33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ddG)dGddGdGS 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ee
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ddG)dGddGdGUY 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :/
35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ddG)dGddGdGGN 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fdGdJGdGeCdG
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k G
GdGdGjdJceCdG:hC
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGAGOCGjJaYHXJhRfEGe:kfK
49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGdGe:k dK
50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
`dEG`Ud`Jh`` dG`JSQe`a`eCdGa`HJCG`HG:kHGQ
51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGjdGFN
23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YaejJ
52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGjddG
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hCGdJGdGeCdG
52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k G
AGOCGe:hC
57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HZdGdGJGfJYiNCGgGHhdOCG:kfK
28 . . ( ) :
71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ddGdJGdGeCdG
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG
30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGddGdG
74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG

2
 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gdGFGNJGSG:kfK 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bdGJGSG:k dK 75 . . . . . . . . . jdGdGfCHbYhIdGjQdGSQdGOe

109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASGJGSG:kHGQ 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGhdGGddG

117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (QGhOCGd)QGhOCGJJGSG: keN 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGhdGGddGjedGOTQEG

81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jdGdGfCGJ
120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGMJGSG: kSOS
82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jdGdGfCGJhAHGN
124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YhdGJGSG:kHS
84 . . . jdGdGfCGJhAHIOLHJdGdGhjdG
128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . edGdJGdGeCdG
85 . . . . . . . . jdGdGfCHbYhzfOQL{`dIOdGGAcdGjf
85 . . dGdGSQdGeaIOdGGAcdGjfOegCG
:
86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOdGGAcdGGfCG
131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?dGidIOdGGAcdGjJjc
132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG
89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HGdGdJGdGeCdG
133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . edGdGYadGQhO 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
139 . dGhdGYaJGhedGJeddGOGYEG 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG
140 . . . . . dGaJGhedGJedSSCGdGGQdG 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGGQdGahdGAGOCGdMee 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jQdGJGSGQNGje
149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOdGdJGdGeCdG 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k G
fhdGdGJGSG:hC

3
165 . . . dGSeedGhdddGIQGOEGaGAGLEGhbGe 151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
166 . . ?eGhCGhCGJJJdGeYehCGeajeYJGPe 152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GgCG
169 . . ?daGOdGeYehCGdGLjeYJGPe 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WJ
170 . . . . . . . . ddGidJGdGaGdGIQSeYJGSG 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEGe
176 . . . ?(HgdG)UNLMGhPdGHCGJeYJGPe 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEGUY
178 . . ?(dGHU)UNLMGhPdGHCGJeYJGPe 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEdeYGgCG
180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JHUfjjdLdGeGdG 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SQdGdGIQGOEGgCG
182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGSIQGOEGeadGAGOCGJPf 156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEGe
183 . . . . . . . dGYGdGhdGVheadGAGOCGJPf 156 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JGKDehdGIQGOEGee
184 . dGNGOYLGhdGdGIQGOEGeadGAGOCGJPf 157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEGajdGgJG
185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . djOdGdGeadGAGOCGJPf 157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEddGdG
186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGfGLeadGAGOCGJPf 159 . . . . . . . . dGIGOEd(dGZhdGYdG)dGcfCG
187 HdGdJGdGeCdG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . daGdGIQKEHdGdG
190 . . 162 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEGafGhdGHbdG
191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dGIQGOEGYIKDdGeGdG

