e bon Wik be worked cut. BLany resultant deflectton Jnlb components ' Pa! and Py along 2 and where ‘SH! ig yeatical cont butory thickness ¢ sol op be calentated, poles e202 ercnkeed & vided foe pie joa vel » Otrerwrse. Phe forle will f7 tcl. i-& x capacy. ___ a ‘SE 2000 1-95 Ce nt pte opine quot adequate verticn! beat17. Unified method for analysis of laterally loaded piles in clay W. R. SULLIVAN, MSCE (recently Staff Engineer, ARMAC Engineers, Inc, Tampa, Florida, now Geotechnical Engineer, Golder Associates, Atlanta, Georgia), LC. REESE, PE, PhD, (T. U. Taylor Professor of Civil Engineering and Associate Dean, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin) and C. W. FENSKE, PE, MSCE (Manager of Engineering, McClelland Engineers, Inc., Houston, Texas) The behaviour of a pile under ltr rating i whtained hy: aig on equation Dy dtl computct. The equation inluler 1 erm at each depth for the soil matulus. The wl response siren By afar of cures glug sil resistetee ef fuicion {af rile deftesion (Py cuees). The seit modular scans the py curves and can ver in anv arbitrary manner with depth ‘ww major experimental programmes have been performed in the feK mn ful sze.nsiranented piles in ela thats sub- merged. One sors of experiments was performed sft media clay andthe other inst clay. Results from these 100) stiles hove licen reonlysed nde unified method has Been proposed for prediting p-¥ curves for eay. Te properits of Ie clay are piven By the undrained shear strength he rubmerged mail wight ond the she of the srt strat eure, THe ‘method con treet the eaes of shot ter and repeated naling and canbe applied 10 the analsis of piles fans geometry, tiffues and Ple lead fity. Protietins of pile behaviour were eae using the unified metiod and were compared vith ‘resus Joya experinents. The unified meta hat been shown to bean acceptable gppnvach. A mbt of practea! problems an be attacked with considerable succes, Agrecmiont Detween predictions with the enalytical method end experimental ‘resus are good or show the analytical method tobe somewhat conscratre, ixtRODUCTION ‘While axially loaded ples frequently may be designed sat- factoily by simple static methods, the design procedure “or laterally loaded ples mote complex, involving the soluionof sfourh-order differential equation. The salution ‘must ensute that condtionsof equilbriom and compatibility 2e satisfied. The problem of laterally ded pls Facher ‘complicated beeause ofthe norinen sil espanse, 2. The differential equation ta be sohe, 25 denied om conventional beam theory! 8 ay ey eZ op pe a at Pega Po ® vere ET is fexuralrigity of pie, is deflexion of pile, is length slong ple, Py is ex londand ps sol teaction ber unit length. Equation (1) may be solved conveniently by a digital compute; however, nondimensional methods may sometimes be employed 10 yield an acceptable sol lution. Both methods of aokition give all the. necessary ‘esign information, including. the momeat, dflecon and shear at dated lent along the pe INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Numerical metho SOIL RESPONSE 3. The approach 10 solving the problem of lately loaced lls based on the assumption atebuted to Winkle The sol surrounding « pile i depleted as 3 set ‘of nonineat elastic springs, and the Winkler assumption States that each spring acs independently. The depresion fof one sug hat no effect on an adjacent sping, 18 ob- ‘ious tha: ine Winkler assumption i not valid for sis: however, the errors involved is the ue of the assumption a relatively seal 4 I isconvesient to think ofthe sol response in terms 'p-y! core. Fig. 1 defines the concept. Part (4) of the ‘igure shows Us depth at which the soll Beheviour & con sidered. Part (b) depicts the probable earth pressure iar btion prio co uny lateral loading Part (¢) shows a possible ‘earth