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19 - A Novel Large Displacement Electrostatic Actuator Pre Stress
19 - A Novel Large Displacement Electrostatic Actuator Pre Stress
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CMOS-MEMS prestress vertical cantilever resonator with electrostatic driving and piezoresistive
sensing
Jin-Chern Chiou, Li-Jung Shieh and Yung-Jiun Lin
A novel external electrode configuration for the electrostatic actuation of MEMS based devices
Michel A Rosa, Dirk De Bruyker, Armin R Vlkel et al.
A novel microfabrication of a self-aligned vertical comb drive on a single SOI wafer for optical
MEMS applications
Ki-Hun Jeong and Luke P Lee
Design, fabrication and testing of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS parallel kinematics XY stage
Jingyan Dong, Deepkishore Mukhopadhyay and Placid M Ferreira
Abstract
This investigation proposes a novel large vertical displacement electrostatic
actuator, called the pre-stress comb-drive actuator (PCA), which exhibits no
pull-in and no hysteresis characteristics. The proposed PCA consists of a set
of comb fingers fabricated along the composite beam and substrate. One end
of the composite beam is clamped to the anchor, whereas the other end is
elevated vertically by the residual stress. The actuation occurs when the
electrostatic force, induced by the fringe effect, pulls the composite beam
downward to the substrate. A post-heat treatment process was employed to
increase the initial lift height of the PCA to obtain a large actuation stroke.
A mathematical model, based on a newly developed modeling approach, is
introduced to estimate the static characteristic of the PCA. A PCA was
fabricated using the PolyMUMPs process based on the proposed design
concept. Following packaging and applying a post-heat treatment process, a
110 m initial tip height and a 90 m vertical motion range were achieved.
Neither pull-in nor hysteresis was observed. The simulation results were
closely matched with the observations. This work also studies the frequency
response and measurement of the maximum vibration of the PCA.
(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Figure 1. The PCA at different driving states; (a) initial state, (b) bias voltage state and (c) critical bias voltage state.
the method [17], and causes problems of alignment and gap actuation range. A mathematical model is presented to predict
expansion. Notably, a vertical comb-drive actuator cannot the static characteristic of the PCA. A PCA was fabricated
easily achieve a larger deflection angle at a low driving using the PolyMUMPs process based on the proposed design
voltage. concepts. The static characteristic, frequency response and
The advantages of bulk micromachining, a MEMS maximum vibration amplitude of the fabricated PCA were
fabrication technique, are in manufacturing flatter measured.
micromirrors, with high stiffness in the vertical direction
and greater working space in the out-plane actuation.
2. Principle
However, beam stiffness, isotropic/anisotropic bulk etching
and electrical interconnect/isolation are difficult to control Figure 1 schematically depicts a PCA with different driven
accurately. Surface micromachining provides a flexible states. The PCA consists of an anchor, a composite beam
mechanical and electrical structure. Here, the working/motion and a set of comb fingers. These comb fingers, designed
space of various actuators is limited in in-plane actuation or along the composite beam and substrate, acted as the movable
small out-plane motion displacement [14]. Chen et al used the and fixed comb fingers. Figure 1(a) shows one end of the
stress-induced bending of a composite cantilever beam to raise composite beam, which is clamped to the anchor, while
a vertical mirror mounted on the free end [18]. A cantilever
the other end is elevated due to the residual stress between
beam with a length of 1500 m with a 300 m vertical
the two deposited materials. Notably, the initial lift height
displacement is developed [18]. Its driving mechanism is
of the PCA can be further enhanced by increasing the residual
similar to a parallel plate electrostatic actuator which has the
stress of the composite beam using a post-heat treatment
drawback of pull-in, which limits its application to optical
process [18]. When a voltage, V, is applied between the
digital switching. The mechanical stability of the actuator
movable and fixed comb, the movable composite beam can
becomes crucially essential when it is applied to other MEMS
be pulled downward to the substrate by the electrostatic force
devices that require analog tuning. Rosa et al proposed an
induced by the fringe effect, as shown in figure 1(b). The
external electrode concept that contrasts with the conventional
taper-like distances between each movable and fixed comb are
concept and frequently employed a parallel plate electrode
obtained from the free end to the fixed end based on the curved-
scheme for the electrostatic actuation of MEMS devices [19].
up shape of the composite beam. In the actuating mechanisms,
The external electrode configuration allows the operation of
the movable comb fingers that are close to the anchor provide
electrostatic actuators to be controlled over their entire range
the main actuation force. As the actuation progresses, the retral
of motion by preventing electrostatic pull-in instability. It
movable comb fingers will be pulled down accordingly. As
is based on the application of the fringe effect between the
the driving voltage is increased, the vertical displacement of
moving electrode and the fixed external electrodes. Notably,
the free end of the PCA is increased. Notably, the electrostatic
the shape of the external electrodes seems to be arbitrarily
force is constrained when the movable comb finger is close
designed. However, the fringe effect between the moving and
fixed external electrodes is relatively inefficient. Accordingly, to the fixed comb finger, independently of the input driving
the static characteristic criteria in obtaining the actuating force voltage. Therefore, the vertical electrostatic force approaches
of the electrostatic actuator are severely limited. Akiyama zero as the movable comb finger reaches its equilibrium
et al have demonstrated a comb-shape electrostatic actuator position. Figure 1(c) demonstrates that, when a critical bias
for high-speed feedback motion, with which they achieved voltage is applied between the movable and fixed comb, the
almost 1 m stroke under 50130 V applied voltage when PCA will engage with the substrate.