4
 .dGAGSdEGjOghjdGeYdGhIdGh,dG
s
u
SV,jdGdGJefHQWEGaQjdG( sdGjQdjdGdGdO)ddGGg-dGNC GhdGNCG-jjHfCGfj
k t
efd kYGOhjQdGdeddGjh.YdGhdHjeeGk ALdJYehdGdGQWEGadGYcdGJ
SdGfCHdIjLUaMJEG e,fhdEGidGdEG LdGYgdGhQaCGejdGJM;ffEGYdGfhdEGjQdG
k
.ddGjdWAGOC HAJQGYJYdvFGLEGvYMTddGGgjh.HSGhQaC
k GJYYJ
HdEGeJdfEa,dGjdGJAS``FGOCG iHJdYJdGedGedHOhSddGGgCG eZdGYh
FeReAs dGhdGNeh,dGaHjEGYdGhdGSQeh,aejdHJdGaVEGSGQdGhJGdGdGNeEGjdG
.HdGdGYOh,SQdGa
jJeeK,JadGYjdGdGjdGK,jdGddGjdGebTGJdGh,JOGdGGgCHacCGjh
eCGejdHidGjJJbh,HJdGjdGdeRdGdGjdGddGidGhjh,dGieYeYIfJ
ebedEGJc,idHbYSGhdbOHSGQOdEGJh,jdGhjdGHITebYGPFGLEGGdGhPdGh
jOTQEGjOUh,VdGSdGhTCGejdHidGjJJc.IOdGGgCGJeu JGQehGNhQeAdehdGhFeR
jdGidGhdGjdGAVYdGJSQeaeCdGYYJGHacNh.dGdGiMEGMaVEGeedaJ
.ddGehCGdGJdGJGhOCGheCdGGNeIOSHdG
CG cJh,SQdGaFeRecGdGhhdHh,vJGPdGYUMhegHgeddGGgeidGIOSGddGCG kFGOcJCG Yh
.dGdGejdGdSCGhGQdGeIOSGYJQbdch,dGjdHeGdGhJQehJQHJedGdSQAGOCGaMf

,,OGdGhadHdJJe

5

1

 :%

u
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WYAGOC GYdGGgYjS
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ijcs Ja,dGG``ME ``dhCG .bGhYHdGdGJGdGeCdGSQeYYJdGJGhOCGJ .2
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u
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/

.jOdGHdGdGadGebNCGHj
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.jdGjhIFdGJMJSQeLJcfIAHhYeIfj
.jJSjhSGQdGdGieIbfIQHeCj

7
 :

u
GHEGh dG Y g ddG dG C ;ve dG H fk ge BG ``eCG J UCG
s
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jJUa``N evJGPfCG JYjQObGfjMY oe``dPaZGQGfj
k
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u
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IdGfGLY tdJGQehaQehJGNhbhJGeMebGdGJSQeadGbe
p s
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.udGdGAGOCGjeAVaYacCGAGOCUdGhJ

8
 u
jhCG,HbSQehcS seCdfeCGjdGJdGJGhOCGiMEGh,deGdGdGdGdvSSCGGkY teCdGj : teCdGGe
k u
aeFGOCGjHa;YHdGjdGhFGOCGHIdGjdYGdGfQdGeJeYedPake;HShCG,H
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k
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GEGdGkQejh,AedGcQ`eYFbYL teCJ

9
;(bdG``eC``dG)``HG``dGidG``dGE LM```cGC Sh,dGJSQe``a eCJY```HQCGjdG``g ``dEG S``fCG ``a -dG``NCG-Th
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C
:JGdGeCdHfQehLYVfYdGeCdGYajEGIOjdh

b
b
b
SQehCGbGeJakecQjMFeRedGSQj teCJ ceYdGh``JGPSGhe k q dGHjO``a teCJ

k GJhCGHceJbe
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10
 u
.HJdGdGjdGhbGdGJSQeHAGOCGIaOM .5
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.dGgadGYaheedGedGje;YfajeMe

11
ecdPeh,HYhjddfCGEGcShdGa(QeCGAdhCG,AedG,dG)hNBGgGjdGQeCGJdGg:AdGdG
k
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12
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SWOT

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13

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14
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15
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16
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17
fhOh ``` eQ``c``eh ffCG" q` ` j :
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ae d xc bdG dGh q .YGHEGhfGLdGhQdGh
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jdG `` qeC```d J{ ``fC`H (1998 .dGUahdGhIdGeHYdGaOdG
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k v eRHeJJahdGAGOCGaQdGUQ

18
 0
:RfEGefehjegCeddGhdG
k qj
.edG,SdG,dG:Yj
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.QeNBGh,HKgMCG;FQFLeqj
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:AdGGgjjCGjeh,dGJSQeYIOeeCGdfHjdGdEGAdGGgS:QdGAdG
,SQdGaMdGq dGQOehdMh(GMdHShQdGNh,dGh,jdGdG)dGePf .1
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.dEG...FGLEGdG,jHdGGdG,LdG
RfEGeHeS,jdGS)gRfEGiHdGfdGJh,ddGidGJfH .3
HdG GhOCG e Pfh ,(Q``eCG A```dhCGh ,d) LGdG jdG e Pfh ,(q dG J fH J ,q dG
.(GQNGeYePfh,GQNdUGdGhGL)dGdGh
,cdGHNePfh(jHdGadG/SQdGje)UJhLJSh,XdGAGOCGjQJhGhOCGePf .4
.dEG...jdGhdGHNhGOTh
.HdGjQdGcejWYhCG(v JGP)JNh,jQdGLMdJ .5