plesucecistrbution ser the section under consi Monts deflected distance As the deffenion increase, the soll resistance on the section of the shaft changes, A posible family of py curves is shown in Fig. 2; each core ‘presents the sali Behaviour at «diferent depth, 'S. For convenience in solving equation (1), # secant odulos of git renction,£y often uted (Pa. 3) Ee @ offer ping ICE, Landon, 1980, 135-146 BsSULLIVAN, REESE AND PENSE er aurace, Tet ais inne fed to tecornmendations for the predict offs ‘of p coves. Bret desenpliont of the progromsnes ent hee senate preserted fo the falowing Sections, EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME WITH PILIS iN SOFT CLAY 7. Matlock* performed lateral load teas employing = steel pipe pile 325 an in diameter and T2R 9 net Ie was deve foto oly wear Lake Asotin tha kal» ahea stucngth of about 38 kDa. The ple was tecovezed then 10 Fig. 1. Graphiest definition ofp and y: fo) pile clesetion; (0) view AA = carth pressure distribution prior 10 lateral Tooding: fe] view AA ~ earth pressure dsributon aftr lt cra oating — oe Fig. 2. poy curves 136 SH. 57 ‘stuns se, Tener ern slay mith ashes 6 hat averaged about 14 K0 in the Sgnicant upper aon ‘8 Femilles of Mending moment curve wee obtaly feustance tale paages he ple, Ses of Touling and othr act wete obtaied for ‘ysic loading. The eliccts of sil cteep were comand ta the short ters testing. In the cycle tet, « 10a of giv 2 Principles of mechani wee ennpoyed tothe etent poe ible and equathone mete developed fr presictan Of poy frees os the bass af wl propolis ple geomeley, and fate of oatng 9. Matlock resumed the fllowsog pede fy ig 3, Musration ofthe secant modutas i oy Fe. 4. Characteristic shapes of py curves for soft below the water surface: (a) thor term static odin: yell bading naesteength Stained smued in Pepin tending fined? cent pos ofp y nya ore for Low, NSP or or soft clay Loading: (0) 1 cuoves fon aft Ata “ o « 10, 40) ® vs woe Far aoa tem tate being (Fg ‘Obtain the bet pouible estimate of she wi searatenghandeffective una wei! Wit ‘Also aban the value of ey the svi covespenn ing ts ene hall the axiom pictpal sees: ference I oe values of ¢yq ae aatabe, typi valiessuggesed by Shenspen® ate gern Table | Conipate the ullimate sol rate per sit eng fF the pie, py: we the smal of he wale ve by the equations below pan fte bee Saboe “ P= 85h where as average effecine nit went fi tour Userace tadepth ofp cuive.©iintance fon ground surface to depth of p cute, ay 6 tndraine shear stenqth a depth «an i wilt ‘of pile, The vale ofp is commuted at cach depth where 3 7 conve fe dested, based on) shear rength tat depth Compute the deflesion, ty, x oxe Bui the wlth sale soi tesittance fon the fallowing equation Pee 825 660d o Points desribing the p-y cure From the following relatos 138 conspated Pip. * 0S (rhrs0) © The value ofp remains constant at, beyond ay value of 940 ‘The following procedure is fr cyclic loading (Fg CConsteuc! the p-y curve in the same manner as for short tem statis loading for values of p less than 0.72. Soive equations (3) and (4) simultaneously to find {he depth, 2, where the eaasion occurs. If the Unit weight ad searsirengih ave constant an the uppee 204g then 6b o b+ 05% the unitweight and shea seth vary wit depth, te value of x; should ve computed sath the rit fropertiey at the depth where the py cure is bested ~ BW the death of the pay curs bs pester than oF ‘equal to xq then p © 0.729, fot all values of ‘rear than Bye, the depth to thep-y cure & less than x» then ‘he value ofp decreases from 0720, a8 Y = 376 to thegraue given by the folowing expiesion at vB a! = SH 5B QD FOR ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED FILES INCLAY Tal 1. Suggest Yalues of eye fo" sft clay NOTATION 4 coxMisiet used to define the shape ofthe conse forthe unified clay