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Sobotta - Atlas Human Anatomy Volume1 14th Edition (WWW - Irananatomy.ir) PDF
Sobotta - Atlas Human Anatomy Volume1 14th Edition (WWW - Irananatomy.ir) PDF
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Volume1
Head,Neck,UpperLimb
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ISBN-1 3 : 9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 30
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C u r r e n ti n f o r m a t i o nb y w w w e L s e v i e r . c oamn d w w w e t s e v i e r . d e
Contents
Preface VI C r a n i abl a s eB
, a s i sc r a n i i. .. 264-265
C r a n i anI e r v e sN , e r v ic r a n i a t e s. . . . . 266-273
P a r a s y m p a t h e tai ca n g t i ao f t h e h e a d 274-275
GeneraI
anatomy 1- 3 1 C r a n i a In e r v e st,o p o g r a p h y 2 76 - 2 7 7
C r a n i a Ib a s e ,v e s s e t sa n d n e r y e s 278-279
P a r t sa n d r e g i o n so f t h e b o d y
C r a n i a Id u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e rc r a n i a L i sa,n d c r a n i a l
Passivelocomotorsystem 6 - 10 a r a c h n o i dm a t e r ,A r a c h n o i d e m a a t e r c r a n i a [ i s. . . . . 280-283
Active[ocomotorsystem 11 - 1 3 S t r u c t u r eo f t h e b r a i na n d b r a i nd e v e t o o m e n t 284
Digestiveand respiratorysystem 1 4 T e L e n c e p h a t o n , T e t e n c e p h. .a. .t .o n 285-294
U r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m 1 5 D i e n c e p h a l o nD,i e n c e p h a [ o n 295-296
S u r f a c ep r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r n a lo r g a n s. 16-17 M e s e n c e p h a l o M n ,e s e n c e p h a t o .n. 297
Cardiovascutar system 18-23 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a t i 298-299
Centraland peripheralnervoussystem 24-29 N u c t e io f t h e c r a n i a In e r v e s . 3 0 0 - 310
E n d o c r i n eo r g a n s. 30 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e L t u m 302-305
S k i na n d a p p e n d a g e s 31 A s s o c i a t i oann d c o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s 306
I n t e r n a Ic a p s u t eC, a p s u [ ai n t e r n a ,p y r a m i d atIr a c t
a n d b a s a lg a n g t i a 307-309
32-117 V e n t r i c u L asry s t e ma n d s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e 310-317
R e g i o nosf h e a da n dn e c k R , e g i o n ecsa p i t i s V e s s e t so f t h e b r a i n 318-322
etcotli. 3 2 M a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c et o m o g r a p h i ci m a g e so f
B o n e so f t h es k u l t O
, s s ac r a n i i the brain . 323-325
33-61
T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o - Frontalsectionsthroughthe brain ... 326-329
m a n d i b u [ a r i sa,n d m a s t i c a t o r m y usc[es 62-69 H o r i z o n t asl e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n 330-336
Faciam I usc[es 70-73 S a g i t t a sLe c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e b r a i n .. 337-339
V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f h e a da n d n e c k S p i n a cl o r d ,M e d u l l as p i n a l i s . . .. 340-351
74-85
N o s e ,N a s u se x t e r n u sa, n d n a s a Ic a v i t y ,
C a v i t a s n a .s. i. 86-88
P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S , i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s. . 8 9 - 91 Eye,Organumvisus. 352-378
0 r a I c a v i t yC
, a v i t a so r i s ,a n d t e e t h ,D e n t e s 92-101E y e t i d sP,a l p e b r aaen, do r b i t , O r b i t a . 352-355
P a t a t eP, alatum 102
L a c r i m aaIp p a r a t uA s ,p p a r a t u[ sa c r i m a [ i s . . . 356-357
T o n g u eL, i n g u a . 103-104E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c [ e sM, u s c u Iei x t e r nbi u I boi c u I i. . . . 3 5 8 - 3 6 1
H y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u ma, n d h y o i d a m l . u s c L e s. . . . . . 105
E y e b a LBtu, l b u so c u l i 362
Suprahyoim d u s c [ e sM , u s c u l .siu p r a h y o i d eai ,n d
Vessels of theeye 363
e x t e r n aml u s c l eos f t h et o n g u e . . . 10 6 - 10 8 lris,lris,andpupil., Pupil.l.a . 364-365
M a j o rs a t i v a rgyt a n d sG, t a n d u Lsaael i v a r i amea j o r e s. . j 0 g - 1 1 2
L e n s L, e n sa, n do c u [ afru n d u s ,
A r t e r i eas n dn e r v e o s f t h eo r a lc a v i t y. . 11 3 F u n d uosc u l i. . .. 366-367
V e s s e tasn dn e r v e o s f t h et o n g u e . . . . j 1 4 - 1 j s O p t i cn e r v eN , e r v u so p t i c u s . 368-369
F r o n t asl e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eh e a d . . . 1 1 6 - j 1 7 Optictract,Tractusopticus . . 370-371
Muscles, vesselsandnervesof the orbit . . . . . 372-376
S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h t h eo r b i t . . . 377-378
1 1 81 5 6
M u s c l eosf t h en e c k . jj}-12j
L a r y n xL,a r y n x. .... jL2-j3j Ear,Auris .379-400
T h y r o igdL a n dG, l . a n d utlh. a yroidea . . . 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 0vervrew 379
P h a r y n xP,h a r y n x . . . j 3 6 - 1 4 j A u r i c [ eA, uricu[a 380
Vessetsandnervesoftheneck . . . . . . i L Z - 1 5 3 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M , u s c u [ ai u r i c u t a r e s 381
S e c t i o ntsh r o u g h e a da n dn e c k . . . . 15 4 - 15 5 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s ,
a n d t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M , e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a. . . 382
A u d i t o r yo s s i c [ e s0, s s i c u t aa u d i t o r i a 383-384
Uppertimb.. . . . . . 1 5 7 - Z S 7Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani 385-387
S u r f a c ea n a t o m y jS7 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a 388-389
Bones,joints,tigaments .... jig-j77
I n t e r n a Ie a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a 390-393
Muscteo s f t h e u p p e rL i m b. . . j7g-2j3 A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i l . i b r i u m
organ 394-396
V e s s e l s a nnde r v e s otfh e u p p e r l . i m b. . A u d i t o r ya n d e q u i [ i b r i u mp a t h w a y 397
..... 2j4-ZS1
S e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e a r m . . . ZS2-ZS7
Nervesand vessetsof the ear 398-399
C o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cs e c t i o n st h r o u g ht h e e a r . . . . 400
U n i v . - P r oDf .r .m e d .R e i n h a r d
Pabst
B o r ni n P o s e ng,r o w nu p I n L u n e D u r g
1965-1970 S t u d i e dm e d i c i n ea t t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aS I c h o o ta, n d i n G l a s q o w / S c o t t a n d
1970 U n i v e r s i tdy e g r e ea n d d o c t o r a t e
1 9 71 R e g i s t r a t i otno p r a c t i s em e d i c i n e
1971-76 Scientifia c s s o c i a t ei n t h e D e p a r t m e not f C t i n i c a P I h y s i o l . o gUy n, i v e r s i t o
yf Utm
1 9 76 L e c t u r e rf o r C L i n i c aPLh y s i o t o g yU,n i v e r s i t oy f U t m ,a n d n e w [ e c t u r e s h i a pt t h e
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aS L chool
1976-80 S e n i o ra s s i s t a nrt n t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t r o n aaIn d A p p L i e A
d natomy,
H a n n o v eM r e d i c aSI c h o o L
1978 Extension o f t h e V e n i al e g e n d ti o i n c L u d a
en a t o m y
1980-1992 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f T o p o g r a p h iAcn a t o m ya n d B i o m e c h a n i c s
s i n c e19 9 2 H e a do f t h e D e p a r t m e not f F u n c t i o n aal .n d A p p l . i eAd n a t o m yH , a n n o v eM
r e d i c aS
I chool.
1986-1990 P r o r e c t o fr o r s t u d i e sa n d e d u c a t i o nH, a n n o v e M r e d i c aSI chooI
1993-1997 D e a no f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aSI choo[
1997-1998 C h a i r m a no f t h e A n a t o m i c aSI o c i e t y
1999-2003 P r o r e c t o or f R e s e a r c ho f t h e H a n n o v e M r e d i c aSI chooL
2 0 01 M e m b e ro f t h e A k a d e m i ed e r N a t u r f o r s c h eur n d A r z t eI L e o p o L d i n a ]
F i g . I a - c P [ a n e sa n d a x e s .
a S a g i t t apt t a n e ,P [ a n u ms a g i t t a [ es, a g i t t a I a n d[ o n g i t u d i n aaIx e s
b Transverseptane[= horizontaIptane),Ptanumtransversate,transverseand sagittalaxes
c F r o n t a lp L a n e[ = c o r o n a Ip t a n e ] P
, t a n u mf r o n t a l e L, o n g i t u d i n a n t d t r a n s v e r s ea x e s
Linea oaravertebralis
cranialis
Lineasternalis (= superior)
Lineascapularis
Lineaparasternalis
lateralis
Lineaaxillaris
anterior Lineaaxillarisposteriot
Lineamedioclavicularis
radialis
ulnaris
palmaris
dorsalis
msdialis
proximalis
caudalis
(= inferior)
fibularis
tibialis
plantaris
F i g .2 a , b O r i e n t a t i o [ni n e so f t h e h u m a nb o d ya n d
t e r m s o f d i r e c t i o na n d o o s i t i o n .
a VentraIview [ventralis,anterior]
b D o r s a Iv i e w I d o r s a [ i sp, o s t e r i o r )
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y Surface I Locomotor
system
F i g .3 S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a [ e . F i g ,t , S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a [ e .
Met ab o t iscy s t e m s
Membrum
supenus
brachium
F i g .5 S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e m a t e . F i g .6 S u r f a c ea n a t o m yo f t h e f e m a t e .
> Generalanatomy Surface I Locomotor
system
Regions
of thehumanbody
Regio cervicalisanterior
Begiosternocleidomastoidea
Regiocervicalislateralis
Regiopresternalis
Regioaxillaris Regiopectoralis
Regiomammaria
Regioinframammaria
Regiobrachiianterior
Regioepigastrica
Regiohypochondriaca
Regiocubitalisanterior,
Fossacubitalis
Begioumbilicalis
Regioantebrachiiposterior Regioabdominalis
lateralis
Regioantebrachiianterior Regioinguinalis
Regiopubica[Hypogastrium]
Regiourogenitalis
Dorsummanus
Trigonum
femoris
Regiotemorisanterior
Regiogenusanterior
Dorsumpedis
Fig.7 R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .
M e t a b o t iscy s t e m s
Regionsof thehumanbody
Regio parietalis
Regio occipitalis
Regiocervicalisposterior
Reglo deltoidea
Regiovertebralis
Regioscapularis
Begio axillaris
Regioinfrascapularis
Regiobrachiiposterior
Regiocubitalisposterior
Regioantebrachii
anterior
Regioantebrachiiposterior
Palma[Volal
Regio glutealis
Begiofemorisposterior
Calx
IRegiocalcanea]
Fig.8 R e g i o n so f t h e h u m a nb o d y ,R e g i o n e cs o r p o r i s .
> GeneraIanatomy Locomotorsystem
Skeleton
Mandibula
Columnavertebralis Columnavertebralis
(Parscervicalis) (Parsthoracica)
Clavicula
Scapula
Humerus
Columnavertebralis
(Parslumbalis)
Radius Os sacrum
Ulna
Os coxae
Os
coccygrs
Ossa carpi
Ossa
meracarpl
Ossa
digitorum
lPhalangesl
Ossatarsi
Ossametatarsi
Ossatarsi
F i g ,9 O v e r v i e w
of the skeleton, F i g .1 0 O v e r v i e w
of the skeLeton,
Systemasketeta[e. Svstemaske[etate.
ti
ii
F i g . 1 1 a ,b S k e l e t o nS, y s t e m as k e L e t a [ e
(Cartilago
articularis)
Substantiaspongiosa;
lvledulla
ossiumrubra proximalis
Epiphysis
(Extremitas
proximalis) Linea
epiphysialis
lvletaphysis
(proximalis)
Substantia compacta
A nutricia
Canalisnutricius Vasanutritia
Corpus
Periosleum
Cavitas medullaris;
l\4edullaossium flava
Epiphysis
distalis
Metaphysis
(distalis) Fossa olecrani
F i g . 1 2 a , b S t r u c t u r eo f t u b u t a rb o n e s ,O s s aL o n g a ;
L o n g i t u d i n sa eI c t i o n s
(Extremitas
a H u m e r u sH , u m e r u so, f a n a d u [ t
dislalis) 0 s s i f i e de p i p h y s e s( e p i p h y s e a[ itn e s ]a r e o n [ yp o o r t yv i s i b t e .
b H u m e r u sH , u m e r u so, f a c h i t d
Cartilago
articularis T h e e p i p h y s e cs o n s i s to f h y a t i n ec a r t i t a g e .
* E p i p h y se i sp, i p h y s epatta t e
>> I Surface I Locomotor
system
Passivelocomotorsystem
Bonedevelopment
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. 3.-5.Y
2.-4.Y 1 6 . - 1 8Y.
20.-25.Y 17.-20.Y
13.-15
1 0 . - 1 3Y
. 4.-6.Y
1 5 . - 1 8Y.
1 9 , - 2 0 .Y
7.-8. EW
1 6 . - 2 0 .Y
E W = Embrvonicw6ek
E M = Embrlonicmonth
M = Monthof life
Yearof life
7. EW 8. EW
7.-8. EW
21.-25.Y
1 . - 2 .Y 6.M
17.-1A.Y
1 0 . - 1 2Y.
1 7 . - 1 8Y.
2.4.Y
2.-4.Y
9. EW
9. EW
2.-3. Y
3.-4.Y
9. EW
1 5 . -2 1. Y
3 . - 4 .Y
1 . - 2 .Y
3.-5.Y 5. EM
8. EM
9. EW
1 Synovialmembrane
Synovialintima,Intima
1 b Subintimallayer,Subintima
Fibrousmembrane
3 A-cells(macroohaqes)
4 B-cells(fibroblasts)
5 Fatcells
6 Capillaryvesselswith fenestration Membranafibrosa
7 Venules lstratumfibrosuml Capsula
8 Lymphatics
9 Nerves Membranasvnovialis articularis
l 0 Collagenfibres lstratumsynbviale]
Linea epiphysialis
Labrumarticulare
Recessusarticularis
Membranasynovialis
Vaginasynovialis
lstratumsynoviale] Capsula
Membranafibrosa articularis
lstratumfibrosum]
Joints
F i g . 1 9 a - g J o i n t s ,J u n c t u r a es y n o v i a L e s . d C o n d y l ajro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ioov o i d e a
a H i n g ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ci oy I i n d r i c a e S a d d Ljeo i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i os e L t a r i s
b C o n o i dj o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc o n o i d e a f S p h e r o i d aj oI i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a
c P i v o ti o i n t .A r t i c u L a t itor o c h o i d e a g P t a n ej o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ipoL a n a
Planum sagittale,
Axis transversalis
Flexio,
Anteversio
Rotatiointerna
F i g . 2 0 S p h e r o i d aj o t i n t I h i pj o i n t l , Rotatio externa
A r t i c u t a t i os p h e r o i d e a[ A r t i c u [ a t i co o x a e l .
Met ab o l iscy s t e m s I C o n trosyste
l rn s | Sltin
Activelocomotorsystem
Muscles
'1
Line of force
of the muscle
2 Virtual lever arm
of the muscle
3 Axis of rotation
of the,oint
(Cavitassynovialis)
Mesotendineum
Epitendineum
Phalanx media
Fig.21 0rganisation p r i n c i p l eo f s k e l e t a L
muscLes, F i g . 2 2 S t r u c t u r eo f a t e n d o ns h e a t h V
, a g i n at e n d i n i s ,
exemptifieb
dyt h e b r a c h i a m
I u s c l e ,M . b r a c h i a t i s . e x e m p t i fe d b y a f i n g e r .
a M u s c u t u sf u s i f o r m i s b M u s c u L ubsi c e p s c M u s c u l u sb i v e n t e r d M u s c u [ upst a n u s
Skeletalmuscles
Mm capitis et colli
) U p p 6. t f t , 7 0 t l , 1 0 51f ,1 8 f f
lvlm thoraciset
Mm abdominis
Fig.21 Overview
o f t h e s k e t e t am
l usctes
M e t a b o l iscy s t e m s I C o n trosyste
t ms I St< in
Activelocomotorsystem
Skeletalmuscles
Mm nuchaeet
Mm.dorsi
Oesophagus
Hepar-
Pancreas
Vesica biliaris[fellea]
Intestinum
crassum
Canalis analis
Anus
Sinusparanasales
Lobussuperior
L,,'o
sinister
Lobusinferior J
Organa
unnana
Ductusdeferens
Vesicaurinaria
Glandulavesiculosa
Ductusdeferens
Urethramasculina Prostata
Organa genitalia
Glandula masculinainterna
bulbourethralis
Penis
Epididymis
Organa genitalia
masculinaexterna Urethramasculina Ductusdelerens
Testis
Scrotum
F i g .2 8 O v e r v i e w
o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a Is y s t e m
of the mate.
Organa
unnafla
Organa genitalia
feminina interna
Clitoris
Organa genitalia Labiumminus
temtntnaexterna pudendi
Labiummajus
pudendi
o f t h e u r i n a r ya n d g e n i t a ls y s t e m
Fig.29 Overview
of thefemate.
> Generat
anatomy Locomotorsystem
Digestive
system Respiratory
system
lnternalorgans,projection
Oesophagus
Cor
Diaphragma
Hepar
Gaster
SplenILien]
Pancreas
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ren
Colon
Appendix
vermiformis
Hepar
Gaster
Vesica biliaris
Splen [Lien]
Colon
Ren
Intestinum
tenue
A. carotiscommunis
A subclavia
Arcusaortae
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Parsascendensaortae
[Aortaascendens]
Cor
Parsdescendensaortae[Aortadescendens],
Parsthoracicaaortae[Aortathoracica]
Truncuscoeliacus
A mesenterica
suoerior
A renalis
A. testicularis*
Bifurcatioaortae
A mesenterica
inferior
A iliacacommunis
A iliaca externa
A iliaca interna
A, tibialisposterior
A tibialisanterior
A fibularis
A dorsalispedis
F i g .3 4 O v e r v i e w o f t h e a r t e r i e so f t h e
s y s t e m i cc i r c u L a t i o n .
x In thefemate: ovarian artery,A ovarica
M e t a b o t i cs y s t e m s
E n d o c r i noer o a n s
1 Parsascendens aortae
2 Bulbusaortae
3 Aa coronariae
4 Arcusaortae
5 lsthmusaortae
6 Truncusbrachiocephalicus
7 A carotiscommunis sinistra
I A subclaviasinistra
9 A carotiscommunis dextra
10 A subclaviadextra
11 A. carotisinterna
12
'13 A carotisexterna
1 Truncuscoeliacus 1 A mesenterica 6 A colica dextra
'14 Parsthoracicaaortae
Parsabdominalis aortae 2 A gastricasinistra supenor 7 A colica media
15 A. sacralismediana 3 A hepaticacommunis 2 A pancreatico- 8 A. mesentericainferior
16 Bifurcatioaortae 4 A splenica duodenalisinlerior 9 A colica sinistra
17 A iliacacommunis 3 Aa jejunales 10 Aa sigmoideae
18 A iliacainterna 4 Aa ileales 11 A rectalissuperior
19 A iliacaexterna 5 A. ileocolica
F i g . 3 5 a - g A o r t a ,A o r t a ,a n d g r e a t e r
ar t e n e s ;
s c h e m ao f t h e b r a n c h i n gp a t t e r n .
a Aorta,Aorta
b S u b c t a v i aanr t e r y ,A s u b c t a v i a
c ExternaIcarotidartery,A. carotisexterna
d C o e t i a ct r u n k ,T r u n c u sc o e t i a c u s 1 A. iliaca communis 1 A iliacacommunis 8 Aa sacrales laterales
e S u p e r i o ra n d i n f e r i o rm e s e n t e r i ca r t e r y , 2 A iliaca interna 2 A iliacaexterna I A. gluteasuperior
3 A iliaca externa 3 A. iliacainterna 10 A umbilicalis,
A a . m e s e n t e r i c aseu o e r i o re t i n f e r i o r 4 A epigastricainferior 4 A obturatoria Parspatens
f E x t e r n a L i L i a cr t e r y ,A . i L i a c ae x t e r n a 5 A circumflexailium profunda 5 A. pudendainterna 11 A. vesicalisinferior
6 R pubicus 6 A. gluteainferior 12 A. rectalismedia
g I n t e r n a Ii L i a ca r t e r y ,A i t i a c ai n t e r n a 7 A, iliolumbalis
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y [.-ocomotor
system
Cardiovascularsystem Nervoussystem
Veins
V jugularisexterna
V jugularis
anterior
V jugularis
interna V brachioceDhalicasinistra
V brachioceohalicadextra
V subclavia
V cavasuperior
V axillaris V thoracicainterna
V cephalica
W hepaticae
V basilica
Vv brachiales
V testicularis
sinistra'
V portaehepatis
V medianacubiti
V splenica
V testicularis
dextra*
V mesenterlca
inferior
V iliacacommunis
V mesenterica
superior
V iliaca interna
V cavainlerior
V iliaca externa
V saphenamagna
V saphenaparva
V tibialisanterior
V tibialisposterior
F i g .3 6 O v e r v i e w o f t h e v e i n so f t h e s y s t e m i c
c i rcuLation
S u p e r f i c i avIe i n sa r e i t I u s t r a t e d
on
t h e r i g h t [ e ga n d d e e pv e i n so n t h e l e f t .
* In thefema[e: ovarian vein.V.ovarica
Me t a b o t iscy s t e m s
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
1 V cavainferior 8 V renalis
1 V cavasuperior 6 V azygos 2 V.sacralismediana 9 V testicularis/ovarica
2 V brachiocephalicadextra 7 posteriores
Vv. intercostales 3 V iliacacommunis 10 V suprarenalis
3 V brachiocephalica sinistra 8 V hemiazygos accessoria 4 V iliacainterna 11 posteriores
4 V jugularisinterna 9 V hemiazygos V iliacaexterna .12W intercostales
V lumbalisascendens
5
5 V subclavia 6 V phrenicainferior 13 W lumbales
7 W hepaticae 14 V iliolumbalis
Valvulae venosae
1 R sinister 9 V rectalissuperior
2 B. dexter 10 Vv sigmoideae
3 V portaehepatis 11 V colicasinistra
4 V gastricadextra 12 V colicamedia
F i g . 3 9 F u n c t i o n apI r i n c i p l .oef v e n o u sv a t v e s . 5 V gastroomentalis dextra 13 V gastroomentalissinistra
T h ea r r o w sp o i n t i n gu p w a r d si n d i c a t et h e f l o w 6 V colicadextra 14 V mesenterica inferior
7 V mesenterica superior 15 V splenica
of blood.The vatvesctoseuoon backftowof the 8 Vv.jeiunaleset ilei 16 V gastricasinistra
b [ o o dI a r r o w sp o i n t i n gd o w n w a r d s )
F i g . 4 0 H e p a t i cp o r t a Iv e i n ,V . p o r t a eh e p a t i s .
> G e n e r aaI n a t o m y mtmn $y,$ts$T\
l"-*cwm"r
Foetalcirculation
Aa pulmonales
Arcus aortae
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
V cavasuperior
Foramen ovale *
Atriumcordisdextrum
cordissinister
Ventriculus
cordisdexter
Ventriculus
Vv hepaticae
Pars thoracica aortae [Aorta thoracica]
.'/ Truncuscoeliacus
I
I
I A mesenterica
superior
Vesica biliaris
Aa renales
V umbilicalis
Aa lumbales
V cava inlerior
A mesentericainferior
V umbilicalis
Aa umbrlrcales
Bifurcatioaodae
A i l i a c ac o m m u n i s
A iliaca externa
A iliaca interna
Aa umbrlrcales
Placenta Vesicaurinaria
F i g .1 1 S c h e m ao f f o e t a Ic i r c u L a t i o n C o n v e r s i o nf r o m f o e t a Lt o o o s t n a t a I c i r c u L a t i o n :
T h e d i f f e r e n ct o L o u r si n d i c a t et h e o x v q e nc o n t e n ti n t h e b L o o d : + T h ev a L v e - [ i kceo n n e c t i o bn e t w e e nt h e r i g h ta n d t h e l e f t a t r i u mv i a
red= richin oxygen, t h e f o r a m e no v a t ei s p a s s i v e Lc y[ o s e da t t h e o n s e to f r e s p i r a t o r y
b L u e= p o o r i n o x y g e n , a c t i v i t yi n t h e I u n g s
* * T h e d u c t u sa r t e r i o s u sI a o T A r r o ]o, n t h e o t h e rh a n d ,c t o s e so n t y
o u r o L e= m i x e db L o o d .
d u r i n gt h e f i r s t m o n t h so f L i f ea s i t s [ u m e ng r a d u a L toyb [ i t e r a t ebs y
A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f t h e b t o o df L o w
* Short-circu e o i t h e t i aoLr o t i f e r a t i oann d i n c r e a s e tde n s i o no f t h e w a I L
b iet t w e etnh er i g h ta n dt h el e f ta t r i u m * * * T h e d u c t u sv e n o s u s{ A R A N T I UoS b JL i t e r a t easf t e rb i r t ha n d b e c o m e s
** Short-circu b iet t w e etnh ep u t m o n a tr ryu n ka n dt h ea r c ho f a o r t a
* * * S h o r t - c i r c bu ei tt w e etnh eu m b i [ i c a theIigamentum v e n o s u mi n t h e p o r t a Ia r e ao f t h e I i v e r .
veI i na n dt h ei n f e r i ovre n ac a v a
Met ab o t iscy s t e ms I C o n trosyste
l ms I Skin
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
Lymphatic
Truncusjugularis
V jugularis
interna
Ductuslymphaticus
dexter
(Angulus
venosus)
Truncusbronchomediastinalis
Truncussubclavius
Ductusthoracicus
Nodi lymphoideiaxillares
Parsabdominalis
chyli
Cisterna
Trunciintestinales
Truncilumbales
Nodi lymphoideipelvis
parietales et viscerales
Nodi lymphoideiinguinales
Vasa lymphatica
Nodi lymphoidei
cervicales laterales
Nodi lymphoidei Nodi lymphoidei
axillares axillares
F i g . 4 3a , b D r a i n a g ea r e a so f
r e g i o n a l[y m p hn o d e s
T h e d r a i n a g eo f r e g i o n a l y m p hn o d e s
v a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b [bye t w e e ni n d i v i d u a [ s .
