Operation and

maintenance
 Pigs and pigging
The term pig is commonly used in the pipeline industry to refer to special
devices sent into a pipeline for cleaning the pipe interior or inspection,
etc.
They are also often referred to as scrapers.
The use of pigs for pipeline operation is commonly referred to as pigging.
 Types
Cleaning
Caliber/ gaging
Batching/ displacement.
Inspection
 Pig motion in pipe
Valves
Restrictions
Direction changee
 Pigging system
Pig launcher
Pig receiver
Pig launcher/ Receiver
 Smart pig
Line internal inpsection
 Hot tapping
Tapping the line while pressurized
Flow rate is critical for cooling.
Sometimes required to avoid the downtime
required for line tapping in normal
procedures.
 Next
MATERIAL AND CORROSION
 Material

Non
Metallic
Metallic

Non
Ferrous
Ferrous
 Ferrous

Iron Steel

Grey Cast Ductile

Carbon Alloy Stainless
iron cast iron
 Non
mettalic

Plastic Concrete Clay Others

PE PVC PP
Corrosion
 Definition
The loss of material as a result of chemical or
electrochemical reaction with the environment.
Losses due to purely mechanical forces is not called
corrosion but known as wear fretting erosion.
In some cases chemical or electrochemical attack
may be accompanied by physical deterioration and
is described as corrosion-erosion, corrosive wear or
fretting wear.
 Cost of Corrosion
Over-design to allow
for corrosion.
Cost of repair or
replacement of
corroded
components.
Cost of anti-corrosion
Factors Affecting Corrosion
Resistance of a Metal
 Forms of Corrosion
Group I - readily identifiable by visual examination.
Group II - May require supplementary means of
examination.
Group III- Usually should be verified by microscopy of
one kind or another (optical, scanning electron, etc.)
these are some times apparent to the naked eye.
Group I
Group II
Group III
Galvanic cell
Galvanic Corrosion [Two-Metal
Corrosion]

A potential difference usually exists

between two dissimilar metals when they
are immersed in a corrosive environment.
When such metals comes in contact, this
potential difference produces electron flow.
The less resistant metal becomes anodic
 Corrosion protection
Non corrosive material.
Internal/ External
Coating/ Lining
Corrosion inhibitors
Cathodic protection
Sacrificial anode
Impressed current
 Galvanization

.
Galvanized steel
Stainless steel