erterie. Ac} empirical parameters for develophig py cures 4 for sielay elow water surface o width oF pe Bw Fexutsl ty of ile be secant aul gui extion KL slope of portion of pp curve for suff clay below water Su Fy slope of intial partion of py curve for sit clay below water suave Vig Mage ul yontnon i py cure for EE clay Gade rincpal ries difference 4 vee ware Tning mime valve of sil modules on Deyreure for une cy exe Coeficem vied to define detection of wt a Tae deformations for son term i orthe wed coy cera Content of bozo vnyade mds Setficen of ail sll dele for cylc {Satine for tly below water tse {oeticent of inl senate for sot em Sto oatig fr iff clay below water sce Gun ne rol rextare factor enlayed in developmest tuned cy ete for ly below wet Suce plaicay inde hal ond on ple {ol esion per ui length of pe Da eye tance on Py re Shimae sd vestece per anit length of pie teil sai ester cycle poy eure for ied ce exter Guan urd in developing p-y curve for tt Sav bebow water suace dried hea strenght epth remge retained sel shear rengh above acpi tigi length log or dtancs om ground surtice to depth at whch p-y cure spl epi below ground suse transition in iar atatner etna deflexion of pile " ‘tive of) 4 amon pot on py cave for {ic lodding fori cy blow water sree teson ws hal the lowe vol resance ‘tect unk weight ofl frerag effete uit weight fom pound ut fac te depth which py cue applies fin corrapondingt ont bl he maxim 137SULLIVAN, REESE AND FENSKE P= 0. M6 308) “ The value of p temas constant ate value geen by equation (Hy Beyond a Ae oF 1S Vi. For determining the shear atzength of he wile quired in the p ewnsttotion, Matlock* reconimended the following tet in onder of pretence (2) sit vue shear teats with patllet sling for seul identification: (6) tneonstidated undralne! treat compression esis avg a confinng sites equal to the ove ‘buwden pressure wth the shear steength being defined 3 half the total masini ping sess ‘siference " (e)__ miniature vane ces of samples nib: (2) Uscontned compresnn ets, 12, Tests must aly be performed to Jetesmine the nit weight of thes EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME WITH PILES IN STIFF CLAY 3. Reese etal.” performed Intra! lod tests employ: ing see pipe piles 610 mim im ouside diameter and 132 in length. The ples weteaviven into sf lay 2 ste neat Manor, Texas. The clay had an undraned shear strength ‘ranging fom about 96 KP athe ground surface 10 SBOUL 280 KPa at 2 depth of 3.66. 14. Experimental and analytical procedures were fo lowed that were similar to the employed by Matlock * ‘The following procedure was ecommended for p-y curves {or stiff cay for shot term stati lading (Fig 5) (2) Obtain the best posibeextimate of the undeined shearstrength and effective uni weight with depth, no values of jy are aailable, vse valves fom Toble 2 03, som nesistance, » Oo Rnw 138 SH EG so 1a | 100 200 408 oar | ooo. | anne ©) Compute the sven undraied si shea steagtt Gadeq ont ie dep 3 0) Ghote the tute siesta. ae the smu Jeet ie sais piven By the equations ele reef bai Peete bee ¢ Pat High 0 (8) Establish che inva sate portion the py ars Bae a Use the appropriate value of ky or ke fons Table 3 (© Compute follow ne: Yaa = Gob 03 (0) Choos an appropiate vals of A, fiom Fig 6 the particulat nonimensonal depth () Esublsh the fist patbolic portion of the py Te OSpalrirse 43) Tree Fai, eruecrion. 