T h e yo v e r l a pi n d r a i n i n gt o l y m p hn o d e s
o f t h e i p s i t a t e r aaI s w e t La s o f t h e
c o n t r a [ a t e r asLi d eo f t h e b o d v .
> Generat
anatomy Surface I Locomotorsystem
Systemanervosum Systemanervosum
centrale periphericum
c1
2 Plexus
cervicalis
Truncuscerebri J
4
5
6
Plexus
7 brachialis
8
T1
Medulla spinalis
3
4
5
o
Nn inter-
7 costales
I
9
10
11
12
LI
Plexus
lumbalis
4
5
S1
Plexus
2 sacralis
3
5
Cc1
Cerebrum
Nn, craniales
I Nn. olfactorii
ll N. opticus
lll N. oculomotorius
Pons lV N trochlearis
V N. trigeminus
Cerebellum
Vl N. abducens
VI Vll N. tacialis
vil, vill Vlll N. vestibulocochlearis
lX N. glossopharyngeus
X N. vagus
XI Xl N. accessorius
Medulla oblongata Xll N. hypoglossus
lvledullaspinalis
F i g . 4 5 O v e r v i e wo f t h e b r a i n a n d
the craniaI nerves.
N hypoglossus
[Xlll
N occipitalisminor
Plexuscervicalis
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
N auricularis
magnus
N transversuscolli
Ansacervicalis,
Radixsuperior
Ansacervicalis,
Radixinferior
(R trapezius)
N dorsalisscapulae
N phrenicus
Nn supraclaviculares
N. suprascapularis Plexusbrachialis
N subscapularis Truncus
N subclavius supenor
Fasciculusposterior
N. axillaris Truncus
N thoracodorsalis meorus
Fasciculuslateralis
N thoracicus
longus
N radialis
Fasciculus Truncus
medialis inferior
N. musculocutaneus
N medianus
N .u l n a r i s
N. cutaneus antebrachiimedialis
N. cutaneus brachii medialis
Fig.46 Overviewof the cervical
N. intercostobrachialis
andbrachiap I lexusP
, t e x u sc e r v i c a t i s
N thoracicus[T2],
N intercostalis et brachia[is.
system
Locomotor
CardiovascutarsystemNervoussystem
PeripheraI nervous system
N. subcostalis
R. cutaneuslateralis
N iliohypogastricus Plexuslumbalis
N ilioinguinalis
Plexus
N. femoralis lumbosacralis
L5
N obturatorius
Truncuslumbosacralis
N gluteussuperior S1
Plexussacralis
N. gluteusinferior
N cutaneus
lemorisoosterior
N. pudendus
inferiores
Nn.analesIrectales]
N coccygeus
N anococcygeus
Fig,17 Overview of the [umbosacral plexus,
. i s[ e x u[su m b a Lei st s a c r a t i s ] ,
P L e x u[ su m b o s a c r aIl P
a n dt h ec o c c y g e pa lLe x u sP, L e x ucso c c y g e u s .
Ganglionsensorium
nervispinalis
Truncusnervi
spinalis
trunci
Ganglion
sympathici
N splanchnicus
maJor
F i g . 4 8 S c h e m ao f s p i n a ln e r v e s
e x e m o t i fe d b v t w o t h o r a c i cn e r v e s .
Metabotic
systems I Controtsystems I St<in
Endocrine
organs
N. oculomotorius
ull
N facialis [Vll]
Ganglion ceruicale Medulla oblongata
supenus
N glossopharyngeus
lxl
N vagus[X]
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
superior
A. carotiscommunis
Ganglion cervicale
medium
N. cardiacus
cervicalis
medius
Ganglion A subclavia
ceruicothoracicum
lstellatuml
Ansa subclavia N laryngeusrecurrensdexter
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
inferior Arcusaortae;Plexuscardiacus
Parsascendensaortae
Truncussympathicus;
Gangliathoracica
N splanchnicus
major
Parsthoracicaaortae Truncusvagalisanterior
Rr.communicantes
Truncusvagalisposterior
Plexusoesophageus
N splanchnicus
minor
Truncuscoeliacus;
Plexuscoeliacus
Gangliacoeliaca
A. renalis;Plexusrenalis
Truncussvmpathicus: A mesenterica
superior;
Gan6tialumbalia Plexusmesentericus
suoerior
Nn splanchnicilumbales
Parsabdominalisaortae;
Plexusaorticusabdominalis
A. mesentericainferior;
Plexusmesentericus
inferior
Plexushypogastricus
superior
Parscranialis
Pars pelvica
A iliaca communis
N hypogastricus
Radix parasympathica
INn splanchnicipelvicil
Nn splanchnici
Plexushypogastricus
inferior
sacrates
Ganglia pelvica
Ganglionimpar
F i g .1 9 S y m p a t h e t i pc a r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s F i g .5 0 P a r a s y m p a t h e tpi ca r t o f t h e a u t o n o m o u s
n e r v o u ss y s t e m ,P a r ss y m p a t h i c a nervoussystem,Pars parasympathica
T h e e n t i r es y s t e mo f s y m p a t h e t i A
c a n g L iaan d t h e i r P a r a s y m p a t h e tfiicb r e sl v i o L e tul s u a l . ttyr a v e Ia [ o n gw i t h o t h e r
c o n n e c t i o nlso c a t e da t o n gt h e v e r t e b r a cl o t u m na r e r e f e r r e d n e r v ef i b r e s .
t o a s s y m p a t h e t i tcr u n k ,T r u n c u ss y m p a t h i c u Isg r e e n l .
> Generalanatomy system
Surface I Locomotor
systern Nervoussystem
Cardiovascutar
Autonomous nervous svstem
Parssympathica Parsparasympathica
N. oculomotorius
illll
N. facialis[Vll]
N. glossopharyngeus
flXl
N vagus[X]
Truncussympathicus
Ganglion coeliacum
mesentericum
Ganglion
superlus
mesentericum
Ganglion
inferius
Nn. splanchnicipelvici
F i g , 5 1 P e r i p h e r apl a r t so f t h e a u t o n o m o u s
nervoussystem
S y m p a t h e t ifci b r e so f t h e [ i m b st r a v e L
a l o n gw i t h a r t e r i e s .
Metabolic
systems I Control.
systems I St<in
E n d o c r i noer g a n s
Parssympathica Parsparasympathica
N oculomotorius
illll
N tacialis[Vll]
N. glossopharyngeus
ilXl
N vagus[X]
Truncus
sympathicus
Nn splanchnici
pelvici
Hypothalamus
pinealis
Glandula
loorpuspinealel
- Hypophysis-
lGlandulapituitarial
Glandulae
parathyroideae
superioret inferior
thyroidea
Glandula
Thymus
Glandula
suprarenalis
Insulaepancreaticae
Ren
Ovarium
lntestinum
F i g .5 3 E n d o c r i n eo r g a n so f t h e m a t e . F i g .5 4 E n d o c r i n eo r g a n so f t h e f e m a t e .
Metabolic
systems I Controlsystems I SKn
Endocrineorgans
Skinand fingernails
Stratumcorneum
(strictusensu)
Stratum
corneum Stratumlucidum
Stratumgranulosum
(Plexusvasalisdermalis)
Stratumspinosum
Stratumbasale
Stratumpapillare
Corium
lDermisl Stratumreticulare
(Plexus vasalis
Vasalymphatica subdermalis)
superficialia
Subcutis
Nn cutanei (Plexusvasalis
subcutaneus)
Fascia
(Plexusvasalis
Musculus epifascialis)
Vaslymphaticum
profundum
(A ; V subfascialis)
(A.;V. intraseptalis)
F i g . 5 5 S e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s k i n ;
a p p r o x i m a t e L1y1 - f o t dm a g n i ifc a t i o n
Margoliber
Hyponychium
Corpusunguis
Matrixunguis
*
Eponychium Vallumunguis
F i g .5 6 D i s t a Ip h a t a n xo f a d i g i t F i g .5 7 D i s t a Ip h a t a n xo f a d i g i t ;
withfingernait. t h e n a i I h a s b e e np a r t t yr e m o v e d .
* T h ee p i d e r m o
i sf t h en a i Ii s a l s o
knownas cuticte.
Corpusunguis Eponychium
Aponeurosis
dorsalis
Articulatiointerphalangea
distalis
Capsulaarticularis
Regio orbitalis
Regio inlraorbitalis
Regio zygomatica
Regio oralis
Regio buccalis
iigonumsubmentale
Trigonum
)
?igonumsubmandibulare
Trigonum I l-"-9i9-,,-
rrisonum
caroticum ffii:',"#"
I
/Trigonummusculare
lomotracheale],
Regio sternocleidomastoidea
minor
Fossasuoraclavicularis
Trigonum
omoclavrculare
F i g .5 9 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ,
R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o t l i .
Regioparietalis
Regio temporalis
Regio frontalis
Regio orbitalis
Regionasalis
Regio
Regioinfraorbitalis
Regiooralis
Regiobuccalis
Regio mentalis
f Trigonum /
submandibulare
...1 Regio sternocleidomastoidea
t"#i!i';?
""n'" ] rrisonum
caroticum
Regiocervicalisposterior
I rr'nonrr musculare
lomotracheale]
) Regio ..
Trigonum I cervrcails
omoctavrcutare J lateralis
minor
Fossasuoraclavicularis
Regio deltoidea
F i g . 5 0 R e g i o n so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k ,
R e g i o n e cs a p i t i se t c o [ [ i .
Topography
Arcuszygomaticus
Aperturapiriformis
F i g .6 1 S k u L [C
, ranium.
Surface lSketetonl Muscles
of theskull
Os trontale,
Suturainternasalis Squamalrontalis
Os nasale
Maxilla, Proc frontalis Suturafrontonasalis
Suturaf rontolacrimalis
Suturafrontomaxillaris
Suturasphenofrontalis
Margosupraorbitalis Foramensupraorbitale
Suturacoronalis
Os parietale
Os parietale,
Angulussphenoidalis
Os sphenoidale, Sutura
Ala major sphenoparietalis
Os frontale, Os sphenoidale,
Parsorbitalis Ala major,
Faciesorbitalis
Os frontale,
Proc zygomaticus Os temporale
Fissura
orbitalissuperior Suturafrontozygomatica
Os sphenoidale,
Ala minor Os lacrlmale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Sutura
sphenozygomatica
Os zygomaticum
Fissuraorbitalisinferior Suturanasomaxillaris
Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
Concha nasalis media
. f Os ethmoidale
seprumnasr]
osseumI
\ vomer
Concha nasalis inferior
Sutura intermaxillaris
Foramenmentale
Corpusmandibulae
Os frontale
f,, ii Os temporale Vomer
F i g . 6 2 B o n e so f t h e s k u [ t ,0 s s a c r a n i i .
Bonesof theskull
Os parietale
Suturasquamosa
Suturacoronalis
Lineatemporalis
superior
inferior
Lineatemooralis
Sutura
sphenozygomatica
Sutura
Sutura squamosa
frontozygomatica
US
Sutura
parieto-
Sutura mastoidea
frontolacrimalis
Os lacrimale
Sutura
Sutura lambdoidea
lacflmo-
maxillaris
Os nasale
Sutura
naso-
maxillaris
Spina Suturaoccioitomastoidea
nasalrs
anterior
Sutura Porusacusticusexternus
zygomatico-
maxillaris Condylus
occipitalis
Proc styloideus
Sutura
temporo-
zygomatica
Protuberantia
mentalis
Foramenmentale
Os frontale
I Os lacrimale Os temporale
Os parietale
I ,,
Os zygomaticum Maxilla
F i g . 5 3 B o n e so f t h e s k u L tO
, s s ac r a n i i .
> Head M us c tes
Bonesof theskull
Tuberfrontale
Sutura coronalis
Llnea
temporalis
supenor
Lrnea
temporalis
interior
Tuber
parietale
Suturasagittalis
Foramen parietale
Sutura lambdoidea
Os nasale Os parietale
Os frontale Os occipitale
F i g . 6 1 B o n e so f t h e s k u L LO, s s ac r a n i i ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
To pogr a p h y
Bonesof theskull
Suturasagittalis
Foramenparietale (Osinterparietale;
Os Incae)
Sutura lambdoidea
(Suturaoccipitalis
transversa,Var.) Ossasuturalia
Sutura
squamosa
Sutura
parietomastoidea
Sutura
occipitomastoidea
Foramen
mastoideum
Incisuramastoidea
Proc,styloideus
Linea nuchalisinferior Protuberantia
externa
occipitalis
Linea nuchalissuDerior
F i g .6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u I t ,0 s s a c r a n i i ;
o o s t e r i o vr i e w .
> Head t t uatu,
Bonesof theskull
Foramenparietale
Sulciarteriosi
Suturacoronalis
Os temporale,
Dorsumsellae Pars squamosa
Sella turcica
Lamina et
Foraminacribrosa
Sinuslrontalis
Eminentia
arcuata
Foramen
caecum
Crista galli
Osnasale---1p.............
Os
ethmoidale,
Lamtna
perpen-
dicularis
Sinus
sphenoidalis Squama
occipitalis
Protuberantia
occipitalis
Canalis externa
Inctstvus Sulcussinustransversi
Proc Sulcussinussigmoidei
palatinus,
Foramen mastoideum
Crista
nasalrs Poruset Meatusacusticus
internus
Canalis nervi hypoglossi
Os frontale Os sphenoidale
Os parietale Os temporale
Os occipitale l\ilaxilla
Os nasale Vomer
Os ethmoidale Os palatinum
F i g . 6 5 B o n e so f t h e s k u l t ,0 s s ac r a n i i ;
mediatview.
Topogr a p h y
Bonesof theskull
cristafrontalis
Sulcussinussagittalis
superioris
Foveolaegranulares
Suturacoronalis
Sulcussinussagittalis
supenons
Suturalambdoidea Os occipitale
Fig. 67 Calvaria,CaLvaria;
i^+^-^^l ^-^^^+
il ttct I tdt d>PcL(.
Head Musc[es
Bonesof theskull
Cristafrontalis
Sulcussinussagittalis
superioris Foramen caecum
Ala cristae galli
Tuberculum
sellae Crista galli
Lamina et Foraminacribrosa
gyrorum
rmpressrones Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Dorsum sellae
Proc clinoideusposterior
Canalis opticus
Fissuraorbitalissuperior
Suturasphenof
rontalis
I
Os sphenoidale,Ala minor
Fossa hypophysialis
Foramenrotundum Proc clinoideusanterior
Lingulasphenoidalis Sulcuscaroticus
Sutura
Foramenlacerum spnenosquamosa
Sulcus
Foramen ovale arteriosus
Fissura
petrooccipitalis
Foramen
sprnosum
Spinaossis
sphenoidalis
Sulcusinus
Os temporale, petrosi
Pars inferioris
squamosa
Fissura
Sulcusnervi perro-
petrosiminoris squamosa
Porus
Sulcusnervi acusticus
petrosimajoris Internus
Margosuperior
Margosuperior partis
partispetrosae pelrosae
Foramen
Os temporale, lugurare
Pars petrosa
Sulcussinus
Sulcusinus sigmoidei
petrosisuperioris
Canalis condylaris
Foramen mastoideum
Sutura
occipitomastoidea
Fossasubarcuata
Canalis nervi hypoglossi
Foramen jugulare
Clivus
Foramenmagnum
Protuberantia interna
occioitalis
(Cristaoccipitalisinterna)
Sulcussinussagittalis
superioris
F i g . 5 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u L t ,
B a s i sc r a n i i n t e r n a .
To p o g r a p h y
Bonesof theskull
Laminacribrosa
,)..-'.
Canalisopticus
Fissuraorbitalis
Fossa cranii supenor
anterior
Foramenrotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramenlacerum;
Fissura
spnenoperrosa
Fossacranii
media
Foramen
sprnosum
Canaliscaroticus,
Aperturainterna
Porusacusticus
internus
jugulare
Foramen
Canalisnervi
Fossa cranii hypoglossi
posterior
Foramen magnum
F i g . 6 9 I n t e r n a sI u r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ t ,
B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a
, n df o r a m i n a F
, oramina
> Head M us c l es
3w Bonesof theskull
Foramenincisivum
Spinanasalisposterior
Sutura palatinamediana
Vomer,Alaevomeris
Maxilla, Proc palatinus
Os palatinum,
Proc pyramidalis transversa
Suturaoalatina
Maxilla, Proc zygomaticus
Os oalatinum.Lamina horizontalis
Proc pterygoideus,
Lamina medialis Foramenpalatinum
majus
Hamuluspterygoideus
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Proc pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis Arcuszygomalicus
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major Crista
infratemporalis
Proc pterygoideus,
Os temporale, Laminamedialis
Proc
zygomaticus Foramen
ovale
Foramen
lacerum Tuberculum
pnaryngeum
Foramen
sprnosum Tuberculum
articulare
Fossa
mandibularis Canalis
caroticus
Spina ossis Canaliculus
sphenoidalis mastoideus
Proc
slyloideus
Foramen
stylo-
lvleatus mastoideum
acusticus
exlernus
Fossa
jugularis
Proc
mastoideus
Inctsura
mastoidea
Foramen
lugurare Canalis nervi
hypoglossi
Os parietale
Foramen
mastoideum
Fossula
petrosa
Condylus
occipitalis
Foramenmagnum
Canalis condylaris
Linea nuchalissuperior
Os frontale
I Vomer Os temporale
Os parietale
ffi Os zygomaticum Os occipitale
F i g .7 0 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 ,
B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n a
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Bonesof theskull
Foramina incisiva
Foramina palatina
mtnora
Fissura orbitalis
inferior Arcuszygomaticus
Fossa
infratemporalis
Foramen
ovate
Choana
Foramen
sptnosum
Foramen lacerum;
Fissura
sphenopetrosa
Porusacusticus
externus
Canalis caroticus,
Apertura externa
Foramen
stylomastoideum
Foramen jugulare
Foramen magnum
F i g . 7 1 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ 1 ,
B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa, n d f o r a m i n a F
, oramina.
> Head Surface lSkel.etonl Muscles
SkulL,radiography
Sutura lambdoidea
Suturasagittalis
Cellulaeethmoidales
Sinus frontales
Crista galli
lvlargo supraorbitalis
Meatusnasimedius
Fissuraorbitalissuperior
Parspetrosa
Os temporale,
Meatus nasi superior
Septum nasi
l\4eatusacusticusexternus
Concha nasalis media
Axis, Dens
l\4eatus
nasiinferior
Densincisivus
Cavitas nasi
Corpusmandibulae
F i g . 7 2 S k u L tC , ranium;
A P - t e t e r aido gr ap h .
* I n n o m i n aItien e L, i n e ai n n o m i n a taap, r o j e c t i oLni n e
withoutanatomicaI corre[ate
't'r:nr:qr*p:hy
| ilr13arrili'ejl", | .*rtinns
Skull,radiography
Lamrna
externa
Diplod
Lamina
interna
Proc
c lin o i d e u s
Sutura anterior
coronalis
Proc
clinoideus
posterior
Fossa
hypophysialis
Os frontale,
Pars orbitalis
Sutura
lambdoidea
Fossa
Sinus mandibularis
frontalis
Cellulae
ethmoidales
Os nasale Cellulae
mastoideae
Sinus
sphenoidalis
lvleatus
acusticus
externus
Sinus
maxillaris
Caput
mandibulae
Atlas,
Tuberculum
posterius
Axis, Dens
Proc
mandibulae sprnosus
vertebrae
ceruicalisll
Cartilagoepiglottica
\
\ os hyotderm, Ramus mandibulae
Corpus
F i g . 7 3 S k u [ 1C, r a n i u m ;
[ a t e r aLt e L e r a d i or g
ap h
* Posterio wra [ [o f t h em a x i L t asriyn u s
> Head Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Skull,development
Fonticulus
anterior
Os parietale
(Suturafrontalis) Suturacoronalis
Os frontale,Tuberfrontale
Foramensupraorbitale
Os nasale
Septumnasiosseum
Forameninfraorbitale Os zygomaticum
Densdeciduus
Mandibula
Foramen mentale
(Symphysis mandibulae)
F i g . 7 t , S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o
, f a neonate.
Fonticulus
anterior
Suturacoronalis
Fonticulus
sphenoidalis
Os sphenoidale,Ala major
posterior
Fonticulus
Os zygomaticum
Squamaoccipitalis
Apedurapiriformis
Sutura
lambdoidea
Mandibula
Fonticulus
mastoideus
Parspetrosa
Os temporale,
Anulustympanicus
Os occioitale.Parslateralis
, f a neonate.
F i g .7 5 S k u t t ,C r a n i u m o
Suturafrontalis
Os frontale.Squamafrontalis
Suturacoronalis
Fonticulus
anterior
Os parietale,Tuberparietale
posterior
Fonticulus
Suturasagittalis
Suturalambdoidea
Os occipitale,Squamaoccipitalis
F i g . 7 6 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o
, f a neonate.
I Os parietale Mandibula
W
Ossphenoidale
Fonticulusposterior
Os occipitale,Squama occipitalis
Os parietale
(Suturaoccipitalis
transversa,Var.)
Fonticulus
mastoideus
Os temporale,Parspetrosa
Os temporale,Parspetrosa
Proc.pterygoideus
Os sphenoidale,
Os oalatinum.
Laminahorizontalis (Osincisivum)
Mandibula
F i g . 7 7 S k u [ t ,C r a n i u m o
, f a neonate.
M us c tes
Frontaland ethmoidalbone
Souamafrontalis.
Faciesexterna
Tuberfrontale
Margo parietalis
Arcussuperciliaris
lncisurafrontalis
Parsnasalis Spinanasalis
Os frontale.
Souamafrontalis
lncisurasuoraorbitalis
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Margosupraorbitalis
Fossaglandulae
lacrimalis
Labvrinthus
ethmoidalis
Laminaperpendicularis
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Os lrontale osethmoidate
X
F i g . 7 9 F r o n t a lb o n e ,0 s f r o n t a [ ee; t h m o i d a bI o n e ,
0 s e t h m o i d a t ea, n d n a s a lb o n e s ,O s s an a s a t i a .
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Maxillaandpalatinebone
Cristalacrimalis
Proc frontalis, anterior
Margo lacrimalis
Incisura
lacrimalis
lvlargoinfraorbitalis
Forameninfraorbitale
Facies orbitalis
(Cristazygomatico-
Sulcus infraorbitalis
alveolaris)
Proc zygomaticus
Juga alveolaria
Tuber maxillae
Proc alveolaris
F i g .8 0 MaxiLLM
a ,a x i l . t a .
Margo lacrimalis
Cristaethmoidalis
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Sulcuslacrimalis
Cristaconchalis
Crista conchalis
Maxilla.Proc. oalatinus Spinanasalisposterior
Suturapalatinatransversa
Maxilla
Os palatinum
, a x i l . t aa,n d p a t a t i n eb o n e ,
F i g .8 1 M a x i t [ aM
0s patatinum.
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Squamafrontalis,
Faciesinterna
Cristasphenoidalis
Sinus sphenoidalis
Sinus
frontalis
Fossahypophysialis
Dorsumsellae
Sutura
frontonasalis
Os
nasale
Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Os ethmoidale, Alavomeris
Laminaperpendicularis
Septum
nastosseum
Proc.pterygoideus,
Maxilla, Laminamedialis
Proc frontalis
Proc.pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis
Os lacrimale
Spinanasalisposterior
Hamuluspterygoideus
Os palatinum,
Maxilla, Laminahorizontalis
Proc. palatinus
Maxilla Os palatinum
Os frontale Os ethmoidale
Os nasale
I Vomer
Os sphenoidale Os lacrimale
F i g . 8 2 B o n yn a s asI e p t u m ,
S e o t u mn a s o
i sseum.
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Sinussphenoidalis
Foramen
sohenoDalatinum
Os nasale
Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Clivus
Conchanasalisinferior Os occipitale
Os palatinum,
Laminaperpendicularis
Proc.pterygoideus,
Spina nasalis anterior Laminamedialis
Canalis incisivus
Hamuluspterygoideus
Maxilla, Laminahorizontalis
Os Dalatinum.
Proc palatinus
Maxilla Os sphenoidale
Sinusfrontalis
Apertura
*
sinuslrontalis
Aperturasinussphenoidalis
Concha nasalis
supenor
Sinussphenoidalis
Os nasale
Os Foramen
lacrimale sphenopalatinum
Proc.uncinatus Os palatinum,
Cristaethmoidalis
Hiatus
maxillaris Conchanasalisinferior,
Proc ethmoidalis
Spina
nasalis
anterior
Fig. 84 Lateralwa[[ of the nasalcavity,
Canalis C a v i t a sn a s i ;
tnctstvus
t h e m i d d t en a s a Ic o n c h ah a s b e e n
removed.
Spinanasalisposterior
' Probelocated in thepassage fromthefrontal
n a s am
s i n u st o t h em i d d [ e L eatus
> Head M us c tes
Hardpalate
Sinusmaxillaris
F i g .8 5 H a r dp a [ a t e P , a t a t u md u r u m ; m a x i l t a r ys i n u s ,
S i n u sm a x i [ L a r i sa,n d i n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C
, oncha
n a s a L i isn f e r i o r .
lvlaxilla Os sphenoidale
Laminahorizontalis
Os oalatinum.
Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus
(Suturaincisiva)
(Osincisivum)
Foramenincisivum Suturaoalatinamediana
F i g .8 6 H a r dp a [ a t e P
, a t a t u md u r u m .
To p o g r a p h y
0rbit andpterygopalatine
fossa
Os palatinum,
Proc orbitalis
Fissuraorbitalisinlerior
Os sphenoidale,Ala major
1.-
Os zygomaticum
Fossa
saccilacrimalis
F i 9 .8 7 B a s eo f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a
oszygomaticum Maxilla
I
Os temporale
I Os lacrimale
Os palatinum Os ethmoidale
Os sphenoidale Os frontale
Arcuszygomaticus
infratemporalis
Foramen Foramenovale
zygomaticofaciale
Foramen
spinosum
Ala major,
Spinaossissphenoidalis
Proc pterygoideus
(Crista
zygomaticoalveolaris)
Os palatinum,
Laminaperpendicularis,
Fossapterygopalatina
Proc.pyramidalis
Os palatinum,
Os sphenoidale,
Proc pterygoideus,
Foraminaalveolaria Hamuluspterygoideus
Fig. 88 fossa,Fossapterygopalatina.