19
 .(q dGdGdGQWEGaAedGecGdHHdGJdG)fhdGGAGLEGhdGePf .6
.(dEG...jdGVQSbGhOCG,dGFGb,jdGFGbhdS,GSIGOCG)dG qeCdGh,MdGYJIe .7
,dGHCGh,SGQdGGQdGjJaSEG:e,eeaLfEGePfjh:dGfEGePf .8
TQhh,GhdGhGJDdG)acQdGh,(JFShhJ,eHJ)YGHEGYCGh,(LJ,dCJ)dGh
.dEG...dGeadGdGhddGjYh(dG
.dEG...YLGSDehLaeSEG,dGeNjQe,JhYJM:dGeNhYdGYCG .9

QhHGgh,dGAGOCGjhjecaFeRed qdGcQdGhhdGYUjh,dGJGQejdvJGP qeCdGdEG kFGOjLdGq dG

IdGFdGdGVjh.acdGdGSQdGeYhdGYvHjEGjH;SQdGadGjdIeHAHaj
.dGdGSQdGd
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dGjdG YGHEGGQOdG
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.q dGYJdGdG

20
 .dGdjLcYWGh,dGJJGSGh,dSCGhjQdGFGWGQeedc :JJGSGhjQdGGQHdEG
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dGdGeQWEGadGdGjdGSQe n
k
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21
 jJh,k eShQdGhGMddGaFeRehJ
Lesson Study
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q q
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22
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23
 :ddGGdHdGe qeCdGYaJq jh
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24
 .MejdGAGOCGYYdGQdGcjh,QdGjdGdGSQdGeSSCGUdGJL :YdGjdG
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25
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26
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29
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.dGdGeda kFGOdgh

30
 fhdGecQbYGfjCG dGYjh,ZYeecEa,dPYh
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31

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32

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(Grant Wiggins & Jay McTighe, 2004)

33
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34
 dGdGdEGUd kej:dG .7
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35
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?jC k
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36
 u
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37
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51
 FdG jJ :
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JCGH,KMGHJSGQOIMddGYfCG -dGNCG -cJ
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jdGJh,dGadGdEG dGedadGeIOejedJM,adGJhdGdEG SQdGhjdGedGh,adG
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52
 :K

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53
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54
 :jeFGOCGdGJ:FGOCGdGUY
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55
 :
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56
 :HZdGdGJGfJYiNCGgGHhdOCG-kfK
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57
 :g,FQUYHQCGdGjdGGhOCGJh
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58
 :qdG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :VQdG
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60
 AdGhAdGhAdGhMHcIQeadGAGOCGjdejJS :IQHMdGGSGIOLGTDe

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61
 :gh,SQdGJNddGLGdHdGYEHUdGjHdGOdGIYGe
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,dGJYVGhIQUAYEG ahdGIMNGOdGJagC Gkf;cgHjdfgQYHJdGjQdGM
IQUjeKJdEG-dGAGOCGieYGjJhCGLQOhzGOT{ejQdGJCGdGedGidGa;eCGdhhdGejh
;dGJYJdGjQdGeIjLTC k G jIjLjDhcdGjdGJCG c,GQdGeIQeddGJieYVGh
k
AdhCGhdGeUGdGjL k
kefj-IOeehdaheAGOC GjeYOYHMFGOCGeJaheejdGjda
.(Wiggins 1998)ecHjdGgahdGedGeIOSGJMgZhgQeCG
,aJEGhjdhdGddGgeaeh,SGQdGFGOCGaYjQObgQeCGAdhCGhdGLghFQVZdLQdGhjQdGEG
:jdGgeh,jQdGJIOLYdGhdGAGOCGYjQdGdeGSGjjdGeYe(Wiggins, 1998)zjh{jh