5. Octet shape of py eure for tale ating ts sf ley bebe the wat aceM60 UNIVE MY-THOD LOW ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LUADED PILLS IN CLAY aay (3) os dete Be porn . ee soy PARR al pment : sagan” a0sind ” PHOS OMI,” | H 08281 Pa/r aad ~ Kear as : 19) al head ode ao oe ny ES alsin pointe py) tepte fx teae a ® curve, " m , () Compute the following: vTable 3. PE OSAN6AgY O11 4 —O7Spudy (16) ri tied an conn 6) sd dee ep of stern sy os Fete ta i for all larger values of y (see following note). () Establish the parabolic portion of the fy curve, sre tor H] 15, ste: Th sep ser pce ead wa oon AF at ne ce ye cate wer ff) Rhos GBM MRE cei ete poser (1-fZ2S8e} ws Selena Senn) ey ether ao EAR ne eee Eee iste ee coy BL Sa Soca ec teaton (19) ol ee te atin he FT Diseln siSgncn tae he os Peele ee ae ec Rraanyosaeey san geen pot ean’) 16 Thefosig pradve i feegetetondng ie, 6) Ee rt ahi on fey a a 6) Gnesep 6} tence po OSt6han 006-065) @ Gesepeha ta meane ese O teae ee isancste tx.aten (0) eal dhe io of te 1 SeeerAe tsa tom res pee thy SE ee for the panicul nondimensions dp point where y= 1B) (ces aot in perageaph 27), &, (satie), MN? KE (eli MN? The peta et agents Boul be computed (ops ie Seas sgh of fhe sl to's depth ofS fle Slatin. au be defied tbl oth Imenlmn pone! pee derencs ts an uncon wna gal 139 ifSH: 6/ SULLIVAN. S'S} AND FENSKE (rg) Ot 08% To Fie, 7. Charaterinic shape of p-y une for eye adie in ff ela helo the water surface Fig, & Oteracteritic shape of py cure for unified clay criteria for short tem sate lating Table. Values of Ny ot the ground turfoce Table 5, Values of Ny at a depth of thice pte diemen Mato 3 Natok Mas fete’ de eae Emeromm 5 | Thompson" (Rie elements) 5.70 10.83, 1095 teeta ey ’fiameters ole OF LUNITWD METWOD FOR ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADER INES INCLAY (5 Establish the Anal suaighesine portion of dhe PHOS O10APaMedye EN) ‘-guaton (21) should define the portion of she privrcare inthe post wire “18rd tute aes (ce lng mate) 1. Note The stepdyatep qrocedure i outlined, sid ag, 7 drawn, a here an intersection betwen Einanions (1 asd (19), However, there may Be winter no tase Cw equations and tere muy he mo ate i af equati (11) with say of the oer «qustias the pr curve. there ts a tere. the ‘Shuunsshould"be employed that gives the sialest value Sipe any vas of TK The undeaew shear strength of thesil and oer seal poe wes soa! be taiged Toa appoint DI VSLOPMENT OF UNIFIED METHOD 1% The two sets of teconimendaions tht have been seated for lays were Used to compute be Behaviou of the wat pee, andthe computed behawoweapreed well wit ‘oon the experiments, Furthermi, the recone von were generalized 4s much 24 possible by using the hn pls of mechanics withthe view of pronding guilace fin designers. However designers heve file or no guidance tn ssiving. problems where the properce of the Way ate newt thaw those athe experimental ates, Ia view of the med 10 have recommendation, at last io pretiinary oem, that cam be employed to design pat under lateral Iwaviag im any clay soi, sien were rade af the results: of the two experimental programmes with 2 view co devel- ‘ping a woitied approach, Those studies and thei result ‘ste presented inthe fllowing sections. 20. A study was made of the ultnate sod resistance p, san be expected to develop against a pe that ic ab- jected to Tateal load. Two types of behaviour of the soil fre postulated, Near the ground surface 2 wedge of soil {S essyme€ to move up and outa te favre condition, and avepth the oils assumed toflow around the pleat failure Sind plane stain analysis ean be employed, The vale of a, can be expresed in general form for failure near the ound surtace a8 follows a= Np Cueva @ “The average valet of the undeained sheat stength is env loses because of the assumption or the weape tye Faure. ‘Al the depth where plane stran behaviour i ecurmed, the ‘cur stength a the particular depth should be employed: Pa? Nptud a Toble 4 shows valves ofp atthe ground surf suggested by vais investigators and Table § shows values suggested by the some authors at cepth of thee ple diametet. The works ted in Tables 4 and 5 were stulied snd the msjor expermental studiee+ 7 were carefaly considered. The following equations are proposed forthe ultimate soil