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Materials Science Lec 2 PDF
Materials Science Lec 2 PDF
Materials Science Lec 2 PDF
Materials
Molecules
Atoms
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Atoms
All matter is composed atoms
Atoms of a give element have identical properties
Different elements have different properties: How this may help
us?
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Whats the difference between solids and liquids or gases?
Graphite
Summary about bonding
Two extremes
Ionic bonding: electron
donation/transfer (from positive ion
to negative ion)
Covalent bonding: electron sharing
Most bonds are the combination of
the two
Polar covalent bonds: uneven
electron sharing
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or
molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond.
The type of bond formed is largely determined by the difference in
electronegativity between the atoms involved.
Atoms with similar electronegativities (H2, N2) will share an
electron with each other and form a covalent bond.
If the difference is too great, the electron will be permanently
transferred to one atom and an ionic bond will form.
If one atom pulls slightly harder than the other, a polar covalent
bond will form (CO2).
The reverse of electronegativity, the ability of an atom to lose
electrons, is known as electropositivity.
Electronegativity
Lewis structures
Lewis Structures of atoms:
The chemical symbol for the atom is surrounded by a number of dots
corresponding to the number of valence electrons.
Lewis Structures for Ions of Elements:
The chemical symbol for the element is surrounded by the number of
valence electrons present in the ion.
The whole structure is then placed within square brackets, with a
superscript to indicate the charge on the ion.
Atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to achieve a stable
electronic configuration.
Negative ions (anions) are formed when an atom gains electrons.
Positive ions (cations) are formed when an atom loses electrons.
Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds:
The overall charge on the compound must equal zero, that is, the
number of electrons lost by one atom must equal the number of
electrons gained by the other atom.
The Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) of each ion is used to
construct the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) for the ionic
compound.
Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds:
Electrons in the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) are paired to
show the bonding pair of electrons.
Often the shared pair of electrons forming the covalent bond is
circled
Sometimes the bond itself is shown (-), these structures can be
referred to as valence structures.
Metal bonding
Metal atoms, being strong electron donors, do not bond by either
ionic or covalent processes.
However, may metals have very high melting temperature
indicating very strong inter-atomic bonds exist.
The explanation is that: atoms arranged in an orderly, repeating, 3-
D pattern, with the valence electrons migrating between the atoms
like a gas. (Free electron model of metallic bonding).
Imagine a metal crystal composed of positive ion cores, atoms without their
valence electrons. Negative electrons circulate.
Non-localized bonds in a metal allows plastic deformation
Electron gas accounts for active chemical reactivity, high electric
and thermal conductivity of metallic systems
Weak bonding/Secondary bonding
Weak bond significantly influence the properties of some solids, especially polymers.
Van der Waals bonding (Physical bonding): is weak when compared to primary/chemical
bonding.
It exists between virtually all atoms or molecules, but its presence may be obscured if any the 3
primary bonding types is present.
Inert gases, between molecules in molecular structures that are covalently bonded.
Dipole: Secondary bonding forces arise from atomic or molecular dipoles. (The separation of
positive and negative portions of an atom or molecule)
Hydrogen bonding: Covalent bonds between N-H as well as between O-H are quite polar,
and the H atom can be considered as being partially positive.
H atom is attracted fairly strongly to atoms which have lone pairs of electrons (such as O and N).
The molecules involved to become weakly bonded, through the H atom.
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than Van der Waals bonds, but weaker than ionic bonds or covalent
bonds.
They play very important role in living systems.
Van der Waals bonding
Van der Waals bonding (graphite)
Hydrogen bonding