Welcome to the The Language of Chemistry

World of • CHEMICAL ELEMENTS - The Language of Chemistry

Chemistry
– pure substances that cannot be decomposed by
ordinary means to other substances. • The elements,
their names, and
symbols are given
on the
PERIODIC
TABLE
Aluminum • How many
elements are
there?
Bromine
Sodium

The Periodic Table Glenn Seaborg • An atom is the smallest particle of

(1912-1999 ) an element that has the chemical
properties of the element.
• Discovered 8
new elements.
Copper
• Only living atoms on
person for silica
surface.
whom an
See CD-
element was ROM
named. Screen 1.4

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907) Distance across = 1.8 nanometer (1.8 x 10 -9 m)

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 The Atom CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of
a compound that retains the chemical
An atom consists of a composed of atoms and so can be
decomposed to those atoms. characteristics of the compound.
• nucleus Composition of molecules is given by a
–(of protons and neutrons)
neutrons) MOLECULAR FORMULA
• electrons in space about the nucleus. The red compound is H2O C8H10N4O2 - caffeine
composed of
Electron cloud • nickel (Ni
Ni)) (silver)
((Ni)
• carbon (C) (black)
• hydrogen (H) (white)
Nucleus • oxygen (O) (red)
• nitrogen (N) (blue)

The Nature of Matter

Graphite — Chemistry & Matter
layer
Gold Mercury structure of • We can explore the
carbon MACROSCOPIC world — what we
atoms can see —
reflects • to understand the PARTICULATE
physical worlds we cannot see.
properties. • We write SYMBOLS to describe
these worlds.
Chemists are interested in the nature of matter
and how this is related to its atoms and
molecules.

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 A Chemist’s A Chemist’s Kinetic Nature of Matter
View of Water View Matter consists of atoms and molecules
in motion.

Macroscopic
Macroscopic Macroscopic
Macroscopic
H2O
(gas, liquid, solid) 2 H2(g) + O2 (g)
--> 2 H 2O(g)
Symbolic
Symbolic Particulate
Particulate
Particulate Particulate Symbolic
Symbolic

STATES OF MATTER Physical Changes

Physical
• SOLIDS — have rigid shape, fixed Some physical changes
volume. External shape can reflect the Properties would be
atomic and molecular arrangement. • boiling of a liquid
– Reasonably well understood. What are some physical • melting of a solid
properties?
• LIQUIDS — have no fixed shape and • color
• dissolving a solid in a
may not fill a container completely. liquid to give a
• melting and boiling homogeneous mixture
– Not well understood. point — a SOLUTION.
• GASES — expand to fill their • odor
container.
– Good theoretical understanding.

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 DENSITY - an important Relative Densities of the Elements
Problem A piece of copper has a mass
and useful physical property of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm
wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate
mass (g) density (g/cm 3).
Density =
volume (cm 3) mass (g)
Density =
Mercury
Platinum volume (cm3)
Aluminum

13.6 g/cm3 21.5 g/cm3 2.7 g/cm 3

Strategy SOLUTION DENSITY

1. Get dimensions in common units. 1. Get dimensions in common units. • Density is an
0.95 mm •
1cm
= 0.095 cm INTENSIVE property
10 mm of matter. Styrofoam Brick
2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters. 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters. – does NOT depend
on quantity of
(9.36 cm)(7.23 cm)(0.095 cm) = 6.4 cm 3
matter.
3. Calculate the density. Note only 2 significant figures in the answer! – temperature
3. Calculate the density.
• Contrast with
57.54 g
= 9.0 g/cm 3 EXTENSIVE
6.4 cm3 – depends on
quantity of matter.
– mass and volume.

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 PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Mercury
Mercury (Hg)
(Hg) has
has aa density
density of
of PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Mercury
Mercury (Hg)
(Hg) has
has aa density
density of
of
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: Mercury
Mercury (Hg)
(Hg) has
has aa density
density 13.6 3
13.6
13.6 g/cm
3
g/cm3.. What
What is
is the
the mass
mass of
of 95
95mL
mLof ofHg?
Hg? 13.6 g/cm
g/cm3.. What
What is
is the
the mass
mass of
of 95
95mL
mLof ofHg?
Hg?
of
of 13.6 g/cm33.. What
13.6 g/cm What is
is the
the mass
mass ofof 95
95 mL
mL
of
of Hg
Hg in
in grams?
grams? In In pounds?
pounds?
First, note that 1 cm3 = 1 mL 1. Convert volume to mass
13.6 g
Strategy 95 cm 3 • = 1.3 x 103 g
cm3
1. Use density to calc.
calc. mass (g) from
volume. 2. Convert mass (g) to mass (lb
(lb))
2. Convert mass (g) to mass (lb
(lb)) 1 lb
1.3 x 103 g • = 2.8 lb
Need to know conversion factor 454 g
Solve the problem using DIMENSIONAL
= 454 g / 1 lb
ANALYSIS.

Chemical Properties and Types of Observations and

There’s more? Observations! Chemical Change Measurements
•Burning hydrogen (H 2) in • We make QUALITATIVE
oxygen (O2) gives H2O. observations of reactions —
changes in color and physical
• Chemical change or state.
chemical reaction —
transformation of one or • We also make QUANTITATIVE
more atoms or molecules MEASUREMENTS , which involve
into one or more different numbers .
molecules. • Use SI units — based on the
metric system

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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Units of Length Temperature Scales
• 1 kilometer (km) = ? meters (m) • Fahrenheit
Use SI units — based on the
metric system • 1 meter (m) = ? centimeters (cm) • Celsius
• 1 centimeter (cm) = ? millimeter (mm) • Kelvin
Length Meter, m
(nm)) = 1.0 x 10-9 meter
• 1 nanometer (nm
Mass Kilogram, kg
O—H
O—H distance
distance == Anders Celsius
Time Seconds, s 9.4 10-11
9.4 xx 10 -11mm 1701-1744
9.4 10-9-9cm
9.4 xx 10 cm Lord Kelvin
Temperature Celsius degrees, ˚C 0.094
0.094 nmnm (William Thomson)
1824-1907
kelvins,
kelvins, K

Temperature Scales Temperature Calculations Using

Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Scales Temperature
Boiling point
of water 212 ˚F 100 ˚C 373 K 100 oF
38 oC •• Generally
Generally require
require temp’s in kelvins
temp’s in kelvins
180˚F 100˚C 100 K
311 K
Freezing point 32 ˚F 0 ˚C 273 K ••TT (K)
(K) == tt (˚C)
(˚C) ++ 273.15
273.15
of water
•• Body
Body temp
temp == 37
37 ˚C
˚C ++ 273
273 == 310
310 K
K
Notice that 1 kelvin degree = 1 degree Celsius
oF oC K •• Liquid
Liquid nitrogen
nitrogen == -196
-196 ˚C
˚C ++ 273
273 == 77
77 K
K

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