stare Gea the ground sustce: « ree fae haas afoot 00 net fs aba equation (25) & nila to the one proposed by Match ‘except that the enn iavohing subsneiped unt! wey ‘tte 2K. “Vquuthons (24) and, (25) une sone Weortical basa inated previously Table 6 pes soles of Np a cet deyeh os tecdnunended in the souses se for Tables 2Syna SA value ot Np of @ wae abopted foe the wo tet, adi ts the folowing oats for The whine evans at grea dept be Meal co) “The soles of the values of wlimate fas ase oonpited by eciations (24) (26) should be employed S2 The eatacterestie shape uf the ay 126 2) ‘The parameter F iss faction of the sees stam Aernticr af the sland ve Jigs Hae The sktion Jr thy deflion at wih the so sch and the nereve of Py wl Ses ae ate Mowevets the ose of the shape show in Fig. 8 forthe ee sidusl pontion of the cure gives wot! apcement between The meosured and. computed values fr experiments, a shows later, 126, The chatacersieshapeat they) cure fr eyelie Idi shown in Fig. 9, Me erase in the i tesstance with dey due 10 eye loading is consistent withthe ree frimendation made by Mattock The recommended shape af the cycle p-¥ cure i completely empiical, However, se ve mato apeement ete meena (Sea chp, at en (2) Detevasine at nny ofthe follows proper the clay a peUhle: 4g yee Ly PL Utah vin sess stan sone, Nessa fool satrton, epee of Tas tot of aed or peak hear stew (6) Compare tie praperteset the & question w the papier the Sohne 3 SH ld iw Table 9, (e)_W ehe popeticn ate smut to enhe the Sabie Name cls peopstis, use and Fhe wa fay I the peopetes ore noe SAMA To efter € ngincer dull extimate A and 7 san I a ‘ent with Table 9 as a gue 28. The shaper of the py cures fr the unt method (Figs 8 and 9) ate Based on the asumption & there an anterscction between equations "and (3p tat totesccli Joes nak oeeut. the py sate sdf by equation (27) until there isan intersection Beta equation (29) and the cares defining the 7 cones featey ple deenions Table ¥. Carve paromcters for unified erteria Ste Sabine River Manor Inorganic, very sured chy Goer tis kes escrition £26005 oe> 10 set woe Pl=60 u=02 a 038 F 10 oF Fig! 9. Onaracteristc ape of py cure for unified cly criteria foreyelic loading a feriley reve det Sabive atl rsa Satcty fed pr en belie, penis of Th cee cone wih Sloe sted vption that and 29). 10 Te dined vw between, Fig, 10. Comparison of meesured ond computed mavinum moments for Lake Austin for short term nae Wading Fe. 11. Comparison of ensured ond computed maximum, ‘moments for Lake Autn for cycle ning COMPARISON Ob RESULTS FROM ANALYSES WITIE HOSE: FROM EXPERIMENTS, Lake Austin 290 The Lake Austin tests and others m this nection wweweanalysed using Doth theuniict ntevieund thee every propones” The puramevcte A aid F fon abe sited eritera weeeehusen a6 2. ate 1. respectively Inne a average shear ating of BK APS 39 eanuied he the vane fest. The Take Aust cla is inoepoate ond shit Hosored ons elasieg a» 9 CTT a a ad i i164 plasttely index of 41, # juabty index of 0.8, wetconsttnati ratio of shout 8, and 4 emtaaly Sout 2, The water table was above the pound surface and 1 abnerged al weight the nl wat HOD Kgl, The talus of t9 wa 0.012 80. The pe head w rt Ye Free to stats, TH ndings wie ANG bd eye, The axemnn mone ce forte by the whified cites ace we yaad tec th he $4.64 (OW VOR ANALYSIS! LATIKALLY LOADEDDPILES IN CLAY incasuied values as own ie Figs 10 and Tt genera the tesults nang the unified cites agtee slghily Better ath apevimental results than cat ML The Sshine tate were performed ata site whee the clays were descubed as a slightly overeonsoldated marine deposit. The properties of te clay ere shove in Tale 8, As indiate, the actor A and F were elected 28a 0, respectvely, 33. The walst ble at how the gtound surface, he ue ead wae feet ete, and Ue Bing that ae {yaoi thas Paper weve