Pterygopatatine
> Head M us c l es
0rbit
Foraminaethmoidalia
anterius et poslerius
Incisura
lrontalis Canalisopticus
Fissura
orbitalis
superior
Os ethmoidale,
Lamina orbitalis (Sutura
zygomaticofrontalis)
Suturalrontomaxillaris Alaminor
)
I
l Os sphenoidale
Os nasale - Ala major, I
Faciesorbitalis./
Cristalacrimalis
anterior Os zygomaticum,
Faciesorbitalis
posterior
Cristalacrimalis Foramen
zygomaticolaciale
Fig.89 0rbit,0rbita;
orobelocatedin the infra-orbitaI
c a n a tC
. a n a L i sn fr a o r b i t a [ r s
Os nasale
I Vomer Os temporale
Os frontale
Os palatinum
m Os zygomaticum
Maxilla
Concha nasalis inferior
Os sphenoidale
Os ethmoidale Os lacrimale
Cellulaeethmoidales
Crista galli
Sinusfrontalis
Os ethmoidale,Lamina perpendicularis
Os frontale,Parsorbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis
supenor
Ala malor,
Faciesorbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis
inferior
Os zygomaticum
Os palatinum
Sinus maxillaris
Dens molaris
Cavitasnasi,Meatusnasiinferior
Maxilla,Proc palatinus
Fig.90 Faciatsketeton,Viscerocranium;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
T o p o g r a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Squama Os parietale
lrontalis,
Facies Suturasphenofrontalis
interna
Parssquamosa
Os temporale,
Alaminor
Ala major, )
FaciesorbitalisI
Os sPhenoidale
- Corpus I
)
Foramina
zygomaticoorbitalia
Sinussphenoidalis
Foramenrotundum
Canalisinfraorbitalis
Canalispterygoideus
Fossapterygopalatina
Sinusmaxillaris
Proc pterygoideus
Hamuluspterygoideus
Canalispalatinus
major
Alveoli dentales
F i g . 9 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
[ateraIwaIt.
Os sphenoidale Os ethmoidale
I Os zygomaticum
Os frontale
Suturaethmoidolacrimalis
Foramen
ethmoidale
anterius
Laminaorbitalis
Os ethmoidale,
Foramenethmoidaleoosterius
Os nasale Canalisopticus
Proc.orbitalis
Os oalatinum.
Foramen
sphenopalatinum
Maxilla,
Crista lacrimalisanterior
Fossapterygopalatina
Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Os lacrimale,
Crista lacrimalis posterior
Sulcusinfraorbitalis
Proc.pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis
Maxilla,Proc.zygomaticus
Hamuluspterygoideus
l\4axilla.Proc alveolaris
F i g . 9 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
mediaIwatl.
Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Sphenoidalbone
Cristasphenoidalis
Apertura
sinus Fissuraorbitalis
sphenoidalis supenor
Ala major,
Faciesorbitalis
Ala major,
Faciestemporalis
Cristainfratemporalis
Concha sphenoidalis
Foramenrotundum
Spina ossis sphenoidalis
Hamuluspterygoideus
F i g . 9 3 S p h e n o i d abto n e 0
, s sphenoida[e;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Sulcuscaroticus Dorsumsellae
Proc clinoideusposterior
Foramen
rotundum
Proc clinoideusanterior
Fissura lvlargo
orbitalis
superior parietalis
Ala major,
Facies
cerebralis
Sulcusarteriosus
Lingulasphenoidalis
Sulcustubaeauditivae
Corpus Fossascaphoidea
Roskum sphenoidale
Proc pterygoideus,
Laminamedialis
F i g . 9 4 S p h e n o i d abt o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e ;
oosteriorview.
Topogr a p h y
Sphenoidal
and occipitalbone
(Proc clinoideusmedius)
Jugumsphenoidale
Proc clinoideus
anterior Tuberculumsellae
Canalis
opticus
Ala major,
Margoparietalis Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Foramen
rotundum
Fissura
orbitalis
superior
Sella turcica,
Ala major, Fossa hypophysialis
Margosquamosus
Foramen ovale
Foramenspinosum
Sulcuscaroticus
jugularis
lncisura
jugulare
Tuberculum
Proc.jugularis Os occipitale,Parslateralis
Foramenmagnum
Margomastoideus
Sulcussinussigmoidei
Fossa cerebellaris
Sulcussinustransversi
(Cristaoccipitalis
interna) Margo lambdoideus
Eminentia
cruciformis
Protuberantia
occioitalisinterna
F i g .9 5 0 c c i p i t a b
t o n e ,0 s o c c i p i t a l e ,
a n d s p h e n o i d abI o n e ,0 s s p h e n o i d a [ e .
Temporalbone
Margoparietalis
Parssquamosa,
Faclestemporalis
SulcusarteriaetemDoralis
mediae
Foveola suDrameatica
Cristasupramastoidea
Margo sphenoidalis
parietalis
Incisura
(Spinasuprameatica)
Parspetrosa
Margo occipitalis
Fissuratympanomastoidea
lncisura mastoidea
Proc mastoideus
Parstympanica
F i g .9 6 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a L e .
F i g . 9 7 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t eo, f a n e o n a t e .
To p o g r a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Margoparietalis
Parssouamosa.
Faciescerebralis
Eminentia
arcuata
parietalis
Incisura
Margosuperior
Sulcusarteriosus partispetrosae
Foramenmastoideum
Margo occipitalis
Sulcussinussigmoidei
Aperturacanaliculi
vestibuli
Apexpartispetrosae
Proc intrajugularis
Porusacusticus
internus Proc styloideus
F i g .9 8 T e m p o r a bI o n e ,0 s t e m p o r a t e .
Canaliscaroticus
Apexpartis
petrosae
Proc.zygomaticus
Canaliscaroticus
Tuberculum
articulare Fossulapetrosa
Aoertura canaliculicochleae
Fossamandibularis
Proc intrajugularis
Fissurapetrotympanica
Fossajugularis
Meatusacusticus
externus
Vaginaprocessusstyloidei
Proc styloideus
Foramenstylomastoideum
Proc mastoideus
Incisura
mastoidea Margo occipitalis
Foramen mastoideum
F i g .9 9 T e m p o r a bl o n e ,O s t e m p o r a [ e
> Head M us c tes
Mandible
Ramus mandibulae
Linea obliqua
Ramus mandibulae
Basis mandibulae
Corpusmandibulae
Tuberculum
mentale
mentalis
Protuberantia
F i g .1 0 0 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t a
Proc coronoideus
Incisuramandibulae
Ramusmandibulae
(Tuberositas
masseterica)
Angulusmandibulae
Corpusmandibulae
F i g .1 0 1 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u [ a .
lncisuramandibulae
Proc.----l
coronoideus !'
Foramenmandibulae
Sulcusmylohyoideus
(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)
Angulusmandibulae
F i g . 1 0 2 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a .
T o p o g r a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Collummandibulae
Foramenmandibulae
(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)
Angulusmandibulae
Arcusalveolaris,:,
Linea mylohyoidea
Foveasubmandibularis
Foveasublingualis
Spinamentalis Fossadigastrica
F i g . 1 0 3 M a n d i b l . eM, a n d i b u [ a .
Corpusmandibulae
F i g . 1 0 4 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u l . o
a f, a n e t d e r t yi n d i v i d u a l . .
Proc.coronoideus
Ramusmandibulae Corpus
mandibulae Densdeciduus
Proc.condylaris
(Symphysis
mandibulae)
Foramenmentale
F i g . 1 0 5 M a n d i b t eM
, andibuLa
o ,f a n e o n a t e .
> Head Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Temporomandibular joint
Proc.zygomaticus
Os temporale,
Capsulaarticularis
Porusacusticus
externus
Proc styloideus
Proc. coronoideus
Proc condylaris
Lig stylomandibulare
Angulusmandibulae;
(Tuberositas
masseterica)
F i g . 1 0 6 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i ot e m o o r o m a n dbiu L a r i s .
Sinussphenoidalis
Lig pterygospinale
Lig stylomandibulare
Ramus mandibulae
L i n g u l am a n d i b u l a e
Sulcusmylohyoideus
A n g u l um
s andibulae;
(Tuberositas pterygoidea)
Linea mylohyoidea
F i g . 1 0 7 P t e r y g o s p i n o uasn d s p h e n o m a n d i b u LLairg a m e n t s ,
L i g g .p t e r y g o s p i n a [eet s p h e n o m a n d i b u [ a r e .
Discusarticularis
Caputmandibulae
Porusacusticusexternus
Os zygomaticum
Collummandibulae
Proc.coronoideus
Capsulaarticularis
F i g . 1 0 8 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u [ a r i s ;
s a g i t t a sl .e c t i o n ;
m o u t ha [ m o s tc l o s e d .
Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarticularis
Discusarticularis
Caputmandibulae
Porusacusticusexternus
Os zygomaticum
Collummandibulae
Proc mastoideus
Proc coronoideus
Proc.styloideus
Ramusmandibulae
Capsulaarticularis
F i g . 1 0 9 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u Lj oairn t ,A r t i c u l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ;
crniiirl <ontinn.
m o u t ho D e n e d .
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Arcuszygomaticus
A b b .1 1 1 M a s t i c a t om r yu s c t e sM, m .m a s t i c a t o r i i
A r r o w si n d i c a tteh ed i r e c t i oonf m u s c [ e
traction
w h e nc t o s i ntgh e m o u t h .
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Caputmandibulae
F i g . 1 1 2 T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u L a r i s .
1 Meatusacusticus
externus 5 Os temporale,
Tuberculum
articulare
2 Proc.condylaris 6 Incisura
mandibulae
3 Discusarticularis 7 Proc coronoideus
4 Ostemporale,Fossa mandibularis
F i g . 1 1 3a , b T e m p o r o m a n d i b u tjaori n t ,A r t i c u t a t i o T h e a r t i c u l a rd i s cs h i f t sf o r w a r dd u r i n go p e n i n go f t h e m o u t h .
temporomandibu[aris;
t o m o g r a p h yl;a t e r a Ip r o j e c t i o n
a f t e r i n j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s t
m e d i u mi n t ot h e j o i n t c a v i t y[ a r t h r o g r a p h y ) .
a M o u t hc l o s e d
b M o u t ho p e n e d
Head $unface lSkeletonl Muscles
Masticatory
muscles
Arcus
zygomaticus
F i g .1 1 t , M a s s e t e a
r n d t e m p o r a lm u s c [ e ,
M m . m a s s e t e re t t e m D o r a t r s .
Os zygomaticum,
Proc temporalis
major,Cristainfratemporalis
M pterygoideus
lateralis
Tuberculum
articulare
Os temporale,
Proc zygomaticus
Fossamandibularis,
Faciesadicularis
Discusarticularis
Caputmandibulae
Capsulaarticularis
l\4 pterygoideus
medialis
F i g .115 T e m p o r o m a n d i b ujLoai nr t ,A r t i c u t a t rt oe m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s ;
m e d i a La n d L a t e r apI t e r y g o i dm u s c L e s ,
M m . p t e r y g o i d emi e d i a t i se t I a t e r a L r s .
Topogr a p h y| 0 r g a na re a s I S e cti o n s
Masticatory
muscles
N opticus0ll
N trochlearis
lvl
N oculomotorius
illll
N trigeminus
[Vl
N abducens [Vl]
A temporalis,
R frontalls
A. carotisinterna
M temporalis
Fossamandibularis
Capsulaarticularis
Discusarticularis
M pterygoideus
lateralis, Caputmandibulae
Caputsuperius
l\4 pterygoideus
lateralis
Caputinferius
Lig. sphenomandibulare
Palatummolle
N lingualis
N alveolarisinferior
pterygoideus
medialis
M masseter
pterygoideus
Hamulus
Angulus mandibulae
M mylohyoideus
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
M genioglossus
M omohyoideus
M geniohyoideus
Platysma
M thyrohyoideus
l\4 sternohyoideus
F i g , 1 1 6 M a s t i c a t o rm y u s c t e sM, m. masticatorii;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e m p o r o m a n d i b u t jaori n t
a n d h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u q ht h e c a t v a r i a :
oosteriorview.
Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Masticatory
muscles
Cellulaeethmoidales Septumnasi
N. opticusilll *
V ; 4 , t e m p o r a lai s a a M temporalis
superficialis,
R frontalis
R temporalis*
(vil)
N infraorbitalis
*
Conchanasalis
media
R. zygomaticus*
(vil)
Conchanasalis
inferior
Sinusmaxillaris
a M. masseter,
Parsprofunda
a M. masseter,
parotidea
Glandula Parssuperficialis
accessona
Ductusparotideus Maxilla
a M. buccinator
A facialisa
Densmolarisll
Lingua
Mandibula
Platysma
Glandula
submandularis a M. mylohyoideus
Noduslymphoideus a M digastricus,Venteranterior
submandibularis
F i g . 1 1 7 M a s t i c a t om
r yu s c l e sM, m .m a s t i c a t o r i i ;
f r o n t asI e c t i o n ;
a n t e r i ovr i e w .
To p o g r a p h y| O r g a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Masticatorymuscles
Cartilagoalarismajor
a M orbicularis
oculi
a M. zygomaticusmajor
O M. temporalis
a M masseter,
Parsprofunda
N massetericus
e a M pterygoideus
lateralis,
Caputinlerius
N alveolaris&
inlerior a M pterygoideus
lateralis,
N lingualis
, Caputsuperius
A alveolaris O
inferior
a M pterygoldeus
medialis
A. maxillaris
a
Glandula
parotidea
N facialis[Vll] {}
Proc styloideus
V maxillaris
a
V jugularis
internaa
A. vertebralis
a
F i g . 1 1 8 M a s t i c a t o rmy u s c l e sM
, m.masticatorii;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n .
> Head ' ke[*'tmnl Muscles
S u r " i . m u *l S
Facialandmasticatory
muscles
Galea aponeurotica
M procerus
supercilii
M corrugator
M epicranius,
M occipitofrontalis,
Venterfrontalis Lig palpebralemediale
l\il levatorlabii
superioris alaeque
M depressor
supercilii nasl
M, nasalis
M temporoparietalis
M levator
labii superioris
M orbicularis
o c u l iP
, ars
palpebralis
M orbicularis
oculi, Pars M zygomaticus
orbitalis : mtnor
M levator
labii M zygomaticus
supeflons malor
araequenasr
l\il depressor
l\4 zygomaticus
mrnor septi nasi
M orbicularis
oris,
Parsmarginalis
M risorius
Platysma
Platysma
Foramenmentale
l\il depressor
labiiinferioris
lvl sternocleidomastoideus
M depressor labii inferioris
Platysma
M mentalis
Fascia ceruicalis.Lamina suDerficialis
l\4 orbicularis
oris,
Parslabialis
, m faciei,
F i g . 1 1 9 F a c i a Im u s c t e s M
and masticatorm v u s c t e sM , m.masticaiorii
T opog r a p h y| Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Facialmuscles
M. auricularis
anterior M epicranius,
M.temporoparietalis
Galeaaponeurotica
M epicranius,M occipitolrontalis,
Venterfrontalis
M. auricularis
supeflor
oculi,Parspalpebralis
M orbicularis
M. depressor
supercilii
M. epicranius,
M procerus M occipito-
frontalis,
Venter
M orbicularis
oculi, occipitalis
Parsorbitalis
M levator labii
supeflofls
alaeque nasi
M nasalis
M, levator M. auricularis
labii posterior
supenons
M semispinalis
capitis
M. zygomaticus
mtnor
M. orbicularis M. sternocleido-
ons mastoideus
M. zygomaticus
maJor M splenius
capitis
Panniculus
adiposus
M orbicularis
oris
M. trapezius
M depressor
labiiinferioris
M. mentalis
M depressor
angulioris
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superf icialis
Fasciaparotidea
muscles
Facialandmasticatorv
Fasciatemporalis,
Laminaprolunda
Arcus
zygomaticus
Galeaaooneurotica
M. epicranius, rontalis,
lV.occipitof
Venterfrontalis
Pericranium
M corrugator
supercilii
f Parspalpebralis;
M. orbicularis Fasciatemporalis,
oculil Parsorbitalis Laminasuperficialis
M. procerus
M depressor M. epicranius,
supercilii M. temporo-
parietalis
Lig. palpebrale
mediale
M epicranius,
M. levator labii M occipito-
superiorisalaeque nasi frontalis,
M levator Venter
labii superioris occipitalis
Articulatio
M nasalis temporo-
mandibularis,
Capsula
articularis,
Lig. laterale
M. depressor M sternocleidomastoideus
labiiinferioris
M masseter
Corpusadiposum
M mentalis ouccae
M. orbicularis
oris
M. risorius
M depressor submandibularis
Glandula
angulioris
Laminasuoerlicialis
Fasciacervicalis,
M digastricus,Venteranterior
Pericranium
M, temporalis
Galeaaponeurotica
M. epicranius,
M. occipitofrontalis,
Venterfrontalis
Arcuszygomaticus
M corrugatorsupercilii
M. orbicularis
oculi Articulatio
temporomandibularis,
Capsulaarticularis,
M. depressor
supercilii Lig laterale
M. levatorlabiisuperioris
alaequenasi
M. levatorlabiisuDerioris
N. infraorbitalis
M nasalis
M. levator M. epicranius,
angulioris M. occipito-
fronialis,
Venteroccipitalis
Meatus
M. orbicularis
oris acusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Ductusparotideus
M. buccinator Ramus
mandibulae
M. masseter, Proc.styloideus
Parsprofunda
M. orbicularis
oris A. temporalissuperticialis
M mentalis M sternocleidomastoideus
M. depressor
labiiinferioris
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M depressor
angulioris
M digastricus,Venteranterior
M. masseter,Parssuoerficialis
M. stylohyoideus V jugularisinterna
Os hyoideum
N. hypoglossus
[Xlll N vagus[X]
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior
A. carotiscommunis
A temporalis
media A temporalis R parietalis
superficialis,
A temporalis
superficialis,
R frontalis
A. temporalis
superlicialis
A. zygomaticoorbitalis
A. stylomastoidea
Aa temporalesprofundae
anterioret Dosterior
A meningea media
A auricularis
posterior,
R occipitalis
A sphenopalatina
A auricularis
A angularis posleflor
A occipitalis
A, infraorbitalis
A. alveolaris R mastoideus
superiorposterior
R. sternocleidomastoideus
A labialissuperior
A maxillaris
A. palatina A occipitalis
descendens
A palatinaascendens
A buccalis A. facialis
A labialisinterior A carotisexterna
A. carotisinterna
R mentalis
A facialis
Bifurcatio
carotidis
A submentalis
A alveolaris
inferior
A thyroidea
superior A carotiscommunis
Fig.123 ExternaIcarotidartery,
A . c a r o t i se x t e r n a .
Veinsof the head
V. emissariaoarietalis
V temporalis
superficialis
V.diploica
temporalis
posterior
V labialissuperior
Plexuspterygoideus
V maxillaris
V cervicalisprofunda
V pharyngea
V labialisinferior
V retromandibularis
V jugularis
externa
V submentalis V comitansnervi
hypoglossi
V facialis V.jugularis
interna
V thyroideasuperior
F i g . 1 2 4 I n t e r n ajlu g u l a rv e i n ,
V .j u g u L a r i si n t e r n a .
> Head M us c tes
Lymphatics
of the headand the neck
Nodi lymphoideiparotidei
superficiales
Nodi lymphoidei
occipitales
Nodi lymphoidei
mastoidei
Nodilymphoidei
faciales
Nodi lymphoidei
cervicalesprolundi
Nodi lymphoidei
submandibulares
Nodi lvmDhoideicervicales
me0rates
Nodi lymphoidei
cervicales laterales
Nodi lymphoideiparotideiprofundi
1"*t*
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi profundisuperiores
M splenius
capitis
M levator scapulae
Nodilymphoideiretropharyngeales
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi profundi inferiores
A. carotiscommunis
M scalenusmedius V jugularis
interna
Glandula thyroidea
M scalenusanterior
Nodi lymphoideithyroidei
M trapezius Nodilymphoideicervicales
anteriores,
Nodiorofundiinferiores
V brachioceDhalica dextra
A subclavia
dextra
V subclavia
dextra
F i g . 1 2 6 D e e pL y m p hn o d e so f t h e n e c k ,
N o d it y m p h o i d eci e r v i c a L epsr o f u n d i .
i::Yl
it Facialnerve
R temporalis
Rr zygomatici
posterior
N auricularis
Rr buccales
N facialis [Vll]
R m a r g i n a l i sm a n d i b u l a r i s
F i g . 1 2 8a , b P a t s yo f t h e l e f t f a c i a Ln e r v e ,
N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] .
a T h e c o n c e r n e de y ec a n n o tb e c l o s e du p o n
r e qu e s t It ag o ph t h aL m us ) .
b T h e t e e t ho f t h e c o n c e r n e ds i d ec a n n o tb e
S n o w nu 0 0 nr e o u e s t
To p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Cutaneous
innervation
N frontalis
N ophthalmicus
N supraorbitalis
lv/11
Ganglion ciliare
N maxillaris
lvt2l
N. infraorbitalis
N mandibularis
lv/31 Foramen
infraorbitale
N temporalis
profundus
N palatinusmajor
N auriculotemporalis
N buccalis
N alveolaris
interior
N lingualis
N mylohyoideus N mentalis
Ganglion
submandibulare
N ophthalmicus
[V/'1]
F i g . 1 3 0 C u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o o
nf t h e h e a d
a n dt h e n e c k
> Head Surface lSketetonl Musctes
M occipitofrontalis
& M epicranius,
& N supraorbitalis
oculi
s M, orbicularis
A temporalis
supedlcialis,
o
R parietalis
lvl temporalis*
auriculotemporalis O A angularis
(v/3)
Rr temporales
(vll)
parotidea
Glandula Ductus
parotideus
N occipitalisminor,
(Plexus cervicalis) !, R buccalis
(vil)
& M masseter
V jugularis
externaa
M levatorscapulae*
,; R marginalis
mandibularis
(vil)
magnus,,,
N auricularis
(Plexuscervicalis)
N accessorius',
txtl Platysma
M trapezius
s
't32
25r+
1.
F i g . 1 3 1 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a da n d t h e n e c k :
s u o e r f i c i al[a t e r a Ir e o i o n s
andnervesof theheadandthe
Vessels
A temporalis
superficialis
a
(V/1)
& N supraorbitalis
a A supraorbitalis
auriculotemporalis
',
(v/3)
* N. supratrochlearis
Nn)
N occipitalismajor I {t N infra-
orbitalis
(v/2t
Plexusintraparotideus&
(vil)
minor ,
N occipitalis
* N mentalis
(v/3)
L4 spleniuscapitiss
a A facialis
magnus,.*
N auricularis a V facialis
? R , c o l l i( V l l )
[Xll ,,
N accessorius
V jugularis
externaa
6 N transversus
colli
Nn supraclaviculares
i M sternocleidomastoideus
M trapezius
o
o V transversa
colli
133
256
V,temporalis
mediaa
a A temporalis R.frontalis
superficialis,
A temporalis
supedicialis,
a s N suoraorbitalis,R
lateralis
R parietalis
&,N zygomaticus,
R zygomaticotemporalis
{e N supraorbitalis,
B lateralis
a A supratrochlearis
{,}N supraorbitalis,
R medialis
& N zygomaticus,
R zygomatico-
facialis
I N supratrochlearis
* N infratrochlearis
{, N ethmoidalis
antenor,
R nasalis
EXTETNUS
a A angularis
A occipitalisa
s N infra-
N auricularis.t orbitalis
posterior
posterior
A auricularis a
* N massetericus
a A facialis
N occipitalisminor ,
s M buccinator
M trapezius0
a A buccalis
l\4 sternocleidomastoideus*
$ N buccalis
A occipitalisa
* M orbicularis
oris
(Vll)r,
R digastricus
V retromandibularis ,* N mentalis
o
(Vll),,
R stylohyoideus * N alveolarisinferior
A carotisinlernaa a A alveolarisinferior
A lingualisO a V submentalis
V retromandibularis
o a V facialis
13Il
F i g , 1 3 3 V e s s e Lasn d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ;
d e e o[ a t e r a Lr e o i o n s
T o p o g r a p h y| O rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Maxillaryartery
t N massetericus profunda
a A temporalis Posterior;
A temporalismedia O a A masseterica , N temporalis
orofundus
A temporalis
superficialis,
a * l\4.pterygoideus
lateralis
R parietalis
R lateralis
s N suoraorbitalis,
A zygomatico-a
orbitalis B medialis
$ N supraorbitalis,
O A supratrochlearis
N facialis [Vll]
s N infraorbitalis
A stylomastoideaa
A auricularisposteriora
g Rr alveolares
A auricularisprofundaO supenores
posteriores
A tympanicaanteriora
A.alveolaris
a Rr.dentates; I
A occipitalis
a . Br.peridentares
lilliJlid,
A maxillaris
a & N buccalis
A meningea media a
a A buccalis
A carolisexlernaa
o A facialis
M masseter*
f N mentalis
N l i n g u a l i si a R mentalis
a ,, A ; N alveolarisinferior
N mylohyoideus.
*M pterygoideusmedialis
F i g . 1 3 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ;
dccncr lateral rcni6lg.
A temporalis
superficialis A meningea media
Discus
articularis M pterygoideuslateralis
Proc
condylaris Proc
coronoideus
A auricularis
posterior N alveolarisinferior
A maxillaris
A occipitalis N lingualis
alveolaris
inferior
A carotis
externa a 60 % b 3% c 3o/o
F i g . 1 3 5a - c V a r i a t i o n o
sf the middLe T h e m i d d l . em e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f p r o x i m a L t o the
m e n i n g e aaI r t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a r r t e r y ,A a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
i n f e r i o ra l v e o t a a
T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f a c r o s sf r o m t h e i n f e r i o r
a t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
T h e m i d d t em e n i n g e a L a r t e rA y ,. m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a I t ot h e i n f e r i o r
atveotarartery,A. alveo[arisinferior.
> Head Surface lSketetonl Muscles
.4.N. auriculotemporalis
A temporalis
superficialis,
O
R parietalis a A temporalis
media
profunda
a A temporalis posterior
meatus, 1 N temooralis
orofundus
acustici
externl : N mandibularis[V/3]
, o N ; M pterygoideus
lateralis
o A maxillaris
, N infraorbitalis
R auricularis
(X)
a A infraorbitalis
A;N auriculariso:
posterior
a A sphenopalatina
,,, N supratrochlearis
A temporalis
o
supedicialis , Rr.alveolares superiores
posteriores
N facialis[Vll],; -, N, infratrochlearis
N auriculo-,
temporalis a A angularis
R digastricusi
A occipitalisa
& N inlra-
orbitalis
meningea media a)
A maxillaris
a
i*, N massetericus
Chordatympani
,. N buccalis
A alveolaris
inferioro
a A buccalis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] .i N alveolarisinferior
A l i n g u a l i sO
A palatinaascendens a
, N lingualis
N vagus[X] , Mandibula
Ansa cervicalis ,
A carotiscommunis
a
Glandula sublingualis
A facialiso
a A sublingualis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] ;
G a n g l i osnu b m a n d i b u l a r e , , , N hypoglossus[Xll]
N mylohyoideus
i a A submentalis
I
l!