62
 .IOdGAGOCGjeYOYHdGAGOCGYHbk KehVGhIQUjQdGJCG .dGdHdGJGdGYjQdGcJCG
dGhdc)jdGhCGLQdGjdjdGUYdjdGRdGL dGebdGhjdHdGAGOCfQejQdG uJCG
.dGhdGdGkOehVGh(gJGhcdGhGOdGha
k dEG jdGSGQdGdGjeh,aSQjdGSGQdG
.jdGgejehCG
jdGacdGNedPhdGHjOdGhdGdGajQdGNCJCG gGdHdGAGOCG ``Y ``jQ````dG``a ```J ```dG``` MCG``YO
.dGjedRMCGdGdGh,HdGFGOCHddGdGAGOCGfQeY .fdGh
:
k
:ddGSSCGQhdGeFGOCGjQdGHcaJCGjh,eOdGVdahjdGHdSSC GQhdGjJj
.YVehbHdGAGOCGYeeL . .dEGLdGdGh,OhMhjdGedGae .G
,cShdYCG VJILeMeJh,dGJadGhIdGfJh,dGhSGHeYbhFfdEG UdG .`L
.fCHJGhCGSdGGAGLEdQjh
:ddGdGAdGahjdGHcahdG .O
.ahXhJHehjdGYGhOacJ:Ieee `1
.dPYjjdGfcGPEGdGhedGcPjbh,GMCGhCGjdGFMhfdJdGVdGah:jdGU `2
.FehCGMehCGUJJh:JN `3
.dGieYVGhGTDeJUhGQYajQdGZUJ .`g
:
:ddGah,GfCGdEGHdGGQNGJj
:jeSQGea kYTgcCGehdGGQNGeGfCGIYgh,eJjJaeJdGgdGGQNG
s Jo ah:dGGQNG .1
ojCGjT,(dPZhCGRJhCGSMhCGe)ILCGjWYhCGbdGGSHhCGvTdGdEGSCG
.vTHLEGdG
.dGAGOCGJdGGQNGgh:(dG)FGOCGGQNG .2

63
 :JBGGfCGdEGSCGJh,jjdGGQNG .3
k
M;jhdGGQNGfk MCG ojc,GDdGMjdGdGhCG VdHSceajdGC ;SGGHdGGg ojh:ddG
:gYfddGGQNdh..SCGeOYhCGeGDdHeHLEHfOh ojCGdGe oj
U
.SceL,e,Oe:jdMczj{deULcG:e,LhCGHHLEGjdGgh (IOGHSG)HLEGbe

k
.dGGSGhGMeGjdGSQeThGTHQb:e,LhCGGaIYejHcHLE GjdGgh (IGHSG)HLEGjWe

:Jh:YVdG
U
k
dGjah,WNCG UGQdGgfceGPEG OjCG dGejh,CNHhGUHLdGjdGGgah
CdGhGdGSCG
.aCGcbCGfcch,QNGSCGee%50YSCGjJCGLje;GkcGkQhOaOdGh
edGGgYeh,edGHLEGQNGdGYhFGdGeOYeeCGVjM;IQYhCGLbfGDdGGaJCGeh
m
gCGajbcJjfdGMdGaFGdGe(4)cOYOjE GaHUgCGc,AGOCddGidGYJfCGSCG OeeQNG
.SCGJeVhaIdGIOjRehJHdGgCGEGdGHLEGdEGdGh
SGhcdGe,IOeGQbJfCGSCGedGGgGeeh,bdGGDdGeJchCGLHcgdGejh
k
eQHJfCG HYeh,ZdGhVdGSfCG c,SGQdGIOdGGOeeGkcGkQbJfCG Ya,SGhgdGHQh
dGhdG
IMGhHLEGJYGjCGSCGJd ojghdGYV ojGdh;HLEGecCGJGDdGGafcGPEGdGaJGdG
.dGhdGUadU
efheRhCGeHJbYHGQdGhCGdGgh,fhCGJJCGhOchCGGQYfYVdGGQNGedGGgah
JdGIOYEG
.edGHQhcdGYdGIQbJfCGSCGedGGgGeeh,efMJJdG
dGejh,fdGFdGjHbYddhCGFdGJCGYdGhCGGQdGe-jOYhCG-FbdGdGjah
ecCG JhQdGYHLEGJCG jh,SGhfdGHQhdGYdGhbdGGQOEG YJQbSdHLhGdG (HdG)LhGdG
GQdGJCGSCGedGGgaMjh,dGhdGhaOdk eedGdGQdbCGYHLEGhCGHLEHHdG dGFLH
.HdGHLEGjJadGHQEGdEGODJM;IQYIYNYjJh,MddSCGbJM;NY