short trim sat and ysl, The ig. 12. Comparison of measured and computed macinum ‘moments fr Sabine for short term steve loadingSULLIVAN, RISE AND FENSKE ests of conputatnns wang the ‘wifed Matioc cite ae compared with experisiental resus 1 Figs 12 and 13. Apveciments ae gn fall cass fads cof telat Tow ougitade. AU the higher ats fr the ‘Short ern sot tong the Matlock este ra ge wet cut etter apteeteat su te experiment that does he uni tnethons and cunederobly bette apteement atthe highs ads for the etc Waling ca Manor 3H The lay at Manor is highly: overcansliate, fnwigamie an ery Tasured, The properties othe clay re Fig, 14, Companson of measured and computed maximum ‘marcus for Manor fr tort tar take hang Fig, 1S. Comparzon of meanured end computs maximum ‘moments for Manor fr cyclic loading Table 10. Pile properties for tests in bay 4bE & fede pnw Table © A todicated. the factors 4 and Fw fetected a1 0.38 aul U.S tespectiveh SM. The wate she was above the pious surface) inte oad wat fice to tote. and the loads rte fev state and eyelc, The reukt of comtations a ve i the Reeserba cetera ae etinge seu exjerimental ests Figs and 1S As can be wcelent apiece wat bane tal tances. Hy shown here, but excellent agrernent was tained betas “computed routine: deflexwins wang bei? methods the defleshs rou he experiert. Sain Francis a nd 38. Shor team static tests, ported by Gill" vase oa sce pp piles fone detest diam Unive properties ai gen in able 10, The oe head Tice to toate, The oad as apptied XO Mm above} round swefice, Crouedline defeuons wd slopes nesnured but nodata were given eralspes. Te data aca srt wm the aa x5 was cuted 1 sit vane, aid tegen in Cig. 0, The sal the a Sin’ cosified 383 CH inthe uned class's 3000 symm ‘Te igual liv 71, the plasty inde 5 28. Fox pare Of computation fgg was examated as having a St 001, The subseqped unit weight wa estimated 00 kgsin? Ho. The (st ote wus odes sevetal 2s beforet teat, the water lel hein raised 9 approurately 308 shove the ground surface, The sea streng: Fig. Ineasufed after the svength had sabiized 3°21 Nooding. 37, The teus iq bay mud were anabsed using uni etiteria. The parameters And F we chosen and 1.0, respectively, because the bay muda felt tol orang aan snag a Fi 16. seibution of shear strength used Sr bay mat Pie | Diameter,b,mm | Bending stiffness, E1,kNm? | Pesetanoa, m : PL 14 623x108 R 29 S2ax108 a es 32x10? m 406 aaxl0? 46S4L4 UNIITID AN THODL OK ANAL SISOF LATI RALLY LOAD wl were sna fo the Sabine cay bane the bse t daa ‘Srmputed gounine eilewons are than the ertae,the aves all cate 25 showe i Figs 17 use Shunt cant tale fens, epored by. Gil a 1K. The tnvat_ Dewars" were performed on ste! pine pes Of four di wee si vale of the svete A ingnetete whe propery ate gives fo Table U1 sing cad ts wheter auscme wi Twead an flee A relate Tt Ioed was apie a Senna AID my above the ground watfece, Grouhdline defen — indslopes eve measured, Thedistibutian of shear stength eon ‘ed the analysts was meeated witha insite vane, and Si between fpven an bag, 19, The silat the we i escibed at sty shod 3d a ‘il a ch st sts sit aad it clasiied asa ML CLin the nsytern. The Inui! ln 6 32 aa the ast see sSianters head ws show the fopee we Aitebution red with an the site sll cay ve pte ‘ive before he wy 30 |; a = Fig. 19, Disinbusion of shear strength tel for 81 Coniro Pele be ‘ig, 17, Compartzon of measured and computed groundine clay deleion for piles PL and P2 in bay ra ety ao z % 1s, 18. Comparison of measured and computed groundine Fig. 20. Co.npaizom of mecsured and computed groundline bay mud ‘fexions for piles P3 and Pd tx bay mud deflexons for prs PY and P2 in El Centro elay Table 11. Pie properties fr tests at El Contry Pile_| _Diameter,b, mm | Bending stffoess,£1,4N m? | Penetration, a PE na 649K 105 n 28 aorxiot B So 2atxiot Pe 6 auaxto”