F i g . 1 3 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ,
ril
d e e p e s [t a t e r a Lr e g i o n s
131+ V
1 3 8 256
a b c d
F i g . 1 3 7a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e c o u r s e T h e m a x i L [ a r y a r t e r ym , Aa x i L t a r i s , p a s s e s m e d i a t l y t o t h e l a t e r a t p t e r y g o i d m u s c [ e ,
o f t h e m a x i t l a r ya r t e r y ,A . m a x i t t a r i s . M . p t e r y g o i d e uLsa t e r a I i st h, e I i n g u a In e r v e ,N L i n g u a L iasn, d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o L a r
n e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
T h e m a x i t L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i t L a r i sp,a s s e sb e t w e e nt h e L i n g u anLe r v e ,N . l i n g u a t i s ,
a n d t h e i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ a nr e r v e ,N . a l v e o L a r i sn f e r i o r .
T h e m a x i [ L a rayr t e r y ,A . m a x i [ L a r i sp,a s s e st h r o u g ha L o o pf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o r
a t v e o t a nr e r v e ,N . a L v e o L a ri insf e r i o r .
T h e m i d d L em e n i n g e aaLr t e r y ,A . m e n i n g e am e d i a ,b r a n c h e so f f d i s t a Lt o t h e
i n f e r i o ra t v e o [ aar r t e r y ,A a l v e o t a r i isn f e r i o r .
Topography | 0rganareas I Sections
Bamusmandibulae
N. massetericus;A.
masseterica
o a a Plexuspterygoideus
media
a V temporalis
A temporalis
superlicialis,
a
R parietalis
N. auriculo-
a
temporalis
R lateralis
a N. suDraorbitalis,
V temporalisa
media
A. temporalisa
meota a N. suDraorbitalis,
R. medialis
N auriculo-o
temporalis o N. suoratrochlearis
V temporalisa O A. angularis
superficialis
a N. infratrochlearis
Meatus
acusticus o A. dorsalisnasi
exlernus
R auricularis
o a A facialis
(x)
N auricularis
a
posterior a N. infraorbilalis
N.facialisa
tvill
A temporalis a o N. buccalis
supedicialis
A auricularis
a
posterior O V orofundafaciei
A. maxillaris
O
V maxillaris
a
A carotisexternaa
a A. buccalis
V retromandi-O
bularis
spnenomanaioutLalrge a V tacialis
N :A alveolaris
inferiora a
a N. mentalis
N.linguala
is
A carotisinternaa
o Plexusdentalisinferior
A carotisxternaa
A. lingualis
a
o A. tacialis
V retromandibularis
a
a N. mylohyoideus
V facialiso
o V submentalis
136
F i g . 1 3 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h e a d ;
d e e p e rt a t e r a Ir e g i o n s .
Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Mouth/0ratcavity
Skeletonof thenose
Os nasale
(Cartilago
nasi lateralis)
Cartilago
alarismajor,
Cruslaterale
Cartilagines
nasl
accessonae
Cartilago
septi nasi
Cartilago
alarismajor,
Crusmediale
F i g . 1 3 9 S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e . , rtitag ines
F i g . 1 1 0 N a s a I c a r t i [ a g e sCa
nast.
Suturafrontonasalis
Suturafrontomaxillaris
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Cartilago
Cartilagines alarismajor,
ataresmtnores Cruslaterale
Cartilago
Cartilagoseptinasi alarismajor,
Crusmediale
Fig.1t1 S k e t e t o no f t h e n o s e .
To p o g r a p h y
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Nasalseptum
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa
Sinussphenoidalis
Laminaperpendicularis
Os ethmoidale,
Cartilagoseptinasi
septinasi,
Cartilago
Proc.posterior
Cartilagoalaris major,
Crus mediale
Spinanasalisanterior
Fossa pterygoidea
Hamuluspterygoideus
Suturapalatina
transversa
(Suturavomeromaxillaris)
F i g . 1 1 2 N a s a Is e p t u m ,S e p t u mn a s i
Os ethmoidale,
Lamina perpendicularis
Plexuscavernosus
Glandulae nasales
, o n c h an a s a L i isn f e r t o r .
F i g . 1 1 3 I n f e r i o rn a s a Ic o n c h a C
Musctes
Mouth/0raIcavity
Sinusfrontalis
Nn.olfactoriiill
Bulbusolfactorius
Conchanasalismedia
SinussDhenoidalis
Conchanasalisinferior
Limennasi
Tonsillapharyngea
Vestibulumnasi
Sinustrontalis
Os frontale
Conchanasalissuoerior
Conchanasalismedia
Cellulae
ethmoidales
posteriores
Os nasale
Sinus
sphenoidalis
Tonsilla
pharyngea
Palatummolle
Conchanasalisinferior
Palatumdurumr N. nasooalatinus
Openings of: F i g . 1 4 5 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ,a n d o p e n i n g s
1 Sinustrontalis
2 Ductusnasolacrimalis o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
, i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s .
3 Cellulaeethmoidalesanteriores
4 Sinusmaxillaris
5 CellulaeethmoidalesDosteriores
6 Sinussohenoidalis
Topography
Sativarygtands Topography
Paranasal
sinuses
Sinusfrontalis
Sinusmaxillaris
Fig,1t7 o f t h e p a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
Projection , i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .
,']
M us c tes
Mouth/0ratcavity
Paranasalsinuses
nasisuperior
lvleatus
Sinusfrontalis
lvleatus
nasimedius
Cellulaeethmoidales
Hiatussemilunaris
Sinusmaxillaris Conchanasalismedia
Meatusnasiinferior
Septumnasi
Conchanasalisinferior
, i n u sp a r a n a s a t e s .
F i g , 1 4 8 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
20Y
12Y
Sinusfrontalis 8. Y
Os ethmoidale
Septum nasi
Orbita,Pariesinferior
Conchanasalismedia
I
lvleatusnasiinferior G
Conchanasalisinferior
\
Sinusmaxillaris
20Y
Maxilla,Proc palatinus
>60 Y
l\4axilla
F i g . 1 1 9 D e v e t o p m e notf t h e m a x i L t a rayn d f r o n t a Is i n u s e s .
Y - vear of Life
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
ParanasaI si nuses,radiography
Sinusfrontales
Cellulaeethmoidales
anteriores
Orbita
Os zygomaticum,
Proc trontalis Suturaf rontozygomatica
Forameninfraorbitale
Cavitasnasi
Sinusmaxillaris Cellulae
ethmoidales
oosteriores
Arcuszygomaticus Sinusmaxillaris
Proc. condylaris
Margosuperiorpartispetrosae
Proc.coronoideus
Sinussphenoidalis
Lrngua
, i n u sp a r a n a s a l e s ;
F i g .1 5 0 P a r a n a s asI i n u s e s S
PA-radiograph.
> Head M us c tes
Mouth/0ratcavitl
0ral cavity
Proc pterygoideus,
Laminamedialis
M tensor veli palatini
Hamuluspterygoideus
Raphepterygomandibularis M levatorveli Tonsillapharyngea
palatini
M pterygoideuslateralis
Lig spheno-
mandibulare
Palatumdurum
M pterygoideus
medialis
M orbicularis
oris
Glandulae
labiales Ramusmandibulae
Proc styloideus
M buccinator M styloglossus
M stylopharyngeus
Lig stylohyoideum
Lig stylomandibulare
M stylohyoideus
l\ilandibula
M longuscapitis
M genioglossus M digastricus
Os hyoideum,
M mylohyoideus Cornumajus
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
M geniohyoideus
( corpu. / M, hyoglossus
I
Os hvoideum
_ l 1 N4thyrohyoideus
u o r n um r n u s
I
M sternocleidomastoideus
F i g . 1 5 1 0 r a L c a v i t yC, a v i t a so r i s
Palatum durum
Palatum molle
Arcuspalatoglossus
Tonsillapalatina Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Uvula palatina
Dorsumlinguae
Labium inferius
Dentesincisivi
Sutura palatomaxillaris
Foramenpalatinum
malus
Sulcus palatinus
malor
Ospalatinum,
Proc pyramidalis Foramina palatina minora
Choana Laminahorizontalis
Os oalatinum.
F i g . 1 5 3 U p p e rd e n t a La r c a d e A
, r c u sd e n t a t i ss u p e r i o r ,
a n d b o n yp a t a t e P
, a t a t u mo s s e u m .
Foramen mandibulae
oral * vestibular
Tunicamucosaoris,Gingiva
DensmolarisI
Denspremolaris
ll
Foramen mentale
Denspremolaris
I
Denscaninus
Densincisivus
lateralis Dens incisivusmedialis
F i g , 1 5 4 L o w e rd e n t a Ia r c a d e A , r c u sd e n t a l i si n f e r i o r
+ I n t h em a n d i b loer a Ii s s y n o n y m ow u si t hL i n g u aatn, di n t h e
m a x i t l iat i s s y n o n y m owu ist hp a t a t i n a t
M us c tes
Mouth/0raIcavitl
vestlbular
Enamelum
Corona Corona
dentis clinica
Dentinum
Cervix
dentis
Margo gingivalis
Radix
clinica
Radix Cementum
dentis
Periodontium
IDesmodontium]
Canalisradicis
dentis:
Pulparadicularis
Foramen
apicis
dentis Apex radicisdentis
F i g . 1 5 5 I n c i s o rt o o t h ,D e n si n c i s i v u s .
+mesial +mesial
dlstal
Cuspisdentis
Apexcuspidis
\
1Fu.i".
(Facies "ont".tr"1;
Faciesdistalis
contactus); Cuspisdentis
Faciesmesialis
Cuspisdentis
Tuberculum
dentis
II
' Facies lingualis
F i g .1 5 6 P e r m a n e n L t o w e cr a n i n et o o t h , F i g ,1 5 8 P e r m a n e n u t p p e rf i r s t m o l a r t o o t h ,
D e n sc a n i n u sp e r m a n e n s . D e n sm o L a r i sp r i m u s .
F i g . 1 5 7 D e c i d u o u s e c o n dm o [ a rt o o t h ,
D e n sm o t a r i sd e c i d u u s
To p o g r a p h y
Sativarygtands Topography
Maxitta
r i gh t
55 54 53 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 , . .LEI L
72 73 74 75
MandibLe
F i g . 1 6 0 D e c i d u o u tse e t h ,D e n t e sd e c i d u i o, f a 2 - y e a r - o l dc h i t d ;
top row viewedfrom vestiburar;
bottom row viewedobLiquel,y from inferior.
8 7 6 54321
F i g .1 6 1 P e r m a n e n , e n t ep
t et e t h D sermanentes;
oratview.
I S e eo .9 7f o r i d e n t i cf a t i o on f t h en u m b e r s . l
Adutd
t entition
8 7 5 4 321
F i g . 1 6 2 P e r m a n e n t e e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n tes;
distaIview.
l S e ep . 9 7 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i oonf t h e n u m b e r s . )
Sativarygl.ands Topography
123 45 6 7 8
, e n t ep
F i g . 1 6 3P e r m a n e nt et e t hD sermanentes;
vestibular vtew.
1 D e n si n c i s i v u sI 5 D e n sp r e m o t a r li ls
2 D e n si n c i s i v u sl l 6 D e n sm o t a r i sI
3 D e n sc a n i n u s 7 D e n sm o l a r i sl l
4 D e n sp r e m o t a r i sI I D e n sm o [ a r i sl l l
Iseroti nus]
123 4 5 o 7 8
F i g . 1 6 1 P e r m a n e ntte e t h ,D e n t e sp e r m a n e n t e s ;
mesiaIview.
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
F i g . 1 6 5 M a x i l . t aM, a x i t L aw, i t h d e c i d u o u st e e t h ,
D e n t e sd e c i d u ia, n d t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t o o t h ;
L e f t : m e d i a nt i m e o f e r u p t i o ni n m o n t h sI M l ;
r i g h t :o r d e ro f e r u p t i o n .
9 -13
9-12 Y
1 0 . - 1 3Y.
18-40 Y
Denscaninus(deciduus) Canalismandibulae
Dentesmolares(decidui)
Dentesmolares(decidui) Densmolaris(permanens)
ll
Densmolaris(permanens)
|
Dentespremolares
(permanentes)
Denscaninus(permanens)
Foramenmentale
F i g . 1 6 7 M a x i L t aM, a x i t t aa, n d m a n d i b t eM
, andibuta,
o f a 5 - y e a r - o [ dc h i t d ;
d e c i d u o u tse e t ha n d a n t a g eo f p e r m a n e n t e e t h .
tl
Densmolarislll lserotinus]
Dentespremolares
Denscaninus
Densmolarislll [serotinus]
Densmolarisll
DentesDremolares.
Radices
DensmolarisI
Foramenmentale
F i g . 1 6 8 M a x i [ [ aM
, a x i L l aa,n d m a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u [ a ,
of a 20-year-otd ma[e.
> Head Sunface lSketetmnl Musel*s
Mouth/0ratcavity
Teeth,radiography
lvleatus
acusticus
exlernus
Sinus maxillaris
Proc condylaris
Palatum molle
[Velum palatinum] Densmolarisll
Canalis mandibulae
Os hyoideum
Dens caninus
F i g .1 6 9 M a x i t L aM, a x i I L a ,n d m a n d i b L e
M, a n d i b u L a ;
p a n o r a m i rca d i o g r a p h ;
w i t h o u tw i s d o mt e e t h .
T opog r a p h y| Org a na re a s I S e cti o ns
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
lnnervation teeth
N ophthalmicus[V/1] Nn alveolares
superiores
N trigeminus
[V]
Ganglion
trigeminale
N mandibularis
[V/31
N infraorbitalis
N lingualis
N alveolarisinferior
N mentalis
F i g . 1 7 0 M a x i t l a r ya n d m a n d i b u t a nr e r v e ,
N n . m a x i t t a r i s[ V / 2 ]e t m a n d i b u t a r i [sV / 3 ]
Cellulae mastoideae
N. infraorbitalis
Cavitastympani
N, tympanicus
Foramen
stylomastoideum
N vagus[X]
N glossopharyngeuslXl
N caroticus
internus
A carotisinterna Rr alveolares
superioresanteriores,
N canalis pterygoidei Plexusdentalissuperior
pterygopalatinum
Ganglion Rr alveolares
suoeriores
medii
Fl alveolaris
suoeriormedius
Br alveoleressuDeriores
oosteriores
F i g .1 7 1 P t e r y g o p a l a tgi naen g L i oG
na, n g t i opnt e r y g o p a L a t i n u m
Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Mouth/Oratcavity
F i g . 1 7 2 H a r da n ds o f tp a L a t e , (medialis)
Densincisivus
Patatum d u r u me t m o t t e ; Densincisivus
(lateralis)
i n f e r i ovr i e w . Papilla incisiva
Denscaninus
Denspremolaris
I Plicae palatinae
Iransversae
Denspremolaris
ll
DensmolarisI
Palatumdurum
Densmolarisll
Palatummolle
lvelum
palatinuml
Arcus
palatoglossus
N nasopalatinus Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Uvulapalatina
Palatum Rr alveolares
durum posteriores
superiores
nf the patate,
F i g . 1 7 3 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o
P a L a t u ma,n d m a x i l t a M , axitta.
n r e i n d i c a t e doy
O v e r l a p p i nagr e a so f i n n e r v a t i o a
t r a n s i t i o no f c o l o u r s .
Nn palatini
Palatum
moile
Raphe palati
Glandulae palatinae
a A. palatinamajor
a N. palatinus
maior
Hamuluspterygoideus Foramenpalatinum
majus
Hamuluspterygoideus
M uvulaea
a M. constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
a M buccinator
Arcuspalatoglossus
Raphepterygomandibularis
palatina
Tonsilla a M. palatoglossus
e N lingualis
lsthmusfaucium
pharyngis
a M. constrictor superior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Dorsumlinguae
a M. palatopharyngeus
Fig. 171 Ora[ cavity,Cavitasoris, and
sf the patateM
m u s c L eo , m. palati.
Topography
Sativarygtands Topography
Fossulae
tonsillares, M palatoglossus
Cryptaetonsillares
Dorsumlinguae, (Plicatriangularis)
Parsposterior
Arcuspalatoglossus
Papillae vallatae
Papillaefoliatae (Papillaeconicae)
Dorsumlinguae,
Papillae
fungiformes Parsanterior
Margolinguae
Papillaefiliformes
Corpuslinguae
Sulcusmedianus
linguae
Apexlinguae
F i g . 1 7 5 T o n g u eL, i n g u a .
N. glossopharyngeus
lXl
Bitter
Sour
I Salty
I Sweel
F i g . 1 7 6 I n n e r v a t i oann dt a s t ec a t e g o r i east t h e
d o r s u mo f t h et o n o u e .
Labiumsuperius Palatummolle
lvelumpalatinuml
Vestibulum
ofls Fossasupratonsillaris
Maxilla
Dorsum
linguae
Labiuminferius Tonsillapalatina
Vestibulum Arcus
ons palatopharyngeus
Papillafoliata Arcuspalaloglossus
Cavitasoris propria Foramen
caecumlinguae
Papillae vallatae Tonsillalingualis
M. longitudinalis
superior linguae
M transversus
Aponeurosis
linguae
Septumlinguae
Tunicamucosalinguae
caecumlinguae
Foramen
Radix linguae
Os hyoideum
Mandibula
Cartilago epiglotlica
Aditus laryngis
M. genioglossus laryngis
Venviculus
M. mylohyoideus
M geniohyoideus
Cartilagothyroidea
F i g . 1 7 8 T o n g u eL i,n g u a a, n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ;
median section.
linguae
Aponeurosis
linguae
M. vansversus
Septum
ilnguae
Faciesinferiorlinguae
Frenulum
linguae
F i g . 1 7 9 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e ;
c r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e t i p o f t h e t o n g u e .
M verticalislinguae M longitudinalissuperior
M transversus
linguae
M longitudinalisinferior
Mm.genioglossus
F i g . 1 8 0 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a , n d m u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a e ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e t o n o u e .
To pogr a p h y
S a t i v a r y g t a n d sT o p o g r a p h y
Hyoidboneand infra- and suprahyoidmuscles
Cornuminus
Proc.styloideus
M mylohyoideus
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M geniohyoideus
M digastricus,Venteranterior
M thyrohyoideus
Os hyoideum
M. omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M. sternohyoideus
M sternothyroideus
M omohyoideus,
Venterinterior
F i g . 1 8 3 M u s c u t a rs u s p e n s i o n
o f t h e h y o i db o n e
> Head
Mouth/0ratcavitl
Suprahyoid
muscles
Protuberantia
mentalis
Alveolusdentalis
m o l a r ilsl l
(Densextractus)
Foramen mentale
(Raphe mylohyoidea)
Tuberculum
mentale
venteranterior;
M dioastricus
- {
lventerposterior
Lig stylohyoideum
M stylohyoideus
(Ansatendinis)
l\4 digastricus,
Tendointermedius
l\4 digastricus,
Os hyoideum,
Corpus
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
F i g .1 8 4 M a n d i b t eM, a n d i b u t aa ,n d s u p r a h y o im
duscles,
Mm.suorahvoidei
Spinamentalis
superior
M genioglossus
l\4 mylohyoideus
N4geniohyoideus
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus
Foramen
mandibulae
Ramus
Os hyoideum, mandibulae
Cornumajus Os hyoideum,
Corpus
musctes,
F i g . 1 8 5 M a n d i b L eM, a n d i b u L as ;u p r a h y o i d
M m . s u p r a h y o i d ea in, d h y o i db o n e , 0 sh y o i d e u m
Topography
Sativarygl.ands Topography
Radix linguae
M palatoglossus
M. styloglossus
M stylopharyngeus
Mandibula
M longitudinalis
inferior
M. constrictorpharyngismedius
M genioglossus
M geniohyoideus
M. hyoglossus Cornumajus
Os hyoideum,
Os hyoideum,
Corpus
Membrana thyrohyoidea
M thyrohyoideus
Tunicamucosaoris M. hyoglossus
M. palatoglossus
M. styloglossus
M. stylopharyngeus
M. constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Mandibula
M constrictorpharyngismedius,
M longitudinalisinferior Parsceratopharyngea
M geniohyoideus
M. genioglossus
M. geniohyoideus
M chondroglossus
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus M. hyoglossus
, n d m u s c t e so f t h e
F i g . 1 8 7 T o n g u eL, i n g u a a
t o n g u eM , m .[ i n g u a e .
> Head M us c tes
Mouth/0ratcavit'
Musclesof thetongueand thepharynx
Apexlinguae linguae
Frenulum
M genioglossus Tunicamucosaoris
M. longitudinalis
interior
Septumlinguae
M. genioglossus
M. palatoglossus
M. hyoglossus
M. styloglossus
M. constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea M. hyoglossus
M chondroglossus
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
pharyngis
M. constrictor medius,
Parschondropharyngea
M hyoglossus M sternohyoideus
M. geniohyoideus
F i g . 1 8 8 M u s c l e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . l i n g u a e .
M styloglossus Proc.styloideus
M. palatoglossus
palatina
Tonsilla
M longitudinalisinlerior
Lig.stylohyoideum
M. stylopharyngeus
M. constrictor suoerior.
oharvnqis
Parsglossopharynaei
pharyngis
M. constrictor medius,
Parschondropharyngea
M. constrictorpharyngismedius,
Parsceratopharyngea
M. geniohyoideus
Os hyoideum, Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Cornuminus
Membranathyrohyoidea A.; V. laryngea
superior;
N. laryngeus superior
M. thyrohyoideus
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,
Parsthyropharyngea
Cartilagothyroidea
F i g . 1 8 9 M u s c t e so f t h e t o n g u e ,M m . [ i n g u a ea, n d
musctesof the pharynx,Tunicamuscutarispharyngis.
Topogr a p h y
Salivarygtands Topography
Fascia masseterica
Ductusparotideus
M buccinator
parotidea
Glandula
accessofla
buccae
Corpusadiposum
M masseter
M risorius
Platysma
l\4.sternocleidomastoideus: Os hyoideum Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suDerficialis
Fasciacervicaiis.
Laminasuoerf
icialis
v;A lacialis F i g . 1 9 0 P a r o t i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u [ ap a r o t i d e a .
Cavitas nasi
Plexuscavernosus
a
Cartilagonasilateralis
Concha nasalis media
M orbicularis
oculia
Sinusmaxillaris
l\/axilla
lV temporalis
a
Proc coronoideus
M pterygoideus
lateralisa
a A carotisinterna
N lingualis*
N alveolarisinferior&
Cartilago
auriculae a A vertebralis
parotidea
Glandula
F i g . 1 9 1 P a r o t i dg L a n dG, t a n d u t ap a r o t i d e aa, n d
A. alveolaris
inleriorO m a s t i c a t o rm y usclesM , m. masticatorii;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ;
Proc mastoideus a A occipitalis i n f e r i o rv i e w .
> Head M us c l es
Mouth/0ratcavitr
jqt gland
Submandibular
A ; V f a c i a l ios a Nodilymphoidei
submandibulares
Glandula parotidea
* N facialis[Vll], R colli
o V jugularis
externa
c M digastricus,
Venterposterior
$ N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Platysma
* c l\/ stylohyoideus
M digastricus,
Venteranterior a V thyroidea
superior
o A. thyroidea
superior
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
pharyngis
t M constrictor inferiol
M mylohyoideus
t
o lvl thyrohyoideus
A submentalis
a
s M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
Glandula
submandibularis
t M sternohyoideus
F i g . 1 9 2 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u [ a r i s .
A:Vsubmentalisaa * M pterygoideusmedialis
A ; V f a c i a l ias a Ductusparotideus
Platysma
a N , l i n g u a l i s, Glandulaparotidea
accessoria
c M masseter;
M, mylohyoideus6 Fasciamasseterica
Glandula
sublingualis parotidea
Glandula
l\/ digastricus,*
Venteranterior Noduslymphoideus
submandibularis
Fasciacervicalis,
Laminasuperficialis
genioglossusO
a V retromandibularis
V s u b l i n g u a ol i s
o M digastricus,
A. lingualis
a Venterposterior
Ganglion *
submandibulare
l\/ geniohyoideus
a
M, mylohyoideus
o
Glandula
submandibularis Ductussubmandibularis
M styloglossus
O Glandula
submandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] , Fasciaceruicalis,
Laminasuperficialis
M hyoglossusI
s M. stylohyoideus o M. digastricus,
Venteranterior
F i g . 1 9 3 M a j o rs a L i v a rgyt a n d s G
, l a n d u t a se a t i v a r i a e
majores;
inferolateratview.
To p o g r a p h y
Sativarygtands Topography
Submandibular andsublinaual
Ductussublinouales
minores
Caruncula
sublingualis
M pterygoideus
medialis
Ductussublingualis
major
N lingualis
M genioglossus
Glandula
submandibularis
M geniohyoideus
Ductussubmandibularis
M. digastricus,Venteranterior
Glandula
sublingualis Os hyoideum
M mylohyoideus
F i g . 1 9 4 S u b m a n d i b u t agrt a n d ,G [ a n d u t as u b m a n d i b u t a r i s ,
a n d s u b t i n g u agl .t a n d ,G t a n d u [ a
sub[inguatis.
Caruncula
sublingualis
Ductussublingualis
major
Ductussubmandibularis
Glandula
sublingualis
M genioglossus
M mylohyoideus
N. lingualis
A. alveolaris inferior
N alveolaris inferior
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
F i g . 1 9 5 S u b L i n g u agL[ a n d ,G t a n d u t a
subtinguatis,
a n ds u b m a n d i b u t ag rt a n d G
, l a n d u t sau b m a n d i b u t a r i s ;
s u D e n o rv t e w .
M us c tes
Mouth/0ral.cavity
Papillaductusparotidei
F i g .1 9 6 O p e n i nogf t h ee x c r e t o rdyu c t
o f t h ep a r o t i d
g t a n dP, a p i t l d
au c t u s
oarotidei.
Lingua,Faciesinferior
Oensmolarislll [serotinus]
Plicafimbriata
Densmolarisll
Frenulum
linguae
DensmolarisI
Plicasublingualis
Denspremolaris
ll
Caruncula
sublingualis
Denspremolaris
I
Denscaninus
Gingiva
Densincisivus
ll
Maxilla
a N lingualis
Uvulapalatina
M. palatoglossus
a
a M. genioglossus
l\,4styloglossusa
Mm pharyngis a A. profunda
linguae
a
N glossopharyngeus Mandibula
lxl s
a M. mylohyoideus
M. hyoglossusO
a M geniohyoideus
A lingualisO
I N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
a A sublingualis
M hyoglossus
a
pharyngis
M. constrictor medius,O
Parschondropharyngea
F i g .1 9 8 A r t e r i e as n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ;
mediaIview.
* N palatinus
major
o A. palatinamajor
Nn,palatiniminoresc
O (A nasopalatina)
Canalisincisivus
Uvulapalatina
Tonsillapalatina
Dorsumlinguae,
Parsanterior
R tonsillaris
*
vallatae
Papillae
N. glossopharyngeusflXl a
Mandibula
A palatinaascendens,O
R tonsillaris
N glossopharyngeus
ilXl, ,'
Br linguales Tonsillalinoualis.