64
 :ddGIYGeY,dGGQNGJY
:(Gronlund,1991ffhL)jeJeYYdHGQNGJ
. keeagQNGOGdGGQdGajdGCGecCdG
.eFLdGfGLcJ
.dGjeeQNGjCG
.(JGQe,FM,FGLEG)adGeeeJ
.(dEG...OeeQNG MdG)SCGGfCGdeThYeJ Y..SGQdGIOdHdGGQdGLQNGjCG

.eecCGJheSCGJ SGIQeecjJHdGdGIOea,dGS
Fbdh,dGYIehIe)ILLGQjJJhJJ .HdGhIAGdGh
.(dGHfQdGhadGY GSGaJAcKEGdGYjdGOGdGa
Gronlund. N. E. (1991) Constructing Achievement Tests, Englewood Clifs, .SGQdGIOdGieahdGSCG
NJ: Prentice Hall.
:0
E Gh t J
s
jh,HSGQOehCG eaJheJhOLjdG```YC O``ghceJg
d j
H
dGh ae -AGOCG dG)GQNG:jh,JJYd;FajHdGjYeGTDehdOCGhgGT
e

GQ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` NG

H

.JYfGhdGMeh,JYfGhdGMeh,FSGfCGh,ddGLGdGh,(jdG
j e

`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` j`` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` ` ` dG idGQaCG
.`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` ` `j`` ` dG gdGh
`FdGGQNG
HdG ejQddGYYSdGjdGdSCGhGhOCG eYeYeVGSGJd,GNC k Gh
.IdG dGYgdGYfeYcJh..IdGjdGGhOCGJhfCdSdGjdGdSCGjJ
`` ` ` ` ` ` dGGQ`` ` ` ` ` ` NG
.bQdGh fh,SGQOI``MhjQJAKCG efZhefYeJjWYL`o `dGgdG``dEG ffEa
Q`` ` ` ` NGGQ`` `NG
.Oee
dJdGgdGjbHFGOCGdGhCG jQdGjfaJdGGQNGdEG af
:YhdGhFGOCGdG k
GPGQ`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `` ` ` `` `NG JGdGdGdch,YhehFGOCGehjWGQNGhIbGQNGhGQGMhMeYe
jdGHLCG .Ie
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.M
:HITdGbdGjM,cdGFGhOe,dSCGhjdGGfCGHbdGHdGdGujh
/IdG)YhdGhFGOCGdGYIJdGjdGdSCGe,HdGhaedGYjedch,HdG(gdG)aCGhidGQaCG
.(dG/jdGMe
.YGfCGHGQNciNCGjdGdSCGe,HdEGYjedch,HdGhaedGYje
o
65
 :

jh,jQdGYAKCGjdGGhOCGhdSCGXJaUdGjDhQuJCGj,dGiddGjddH-dGNCG-bCGH
:ddcgh,eGSGeVdGahjdGGfCGJYdGNedP

( ) ( / ) ( )

J`` LQO``j```J`` dEG``e````dG``j````dG```j e``` J`` `dEG`````dG``j``` ` dG``` j

c ,``e Q```e d FdG ``JG````d dG
JiehdGieJdEGj
AYEG hCG ,YCG UdEG dfGJGgC
.dGSQhHGQGdGPJGhCGIOT
:FNRHCGeh
.dGAGOCGJieYe
GQNGh IdG GQ``` ` NG `` LQO j
.dEG...ddGLGdGhdGjf
.dGJieSb
jJh ,dG AGOCG a dGh IdG fGL Y dG ``dGE jdG jdG j
AH`` ` `b G`` `` ` N `` `e ``` ` ` ` dGi`` ` d
IYeh,dGdSCG ejePJGh,JAKCG ecLGjdGHdG
edGcCjM;IjLSGQO
,eMbCGdEGJFShhSGbGh,JfeEGhJGQbYdGadG
k
d GQdGh jd dG dG aGJ
dG FV Y j dG LGdG jdH dGh dG FdG jdG Oh``jh
.dGJieaehdGhdGddGfCddG ,SGQdG ``a Ad ``eR``dG NdG
:FNRHCGeh jGHhCG,SGQdGdGjGHajh
.ejJY IMh``c ``jG``H hCG ``` SGQOa``c
k
.LGdGjdahAGOC dedGjdG HGQNGJGhOCGeh..SGQO
.FGOCGMvHchvTdGLJjhdGYAKCGj .YGfCG
.FGOCGJYdGYj