the initial height difference, due to the residual stress, was
2 m [20]. Note that the comb-shape electrostatic actuator 3. Device modeling and simulation
was fabricated using metal and thick device layer of the SOI
wafer that limits the initial height difference. To understand the properties of the PCA, a mathematical
A novel pre-stress comb-drive actuator is developed model based on composite beam theory, static electric field and
to overcome the limitations of the actuation range of the decomposition analysis is used for modeling the static behavior
aforementioned electrostatic actuator. The advantages of the of the PCA. In addition, a FEM simulator, IntelliSuite R
,
pre-stress comb-drive actuator (PCA) include continuity of was used to calculate the resonant frequencies and the
motion (without pull-in or hysteresis) and a large vertical corresponding solid mode shapes.
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A novel large displacement electrostatic actuator: pre-stress comb-drive actuator
(a) (b)
Figure 2. A schematic view of the PCA. (a) XZ plane cross-section view. The circle indicates a single pair of comb fingers. (b) YZ plane
cross-section view.
Figure 3. The schematic of the PCA separated into curvature composite beam and straight composite beam with taper multi-loadings.
3.1. The static behavior modeling and simulation where is the radius of curvature, z is the deflection in the
x direction, z is the slope of the deflection curve and z is
Based on the above-mentioned principle of the PCA, there are the displacement differential of z . Furthermore, the curvature
three modeling steps that need to be addressed: (1) illustrate model of the composite beam can be expressed by [18]
the initial shape of the PCA; (2) calculate the electrostatic 1 6 (m B A )
force in different electrical input signals and (3) obtain the = (2)
h EB 3 m + q(1+q)
K
2
displacement of the PCA by using the force balance equation.
The details of these steps are discussed in the following where A and B are the residual stresses of materials A
sections. and B. EA and EB are Youngs moduli of materials A and B,
respectively. The symbols m = EEBA , q = ttBA and K is denoted
as
3.1.1. Composite beam theory: curved-up shape calculation. K = 1 + 4 m q + 6 m q 2 + 4 m q 3 + m2 q 2 (3)
The PCA cantilever composite beam consisted of two materials where tA and tB are the thicknesses of materials A and B. K is
A and B that possess tensile and compressed residual stresses, a material coefficient of materials A and B. It is clear that the
respectively, as shown in figure 2(a). With the released and curvature of equation (2) is dependent on the residual stress,
heat treatment processes, the composite beam is assumed Youngs modulus and thickness of composite materials A and
curving up a 1/ curvature with lift height, HL, at the free B. Note that these parameters are controlled by the fabrication
end due to the induced stresses. In the present derivations, processes. Thus, if the process parameters are known, the
the symbols an, Pn, HFn and L are denoted as the distance initial lift height of the PCA can be designed in the early
related to the anchor, electrostatic force induced from the stages using equation (1).
driving voltage, lift height of the nth movable comb finger and
length of the composite beam, respectively. Here, one movable 3.1.2. PCA decomposition analysis. In this paper, a new
and two fixed comb fingers were defined as a single pair of modeling schematic is proposed to extract the vertical motion
comb fingers for the purpose of simulating and extracting behavior of the PCA. Based on the direction integration
capacitance function during the electrostatic force calculation. method, the proposed PCA can be decomposed into a curvature
A cross-section view of the PCA is shown in figure 2(b), where composite beam and a strength composite beam with taper-like
LC is the engaged length between the movable and fixed comb electrostatic forces in the length direction, as shown in figure 3.
fingers. The curvature composite beam model is used to define the
Assuming that the movable and fixed comb fingers are shape of the PCA, and the strength composite beam model
completely parallel, i.e. neglecting deformation of the curved is used to calculate the small deflection from the loads P1
composite beam across the PCA width direction, the curvature Pn. Here, P1Pn are the difference of the electrostatic force
of the PCA can be described by a one-dimensional differential induced by the comb finger 1n in the kth and (k1)th states.
equation [21] By separating the input signal into multiple sections, the small
deflection in each state can be calculated. By adding up the
1 z small deflection of each section and the shape at the (k1)th
= (1)
[1 + (z )2 ]3/2 state, we are able to obtain a new shape at the kth state.
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J C Chiou and Y J Lin
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A novel large displacement electrostatic actuator: pre-stress comb-drive actuator
1645
J C Chiou and Y J Lin
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A novel large displacement electrostatic actuator: pre-stress comb-drive actuator
6. Conclusion
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J C Chiou and Y J Lin
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