(Folliculiliri'guales)
F i g . 1 9 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L a t eP, a L a t u m ,
a n d t h e r o o t o f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i x[ i n g u a e ;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
> Head M us c l es
MouthlOratcavity
Vessels
and nervesof the tongueand the larynx
G l a n d u l al i n g u a l i s
Ductussublingualis
major Plica fimbriata
C a r u n c u sl au b l i n g u a l i s
Ductussublinguales
minores
Ductussublingualis
major
Plicasublingualis
Ductussubmandibularis
a M genioglossus
Septumlinguae
a M geniohyoideus
N;A;Vsublingualis*Oa
G l a n d u lsau b l i n g u a l i s
A l i n g u a l ias ; a M styloglossus
V comitans
nervihypoglossi O
0 M hyoglossus
N lingualis
*
a M mylohyoideus
Ganglion
submandibulare
&
Glandula
submandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll]*
a M digastricus,
Venteranterior
a M stylohyoideus
M mylohyoideus
I
Os hyoideum
Glandula
submandibularis
a M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
A : V laryngea
superior:
a o a M sternohyoideus
N. laryngeus
superior-
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
a M thyrohyoideus
Cartilagothyroidea pharyngis
a l/. constrictor inferior
(Lobuspyramidalis,
Var.)
C M, sternothyroideus
M cricothyroideus
a
Cartilagocricoidea
) 20!+,218,23r+,237 F i g . 2 0 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,L i n g u a ;
m a j o rs a I i v a r yg [ a n d s G , t a n d u [ a sea t i v a r i a e
majores,
a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ;
a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .
T o p o g r a p h y| 0 rg a na re a s I S e cti o ns
Sativarygtands Topography
and nervesof the
Vessels
o M genioglossus
sublingualis
Glandula
A s u b l i n g u aal i s
O O A.;V sublingualis
N. sublingualis
& O A. profunda
linguae
, N lingualis
N. lingualisa
a V profunda
linguae
M hyoglossus O
a M. styloglossus
A. profundalinguaea
a N hypoglossus
[Xll]
A sublingualis
a
O V lingualis
A lingualis
O a M hyoglossus
a A. carotisexterna
o N laryngeus superior,
A thyroideasuperiorO R. internus
a Bifurcatiocarotidis
a A laryngea
superior
M. geniohyoideus
a
o A. thyroidea
superior
Os hyoideum
o A carotiscommunis
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago
thyroidea
A thyroideasuperior,
a Glandula thyroidea,
R. glandularis
anterior Lobus sinister
M cricothyroideus
O
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
F i g , 2 0 1 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t o n g u e ,
Linguaa , n d t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d ,G [ a n d u [ a
thyroidea;
a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w .
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
frontalsection
Falx cerebri
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Sinussagittalis
superior 8 N. supraorbitalis,R medialis
Arachnoidea
matercranialis
Galea aponeurotica
o N. supraorbitalis,
R lateralis
Sinusfrontalis
a A supraorbitalis
Duramatercranialis
o N suoraorbitalis
o M obliquus
suoerior
M. temporalis
a
o M levatorpalpebraesuperioris,
M. rectussuperior
Cellulaeethmoidales
o A. lacrimalis
Glandula
lacrimalis
a N opticusilll;
O a V;A centralis retinae
Septumnasi (Vll)
a R. zygomaticus
a M. rectuslateralis
o M rectusinferior
A transversafacieia
a N infraorbitalis
R. buccalis(Vll)O
a M masseter
Densmolarisll
Sinusmaxillaris
A . ; V f a c i a l ios a
Ductusparotideus
Ductussubmandibularis
Glandula
sublingualis
a M buccinator
V;A.; N. alveolaris
inferjoro a a
Platysma
a
oaA;V. lingualis
M. mylohyoideus
o
a M. genioglossus
M. digastricus,
Venteranterioro
a M geniohyoideus
Sinussagittalis
superior
(Suturafrontalis)
Galeaaooneurotica
Duramatercranialis;
Arachnoideamatercranialis
Falxcerebri
M. levatorpalpebraeO
supenofls a M. rectusmedialis
Glandula
lacrimalis
Septumnasi
M. rectussuoerioro
Suturaf rontozygomatica
Conchanasalisinferior
M. obliquussuperiorO
M. rectuslateralisa molarisll
Retina
Lingua
M. rectusinferiora
Corpusadiposumbuccae
Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
M. massetera Ductussubmandibularis
N. infraorbitalis
o
Glandula
sublingualis
A. facialisa
a O O N.:A.:V.alveolaris
inferior
A. lingualis
O
O Platysma
M. genioglossus
a
o /
M. geniohyoideus
M. mylohyoideus a M. digastricus,Venteranterior
o
F i g . 2 0 3 F r o n t a sl e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e
at the [eve[of the secondupper molar tooth;
a n t e r i o rv i e w
Note the absenceof the maxittarysinus and the ctoseproximity
o f t h e t o o t ha n t a g et o t h e o r b i t .
> Neck Sur facep . 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton
Musclesof theneckandtracheotomv
M mylohyoideus
G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s
M digastricus,
Venterposterior
M masseter
parotidea
Glandula Glandula
parotidea
l\4 digastricus
M. stylohyoideus
l\4 hyoglossus
l\4 levatorscapulae
M sternocleidomastoideus
M spleniuscervicis M sternohyoideus
M levatorscapulae M scalenusmedius
lvl longuscapitis
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum
Cartilago
thyroidea
A carotiscommunis;V jugularisinterna
M thyrohyoideus M omohyoideus
lvl sternothyroideus Lig.cricothyroideum medianum
M . s c a l e n um
s edius lvl cricothyroideus
M omohyoideus, Tendo Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina oretrachealis M sternohyoideus
Plexusbrachialis.
Parssuoraclavicularis
Glandula
thyroidea
M. scalenusanterior
M omohyoideus,Venter inferior M scalenusmedius
M trapezius M sternocleidomastoideus
Clavicula
l\4 deltoideus
M. pectoralismajor,
Pars clavicularis
lvl subclavius
lvl pectoralismajor,
Parsclavicularis
F i g . 2 0 1 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o L [ i .
)T8,T9,T10,T11
Os hyoideum
Cartilago thyroidea
Cartilago cricoidea
Glandula thyroidea,
Lobus sinister
V,jugularis
anterior
Arcusvenosus
jugularis.
F i g .2 0 5 S u r g i c aaI c c e s st o t h e t r a c h e a
w i t h t h e n e c kh y p e r e x t e n d e d .
* Coniotomy
* * U p p etrr a c h e o t o m l ayb o vteh ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g
dt a n d J
* * * L o w etrr a c h e o t o m
{ bye L otwh ei s t h m uos f t h et h y r o i g
dt a n d )
Cervicalfascia
Ramusmandibulae
Proc styloideus
Fascia masseterica;
lvl masseter
Platysma M. styloglossus
lvl digastricus,Venterposterior
M stylohyoideus,
Tendo
Fascia cervicalis
Lig stylohyoideum
Mandibula M. sternocleidomastoideus
M digastricus, M. stylohyoideus
Venteranterior
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
lvl omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M. omohyoideus
M, sternohyoideus
Fascia cervicalis,
Lamina supedicialis
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina Dretrachealis
M omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
Fascia cervicalis,
Lamina superficialis
Clavicula
Trigonum
omoclaviculare
Platysma Trigonum
omoclaviculare
Trachea
V jugularis
externa
Fossasuoraclavicularis
minor M sternocleidomastoideus
Fig. 206 C e r v i c a If a s c i a , F a s c i a c e r v i c a L i s .
F a s c i ac e r v i c a I i s
F i g . 2 0 7a , b S c h e m ao f t h e c e r v i c afIa s c i a
a Transversesection
b M e d i a ns e c t i o n
SkeletonVo[.
M stylohyoideus
Glandula parotidea
Lig stylohyoideum;
M stylopharyngeus
l\/ digastricus,Venterposterior
M sternocleidomastoideus
M semispinalis
capitis
M digastricus,
Venteranterior
M. spleniuscapitis
M mylohyoideus
M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
M, scalenusanterior
M sternohyoideus
M scalenusmedius
M thyrohyoideus
M constrictorpharyngisinferior M scalenusposterior
Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobussinister
M trapezius
M sternocleidomastoideus
Clavicula
M deltoideus
M. omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
lvl.pectoralismajor,
Parssternocostalis
) T 8 ,T 9 ,T 1 0 T
, 11
F i g .2 0 8 M u s c l e so f t h e n e c k ,M m . c o t l . i
Musclesof the neck
M longuscapitis
Os occipitale
M, rectuscapitisanterior
M rectuscapitislateralis Proc.mastoideus
M. sternocleidomastoideus
M longissimus
capitis
M spleniuscapitis
M longuscapitis
Articulatioatlantoaxiallslateralis,
Capsulaarticularis
M. levatorscapulae
M scalenusmedius
M longuscolli
M longuscapitis
M scalenusmedius M. scalenusmedius
M scalenus
anterior
M scalenusmedius
Tuberculum
anterius
M scalenusposterior
M scalenusmedius M. scalenusanterior
M longus colli
sinistra
subclavia
A subclaviadextra
M scalenusanterior M scalenusposterior
V subclavia
dextra sinistra
A. carotiscommunis
A carotis
communis
dextra
V brachiocephalica
sinistra
F i g .2 0 9 P r e v e r t e b r amLu s c t e sa n d s c a l e n u sm u s c l e s ,
Mm.scaLeni.
| - V l l = F i r s tt o s e v e n t hc e r v i c avI e r t e b r a
1 - 3 = F i r s tt o t h i r d t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a
SkeletonVot. ll
Cornusuperius
Cornusuperius
Tuberculum
Incisurathyroidea thyroideum Tuberculum
supenor supeflus Lamtna thyroideum
dextra supenus
Prominentia
laryngea Lineaobliqua Prominentia Lamina
laryngea sinistra
Laminasinistra
Tuberculum
thyroideum
Cornuinferius Linea obliqua inferius
Tuberculum
thyroideum
inferius lnclsura
thyroidea Cornuinferius
inferior
F i g . 2 1 O T h y r o i dc a r t i t a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ; F i g . 2 1 1 T h y r o i dc a r t i L a g eC, a r t i t a g ot h y r o i d e a ;
viewedfrom the Left. v e n t r a Iv i e w .
Colliculus
Foveatriangularis
Cristaarcuata
Fovea
ooronga
Lig vocale
Proc vocalis;
Proc Lig vocale
musculans
vd, uragu
arytenoidea;
Articulatio
cricoaMenoidea
Lamina cartilaginis
cricoideae
Faciesarticularis
thyroidea Lamina cartilaginis
cricoideae
F i g . 2 1 5 E p i g L o t t icca r t i l a g e , F i g . 2 1 6 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e , F i g .2 1 7 C r i c o i dc a r t i t a g e ,
C a r t i t a g oe p i g t o t t i c;a C a r t i t a gcor i c o i d e a ; C a r t i t a g oc r i c o i d e a ;
dorsaIview. v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w . d o r s a Iv i e w .
Musc[es
Hyoidboneandskeleton
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Os hyoideum.Cornu minus
Cartilagoepiglottica
Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale
var uragu u rueca
Membrana thyrohyoidea
thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornusuperius
Lig thyrohyoideummedianum
Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina dextra
Incisura
thyroidea
superior
thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornuinferius
Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea
Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae
Lig cricotracheale
Cartilaoines tracheales
Fig.218 Larynx,Larynx,
a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ;
ventraIview.
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Cartilago epiglottica
Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale
Cartilago triticea
Membranathyrohyoidea
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornusuperius
Petiolus
epiglottidis
Cartilagocorniculata
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Laminasinistra
Cartilagoarytenoidea cricoarytenoidea
Capsulaarticularis
CaDSUlaarticulariscricothvroidea
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea
Ligg anularia
Cartilagines tracheales
Os hyoideum l\4embranathyrohyoidea
Cartilagoepiglottica
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum
Petiolus
epiglottidis Lig cricopharyngeum
Lig thyroepiglotticum
Cartilagines
aMenoideae
Cartilagothyroidea
Conuselasticus
Lig cricothyroideum
medianum Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae
Faciesarticularis
thyroidea
Cartilaoinestracheales
Fig.220 Larynx,Larynx,
a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ;
viewedfrom the Left.
thyroidea,
Cartilago Cornusuperius
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum Cartilagothyroidea, Lamina dextra
Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum
Lig cricopharyngeum
Lig thyroepiglotticum
Cartilagoarytenoidea
Lig vestibulare
Lig cricoarytenoideum
Lig vocale
Lig cricopharyngeum
Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Pharynx,
Tunicamucosa
Ligg anularia
Trachea, Paries membranaceus
Fig.221 Larynx,Larynx,
a n d h y o i db o n e ,0 s h y o i d e u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
mediaIview.
Musctes
Laryngealmuscles
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Lig cricoarytenoideum
Cartilago
corniculata
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
Proc.muscularis
]
Articulatio
cricothyroidea Ca'lilagoaMenoidea
I
Proc.vocalis )
Conuselasticus Conuselasticus
Arcuscartilaginis
cricoideae Lig. vocale
Cartilagothyroidea
Incisura
thyroidea
superior
F i g . 2 2 2 C a r t i t a g eo , a r t i L a g i n eLsa r y n g i s ,
s f the [arynxC
a n d v o c a lt i g a m e n t L, i g .voca|.e:
v e n t r o s u p e r i ovri e w .
a C r i c o t h y r o im
d u s c t e ,M . c r i c o t h y r o i d e u s 0 b t i q u ea n d t r a n s v e r s ea r y t e n o i dm u s c l e s ,
M m . a r y t e n o i d eoi b t i q u u se t t r a n s v e r s u s
L a t e r a Ic r i c o - a r y t e n o im
duscte, P o s t e r i ocrr i c o - a r y t e n omi du s c [ e ,
M . c r i c o a r y t e n o i d e u[ ast e r a t i s M .c r i c o a r y t e n o i d p eo us t e r i o r
F i g .2 2 3 a - d S c h e m as h o w i n gt h e f u n c t i o n s t h e m u s c t e so n t h e l e f t a r e r e [ a x e d ; t h o s o
en t h e r i g h t
o f t h e [ a r y n g e am I u s c l e s ,M m . [ a r y n g i s ; are contracted:
y e l t o wa r r o w s : t e n s i o no f t h e v o c a [[ i g a m e n t ; s u D e n o rv t e w .
r e da r r o w s : m u s c t ec o n t r a c t i o n :
b I u ea r r o w s : d i r e c t i o no f r o t a t i o n :
> Neck S k e l e t o nVot.l l
Thyroidgtand Pharyn
Laryngealmuscles
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Lig thyrohyoideumlaterale
Os hyoideum,
Corpus Cartilago triticea
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum
Cartilagothyroidea.Lamina sinistra
Incisura
thyroidea
superior Linea obliqua
Lig cricothyroideum
medianum
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornuinferius
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea
Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
M. cricothvroideus.
Parsrecta Cartilaginestracheales
lM cricothyroideus,
Parsobliqua
Epiglottis
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Cartilagotriticea Os hyoideum
Lig hyoepiglotticum
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius Membrana thyrohyoidea
preepiglotticum
Corpusadiposum
Tuberculum
cuneiforme
lvl.thyroarytenoideus,
Cartilago
corniculata Parsthyroepiglottica
Cartilagoarytenoidea lvl arytenoideus
obliquus,
Parsaryepiglottica
M arytenoideus
obliquus M, thyroaMenoideus
M aMenoideus
transversus
M cricoarytenoideus
lateralis
posterior
M. cricoarytenoideus Parsrecla
\
I
Faciesarticularis
thyroidea I M cricothyroideus
HarsoDilqua
J
Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
Epiglottis
Cornumajus
Os hyoideum,
Cartilago
triticea
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
cuneiformis
Cartilago
M thyroarytenoideus,
Parsthyroepiglottica M arytenoideusobliquus,
Parsaryepiglottica
M thyroarytenoideus
corniculata
Cartilago
Cartilagoarytenoidea
l/ arytenoideus
obliquus transversus
M, arvtenoideus
Cartilago Cornuinferius
thyroidea,
Capsulaarticularis
cricothyroidea
M cricoaMenoideusposterior
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea.
Pariesmembranaceus
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus
Cornumajus
Os hyoideum,
Epiglottis
Cartilagotriticea
Tuberculum
cuneiforme Cadilagothyroidea,
Cornusuperius
Tuberculum
epiglotticum Cartilago
cuneiformis
Canilago corniculata
M aMenoideustransversus Plicavestibularis
Ventriculus
laryngis Cartilagoarytenoidea
M arytenoideus
obliquus Plica vocalis
M vocalis
M. cricothyroideus
M cricoaMenoideusoosterior M cricoarvtenoideus
lateralis
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Cartilagocricoidea,Lamina
Cartilagotrachealis
Fig.227 Larynx,Larynx;
s e c t i o n e df r o m d o r s a Li n t h e m e d i a np L a n e
a n d s e p a r a t e dw i t h h o o k s ;
d o r s a Iv i e w .
Thyroidgtand Pharynx
Fig.228a, b Laryngoscopy.
a I n d i r e c[ ta r y n g o s c o p y
b D i r e c te, n d o s c o pLi ca r y n g o s c o p y
Rima glottidis
Plica vocalis
Plica vestibularis
Cartilago arytenoidea;
Cartilagocorniculata
tnctsura
Recessus piriformis interarytenoidea
Fig. 229 Direct[aryngoscopy;
r e s p i r a t o r yp o s i t i o n .
Epiglottis
Ventriculis
laryngis Rima glottidis
Plicavocalis Plica vestibularis
Plicaaryepiglottica
Cartilagoarytenoidea;
Cartilagocorniculata
Inctsura
interarytenoidea
F i g . 2 3 0 D i r e c[ta r y n g o s c o p y ;
p h o n a t i opno s i t i o n .
Rimaglottidis,
Parsintermembranacea
Plicavestibularis
Fig.231 DirectLaryngoscopy;
w h i s p e r i npgo s i t i o n .
Musctes 0rgans T o p o g ra p h y Sections
Canilago epiglottica
preepiglotticum
Corpusadiposum
Os hyoideum
Bursainfrahyoidea
Lig thyrohyoideummedianum
Vestibulum
laryngis
Lig.thyroepiglotticum
Cartilago
thyroidea
Ventriculus
laryngis Plicavestibularis
Ventriculus
laryngis Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Fig.232 Larynx,Larynx.
Radix linguae
Lig hyoepiglotticum
preepiglotticum
Corpusadiposum
Os hyoideum
Lig.thyrohyoideum
medianum
Lig thyroepiglotticum
l\4 arytenoideus
transversus
Cartilago
thyroidea
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Cartilagines tracheales
Fig.233 Larynx,Larynx;
p o s i t i oonf t h ee p i g t o t t d
i su r i n gs w a t t o w i n g .
Sur facep . 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton
Pharynx
Arteriesand
Rr linguales
I Papillaevallatae
N glossopharyngeus
ilXl *
a N. glossopharyngeus
lxl
A palatinaascendens, R tonsillariso
a Rr tonsillares
palatina
Tonsilla
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Epiglottis
N. laryngeus
superior*
Valleculaepiglottica
A. laryngea
superior
a
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
a N laryngeus
superior,
Rr interni
Adituslaryngis
Incisura
interarytenoidea
o M. aMenoideus
obliquus
Cartilagothyroidea,Lamina sinistra
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornuinferius
posterior
a L4 cricoarytenoideus
thyroidea
Glandula
A laryngea
inferior
a
parathyroidea
Glandula superior
Rr tracheales
a
0
A thyroidea interiorO
parathyroidea
Glandula inferior
N laryngeus
recurrens,
Br oesophageales
{}
* N laryngeus
recurrens
Larynx,transversesections
Sacculus
laryngis Sacculuslaryngis
Glandulae laryngeales
Ventriculus
laryngis
Plica vocalis
M thyroarytenoideus
{t
Rima glottidis
CartilagoaMenoidea
'.-fi.'n+
Recessus *^^t'. j Cavitas pharyngis
piriformis
lvl constrictorpharyngis{r
medtus
pharyngis
M constrictor &
interior
Mm arytenoidei* Plexusvenosuspharyngeus
transversus
et obliqui
F i g . 2 3 5 L a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
T h ew h i t e a r r o w i n d i c a t e st h e c o n n e c t i o nbetween
t h e [ a r y n g e avI e n t r i c L ae n d t h e [ a r y n g e asI a c c u l e .
Lig vocale
a M vocalis
a l\4 thyroarytenoideus
N laryngeus
superior
A laryngea
superiora
Cartilagoarytenoidea
W laryngeae
superiores
o
Cartilagothyroidea, ArticulatiocricoaMenoidea
Lamina sinistra
Cavitaspharyngis
piriformis
Recessus
Tunicamucosa
M cricoaMenoideus i
posterior o l\4 constrictorpharyngisinferior
Fig.236 Larynx,Larynx.
Sur facep . 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton
Thyroidgtand Pharynx
C o r n um i n u s Os hyoideum,
Corpus
Cornumajus
thyrohyoidea
Membrana
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
Prominentia
laryngea
thyroidea,
Glandula Lobussinister
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
Fig.237 Thyroidgtand,Gtandutathyroidea,
and [arynx,Larynx.
Os hyoideum,
Corpus
Bursaeinfrahyoideae
Cartilagotriticea
Lig,thyrohyoideum
medianum Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago
thyroidea,
Laminadextra
Glandula (Lobuspyramidalis,
thyroidea; Var)
Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobusdexter Glandula Lobussinister
thyroidea,
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
F i g . 2 3 8 T h y r o i dg L a n dG
, [anduta
thyroidea,
a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
Mus c t e s 0 r g an s T o p o g ra p h y Sections
Thyroidgland,sections
Plexusthyroideus
impara lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
Fascia cervicalis.Lamina suoerficialis
Fascia cervicalis,Lamina pretrachealis
a Platysma
Cartilagotrachealis o V jugularis
anterior
a M. sternohyoideus
Glandula thyroidea,
Lobus sinister a lvl sternothyroideus
O M sternocleidomastoideus
Trachea
R cardiacus ceruicalis,:
supenor
Oesophagus
Glandula parathyroidea
& N, laryngeus
recurrens
inlerior
O V jugularis
interna
o A carotiscommunis
Ganglion ceruico- :t
thoracicum lstellatum]
& N vagus[X]
l\/ longus colli a
Truncusjugularis
M scalenus anterior a dexter
F i g . 2 3 9 T h y r o i dg L a n dG
, L a n d u |t.hay r o i d e a ;
h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o n .
Cartilago epiglottica
Vestibulum
laryngis
Os hyoideum M arytenoideusobliquus,
Parsaryepiglottica
lvlembrana thyrohyoidea
I
Sacculus
laryngis
quadrangularis
Membrana
l\/ thyrohyoideus
Fascla cervicalis,
Lamina pretrachealis
Plica vestibularis
Lig vestibulare
A; V thyroidea
superior M cricoarytenoideus
lateralis
Bima glottidis
lvl vocalis
Cavitas infraglottica
l\4 cricothyroideus
Cartilagocricoidea
Conuselasticus
Cartilagotrachealis
Trachea
parathyroidea
Glandula interior
F i g . 2 t 0 T h y r o i dg [ a n d ,G L a n d u It.hay r o i d e a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n .
Surfacep. 32 Vot.ll
| Skel.eton
Thyroidgtand Pharynx
* N. hypoglossus
[Xll]
s u b l i n g u aO
lis
o V lingualis
A lingualis
a a M hyoglossus
M hyoglossus a A carotisexlerna
a
& N laryngeussuperior,
A thyroidea
superiora R internus
a Bifurcatio
carotidis
A carotisexternaa)
a A laryngea
superior
l\il geniohyoideus
a
OA thyroidea supenor
Os hyoideum
lvlembrana
thyrohyoidea O A carotiscommunis
Glandula thyroidea,
Lobus dexter thyroidea
Cartilago
A. thyroidea
superior,
a Glandula thyroidea,
R glandularis
anterior Lobus sinister
Lig cricothyroideummedianum
M cricothyroideus
a
lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
F i g . 2 1 1 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e t h y r o i dg L a n d ,
G t a n d u Ltah y r o i d e aa, n d t h e [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x .
Mm infrahyoidei Cutis
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
Fascia ceruicalis, Cartilago
trachealis
Lamina pretrachealis
Glandulathyroidea,
Lobus dexter
A carotis
communts
F i g . 2 1 2 T h y r o i dg t a n d ,G t a n d u t a thyroidea;
o b I i q u eu t t r a s o u n di m a g ei n v e n t r o d o r s adLi r e c t i o n ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w I r i g h t ,2 0 0 % )
* U l t r a s o u nsdh a d o w o f t h et r a c h e a
Pathological of the thyroidgland
enlargement
F i g . 2 1 3 T h y r o i dg L a n dG , [anduta thyroidea;
e n [ a r g e m e not f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n dw i t h t h r e eo b v i o u sn o d e s ,S t r u m an o d o s a .
Mm intrahyoidei
V jugularis
externa
Trachea
Corpusvertebrae
Costa
[/ erectorspinae
Proc.spinosus
* N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d
Fig.21t+ Neck,Cottum;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T ls e c t i o n ;
inferiorview.
T h et r a c h e ai s d i s p L a c etdo w a r d st h e r i g h t b y a p a t h o l o g i c a l et yn t a r g e d
n o d eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l . a n d .
Mandibula
Claviculadextra
V jugularis
CostaI
Manubrium
sterni
Clavicula
sinistra
* N o d e o f t h e t h y r o i dg t a n d
Fig.245 Neck,Cotlum;
3 - d i m e n s i o n ar Ie c o n s t r u c t i ofnr o m c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i c( C T )s e c t i o n s
s h o w i n ga h e a v i Leyn t a r g e d[ e f t [ o b eo f t h e t h y r o i dg l a n d ;
s a m e p a t i e n ta s i n F i 1 . 2 4 4 .