:
aJHdGdGdGjM,`JGdG`jdHje(dG)jdGjdGJQJdGh,dGjdGajdGgJGe
:ddHdGIYGeYjeCGdHJGdGjdGYJYdh,jdGY
.McjGHadGJGfdEGIQTEG - .VGhSQdGJJGfCGecCdG -
o
:e,GQYJbdGJaYdGIYdh..JdGdGIOLMbdGVJ -
...YjdYLQOYd ...YjdGeGd ...gdGebJCGe ...gYHCGe

66
 :e,WIHdYCGGujCGejRfEGedGdGq dGjCGHh
.gddGfCGMCGaJjeh,eYdhCGcCHdGeCGYGMCGeT
.dGdiNCGWgfcGPEGeh,dGJGfJaMfieVJjQdGcMCGadGeALjfaIaHc
.YJcMNBGeebdG
u
. keHJdE GeJdGVGdGbe

:AGOCdJGdGjdddGPdGGSGj,GkOejdGdGhCG(fhdGdGYe)dGAGOCGJjfah
|
U L K J
jdGASHJdGdGYaJ
dGSCGMrjLGkJhMTbC
k GCGSCG
k
jdGcaaGJGLk HfOYCG
dGgMQT
.(SCGVJhTYjdGLa)FGOCGieYVGQZ
m LFGOCGYSeLQHVGQ
m KFGOCGYGL m J
v VGQ
:gdGgeJATaCG
......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

67
 :

jbdGSCGeYedEGh..SQeaddGGAGLEGhdBHJCGaFdGhFdGHjdGGSGdSbjdGPEG
:JHLEGaedQhdGe
?dGjJFdjdGYGdGhjdGIcdGYWGg ?dGjJFeedGIOdGYfHeJjGQOYfCGg
n Jo dG jdG bH a dG SQdG f G kL J g
AdhCG ``dGE S LQdGaOadGLQOahJCGjdGGdGOYJg
?dEGdSQEGYeJgh?QeCG ?HUdG
?FHCGjebdSGQOacaQeCGAdhCGLGSQdGJg ?dGjfhdGjfGQNGHSQdGJdGjdGYJg

:
Jh,`` g1426/8/13jQJh/10043bHedGdGeIdGh,dGadGSddGdGeIdGKdGg:dGjJF
k
JGAGLEGh,JJh,JJh,dSCGh,jdGGgCe MTFdG
k sJh.jdGdSCGGQJhGdGFeMGSHQCGcjdGhjd
:a sdGjdGdGeh.dGhHdGIQGRheJLHEGeATRhJhCGdeRjh,dGdGMGeLa
ieMJMeIeHdGhjM'dGhHdGIQGRh pbeOdGdGjdGfMFGHGMdGajdGjCG
dGHcGhJieYjJUdE m GUedfHdGh,LGjdGHdGh,GQdGhQdGhdGcGaeJhdGAGOCG
NBG keYFHEGhCGaHeEGGQk GbJh,fOCGdGJejddGdGVhSGQHSQdHOTQEGhLdGdJh..GQdGdfOCG
.v FfdGQGbjh,IfdGeGdGdEGjJhCG
dGjfQNGJSGQOadLQO50bGHh,LQO100HASGhHSGQOIOedjfdGhSdGMdGajdGjCG
,fdGSGQdGdGQNGHSGQdGIOdFdGLQdGfe nLjh(dGYCGehCGRfEGe)IOdGadGYCGdEGaVEG,SGQdG
eCGQNGLQOejefYdMjh,SGQdGOGdGLabCGYidGjdGLQOYMGPEGdGfQjKeh
.SGQOacjfQNGjOCJSGQdGIOdGaMdjfCGZ,SGQdGdG

68
 :

