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Engineering Mathematics 4E Matrecies
Engineering Mathematics 4E Matrecies
Engineering Mathematics 4E Matrecies
32
Vectors
(i) bold print,
32.1 Introduction
(ii) two capital letters with an arrow above them
Some physical quantities are entirely dened by a !
numerical value and are called scalar quantities or to denote the sense of direction, e.g. AB,
scalars. Examples of scalars include time, mass, where A is the starting point and B the end
temperature, energy and volume. Other physical point of the vector,
quantities are dened by both a numerical value (iii) a line over the top of letters, e.g. AB or a
and a direction in space and these are called vector
quantities or vectors. Examples of vectors include (iv) E
letters with an arrow above, e.g. aE, A
force, velocity, moment and displacement.
(v) underlined letters, e.g. a
(vi) xiCjy, where i and j are axes at right-angles
32.2 Vector addition to each other; for example, 3i C 4j means
3 units in the i direction and 4 units in the j
A vector may be represented by a straight line, direction, as shown in Fig. 32.2.
the length of line being directly proportional to the
magnitude of the quantity and the direction of the
line being in the same direction as the line of action j
of the quantity. An arrow is used to denote the 4 A(3,4)
sense of the vector, that is, for a horizontal vector, 3
say, whether it acts from left to right or vice-versa. 2
The arrow is positioned at the end of the vector
and this position is called the nose of the vector. 1
Figure 32.1 shows a velocity of 20 m/s at an angle
O 1 2 3 i
of 45 to the horizontal and may be depicted by
oa D 20 m/s at 45 to the horizontal. Figure 32.2
a
a
(vii) a column matrix ; for example, the vec-
20 m/s b
o 45 tor OA shown
in Fig. 32.2 could be repre-
3
sented by
Figure 32.1 4
10
b horizontal into a horizontal and a vertical
r
component
0 2 4 6 810 12
Scale in m/s For a vector A at angle to the horizontal, the
82
a horizontal component is given by A cos and the
O 20 vertical component by A sin . Any convention of
signs may be adopted, in this case horizontally
Figure 32.6 from left to right is taken as positive and vertically
upwards is taken as positive.
Horizontal component H D 17 cos 120 D
32.3 Resolution of vectors 8.50 m=s2 , acting from left to right.
A vector can be resolved into two component parts Vertical component V D 17 sin 120 D 14.72 m=s2 ,
such that the vector addition of the component parts acting vertically upwards.
is equal to the original vector. The two components These component vectors are shown in Fig. 32.9.
usually taken are a horizontal component and a
vertical component. For the vector shown as F in +V
Fig. 32.7, the horizontal component is F cos and 2
the vertical component is F sin . 17 m/s
2
14.72 m/s
F sin q F 120
H +H
q 2
8.50 m/s
F cos q
Figure 32.7
V
For the vectors F1 and F2 shown in Fig. 32.8, the
horizontal component of vector addition is: Figure 32.9
H D F1 cos 1 C F2 cos 2
Problem 4. Calculate the resultant force of
V the two forces given in Problem 1
F1 F2
F2 sin q2
H D 7 cos 0 C 4 cos 45
q1
q2 D 7 C 2.828 D 9.828 N
F1 cos q2 H
F2 cos q2
Vertical component of force,
V D 7 sin 0 C 4 sin 45
Figure 32.8
D 0 C 2.828 D 2.828 N
and the vertical component of vector addition is:
V D F1 sin 1 C F2 sin 2 The magnitude of the resultant of vector addition
p
Having obtained H and V, thepmagnitude of the D H2 C V2 D 9.8282 C 2.8282
resultant vector R is given by: H 2 Y V 2 and its p
V D 104.59 D 10.23 N
angle to the horizontal is given by tan1
H The direction of the resultant of vector addition
Problem 3. Resolve the acceleration vector 1 V 1 2.828
D tan D tan D 16.05
of 17 m/s2 at an angle of 120 to the H 9.828
284 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Thus, the resultant of the two forces is a single 4. Three forces of 2 N, 3 N and 4 N act as
vector of 10.23 N at 16.05 to the 7 N vector. shown in Fig. 32.10. Calculate the magni-
tude of the resultant force and its direction
Problem 5. Calculate the resultant velocity relative to the 2 N force.
of the three velocities given in Problem 2
[6.24 N at 76.10 ]
With reference to Fig. 32.5:
4N
Horizontal component of the velocity,
H D 10 cos 20 C 15 cos 90 C 7 cos 190
D 9.397 C 0 C 6.894 D 2.503 m=s 60
60 3N
Vertical component of the velocity,
2N
V D 10 sin 20 C 15 sin 90 C 7 sin 190
D 3.420 C 15 C 1.216 D 17.204 m=s Figure 32.10
F a Magnitude of
F O a1 Y a2 D 2.132 C 2.992
b D 3.67 m=s2
2.99
Figure 32.11 Direction of a1 Y a2 D tan1 and
2.13
must lie in the second quadrant since H is
b s d b negative and V is positive.
o
a 2.99
tan1
a o a
D 54.53 , and for this to be
(a) (b)
2.13
in the second quadrant, the true angle is 180
Figure 32.12
displaced, i.e. 180 54.53 or 125.47
Thus a1 Y a2 = 3.67 m=s2 at 125.47 .
Fig. 32.12(a) shows that the second diagonal of the
parallelogram method of vector addition gives the Horizontal component of a1 a2 , that is,
magnitude and direction of vector subtraction of oa a1 Y .a2 /
from ob. D 1.5 cos 90 C 2.6 cos145 180
D 2.6 cos35 D 2.13
Problem 6. Accelerations of a1 D 1.5 m/s2
at 90 and a2 D 2.6 m/s2 at 145 act at a Vertical component of a1 a2 , that is,
point. Find a1 Y a2 and a1 a2 by: a1 Y .a2 /
(i) drawing a scale vector diagram and D 1.5 sin 90 C 2.6 sin35 D 0
(ii) by calculation p
Magnitude of a1 a2 D 2.132 C 02
D 2.13 m/s2
(i) The scale vector diagram is shown in
Fig. 32.13. By measurement, 0
Direction of a1 a2 D tan1 D 0
2.13
a1 Y a2 = 3.7 m=s2 at 126
Thus a1 a2 = 2.13 m/s2 at 0
a1 a2 = 2.1 m=s2 at 0
1.5 m/s2
(i) The vectors are shown in Fig. 32.14.
2.6 m/s2 145 126 a1 a 2
+V
22
a2