> Neck Sketeton
Nasalandpharyngealcavity,paramedian
section
Os nasale
Sinussphenoidalis
Septumnasi Alavomerissinistra
Ostiumpharyngeum
tubaeauditivae;
Plica salpingopalatina Torustubarius
Tonsillapharyngea
Toruslevatorius
Vestibulum
nasi Corpus
Os sphenoidale,
Plica salpingopharyngea
Atlas[C l]
Palatum molle
Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Lig,transversum
atlantis
Mandibula palatina
Tonsilla
M geniohyoideusa Pharynx
M mylohyoideus
o Spatiumretropharyngeum
Os hyoideum
Tuberculum
cuneiforme
Lig thyrohyoideummedianum
Lig hyoepiglotticum
Tuberculum
corniculatum
Cartilagoepiglottica
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
Lig longitudinaleposterius
Lig thyroepiglotticum
Cartilagothyroidea cricoideae
Laminacartilaginis
Plicavestibularis;
Plicavocalis
Spatiumepidurale
(A ; V thyroidea
cricothyroideus superior);
a o
Lig cricothyroideummedianum Duramaterspinalis
Arcus cartilaginiscricoideae
Lig longitudinale
anterius
Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina superficialis
Fascia cervicalis,
Fascia ceruicalis,Lamina pretrachealis Lamina prevertebralis
lsthmusglandulae
thyroldeae
(Spatium
retrooesophageum)
V thyroidea
inferiora
Oesophagus
Arcusvenosusjugulariso
(Spatiumoesophagotracheale)
M sternothyroideus
I
Trachea
Manubrium
sterni
a Truncusbrachiocephalicus
V brachiocephalicasinistra a
Nodus lymphoideuscervicalisanterior
F i g , 2 t 6 N a s a Ic a v i t yC , a v i t a sn a s i ;
, a v i t a so r i s ; p h a r y n x P
o r a I c a v i t yC , harynx,
a n d [ a r y n x ,L a r y n x ;
paramedian section.
Proc.pterygoideus,
Laminalateralis
M zygomaticusmajor
Arcuszygomaticus
M. procerus
M. tensor veli Dalatini
M. levatorveli palatini
Fasciapharyngo-
M levator basilaris
labiisuperioris
alaequenasi
M. stylo-
hyoideus
M. levator
labiisuperioris Condylus
occipitalis
M. zygomaticus
minor
Proc
mastoideus
M levatorangulioris
M. digastricus,
Venterposterior
Ductusparotideus;
M. buccinator Proc.styloideus
Hamuluspterygoideus
Lig stylohyoideum
M. orbicularis
oris, Raphepterygomandibularis
Parslabialis
M. styloglossus
M. stylopharyngeus
M. depressor
angulioris
M. digastricus,Venterposteriot
Parschondropharyngea
I M. constrictor
M mentalis l pnaryngrs
Parsceratopharyngea., medius
Platysma
M. stylohyoideus
M. mylohyoideus Os hyoideum,Cornumajus
A.; V. laryngea
superior;
M. digastricus,Venteranterior N. laryngeus superior
M. hyoglossus Membranathyrohyoidea
M. sternohyoideus
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,
M. omohyoideus Parsthyropharyngea
M. thyrohyoideus
M. constrictorpharyngisinterior,
Parscricopharyngea
Carlilagothyroidea,
Laminasinistra
Oesophagus
f Parsrecta
M. cricothyroideus .l pars obliqua Cartilagotrachealis
\
'I Parspterygopharyngea
I
2 Parsbuccopharyngea [ ^,
M' ,constrictorpharyngissuperior
J eari myiopharyig6a I
Parsglossopharyngea I
F i g , 2 4 7 P h a r y n g ema lu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s ,
a n df a c i am
[ u s c l e sM. m .f a c i e i .
> Neck
Pharyngeal
muscles
Synchondrosis
petrooccipitalis
M levator
velipalatini
(Fasciculus
muscularis
accessorius)
Li9.sphenomandibulare
Proc.styloideus
M. constrictor
pharyngissuperior,
Parspterygopharyngea
M stylohyoideus
M digastricus,Venterposterior
Lig. stylohyoideum M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsbuccopharyngea
M stylohyoideus
M. stylopharyngeus
M. pterygoideus
medialis M styloglossus
parotidea
Glandula Lig.stylomandibulare
M. digastricus,Venterposterior M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsmylopharyngea
M pterygoideus
medialis M. pterygoideus
medialis
Mandibula M. stylohyoideus
Glandula
submandibularis
M. digastricus,Venterposterior
M. styloglossus
M stylohyoideus M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus M constrictorpharyngismedius,
Parschondropharyngea
M constrictorpharyngismedius,Parsceratopharyngea
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parsthyropharyngea
Raphepharyngis
M. constrictorpharyngisinferior,Parscricopharyngea
Glandula
thyroidea,
Lobussinister Tunicamuscularis
Oesophagus,
Glandulathvroidea.Lobusdexter
Glandulaeparathyroideae
superioret inlerior
Glandulaeparathyroideae
superioret inferior
Tunicamuscularis
Oesophagus,
a tu s c t e sM, m .p h a r y n g i s
F i g . 2 4 8 P h a r y n g em
Musctes
lnnercontourof thepharynx
Concha nasalis
media
Concha nasalis inlerior
petrooccipitalis
Synchondrosis pharyngea
Tonsilla
M levator
veli palatini
Becessus
pnaryngeus Proc.styloideus
(Plica pharyngoepiglottica)
Os hyoideum,Cornumajus
Epiglottis thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
Plica aryepiglottica
Tuberculumcuneiforme; Plicaneruilaryngeisuperioris
Cartilago cuneiformis
interaMenoidea
Incisura
Tuberculumcorniculatum;
Cartilago corniculata
N. maxillaris[V/2]
I N glossopharyngeus
[X]
N vagus[X]
n f t h e p h a r y n xP
F i g .2 5 0 S e n s i b l ei n n e r v a t i o o , harynx.
Sk eteton
theparapharyngeal
space
N vagus[X] ,
,: N accessorius
[Xl],R internus
N, glossopharyngeus
lXl *r
N M constrictorpharyngis
superior
Bulbussuperioro
venaejugularis a W pharyngeae
S i n u sa jugulare
Foramen
Iransversus
S i n u so - i t
sigmoideus Os
temporale
Ganglion
supeflus a A meningea
posterior
carotisinternaa i, N caroticus
R auricularis internus
& Ganglioninferius
Proc mastordeus (tx)
[Xl],it
N accessorius
R externus a A carotisinterna
Proc styloideus
inferius(X)
a Ganglion
N hypoglossus[Xll] '
x N jugularis(Truncus
M stylopharyngeuso sympathicus)
N, glossopharyngeus
lXl * Bamusmandibulae
R pharyngealis
{} & Ganglion
cervicale
superius
(Truncus
sympathicus)
Venterposterior
M digastricus, t o A pharyngeaascendens
N laryngeus
superiort
A carotisexternaa) $ N glossopharyngeus
lxl
B pharyngealis
,r O A palatinaascendens
o A facialis
A lacialis a a A lingualis
A lingualis
a
O A carotisexterna
laryngeus
superior,
R, externus&
N laryngeus
superior,
R internus,,
a A thyroidea
superior
pharyngis
l\4 constrictor mediusA
* N cardiacus
cervicalis
superior
A thyroidea
superiora (Truncus
sympathicus)
o V jugularisinterna
Rr pharyngeales* O R, pharyngealis
*] N vagus[X]
M constrictorpharyngisinferior0 a A carotiscommunis
$ Plexuscaroticus
communis
& Truncussympathicus
O B pharyngealis
r&Ganglion
cervicale
medium
A, thyroidea
inferiora
* Ganglion cervicothoracicum[stellatum]
R cardiacusceruicalissuDerior '
., N cardiacuscervicalismedius
Oesophagus
(Truncussympathicus)
252
Fig,251 VesseLs and nervesof the pharynx,Pharynx,
a n dt h e p a r a p h a r y n g e a
spI a c e ,S p a t i u ml a t e r o p h a r y n g e u m .
n*
Musctes
Vessels
and ne
a A occipitalis
N hypoglossus[Xll]
Proc mastoideus
Torus tubarius
cervicale
*. Ganglion superius
M digastricus,S (Truncus
sympathicus)
Venter posterior
g M tensorvelipalatini
M uvulae&
pharyngis
6 M constrictor
supeflor
Plica salpingopharyngea t M salpingopharyngeus
Tonsillapaiatina 0 M palatopharyngeus
Arcuspalatopharyngeus Sulcusterminalis
s N laryngeus superior;
Tuberculum
cuneiforme o o A ; V laryngeasuperior
Tuberculum
corniculatum
posterior
o M cricoarytenoideus
N vagus[X] .
E Truncussympathicus,
Plexuscaroticus
communis
Oesophagus,
Tunicamuscularis
thyroidea
Glandula
Ganglion medium.
cervicale
parathyroidea
Glandula inlerior
A thyroidea
inferiora
a Truncusthyrocervicalis
Bulbusinferioro
venaejugularis s N vagus[Xl,
R cardiacuscervicalis
superior
Truncus
thyroceruicalis
a o Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis
Ganglion cervicothoracicum a A subclavia
[stellatum]
A;Vsubclaviaaa a V subclavia
{r N vagus[X]
V brachiocephalicasinistra a
, N laryngeus
recurrens
A carotiscommunisa
a V brachiocephalicadextra
N laryngeus
recurrensi
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
N vagus[X] ,
a Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Parsdescendensaortaea o V cavasuperior
231+
a V auricularisoosterior
'J N auricularisposterior(Vll)
o A. auricularis
oosterior
a M epicranius,
M occipitofrontalis,
Venteroccipitalis
parotidea
Glandula
N auricularis
magnus,, .A occipitalis
Rr posteriores
V jugularis
externao
a V occipitalis
transversus
colli,,
Rr superiores
* N occipitalis
maJor
.' N occipitalisminor
s M sternocleidomastoideus
$ N auricularis
magnus
Platysma f
e M levatorscapulae
* N accessorius
[xl]
* lvl trapezius
t Nn supraclaviculares
laterales
F i g .2 5 3 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e l a t e r a Ir e g i o n
o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a t eas n t e r i o re t L a t e r a I i s ;
superficia[layer.
Muscles
Vessels
and
a V auricularisDosterior
& N occipitalisminor
Platysma
a
O A occipitalis
V tacialis O a V occipitalis
V retromandibularis
O magnus
I N auricularis
R communicans
s O M. spleniuscapitis
a M levatorscapulae
O M. trapezius
V jugularis
externaa
a N. accessorius[Xll
Nodi lymphoidei cervicales
N transversus
colli6 laterales. Nodi superficiales
V jugularis
anteriorO a Nn supraclaviculares
laterales
o M omohyoideus
M sternocleidomastoideus
o I Plexus brachialis
a V transversacolli
Arcusvenosusjugularisa
Nn supraclaviculares
r,
mediales I Nn supraclaviculares
intermedii
121
255
V jugularis
internaa
posterior
a V auricularis
V retromandibularis
o
N facialis [Vll], R c o l l i
V facialis o
.. N occipitalisminor
,* N occipitalis
maJor
M digastricus,*
Venteranterior
R suprahyoideus a
(A lingualis)
R. infrahyoideus
a
(A thyroideasuperior) S M sternocleidomastoideus
A carotisexlernaO
* M splenius
capitis
A laryngea
superiorO
, Plexuscervicalis
A thyroidea superior O
*' N. accessorius
[Xl]
A carotiscommunis
a
N vagus[X] ,, *, Plexusbrachialis,
Truncussuoerior
M omohyoideus,c a A. transversa
colli,
Ventersuperior R superficialis
i M omohyoideus,
Venter inferior
l\4 sternohyoideus
6
Clavicula
Ansaceruicalis,;
Radixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis) a A transversa
colli,
R profundus
lvl sternothyroideus
*
l\4 scalenusanterior*
V jugularis
externao
a M deltoideus
A suprascapularis
a a A thoracoacromialis,
R deltoideus
O V cephalica
A subclaviaa
., Plexus brachialis,
M pectoralismajor fl A transversacolli a Pars supraclavicularis
21
t{, F i g . 2 5 5 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o ra n d t h e L a t e r arIe g i o n
t o f t h e n e c k ,R e g i o n e sc e r v i c a L easn t e r i o re t [ a t e r a t i s ;
25t, t h e s u p e r f i c i aal n d t h e m i d d t e[ a y e ro f t h e c e r v i c a I f a s c r a
h a v eb e e nr e m o v e d .
Musctes 0rgans Topography S ections
lvl digastricus,
*
Venterposterior . V retromandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll] , N cervicalis [C2] R anterior
Glandula
submandibularis
posterior
a A auricularis
V.submentaliso. A
N mylohyoideus posterior
* N auricularis (N,facialis)
A submentalis
O 0 M sternocleidomastoideus
lvl stylohyoideus
*
M digastricus,
*
Venteranterior
minor
a N occipitalis
M mylohyoideusC
A lingualiso
V lacialis a
* N accessorius
[Xl]
A carotisexternaO
A laryngea
superiora
Badixsuperior.
Ansacervicalis,
V thyroidea
superiora & Ansa cervicalis,Radix inferior
* Plexus brachialis,Truncus suoerior
A cervicalis
ascendens
O a A transversa
colli,R superficialis
Bulbusinleriora
venaejugularis C M pectoralis
mrnor
carotiscommunis
a)
a l\il deltoideus
M sternocleidomastoideus*
257
F i g . 2 5 6 V e s s e [ sa n d n e r v e so f t h e [ a t e r a Ir e g i o no f t h e n e c k ,
R e g i oc e r v i c a I i L
sateratis;
a f t e r a I m o s tc o m p L e t ree m o v a L otfh e s t e r n o c l e i d o m a s t o i d 255
muscLe.
> Neck Ske[eton
, N hypoglossus
[Xll]
o V retromandibularis
a V jugularis
interna
B sternocleidomastoideusa
(A occipitalis)
A facialisa
lvl mylohyoideus*
O A occipitalis
N mylohyoideus
* M spleniuscapitis
A submentalis
a
M digastricus,
S occipitalis
Venteranterior
Glandula
submandibularis
A carotis externa O
N laryngeussuperior
ar N accessorius[Xl]
A carotis interna a
A laryngeasuperior a
A thyroidea superiora
& M levatorscapulae
N vagus [X] ,,
i N ceruicalis[C5], R anterior
M omohyoideus,* I N ceruicalis[C6], B anterior
Venter superior
a (A ceruicalissuperficialis,Var )
A carotiscommunis
O ;, N cervicalis[C7], R anterior
A cervicalisO
ascendens
o M deltoideus
Glandula thyroidea
A vertebralis,
a
Parsprevertebralis
N phrenicus,
Truncus
thyrocervicalis
a
A subclavia
O
A thoracica
internaa
,; Plexus brachialis,
Pars infraclavicularis
V jugularisinternaa o A axillaris
V brachioceohalicasinistra a
O A thoracoacromialis
V jugularis
externaa
I M pectoralisminor
lvl pectoralismajor, Pars clavicularis*
o V axillaris o V cephalica
t
Fig.257 Vessetsand nervesof the LateraIregionof the neck,
t R e g i oc e r v i c a t i [sa t e r a L i s ;
256 oeep rayer.
l l: -lil- r:l
Musctes
Vessels
N vagus [X]
a V jugularis
interna
[Xll] .
N hypoglossus
N mylohyoideus
A facialisO
(Truncus
Rr communicantes sympathicus)
a A occipitalis
A submentalis
a
o R mastoideus
A carotis externa a
N occipitalisminor
A carotisinternaa
Ganglion
ceruicale
superius; I N occipitalis
(Truncussympathicus) malor
M omohyoideus,Venter superior
i N accessorius
A thyroideasuperiora lxtl
lvl sternohyoideus&
a A cervicalis
R cardiacus ascendens
cervicalissuperior (N vagus)
Ansa ceruicalis,Radix superior , N phrenicus
(Plexus ceruicalis)
M constrictorpharyngisinferior.&
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
superior
M sternothyroideus
&
O (A ceruicalis Var)
superficialis,
(Ganglion
sympathicum * M scalenus
anterior
accessonum)
V thyroidea
superiora
,* N suprascapularis
A thyroideainferiora
Ganglion
cervicale
medium a A suDrascaDularis
TruncusO
thyroceruicalis
A subclavia Clavicula
a
A thoracica
internaa
N laryngeusrecurrens, a R acromialis
(A thoracoacromialis)
Trachea
V thyroidea
inferioro
A M deltoideus
N cardiacus
ceruicalis
medius(Truncus
sympathicus)
* M pectoralis
V vertebralis,
o minor,Tendo
Pars
prevertebralis
a A axillaris
A carotiscommunis
o
O A, thoraco-
V j u g u l a r i sn t e r n o
a acromialis
V brachio-O
cephalicasinistra
a V cephalica
V jugularis
externaa
A ; V thoracica
lateralis
o a longus
: N thoracicus
a W thoracoepigastricae
F i g .2 5 8 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e l a t e r a lr e g i o no f t h e n e c k ,
s t e r a t i sa, n d t h e a x i t l a r yr e g i o n ,R e g i oa x i t l a r i s .
R e g i oc e r v i c a L li a
T h e n u m b e r sV - V l l l i n d i c a t ev e n t r a Lb r a n c h e so f t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i ncge r v i c a nI e r v e s
Sk eteton
of the neck
l\4 digastricus,
Venteranteriore
s lV mylohyoideus
V,jugularis
anteriorO s M hyoglossus
V submentalis
o a V submentalis
a A facialis
G l a n d u lsau b m a n d i b u l a r i s
oY.facialis
/ ,z
V facialis a
,, N hypoglossus
[Xll]
V retromandibularis
o
Glandula
parotidea
M stylohyoideus
*
o V facialis
V occipitalis
o
a V occipitalis
V facialisa
V jugularis
internao Prominentia
laryngea
V thyroidea
superiorO O V thyroidea
superior
V jugularis
externao f M sternocleidomastoideus
&.Ansaceruicalis.
Radixsuoerior
A carotiscommunis
al (Plexus cervicalis)
o V, jugularis interna
l\4 sternocleidomastoideusB
lsthmusglandulae
thyroideae
V cervicalis
suoerticialis
o
a V jugularis
externa
V transversa
collia o V jugularis
anterior
lV omohyoideus,s & M omohyoideus
Venter inlerior
& M. trapezius
V cephalica a
M pectoralismajor 6
o V cephalica
a M pectoralis
R perforans
(A thoracica
interna)a maJor
a V thoracoacromialis
R cutaneus
anteriorDectoralis
,
o V axillaris
Rr perforantes(A; V thoracica interna)a a
* lvl sternocleidomastoideus
V thyroidea inferiora O Arcusvenosusjugularis
F i g .2 5 9 V e i n so f t h e n e c k ,C o t l u m .
Musctes
Vessels
andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture
* N4digastricus,
Venteranterior
Os hyoideum a l\/1.
mylohyoideus
M hyoglossus
rt f N lingualis Venteranterior
,/ a M. digastricus,
o A facialis
V retromandibularis
a
a V facialis
& N hypoglossus
[Xll]
V occipitalis
o Glandula parotidea
M sternohyoideus
i
o V thyroidea
superior
M thyrohyoideusA
M omohyoideus
o * M sternocleidomastoideus
A thyroidea
superioro s Ansacervicalis,
Fladixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis)
Cartilago
thyroidea
V jugularis
externaa * N vagus[X]
Glandula
thyroidea
a V. thyroidea media
Plexusthyroideus
impara
& N accessorius
[Xl]
N. vagus[X] ;,
& N phrenicus
V transversaO
colli t M omo-
hyoideus
V jugularis
O Clavicula
anterior
A subclavia
o a A subclavia;
o V jugularis
exlerna
V.subclavia
o a V subclavia
V brachio-a a V cephalica
cephalica
dextra
a V jugularis
V thyroideaa interna
inferior
a M. pectoralis
major
V thoracica
internao
CostaI
V cavasuperiora ,* N vagus[X]
V brachioceohalica
sinistraa i N laryngeus a A carotiscommunis;
recurrenssinister t N laryngeusrecurrens
ParsascendensaortaeO sinister
o Vv thymicae
F i g . 2 6 0 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e n e c k ,C o l t u m ,a n d
, p e r t u r at h o r a c i ss u p e r i o r .
t h e u p p e rt h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eA
259
Lymphatics
of
Noduslymphoideus
buccinatorius
Nodi lymphoideitaciales
Nodus
lymphoideus
M digastricus,a JUgulo-
Venteranlerior digastricus
Nodilymphoidei
submandibulares
I M sternocleidomastoideus
Nodi lymphoideicervicaleslaterales,
Nodi profundisuperiores
a M splenius
capitis
M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperiora Nodi lymphoideiceruicaleslaterales,
Nodi suDerficiales
Nodilymphoidei
cervicales
laterales, e M levatorscapulae
Nodiprolundiinferiores
{,}N accessorius[Xl]
Noduslymphoideus
juguloomohyoideus
t M scalenusmedius
A carotiscommunis
a
O M. trapezius
V jugularis
internaa
C M scalenusposterior
Nodus lymphoideuscervicalislateralis,
Nodus orofundus inferior
*' Plexus brachialis,
Pars supraclavicularis
M scalenus anterior C
a M omohyoideus,Venter inferior
Fig.261 Superficia[lymphatics,Vasalymphatica
s u p e r if c i a l i aa, n d [ y m p hn o d e s ,N o d it y m p h o i d e o
i ,f t h e
h e a da n d t h e n e c ko f a n B - y e a r - o t d chitd.
Musctes
Vessels
and submandibular trianqIe
R marginalis
mandibularis
,a
Glandula parotidea
o a v;A facialis
M stylohyoideus
t
Glandula
submandibularis
& N. mylohyoideus
o M mylohyoideus
o M digastricus,
Venteranterior
[Xll] '
N hypoglossus
N accessorius[Xl] a M hyoglossus
Ansacervicalis, a N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Fladixsuperior
o A lingualis
N vagus[X]
V jugularis
externaa a M digastricus,
Tendointermedius
Os hyoideum
lvl sternocleidomastoideus
o
V jugularis
internaa
a A lingualis
A carotisexternaa
a A thyroidea o * A laryngea N laryngeus
superior; superior
supenor
F i g , 2 6 2 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s u b m a n d i b u t at r i a n g t e ,
T r i q o n u ms u b m a n d i b u [ a r e .
F i g . 2 6 3 L e v e lo f t h e b i fu r c a t i o no f t h e c o m m o nc a r o t i da r t e r y ,
A c a r o t i sc o m m u n i s i. n r e t a t i o nt o t h e c e r v i c avI e r t e b r a e .
Sur facep. 32 Vot.l l
| Sk eteton
Subclavian
A vertebralis,
Pars
intracranialis
A vertebralis,
Parsatlantica
A vertebralis,Parstransversaria
A ceruicalisprofunda A vertebralis,
Pars prevertebralis
A ceruicalis
ascendens
Truncuscostocervicalis
A carotiscommunis
Vertebra cervicalis Vll
(A,cervicalis Var)
superficialis,
Truncusthyrocervicalis
VertebrathoracicaI A thyroidea
inferior
A, subclavia
A carotiscommunis
(A scapularis
descendens,
Var) A. suprascapularis
intercostalis
suprema
TruncusbrachioceDhalicus
Clavicula
CostaI
Manubrium
sterni
posterior
A intercostalis ll posterior
A. intercostalis I
A axillaris A thoracica
interna
90 0k
F i g .2 6 5 L e v eoLf t h ee n t r yo f t h e F i g . 2 6 6a - f V a r i a t i o n si n t h e t r u n c u sf o r m e db y t h e i n f e r i o rt h y r o i da r t e r y ,
vertebraIarteA r y.,v e r t e b r a Liinst,ot h e A . t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r t, h e s u p r a s c a p u t aarr t e r y ,A . s u p r a s c a p u t a r itsh, e
t r a n s v e r sf e
o r a m i n aF,o r a m i ntar a n s v e r s a r i a t r a n s v e r s ec e r v i c aaLr t e r y ,A . t r a n s v e r s ac o t I i ,a n d t h e i n t e r n a L
thoracic
a r t e r y ,A . t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a w
, h e n t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r y ,A v e r t e b r a l i s ,
b r a n c h e so f f s e p a r a t e tfyr o m t h e c o s t o c e r v i c a t rIu n c u s ,T r u n c u s
costocervicaIis.
Mu s c t e s
Vessels
andnervesof the neckand the upperthoracicaperture
Lig longitudinale
anterius Vertebracervicalislll
M, longuscapitisa
Discusintervertebralis
M scalenusmediuso
R interganglionaris.,
a A vertebralis,Parstransversaria
Truncussympathicus,
Ganglion
cervicale
medium
N p h r e n i c u s, ,
(Nn phrenici
accessorii)
aA subclavia
e N phrenicus
Ansa subclavia
OA carotis
communls
o M longuscolli
o Arcusaortae
V cavasuperioro a W brachiocephalicae
dextra et sinistra
F i g . 2 6 7 V e s s e l sa n d n e r v e sa t t h e t r a n s i t i o n
f r o m t h e n e c kt o t h e t h o r a x .
T h e n u m b e r sl V - V l l li n d i c a t ev e n t r a Ib r a n c h e so f t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i nsgp i n a In e r v e s
F i g .2 5 8 a - d V a r i a t i o n isn t h e o r i g i no f t h e v e r t e b r a aL r t e r y ,
A.vertebratis
5keleton
Platysma
c Lig vocale
Cartilagocricoidea
Cartilagothyroidea
Cartilago arytenoidea
M sternohyoideus
G
piriformis
Flecessus
M thyrohyoideus
a
pharyngis
a M, constrictor inferior
M omohyoideus
*
o A, thyroidea
superior
lvl sternothyroideus
a
E Truncus
sympathicus
A carotiscommunis
a
t l\4 longuscolli
Ganglion ceruicalemedium .,
Nodilymphoidei
cervicales
Nodiprolundisuperiores
laterales,
N vagus[X] ,,
a A vertebralis
V jugularisinternao
a A cervicalis
ascendens
M sternocleido-
a
mastoideus *l N. spinalis[C5]
r'
N phrenicus a V jugularis
externa
M scalenusanteriorc VertebraceruicalisV
Corpus
M scalenusmediusa Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Spatiumepidurale;
O Plexusvenosus
M levator scapulae I vertebralis
internus
M spleniusceruicis
et capitisC Periosteum
l\4 semispinaliscapitis O
Duramaterspinalis
M multilidusceruicis *
Medulla spinalis
Vertebra cervicalis lV
Proc spinosus
F i g . 2 6 9 N e c k ,C o t l u m ;
t T a n s v e r ssee c t i o na t t h e levetof the vocaIcord.
Mus ct e s 0 r g an s T o p o g ra p h y Sections
transversesection
o V jugularis
anterior
M sternohyoideus a V thyroidea
inferior
a
M sternothyroideus
o
M sternocleidomastoideus
o & N vagus[X]
lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
o V jugularis
interna
V thyroidea lnferior a
o V jugularis
externa
Oesophagus
Noduslymphoideus
Clavicula cervicalis
lateralis,
Nodusprofundus interior
M omohyoideus
a
a A carotiscommunis
l\4.scalenus a
antenor o * A. ceruicalis
ascenoens;
Plexusbrachialis
* N phrenicus
& N laryngeus
recurrens
M scalenusa
posterior
o V vertebralis
M scalenusa c M scalenus
medrus medius
M longuscollia aA vertebralis
N spinalis* Costa I
Vertebra
thoracical, a M supra-
Corpus sprnalus
Medulla Scapula
spinalis
thoracica
F i g . 2 l O N e c k ,C o L t u m ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e f i r s t t h o r a c i cv e r t e b r a .