Gd;ejHJYjfCGh,acgcJjjdGfHeFgcOLhJeYa,jdeeCG dGjJYKJEG
YeCGdhWEGhdGjJddGeGSGCGc,dGAGOCGMHcMejhJhLQdGJaHUdGLQdGaOSG
.FGOCGieYbGhIQHeCGdhhfCGOhjIeH

K
: ( Effective Feedback)

eeaJCjdGVGZC jdGdSSCG YdYIO``L GPIeLGQjJaJEG

k
dYaFSdGcC GeLGdGjdG k
eaddh;k eVZhC k
G eagOdGJieYee:gLGdGjdGh..dGJ
QJhfHRJCG ghdHLeaK LGdGjdGh..dJIeeeYAHAGOCGjHJa;dGhCGAGWEGhCGdGSCGY
.fYhGvSddhdGOdG q
ddGLGdGjda;jdGehfCGeeGeJCJhCGeddGAGOC GH:TYJ
Mike Schmoker Results: HLGdGjdGjJjCGjddh;AGOCGHAadFGOCGjJYIQdGdGidJ
The key to Continuous School Improvement
dGJGdGjdGgjdGYdFdGTDda;fjdGdGkQegQYGH,ajdG
q
.(Wiggins 1998)LGdGjdGaJCGjeGghegdEGUdAGOCGAKCGdGHj

:gIjYFGaSjHdh,fHdGYCGdeSCGjdjCGjGd
.OdGdGYgJLGQjJYdGjfC:dGaGOIOjR
.jddGdGMGt p Jn ddh;SSCHJJGPEGjdHjYCGdGj:dGJ
t
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t
dYCGJYh,dGGHddNdGbdGbu dGQjM;HhHdGYjYVehfHdGYCGJ
.aLQdGYdGcjeFGOPE
k G;dgQXEGYcdGhMdGjhJecCJ

69
 :`ddMhdeUaJHLGdGIOYEGj
.dGGPQaCGdNcq dGebdGIdGHLEHfSGh,JSdGgdGLGe -
.dGIMeCGIdGJHLEGddUdGMJEG -
:ddGFdGdGSCGHYHLEGajCGjc.dGieYWdMUajdGEG
?SQdGgCGhJGcJOMdGdGa keJdGMg - ?SQdNfg -
?JHUfjjdGdGieJQGg - ?SCGUdGQOefcg -
?ddGIdGadjQdGYaYjdGe:dPegCGh - ?HgdGdkjJjdGcg -

:
HhHZdGdGJGfddGAGOCGieHIadPKEG a,MTCG SdGIQdGhCG edUdGadGHjb
ddGdGGeaIdGjDhQdJddHh,jdAdGdHdGJNeIdGJOQgLGdGjdGgh,dGAGOCG ie
jdGJCG;(dGe)Jh,HjEGdeJdGjjdGhCGdGJMehLGdGjJJCGjGd;ZdGidGh
:JBGddGLGdGjdGhTeh.FGOCGJedGu Jo dG
.aNCGdGdHdGdGdOJCG .2 .jdGfYcJCG .1
.VGhGOTQEHIjLYNebJh,JYdIOeUYdJCG .4 u
.FNCGjJdhDejegfCGh,dGdhDeOJC G .3
q
.HJhgRJhIdGfGLh,dGFdGcDJCG .5
:SGQdGOGdGeOYadaLGQjdPfddGdGjh
'
HYeLGQjJjJaCGHhbQdGdGdhJ,dGRdGMedGSdGLGhAMCGdeddGeb
YhCGQhOSCGJGhGdCHOMhSdGau dGYGQdh,ehJeHSQa;ej
p k MC
Y p Gd:dHdPh;dGOJ

jdGh,dGjedjM,dGNGOjdGejcIMddGfdGSdGaVhCGfCGc,dGajedG
.SdGYcadGddGRdGAGLC
p HdGaegSQIbeOGReh..dGQNjMQe

70
 k
d:dHdLGQjJebhYdGYdGeK,(JbHHc):ajWfYdHdGdGeeb
u
eSjHgUfCG c,dSdGcGdGhGQdGeSGh,ddGgUYaSGhUHbdGc