"..0r gans I To pogr aphyI Sec ti ons
cavityand pharynx,
pharyngea
Tonsilla
Palatum molle
[Velum palatinum]
Lig hyoepiglotticum
M.constrictor
pharyngis
superior
Epiglottis
Os hyoideum
M constrictor
pharyngis medius
orbicularis
oris,
Parslabialis
Lig thyrohyoideum
medianum
Cartilago
thyroidea
M genioglossus M aMenoideustransversus
M constrictor
pharyngis
inferior
M geniohyoideus medianum
Lig.cricothyroideum
Cartilagocricoidea
Fascia cervicalis,
M, mylohyoideus Lamina superficialis
Fig.271 Faciap L a r t o f t h e h e a d ,C a p u t ,a n d n e c k ,C o L [ u m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u o ht h e h e a do f a n e o n a t e .
F i g . 2 7 2 S c h e m ai l l u s t r a t i n gt h e d i s t a n c eb e t w e e n F i g . 2 7 3 S c h e m ai t l u s t r a t i n gt h a t t h e L a r y n xi n
t h e r o o to f t h e t o n g u e ,R a d i xI i n g u a ea, n d t h e e p i g [ o t t i s , t h e n e o n a t ei s p o s i t i o n e d
c o n s i d e r a b thyi g h e rt h a n
E p i g t o t t i si n
, theadutt i n t h ea d u t t .
Surface I SketetonI Muscles... > Uppertimb
Surfaceanatomy
Pollex[Digitusprimus]
Regio deltoidea,
M. deltoideus
Index[Digitussecundusl
M. biceps
brachii
Digitusmediusltertiusl M. brachioradialis
Plicaaxillarisanterior
Brachium,
Antebrachium, Regio Regioaxillaris,Fossaaxillaris
Regioantebrachii brachii
anterior EPlCOnOYlus
meorails anterior
M tricepsbrachii
Fig.271 UppeL
r i m bM
, embrum
superius.
(Radius)
Proc.styloideus
Dorsummanus
Regio deltoidea,M. deltoideus Pollex[Digitusprimus]
M. brachioradialis Index[Digitussecundus]
Plicaaxillarisoosterior
M. latissimus
dorsi (Ulna)
Proc.styloideus
M tricepsbrachii Regio antebrachii
posterior
Fig.2l5 UppeL
r i m bM
, embrum
superius.
' Upper timb Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Overview Shoulder Arm
Skeletonof the upperlimb
Cingulum
pectorale
Pars libera
membfl
supeflofls
Antebrachium
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Articulatio
radlocarpalis
Articulatio
mediocarpalis
Articulationes
carpometacarpales
Articulationes
metacarpophalangeae
Digitimanus,
Ossadigitorum: Articulationes manusproximales
interphalangeae
- Phalanxproximalis
- Phalanxmedia
- Phalanxdistalis
Articulationes
interphalangeae
manusdistales
Extremitas
acromialis
F i g .2 7 7 C L a v i c LCe L, a v i c u l a ;
supefl0rvrew.
Corpusclaviculae
Extremitassternalis
Extremitas
acromialis
Faciesarticularis
Foramennutricium sternalis
lmpressio ligamentl
Tuberculum
conoideum Sulcusmusculisubclavii costoclavicularis
Fig.278 Ctavic[e,Ctavicu[a;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
Discusarticularis
Lig interclaviculare
Lig costoclaviculare
Lig sternoclaviculare
anterius
l\4anubrium
sterni
Lio sternocostale
radiatum
Cartilagocostalis ll
Symphysis
manubrioslernalis
F i g . 2 7 i S t e r n o c [ a v i c u tjaori n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i os t e r n o c L a v i c u L a r i s ;
V E N I T A LV I C W .
Shoutder Arm
Scapula
Incisura
scapulae
Tuberculum
supraglenoidale
l\4argosuperior
Angulussuperior Proc coracoideus Proc. coracoideus
Fossa
supraspinata
Spina Acromion
scapurae
Cavitas glenoidalis
Angulus
acromrl Tuberculum
infraglenoidale
Cavitas
glenoidalis
Anguluslateralis
Margo
medialis
Facies costalis
Collumscapulae
Margolateralis
Fossainfraspinata
Margo lateralis
I
I
Angulus
inferiorl
Proc coracoideus
Incisura
scapulae
Margosuperior
Fossa Articulatio
subscapularis acromro-
clavicularis
Facies
costalis
Cavitas
glenoidalis Acromion
Collum
scapurae Vertebra
thoracicaI
CostaI
Proc coracoideus
Articulatio
slerno-
clavicularis
60'
Sternum
Planum medianum*
Caputhumeri
Sulcusintertubercularis
Collumanatomicum
Tuberculum
majus
Tuberculum Collum Tuberculum
majus
mtnus anatomrcum
Collum Collum
chirurgicum chirurgicum
Cristatuberculi
majoris
Corpushumeri
Sulcusnerviradialis
l\4argolateralis
Margo medialis
Facies anterolateralis
Faciesposterior
Facies anteromedialis
Capitulum Epicondylus
humeri medialis
Sulcusnerviulnaris Trochleahumeri
Condylushumeri Trochlea
humeri
F i g . 2 8 4 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ; F i g . 2 8 5 H u m e r u sH,u m e r u s ;
ventraL view. dorsaIview.
Insertions
of thetendonsof:
1 M supraspinatus
Collumanatomicum I
2 M infraspinatus
3 M teresminor
Caputhumeri
Tuberculum
majus
F i g . 2 8 6 H u m e r u sH, u m e r u s ;
proximaIview.
Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
Shoulder Arm
joint
Shoulder
Clavicula,
Articulatio
acromioclavicularis, Extremitasacromialis
Lig acromioclaviculare
Acromion
Li9 coracoacromiale
Lig coracoclaviculare,
Lig trapezoideum
M supraspinatus Bursasynovialis
Lig coracoclaviculare,
Proc coracoideus Lig conoideum
Lig.transversum
scapulae
Lig, coracohumerale supenus
Tuberculum
majus Incisura
scapulae
Bursasubtendinea
musculi
subscapularis
M subscapularis,
Tendo
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
- (superius)
Ligg glenohumeralia:
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum - (medium)
- (interius)
Cristatuberculi
majoris
Tuberculum
infraglenoidale
Sulcusintertubercularis
(Recessus
axillaris)
Cristatuberculi
minoris
F i g . 2 8 7 S h o u L d ej o
r i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
venlratvtew.
Lig lransversum
scapulaesuperius Proc coracoideus
Lig coracohumerale
Spina scapulae
Tuberculum
majus
Capsulaarticularis
F i g .2 8 8 S h o u I d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oh u m e r i ;
t h e a c r o m i o nh a s b e e nr e m o v e d :
dorsaIview.
Topography
Etbow Forearm Hand
Shoulderjoint
lvl supraspinatus
Spina scapulae
M infraspinatus
M teresminor
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
Capsulaarticularis
Humerus
F i g . 2 8 9 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ;
dorsaLview.
M supraspinatus
Bursasubacromialis
Lig coracoacromiale
Acromion
Proc coracoideus
M supraspinatus*
Tuberculum
majus Lig coracohumerale
M infraspinatus*
M subscapularis*
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M. teresminor*
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M subscapularis*
F i g . 2 9 0 S h o u [ d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ; T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + f o r m t h e s o - c a t l e d
lateraIview rotator cuff.
> U p p e rt i m b M us c tes
0verview Shoutder Arm
Shoulderjoint
Faciesarticularis
clavicularis
M, supraspinatus
Labrum glenoidale
Cavitas glenoidalis
Caput humeri
Vaqinatendinisintertubercularis
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo
(Recessus
axillaris)
F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
s e c t i o na t t h e l e v e lo f t h e s c a p u t a :
ventraIview
Lig
Clavicula
Acromion
Lig trapezoideum
Li9. coracoctauicutare
Lig conoideum )
Cavitas glenoidalis
Labrum glenoidale*
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
F i g . 2 9 2 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
LateraIview.
N e x tt o i t s o r i g i na t t h e s u p r a g [ e n o i d a
t uLb e r c L et h
, e t e n d o no f t h e b i c e p s
m u s c t ei s p r e d o m i n a n t layt t a c h e dt o t h e g l e n o i d[ a b r u m .
* lt formsa fibrocartitaginous coltararoundtheglenoidcavity
To pogr a p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand
Shoulderjoi nt,radiography
Articulatio
acromioclavicularis
Acromion
Clavicula
Proc coracoideus
Caputhumeri
Cavitas glenoidalis
Tuberculum
maius Collum scapulae
Tuberculum infraglenoidale
Tuberculum
minus
l\4argo lateralis
Sulcusintedubercularis
F i g . 2 9 3 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oh u m e r i ;
AP-radiograph.
lvl deltoideus,
Parsacromialis
M. coracobrachialis
Cavitas glenoidalis
Articulatio
humeri,
Cavitasarticularis
M subscapularis
M deltoideus,
Parsspinalis
Scapula
l\4 infraspinatus
F i g . 2 9 1 S h o u t d ejro i n t ,A r t i c u L a t ihou m e r i ;
c o m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cl C T lc r o s s - s e c t i o n ;
t h e j o i n t c a v i t yi s f i t L e dw i t h a i r I p n e u m o - C T ) ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
M us c tes
Shoutder Arm
Proc
coronoideus
Tuberositas
ulnae Cristamusculi
supinatoris
Proc
coronoideus
Margointerosseus
Margointerosseus
Margoposterior
Facies medialis
Circumferentia
articularis Circumferentia
articularis
F i g . 2 9 5 U t n a ,U L n a ; F i g . 2 9 7 U | . n aU
, Lna;
ventraLview. radiaLview.
F i g . 2 9 6 U l n a ,U t n a ;
dorsaIview.
T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Etbow Forearm
Caputradii, Caputradii,
Circumferentia Circumferentia
articularis articularis
Collumradii Collumradii
Tuberositasradii Tuberositasradii
Foveaarticularis
Caputradii
Collumradii
Faciesanterior
Foramennutricium
Margointerosseus Margointerosseus
Corpusradii
Corpusradii
Margoanterior
Margointerosseus Faciesposterior
Faciesanterior
Margoposterior
Facieslateralis
Faciesposterior
Incisura
ulnaris
Faciesarticularis
carpalis
Proc.swloideus
radii
Proc.styloideusradii
Tuberculum
dorsale
Fig.299 Radius,
Radius;
dorsaIview.
* G r o o v e sa n d c r e s t sf o r t h e
a t t a c h m e n to f t h e e x t e n s o r
t e ndo n s
Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Shoutder Arrn
Elbowjoint
Epicondylus
lateralis Epicondylus
medialis
humeri
Trochlea
lncisuratrochlearis
Epicondylus
medialis
Circumferentia
articularis
Olecranon
Lig collateraleulnare,
(Pars posterioO
Lio. collateraleulnare.
(Pirs anterior)
Corpusradii, Tuberositas
uinae
Corpusulnae,
Faciesanterior Faciesanterior
j o i n t ,A r t i c u L a t icou b i t i ;
F i 9 .3 0 1 E L b o w F i g .3 0 2 E l . b o w j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i ,
ventraIview. i n 9 0 ' f l e x i o na n d 9 0 ' s u p i n a t i o n ;
mediaLview.
Capsulaarticularis,
Membrana fibrosa Epicondylus
medialis
Epicondylus
lateralis
Capsulaarticularis
Lig collaterale
ulnare Lig collaterale
Lig collateraleradiale radiale
Olecranon
Lig anulare radii
Lig anulare radii
Collumradii
Collumradii
M biceDsbrachii.Tendo
Chorda obliqua
j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ;
F i g .3 0 3 E l . b o w j o i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oc u b i t i ;
F i g .3 0 4 E l . b o w
ventraLview. dorsaLview.
To pogr a p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand
Junctionsof the bonesof the forearm
Circumferentia
articularis
Chorda obliqua
Membrana
interossea
antebrachii
Articulatioradio-
Faciesarticularis ulnarisdistalis,
carpalrs Capsulaarticularis Proc.styloideus
F i g .3 0 5 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ; F i g . 3 0 6 J u n c t i o n so f t h e b o n e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
insupination; in pronation;
ventralview. v e n t r a lv i e w o f t h e u l n a .d o r s a lv i e w o f t h e r a d i u s .
Membranainterosseaantebrachii
Tuberositas
radii
Tuberositas
ulnae
Collumradii
Radius Ulna
Incrsura
trochlearis Articulatio
radioulnaris lvlargoposterior Margoposterior
proximalis
Faciesposterior posterior
Olecranon
F i g .3 0 7 P r o x i m a rI a d i o - u t n ajro i n t , F i g . 3 0 8 C r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e b o n e so f t h e
A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o - u t n a r i ps r o x i m a L i s ; forearm;
ventrooroximaLview. distaIview.
M us e[es
Shnulder Arrn
Elbowjoint, sectionsand radiography
M brachioradialis
HUMETUS Septum
intermusculare
brachiimediale
Epicondylus Epicondylus
lateralis medialis
Trochlea
Lig collaterale humerl
radiale
Sulcusnervi
Caprtulum ulnaris
numefl
Ltg
collaterale
Lig anulare ulnare
radii
t\4m
flexores,
Caput radii Caput
commune
M extensor
Proc 1 Cristasupraepicondylaris 6 Tuberositas
radii
carpi radialis lateralis 7 Proc coronoideus
coronordeus
brevis
2 Epicondylus lateralis 8 Trochleahumeri
3 C a p i t u l uh
mu m e r i 9 Olecranon
l\4 supinator 4 Caputradii 10 Epicondylusmedialis
5 Collumradii 11 Cristasupraepicondylaris
Lrg quadratum Bursa bicipitoradialis lvl pronatorteres, medialis
M biceps brachii,Tendo Caputulnare
l\4tricepsbrachii
Corpushumeri
J
M brachialis
Fossa olecrani l\4 biceps brachii
l\4 triceps
Tendo
Bursa
subcutanea
olecranl
A brachialis
M pronator
IETES
N medianus
A radialis
Trochleahumeri A ulnaris '1 Humerus 6 Radius
2 Fossaolecrani 7 Collumradii
3 Olecranon 8 Caputradii
4 lncisuratrochlearis 9 Proc coronoideus
5 Ulna 10 Fossacoronoidea
F i g .3 1 1 E t b o wj o i n t ,A r t i c u [ a t i oc u b i t i ; Fig.312 ELbow j o i n t ,A r t i c u t a t i oc u b i t i ;
--^;++-l -^^+i^^
JovrrroL JEL(tut t. [ a t e r a Lr a d i o g r a p h .
Topography
Etbow Forearm Hand
Skeleton
Os lunatum
Os triquetrum
Tuberculum
ossisscaohoidei
Os pisilorme
Tuberculum
ossistrapezii
Os trapezium
Os trapezoideum
Os capitatum
Os hamatum
Hamulusossishamati
Basisossismetacarpi
Corpusossismetacarpi
Ossasesamoidea
Caputossismetacarpi
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx distalis
Phalanxproximalis
I x i g i t ups r i m u s l
P o l . t eI D
ll I n d e xI D i g i t usse c u n d u s ]
lll Digitum s e d i u sI D i g i t utse r t i u s ]
lV D i g i t u as n u t a r iIsD i g i t uqsu a r t u s J
V D i g i t um s i n i m u[sD i g i t uqsu i n t u s l
F i g .3 1 3 B o n e so f t h eh a n dO
, s s am a n u s ;
p a t m avr i e w .
> U p p e rt i m b Muscles
Radius Ulna
Os lunatum Caputulnae
Proc styloideus
radii Proc styloideus
ulnae
Os scaphoideum
Os capitatum
Os triquetrum
Tuberculum
ossistrapezii
Os pisiforme Ossacarpi
Os trapezium
Os hamatum,
Hamulusossis
Os trapezoideum
Os metacarpi
Ossasesamoidea Ossametacarpil-V
Caputossismetacarpi
Os sesamoideum
Phalanx proximalis
Os sesamoideum
Phalanxdistalis Ossadigitorum
Caputossismetacarpi
Corpusphalangis
Caputphalangis
Basisphalangis
Corpusphalangis
F i g . 3 1 4 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ;
p a t m a rv r e w .
Caputphalangis
Phalanx distalis
phalangis
Tuberositas distalis
Ulna
Radius
Caputulnae
Proc styloideus
ulnae Proc.styloideus
radii
Os lunatum Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum
Os trapezium
Os pisiforme
Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum
Articulatiocarpometa-
BasisossismetacarDi carpalispollicis*
Os capitatum
Os metacarpi
I
Articulatiometacarpo-
Caputossismetacarpi phalangea pollicis**
Basisphalangis
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx distalls
Phalanxproximalis
Phalanxmedia
Phalanxdistalis
F i g . 3 1 5 B o n e so f t h e h a n d ,O s s am a n u s ;
d o r s a Iv i e w
* A l s o s: a d d tjeo i n to f t h et h u m b
+ *A l s o p
: r o x i m apIh a t a n g ej o a iLn to f t h et h u m b phalangis
Tuberositas distalis
To p o g ra p h y
Etbow Forearm Hand
Ulna
Articulatio
radioulnaris
Proc styloideus
radii distalis,
Capsulaarticularis
Proc styloideus
ulnae
Os lunatum
Lig ulnocarpalepalmare
Lig radiocarpalepalmare
Os pisiforme
Ligg. metacarpalia
palmafla
F i g .3 1 6 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e h an d ,
A r t i c u t a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ;
o a l m a rv i e w .
Ligg palmaria
Ligg metacarpalia
transversaprofunda
Lig radiocarpale
oorsale
Proc styloideusradii
Ligg intercarpalia
dorsalia
Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum
Os capitatum Os trapezoideum
Lrgg
metacarpalia
Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia
dorsalia
F i g .3 1 7 J o i n t sa n d [ i g a m e n t os f t h e h a n d ,
A r t i c u L a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t am a n u s ;
d o r s a Iv i e w
Ligg, collateralia
M us c [es
Os lunatum
Caputulnae
Articulatio
radiocarpalis
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Os capitatum
Discusarticularis
Os scaphoideum
Os triquetrum
Os trapezoideum Articulatiomediocarpalis
Os trapezium
Os hamatum
Articulatio
carpometacarpalis
pollicis Lig intercarpale
interosseum
Os metacarpiI Articulationes
carpometacarpales
Ligg metacarpaliainterossea
F i g .3 1 8 C a r p a jI o i n t s ,A r t i c u [ a t i o n ecsa r p i ;
L o n g i t u d i n sa eL c t i o np a r a t L et Io t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
Proc
styloideus
radii
Faciesarticularis
carpails
F i g .3 1 9 U t n aa n d r a d i u s U
, l n ae t R a di u s ;
distaLview
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Faciesarticularis
carpalis
Discusarticularis
Proc Caputulnae
styloideus
radii
]\ Proc styloideus
ulnae
Tuberculum
dorsale
F i g .3 2 0 D i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t ,
A r t i c u t a t i or a d i o u L n a r d
i si s t a t i s :
distat-dorsaLview.
Topography
Elbow Forearm Hand
Fingerjoints
Os metacarpi
Os metacarpipollicis
Lig collaterale
M flexor pollicisbrevis
Ossasesamoidea
Lig collaterale
Ligg palmaria
M flexor pollicislongus
Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorispollicislongi
(Cartilago
articularis)
Phalanx proximalis
Articulatiometacarpophalangea,
Caosula articularis
Periosteum
Phalanx distalis
Caputphalangis
Articulatio manusdistalis**'
interphalangea
Phalanx media
Articulatio
interphalangea proximalis**,
manus
Capsula
articularis Basisphalangis
F i g .3 2 3 F i n g e rj o i n t s ,A r t i c u t a t i o n edsi g i t i ; * C L i n i c at et r m ; M P [ = m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e j oai tn t l
caniiial certinn.
* * C L i n i c at eI r m ; P I P { = p r o x i m a t i n t e r p h a t a n g e j oai tn t )
' * * C L i n i c at eI r m : D I P{ = d i s t a ti n t e r p h a L a n g ej oa itn t )
[ateraIview.
M us c tes
Shoutder Arm
Wrist,radiography
Os lunatum Tuberculum
ossisscaohoidei
Os pisiforme
Os trapezium
Os kiquetrum
Os capitatum Os trapezoideum
Ossametacarpi Ossasesamoidea
Phalanx proximalis
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
F i g . 3 2 1 H a n d ,M a n u s :
PA-radiograph.
N o t e :T h e p i s i f o r mb o n ei s p r o j e c t e do n t o
thetriquetraL bone.
1 Os scaphoideum
2 Os lunatum
3 Os triquetrum
4 Os pisiforme
5 Os trapezium
6 Os trapezoideum
7 Os capitatum
8 Os hamatum
F i g . 3 2 5 U l n a ra b d u c t i o on f t h e h a n d ; F i g . 3 2 6 R a d i aa
L b d u c t i o no f t h e h a n d ;
s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o g r a p h . s c h e m ao f a P A - r a d i o o r a o h .
To p o g r a p h y
Etbow Forearm H a n d
Wrist,development
'1 '13-year-old
F i g . 3 2 9 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a n 1- y e a r - o [ d F i g .3 3 0 P A - r a d i o g r a pohf t h e h a n do f a
Doy. boy.
Fasciaof the upperlimb
M trapezius
Spina scapulae
Fossainfraclavicularis
M deltoideus
lvl deltoideus
V cephalica
M triceps brachii,
Caput laterale
M biceps brachii,
Caput breve N intercosto-
brachialis Septumintermusculare
M teresmajor brachiilaterale
N cutaneus
N, medianus
brachiimedialis
N cutaneusbrachii
lvl triceps brachii,
posterior
Caput longum
V basilica l\/ bicepsbrachii
N cutaneus
l\il biceps brachii antebrachii N cutaneus
medialis posterior
antebrachii
M triceps brachii,
M brachialis Caput mediale
M triceps
brachii
Olecranon M brachioradialis
N musculocutaneus, Septum
N cutaneusantebrachii intermusculare Epicondyluslateralis
lateralis brachiimediale
Bursasubcutanea
Aponeurosismusculi olecrani
bicipitis
brachii Epicondylus
medialis M extensorcarpi
V medianacubiti radialislongus
l\4.anconeus
M extensor
digitorum
l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris
M extensor
carpiradialis
lvl extensorcarpiulnaris brevrs
M flexor carpi radialis
N radialis,
R superficialis lvl.abductor
pollicislongus
M palmarislongus
M brachioradialis, M extensor
Tendo pollicisbrevis
M extensor
digitiminimi
N culaneus
antebrachii
medialis M flexor carpi ulnaris
Retinaculum
Fascia Caputulnae,Proc styloideus
ulnae musculorum
antebrachii eKensorum
Mm extensores
carpiradialis.
Tendines l\4 extensor
palmaris
Aponeurosis pollicislongus,
Tendo
F i g .3 3 1 F a s c i ao f t h e f L e x oar s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b . F i g .3 3 2 F a s c i ao f t h e e x t e n s o a
r s p e c to f t h e u p p e rL i m b
T opog r a p h yI S e cti o n s
Forearm Hand
M.trapezius
M. sternocleidomastoideus
Acromion
Clavicula
Spina scapulae
M. pectoralis
major
M.trapezius
M. deltoideus
Fasciainfraspinata
M. teres minor
M. pectoralismajor,Pars abdominalis
M teres major
M serratusanterior
M. tricepsbrachii,Caput longum
M. tricepsbrachii,Caput laterale
M. latissimusdorsi
M obliouusexternusabdominis
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo
M. bicepsbrachii
M. brachialis
Septumintermuscularebrachiilaterale
M. pronator
teres
M. tricepsbrachii,Caput mediale
lateralis
Epicondylus
Olecranon
M. brachioradialis
M. anconeus
M extensorcarpi radialislongus
M flexorcarpi radialis
M flexorpollicislongus
M. extensordigitorum,Tendines M abductorpollicislongus
M. extensorpollicisbrevis
M. extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
M. extensoroollicisbrevis.Tendo
M. adductorpollicis
Mm interosseidorsales
F i g .3 3 3 M u s c l e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ,t h e t h o r a xa n d
t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e n e c K .
> Uppertimb Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Arm
Musclesof theupperlimb
M pectoralismajor
M. biceps brachii
l\4 pronatorteres
M flexorcarpiradialis
M palmarislongus
M. flexordigitorum
supemcrails
M tlexorcarpiulnaris
M flexordigltorum
superficialis,
Tendines
Vagina tendinis
profundus,
M. flexordigitorum
tenotnes
F i g .3 3 4 M u s c l e so f t h e f [ e x o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .
T o p o g r a p h yI Se cti o n s
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the upperlimb
M deltoideus
l\4.inlraspinatus
M teresminor
M, teresmajor
lvl latissimus
dorsl tu|.tricepsbrachii
M brachioradialis
M extensorcarpi
radialisIongus
M. extensorcarpi
radialisbrevis
M extensordigitorum
M extensorcarpi
ulnafls
Mlm.interossei
dorsales
F i g . 3 3 5 M u s c l e so f t h e e x t e n s o ra s p e c to f t h e u p p e r[ i m b .
'Upper timb Surface lsketetonl Muscles
Overview Shoulder Upperarm
Musclesof theshoulder
Clavicula M. scalenusmedius
[/ biceps
brachii,
Caput longum
M. biceps
brachii,
Caput breve
M coraco- Mm sternocleidomastoidei
brachialis
M, teresmajor
M subclavius
M subscapularis
Mm.intercostales
interni
M serratusanterior
Mm intercostales
externi
M serratusanterior
M pectoralis
minor
M, latissimus
dorsi
M pectoralismajor
M reclusabdominis
F i g . 3 3 6 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m , t h e t h o r a xa n d t h e i n f e r i o rr e g i o n
of the neck.
l , l l , l V - V l li n d i c a t et h e c o r r e s p o n d i nrgi b s .