.IdGSdG
dGCGLh,fQdGeNeGNEGGMhhNOEGGMhHbhdGMJHLEGHdddGHSdGe tJAKCG
.(cJ)z?dGHUdGfQdGeGSGaZJg{:GQfdGdCS,LaedGSGQf
o
k
.zfQdHUdGdGeHdGHcMC
o G{:GQfHLCG

jJ)GNEGGMhhNOEGGMhHNGhdGLhCG ajHeabhdGHcYJdGdh{:dGsOQ
7
dCJdGfdGJCGh,(dhDdGjJ)GkcYHQJCGSdGdGGgGSGYIQObfCGjJCGajYh(dG
iNCGIeOYCSh,(dGNbe)edGaShdGSQG..cdG
p dGgJ,(IOeUHHE
o G)IMhce
.(FdGYcCdG)cefiQC
p

:
K
u
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.(SQdG/QdG)YadEGJh,dGGdHUdGAGOCGeacJeJCGjdGSQdGhQdG
.jdGeaHSdG(bha)JGdGAGOCGejQS

@

.IYGhOCGhFGWNeFdGhdGKhCGhjdGMdOCGLCG .JGAGLEGhbWhfdGLgeYCG
.SeJfCGGSHFMEGdYCGhjdGFfSCG .jdGYehdGhdGYadGQhOYCG

71
 .dGidQdGhIdGfjJajdGFfSCG .jdHUdGdGhdGgH tdoCG
.IdGfjdFGKEGhQdGfdLYJfCGUCG .YdGWhdGHjOdGhdH tdCG
FfahhgQJMGeeAjHdddGLGdGjdGbCG .djJWhddGLGdGjdHUdGgdH tdCG
.jdG
dGGAGLEGNedGJieVJjQJQeCGAdhCaQCG .dGJJUQGAGLEGhjQdGHccYCG

SeJfCGGSHvFMEGdYCGhjdGFfSCG jdGYadGQhOYCG
( @ )
dGhCGjdG= AGOCG=G bdG= QdG=h XdGhCGQhdG=Q dG=
YfYSCG CG ag
MGH```dEGYj s
k YadGQhOa
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jdG SH .jdG
`` `f`` `` ` ` ` dG`` ` ` a`` ` ` b`` ` ` dG- `` ` ` ` j`` ` `H `` ` ` ` `dG- SQdG ``a ``F``eR ``e
:dGQdG jW``Y HH``U```dG
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.bbhaRfEG- NdGhfdGJ- bEG fh,SQdGa
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GSGhfdGJ- .SQdG
FdG GSGh fdG
.jQdGhFdG
.jhdSHjQdGh

72


 :a

k
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dG Q```e Y J J G```N j JadGJeXj dGedG

jh ,JegGh JdG JGNh HdG IHdGHJJfCGa ahJOejQJh
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jh,JhadGShdGhSGQdH
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.JhIQOdGhQYGJJGN

74
 :

,HZdGdGJGfjJ:gFQMGeHjdGdGddHJGNfCGHbh,dGjQdGJfIHINefGf
dGh,ddGGAGOCGjdGdGfCGJMdGhdGGNjJgh,ddGIdJCfBGh..JGdGgJYdOCGhgGdGjJK
.HZdGdGJGfJdEGkSaGTEGJJh,MdGjOdGfeEGMh,JGQbh,JGOGSGh,deah,OebhadGSQj
u
GkcGhjCGggCGH,fSadGacCGk bhbjdGea;gC GeSJdGFdGjdGt dGfCGdJo CGjh
ecjJYJQbiehdGhdGJajdGdGfCGgCGahHSGNeEGdPjh,dE q GSehdGSa
.YdGjdGah,SdGdHgDhHhJjYSQedEGS

:
SQdGdh..dGJh,HZdGdGJGfdEGUdHGdGYjdGh,IdGjQdGSQdSSCGOeIYYjHdGj
:gSQdGgh,jdGdGfCGJhAHYdhJSHITebYjQdG
k
GLdjddHh,RfEGgCHahjdMadGjYaEGh,AGOCdddGbda:dGAGOCdYbJYJhJ .1
.RhJdhdeRdGGQdGejecaVEGGkOLdjj kFGO(dGLM)aQh,RfEGGgJdheacCG
dG````J ``` fGC ```H ``j````dG``YG``J .2
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75
 k
HcEGhdGidadGaQa veeY t
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q GM:dGhdGHYdGJ
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115
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116
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117
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118
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123
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124
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125
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