I Caputlongum Humerus
M bicepsbrachiij
I Caputbreve Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M coracobrachialis
Clavicula
Lig coracoacromiale
Lig transversum
scapulae
superius
lvl subscapularis
M supraspinatus
Spina scapulae
Clavicula subclavius
Proc coracoideus M trapezius
l\/ deltoideus
Articulatio
acromioclavicularis,
Capsulaarticularis Lig coracoclaviculare, Lig trapezoideum
Bursasubacromialis - M levatorscapulae
Lig coracoacromiale
Venterinferior
M. omohvoideus.
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis)
M serratusanterior
lvl pectoralis
minor
M biceps brachii,Caput breve M rhomboideus
minor
Vagina tendinis
intertubercularis M subscapularis
M pectoralis major
M latissimus M. rhomboideus
dorsi,Tendo malor
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale lvlargomedialis
M biceps brachii,
Caput longum
M. teresmajor
coracobrachialis
M serratusanterior
M biceps brachii, M triceps brachii, Capsulaarticularis,
Caput breve Caput longum (Recessusaxillaris)
F i g .3 3 8 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c l e so f t h e s h o u [ d e r .
x T r i a n g u [ sapr a c eS, p a t i u m
a x i t l a rm
e ediate
* * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u ma x i l L a r[ a
etera[e
Venterinferior
M omohyoideus,
M levator scapulae
Acromion
Bursasubdeltoidea
Angulussuperior
M, deltoideus
M rhomboideus
mtnor M deltoideus
M supraspinatus
Humerus,
Collumchirurgicum
M trapezius
humeri,
Articulatio
Spinascapulae Capsulaarticularis
M rhomboideus
malor
M infraspinatus
M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
l\4.teresminor
M. triceps brachii,
Caput laterale
M teresmajor
Angulusinferior
l\4.latissimus
dorsi
lvl serratusanterior
F i g .3 3 9 S h o u l d e ra n d m u s c t e so f t h e s h o u t d e r .
+ T r i a n g u Lsapra c eS, p a t i u m
a x i l t a rm
e ediate
** Quadrangutar space,Spatium axittare laterale
tt scles
Arm
Musclesof theshoulder
Lig. acromioclaviculare
Lig coracoacromiale
l\il biceps brachii,Caput longum, Tendo
Lig coracohumerale
M supraspinatus*
M, deltoideus
Fasciapectoralis
Acromion
Fascia pectoralis,
(Hiatus venae cephalicae)
Lig conoideum
Proc coracoideus
M intraspinatus*
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis)
Bursasubtendinea
Capsulaarticularis musculisubscapularis
M coracobrachialis
M teresminor*
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
Cavitas glenoidalis
Labrum glenoidale
M lricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
F i g .3 4 0 S h o u L d ej o r i n t ,A r t i c u l a t i oh u m e r i ;
LateraIview.
T o g e t h e rt,h e m u s c [ et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h * f o r m
t h e s o - c a l t e dr o t a t o rc u f f .
Lig coracoacromiale
Acromion
Proc coracoideus
M supraspinatus
Tuberculum
majus
M, infraspinatus
M subscapularis
M. biceps brachii,
Caput longum, Tendo
M teresminor
Humerus,
Corpus
F i g , 3 1 1 M u s c l e so f t h e s o - c a [ L erdo t a t o rc u f f ;
LateraIview
To pogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the arm
M supraspinatus
M. trapezius
M deltoideus
Fascia infraspinata
M. pectoralismajor
M teresmajor
M latissimus
dorsi
M. bicepsbrachii
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M brachialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis
M. tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
Epicondylus
lateralis
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
M subclavius
M sternocleidomastoideus
M pectoralis
minor
M deltoideus
lvl pectoralismajor,
lvl coracobrachialis Parsclavicularis
M biceps brachii,
Caput breve
Lig costoclaviculare
M supraspinatus
l\4 omohvoideus.
Venterinferior
M subscapularis
M biceps brachii,
Caput longum
lvl latissimus
dorsi
M tricepsbrachii, M subscapularis
Caputlongum
l\4 teresmajor
M pectoralismajor
M deltoideus
M serratusanterior
M coracobrachialis
M brachialis
M brachioradialis
lvl pronator
teres,Caputhumerale
M flexorcarpi radialis
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
Epicondylusmedialis
M palmaris longus
M brachialis,M articulariscubiti
M llexorcarpiulnaris,Caputhumerale
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis
M flexordigitorum Caputhumeroulnare
superficialis,
M pronator
teres,Caputulnare
M brachialis
Fig.343 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c L e as t t h e c [ a v i c t e
C[ a v i c[ua ,t h e s c a p u t aS, c a p u l aa, n dt h e h u m e r u s H , umerus
l a sw e t La s u t n a ro r i q i n so f m u L t i - h e amd u s c t e s J .
Topog r a p h y
Forearm Hand
M. sternocleidomastoideus M trapezius
M subclavius M deltoideus
M sternohyoideus
lvl pectoralis
major,Parsclavicularis
M supraspinatus
M levatorscapulae
M inlraspinatus
M supraspinatus
M rhomboideus
minor l\il teres minor
M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
M rhomboideus
major M. deltoideus
M teresminor M brachialis
M latissimusdorsi
(Origoscapularis,
Var)
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
SeDtumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
SeDtumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M triceps brachii
Epicondylus
lateralis
Epicondylusmedialis
M extensor carDiradialisbrevis
Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune
M. extensordigitorum
lvl anconeus
M extensorcarpiulnaris
F i g . 3 1 1 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e sa t t h e c t a v i c l e ,
C l a v i c u t at h
, e s c a p u l . aS,c a p u t aa, n d t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s
( a sw e t I a s u l n a r o r i g i n so f m u [ t i - h e a dm u s c t e s J .
> U p p e rt i m b Musctes
Parsclavicularis
Parsacromialis
Parsspinalis
r i c e p sb r a c h i i
D e t t o i dm u s c l e .M . d e l t o i d e u s . t r i c e p sb r a c h i i .
M coracobrachialis
M brachialis
F i g . 3 4 8 B r a c h i a I a n cdo r a c o b r a c h i a I m u s c [ e s ,
B i c e p sb r a c h i im u s c t e ,M . b i c e p sb r a c h i i M m . b r a c h i a [ i se t c o r a c o b r a c h i a L i s
Topography
Forearm Hand
of the
Clavicula
M subclavius
Lig coracoclaviculare
M pectoralis
minor M omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
M. coracobrachialis Lig.transversum
scapulae
superius
M. deltoideus
M pectoralismajor,Tendo
M. teresmajor
M, bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
M. brachialis Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M. brachialis
M biceos brachii.Tendo
Epicondylus
medialis
M. brachioradialis
M extensorcarpiradialislongus Aponeurosis
musculibicipitis
brachii
M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
Fasciaantebrachii
F i g . 3 4 9 M u s c t eosf t h ea r m ;
ftexoraspect,superficia[ layer.
* T r i a n g u [ a rs p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i t l a r em e d i a [ e
* * Q u a d r a n g u t asr p a c e ,S p a t i u ma x i l t a r el a t e r a [ e
'Upper timb
Musclesof thearm
M. trapezius
M. subscapularis
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum M coracobrachialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
Epicondylus
medialis
M. brachialis,Tendo
Fasciaantebrachii
M brachioradialis
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus Aponeurosis
musculibicipitis
brachii
M bicepsbrachii,Tendo
M. biceps brachii
F i g . 3 5 0 M u s c l e so f t h e a r m ;
ftexoraspect,deep layer.
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the arm
M deltoideus
l\4 infraspinatus
Bursa subdeltoidea
tricepsbrachii, M teresminor
Caputlongum
Collumchirurgicum
[/ teresminor
M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum,
Tendo
lvl pectoralismajor,Tendo
l\4 teresmajor
lvl deltoideus
M biceps brachii
l\4 brachialis
carpiradialislongus
M extensor
Olecranon
l\il anconeus
M extensor
carpiradialisbrevis
Fascia antebrachii
l\4 extensordigitorum
F i g . 3 5 1 M u s c L eosf t h e a r m ;
e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d
, e e pl a y e r .
x T r i a n g u t sapr a c eS, p a t i u m
a x i l t a rm
e ediate
x * Q u a d r a n g ust apra c eS, p a t i u ma x i t t a rlea t e r a l e
tt
M brachialis
M brachioradialis
l\4 extensor
carpiradialislongus
M articularis
cubiti
M extensor
carpiradialisbrevis
M. f lexordigitorum icialis,
superf
Caputhumeroulnare
M supinator
M pronator
teres,
Caputulnare
M brachialis
M biceps brachii
M flexor pollicislongus
lvl pronatorteres
Membrana interosseaantebrachii
lvl pronatorquadratus
M, brachioradialis
M pronator
quadratus
F i g . 3 5 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c l e s
a t t h e r a d i u sR , a d i u st ,h e u l n a ,U L n aa, n dt h e
d i s t a lp a r t o f t h e h u m e r u s ,H u m e r u s .
Topog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
Forearm Hand
l\4 flexorcarpiulnaris
M palmaris
longus
l\il pronatorteres
M flexorcarpiradialis
F i g .3 5 3 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f F i g .3 5 4 V e n t r a Im u s c l e so f
theforearm; theforearm;
crrnorf irirl lrrror m i d d [ el a y e r .
M flexor
digitorum
prolundus
M flexor
pollicislongus
M supinator
M pronator
quaoralus
F i g .3 5 5 V e n t r a Im u s c t e so f F i g .3 5 6 V e n t r a lm u s c L e o
sf
theforearm; theforearm;
deep layer. deepestlayer.
Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm
M. biceps brachii
M tricepsbrachii,
Caputmediale
Septum intermusculare
brachii mediale
M brachialis
Aponeurosis
musculibicipitis
brachii
1- Epicondylus
medialis
M biceps brachii,Tendo
M brachioradialis M palmarislongus
lvl.flexorcarpiradialis
M flexorcarpiulnaris
M flexordigitorum
superficialis
M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. flexordigitorum
superficialis
M abductor pollicislongus
M brachioradialis,Tendo
'i
M. flexor pollicislongus T---- M flexorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
l
M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendo M palmarislongus,Tendo
M pronator
quadratus
l\4 flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
F i g . 3 5 7 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
f t e x o ra s p e c t s, u p e r f i c i alLa y e r .
Topogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
Muscles
M brachialis
M. tricepsbrachii,
Caputmediale
M brachioradialis
M. brachialis, Tendo
Epicondylus
medialis
M supinator
Bursabicipitoradialis M bicepsbrachii,Tendo
M. palmarislongus
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. flexorcarpiulnaris
M pronatorteres M. flexorcarpiradialis
M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Caouthumeroulnare
M flexordigitorumsuperficialis,
Caoutradiale
M. flexordigitorum
superficialis
M abductorpollicislongus
M flexorpollicislongus
Tendo
M. flexorcarpiulnaris,
M pronatorquadratus
M. flexorcarpiradialis,Tendo
M extensorpollicisbrevis,
Tendo
M. palmarislongus,Tendo
M brachioradialis,
Tendo
F i g .3 5 8 M u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
f lexoraspect,middle layer.
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm
M brachialis
l\4 tricepsbrachii
Caputmediale
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M brachioradialis
Epicondylus
medialis
l\4 supinator
M. pronatorteres
M bicepsbrachii,
Tendo
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
M palmaris longus
Mm flexores.CaDUtcommune
lvl pronatorteres
M flexordigitorum
superficialis
M abductorpollicislongus
M flexorcaroiulnaris.
Tendo
M tlexor pollicislongus
M. pronator
quadratus
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M brachialis
Caputradii
medialis
Epicondylus
brachioradialis
M pronator
teres,Caputulnare
M biceps brachii,Tendo
lvlmflexores,
Caputcommune
M supinator
posterior
A,; V interossea
Radius, Facies anterior
profundus
M flexordigitorum
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
M flexorpollicislongus,Caputhumerale
(Var)
M pronatorteres
M flexorcarpiulnaris
M flexorpollicislongus
M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Caputradiale
profundus,
l\4flexordigitorum Tendines
M flexor pollicislongus,Tendo
Tendo
M flexorcarpiulnaris,
M brachioradialis,Tendo
F i g .3 6 0 M u s c t e os f t h e f o r e a r m ;
flexoraspect,deeplayer.
t t at"t
Shou[der Arm
)rigins andinsertionsof the dorsalmusclesof theforearm
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M tricepsbrachii;M articularis
cubiti
Epicondylusmedialis
l\4.extensor carpi radialisbrevis
Mm llexores. CaDUtcommune
M extensordigitorum
M anconeus
M supinator
profundus
flexordigitorum
lvl extensorcarpiulnaris
Membrana
interossea
antebrachii
M pronatorteres
M extensorpollicislongus
M abductorpollicislongus
M extensor pollicisbrevis
M extensor indicis
M abductor pollicislongus
M extensor
digitiminimi M extensorpollicisbrevis
l\4 extensorpollicislongus
lvl extensordigitorum
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
l\4 extensor
carpiulnaris
l\4 extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
F i g .3 5 1 0 r i g i n sa n di n s e r t i o nosf t h e m u s c L e s
a t t h e r a d i u sR, a d i u st ,h e u L n aU, L n aa, n dt h e
d i s t ap
I a r to f t h e h u m e r u sh, u m e r u s .
Topography
Forearm Hand
M brachioradialis
M extensorcarpi
radialislongus
Fasciaantebrachii
M extensor carpi
radialisbrevis
lvl extensor
digitorum
M extensordigiti
mtntml
M extensor carpi
u tn a n s
F i g . 3 6 / r D o r s a Im u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r m : F i g , 3 5 5 D o r s a Im u s c l e so f t h e f o r e a r m ;
m i d d [ el a y e r . oeep rayer.
>>l Surface lSkeletonl Musctes
S h o u t d e r Arm
Musclesof the forearm
M. biceps brachii
M.tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
M. brachialis
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M brachioradialis
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
M triceos brachii.Tendo
carpiradialislongus
M extensor
Olecranon lateralis
Epicondylus
M anconeus
M brachioradialis,
Tendo
M. extensor
carpiradialislongus,Tendo
carpiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M. extensor
extensorpollicisbrevis
M extensordigitorum,
Tendines
M abductorpollicislongus
F i g .3 6 6 M u s c L e os f t h e f o r e a r ma n d
t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ;
lateraIview;
intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
s u p i n a t i o na n d p r o n a t i o n .
To pogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
Muscles
M tricepsbrachii,
Caputlaterale
M. brachialis
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale M brachioradialis
M triceosbrachii.Tendo M. extensorcarpiradialislongus
Epicondyluslateralis
Olecranon
M anconeus
Fasciaantebrachii
M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis
M. flexorcarpiulnaris
digitorum
M. extensor
M. extensor
carDiulnaris
M extensor
digitiminimi M. abductorpollicislongus
M. extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo M. extensoroollicisbrevis
M. extensordigitorum,Tendines
M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo
Radius
F i g . 3 6 7 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d
t h e d i s t a tp a r t o f t h e a r m ;
extensoa r s p e c t s, u p e r ifc i a [l a y e r ;
intermediate o o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
s u o i n a t i o na n d o r o n a t i o n .
tt
Seotumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M triceps brachii,Tendo
M brachioradialis
lvl triceps brachii,Caput mediale
Epicondylus
lateralis
Olecranon
M extensor
carpiradialislongus
M anconeus
Fasciaantebrachii
Radius
M pronatorteres,Tendo
M abductor pollicislongus
M extensor
digitorum,
Tendines
M extensor pollicislongus
M extensor
caroiulnaris.
Tendo
M extensor indicis
M extensor pollicisbrevis
Radius
M extensor
caroiradialisbrevis.Tendo
F i g . 3 6 8 M u s c L eos f t h e f o r e a r m ;
e x t e n s o ra s p e c t ,m i d d t eL a y e r ;
intermediate p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
s u p i n a t i oann d p r o n a t i o n .
Forearm Hand
l\4.anconeus
M supinator
lvl flexorcarpiulnaris
Corpusulnae
Corpusradii
M, pronator
teres,Tendo
pollicislongus
M extensor
[/ abductorpollicislongus
M extensor indicis
M extensor pollicisbrevis
Membrana
interossea
antebrachii Radius
M abductorpollicislongus,
Tendo
l\4 extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo extensor caroi radialis brevis,
Tendo
Caputulnae
M. extensorpollicisbrevis,
Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum*
extensorum*
musculorum
Betinaculum
carpiradialislongus,
M extensor
Tendo
Ligg carpometacarpaliadorsalia
M extensor indicis.Tendo
M interosseus
dorsalislll
M extensorpollicislongus,
M interosseus
dorsalislV Tendo
dorsalisll
M interosseus
dorsalisI
M interosseus
M extensor
digitorum,
Tendines ll
Os metacarpi
F i g . 3 6 9 M u s c t e so f t h e f o r e a r ma n d t h e h a n d ;
e x t e n s o ra s p e c t d
, e e pl a y e r ;
intermediate p o s i t i o no f t h e f o r e a r mb e t w e e n
supination andpronation
* Thetendoncompartments formedbytheextensor retinacutum
h a v eb e e no p e n eldo n g i t u d i n a t t y
tt
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof the forearm
HUmerus
Humerus
M, brachioradialis
M. brachioradialis
M biceps brachii
Aponeurosismusculi
bicipitisbrachii Lig collateraleradiale
N medianus
Lig collateraleradiale
Aponeurosis musculi
NI biceps brachii, bicipitis
brachii
Tendo
lvl pronatorteres,
biceps brachii, Caputulnare
Tendo
M supinator
lvl pronatorteres,
Caputhumerale
M supinator
M pronator M palmaris
longus
teres
M palmarislongus
M llexor carpi radialis M. flexor carpi radialis
lvlembrana
interossea
antebrachii
Ulna
pronator
quadratus
M pronator
quadratus
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis,
Capsula
articularis
F i g . 3 7 0 F o r e a r mi n s u p i n a t i o n ; F i g . 3 7 1 F o r e a r mi n p r o n a t i o n ;
v e n t r o p a t m avri e w v e n t r a Iv i e wo f t h e e t b o wr e q i o n .d o r s a Iv i e wo f t h e
A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c t i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
b y t h e m a i n s u p i n a t o rm u s c L e s . A r r o w si n d i c a t et h e d i r e c i i o no f f o r c eg e n e r a t e d
b y t h e m a i n p r o n a t o rm u s c l e s .
>132,T33,T35 )T32,T33,T35
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand
andinsertionsof the musclesof the hand
2 3 4 5 M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
M flexor pollicislongus 2'\',g Tendines*
{{
!t
M tlexorcarpiradialis
M brachioradialis
M. flexorcarpiulnaris
M abductor pollicisbrevis
digitiminimi
M. abductor
l\4 flexorpollicisbrevis,
Caputprofundum
M opponens digiti minimi
pollicis
M opponens
M flexor digiti minimi brevis
pollicisbrevis
M abductor M. opponens digiti minimi
Mm interossei
dorsales
M adductor pollicis,
Caput obliquum
digitiminimi
M abductor
M flexordigitorum
superficialis
profundus
M flexordigitorum
palmares
Mm interossei
F i g . 3 7 2 0 r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f t h e m u s c t e so f t h e h a n d
a t t h e b o n e so f t h e h a n d .
* Theftexorsinsertat thesecond to fifthdiqit
> U p p e rl i m b >>l Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand
M palmaris
brevis
palmaris
Aponeurosis
Fasciculi
transversi
Mm lumbricales
) T 3 1 ,T 3 6 - T3 8 F i g . 3 7 3 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ;
s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .
Topography
Forearm Hand
Musclesof the hand
Membrana interosseaantebrachii
quadratus
M pronator
M brachioradialis,
Tendo
Ulna
M flexorpollicislongus,Tendo
Proc styloideus
Tendo
M flexorcarpiulnaris,
Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis
profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines
Vaginatendinummusculorum Os pisiforme
abductoris
longiet extensoris
pollicisbrevis
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum digitiminimi
lvl abductor
M abductor pollicisbrevis
M tlexor digiti minimi brevis
M flexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput superficiale M opponens digiti minimi
M flexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput profundum metacarpophalangea
Articulatio V
Capsulaarticularis
l\4 llexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput superficiale
Mm interossei
dorsales
M adductor pollicis,
Caput transversum
M flexordigitorum
Tendines
superficialis,
palmares
Mm interossei
M flexordigitorum
superf
icialis,Tendines
Tendon
sheaths
of thehand
Vaginatendinismusculiflexorispollicislongi
Vaginatendinummusculorum abductoris
pollicisbrevis
longiet extensoris
pollicis
M opponens Betinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
M flexor pollicisbrevis
Vaginacommunistendinum
musculorum
flexorum
M lumbricalisI
F i g . 3 7 5 T e n d o ns h e a t h sV
, a g i n a et e n d i n u m ,
o f t h eh a n d .
Radius
M abductorpollicislongus,Tendines
Canaliscarpi
M, flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendo
l\/ llexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
Os pisiforme
M abductorpollicisbrevis
M abductordigiti minimi
M flexor pollicisbrevis, Caput superficiale
M flexorpollicis
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
brevis,Caputprofundum
pollicis
M opponens M opponens
digitiminimi
M flexor pollicisbrevis,
Caput superficiale
dorsalislV
M interosseus
M abductordigiti minimi
l\/l flexor pollicis
longus,Tendo
M interosseus
dorsalisI
M lumbricalis
Mm lumbricales
M flexordigitorum
M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Tendo
Tendo
superficialis,
Vincula Ionga
V i n c u ltae n d i n u m
profundus,
N4flexordigitorum Tendo
Fig.377 Musctesof the paLm;
deep layer.
Retinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum
M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum
pollicis
M opponens M adductorpollicis,
Caputobliquum
palmarisll
M interosseus
M abductor pollicisbrevis
l\4 adductorpollicis,
Caputtransversum
M flexor pollicisbrevis
M interosseus
dorsalislll
M adductor pollicis
F i g .3 7 8 M u s c t e so f t h e p a [ m ;
doanaql lt\/ar
M interosseus
dorsalisI
palmarisI
M interosseus M interosseus
dorsalisll
'Upper timb Surface lsketetonl Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand
M extensor
digitorum,
Tendines
Caputulnae
M extensorcarDi radialisbrevis.Tendo
carpiradialislongus,Tendo
M extensor
lvl extensor
carpiulnaris,
Tendo
Os trapezium
M extensor Dollicisbrevis.Tendo
l\4 extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M extensor digiti minimi
Os metacarpi ll
M interosseus
dorsalisll
l\4 inlerosseusdorsalisI
Connexus
intertendinei
Articulationes
interphalangeae
)T34,T35,T37 F i g . 3 7 9 M u s c l e so f t h e d o r s u mo f t h e h a n d .
To p o g r a p h y
Forearm Hand
Vaginatendinismusculi
pollicislongi
extensoris musculorum
Retinaculum extensorum
Vaginatendinismusculi
extensoris
carpiulnaris
Vaginatendinummusculorum extensoris
digitorum
et extensoris
indicis
Vaginatendinismusculi
extensoris
digitiminimi
Connexus
intertendinei
M interosseus
dorsalisI
M extensor digitorum,Tendines
F i g . 3 8 0 D o r s a Ic a r p a lt e n d o ns h e a t h s .
Fascia antebrachii
f lexordigitorum icialis,
superf
Tendines A ; N. ulnaris
Betinaculum
musculorum
flexorum
N medianus
Vaginatendinismusculi
flexorispollicislongi
Ligg carpometacarpaliapalmaria
Os trapezoideum Os hamatum
Os capitatum
profundus,
M flexordigitorum
Tendines
F i g . 3 8 1 P a t m a rc a r p a It e n d o ns h e a t h s ; T h ec o m p r e s s i o o n f t h e m e d i a nn e r v e
t r a n s v e r s es e c u o n i n t h e c a r o a Lt u n n e Ii s k n o w na s
"carpaL t u n n e Ls y n d r o m e " .
t t at"t
Shoutder Arm
Musclesof thehand
M interosseus
dorsalisI
Mm.interossei
palmares
F i g ,3 8 2 D o r s aiIn t e r o s s e om
u su s c t e s ,
M m .i n t e r o s s de oi r s a t e s ;
dorsaIview.
M interosseus
palmarislll
M. interosseus
palmarisll
M. interosseus
palmarisI
F i g .3 8 3 P a t m a ri n t e r o s s e o um s usctes,
M m . i n t e r o s s epi a t m a r e s ;
p a t m a rv i e w .
T h e t e n d o n so f t h e i n t e r o s s e o uasn d t h e
I ' u m b r i c am
I u s c l e sr a d i a t ei n t ot h e s o - c a t l e d
d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s ios f t h e f i n g e r sl a r r o w s J .
To pogr a p h y
Forearm Hand
profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines
M lumbricalis
lV
M lumbricalisll
M lumbricalis
lll
M lumbricalisI
l\/lllexordigitorum Tendines
superficialis,
l\4llexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines
profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines
F i g .3 8 4 L u m b r i c a m
I usctes,
M m .[ u m b r i c a [ e s ;
p a t m a rv i e w
Os metacarpill
M extensorindicis,Tendo
M interosseus
palmaris
M. interosseus M interosseus
dorsalisI M flexordigitorum
dorsalisI M interosseus profundus,
palmarisI Tendo
Articulatio M lumbricalis
I
l\4 lumbricalis
I metacarpophalangeall,
Capsula articularis M. flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendo
Vagina tendinis,
Stratum fibrosum Vaginatendinis,
Stratumsynoviale
Vincula longa
Vinculatendinum
Vinculum
breve
Lig collaterale
Lig. collaterale
Tuberositas
phalangis
b distalis
F i g . 3 8 5a , b T e n d o ni n s e r t i o n sa t t h e i n d e x ;
t h e t e n d o n so f b o t hf l e x o r sh a v eb e e nd i s s e c t e d
from
t h e t e n d o ns h e a t h .
a P a L m avr i e w
b L a t e r a Iv i e w
> U p p e rt i m b M us c l es
Overview Shoutder Arm
Brachialplexus
* Nn spinales,
Rr.ventrales
+ a Truncussuperior
b Truncusmedius
c Truncusinferior
o a Fasciculus
lateralis
posterior
b Fasciculus
c Fasciculus
medialis
Pars
supraclavicularis
Pars
infraclavicularis
(C5-C7)
N musculocutaneus
(C5-T1)
N medianus N cutaneus brachii medialis (Tl )
N radialis(C5-T1)
1 N. phrenicus(Plexuscervicalis)
2 N dorsalisscapulae(C5)
3 Rr.musculares
4 N suprascapularis (C5,CO)
5 N subclavius (C5,C6)
6 N, pectoralis
lateralis (C5-C7)
7 N. subscapularis (C5-C7)
I N thoracodorsalis (C6-C8)
9 N pectoralis
medialis(C8,Tl )
10 N thoracicus longus(C5-C7)
(T1)
1.1 N intercostalis
p t e x u sP
Fig.386 BrachiaL , l e x u sb r a c h i a I i s .
Topography
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Nervesof the upperlimb
Plexusbrachialis,
Parssupraclavicularis
N medianus N cutaneus
brachii
N axillaris medialis
N cutaneus N cutaneus
brachiilateralis antebrachii
supenor medialis
N musculocutaneus
N. radialis
N cutaneus
brachii
n^ciari^r
cutaneusbrachii N ulnaris
lateralis
inferior
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
R. superficialis
R. profundus
N. interosseus
antebrachii
anterior
N. cutaneus
antebrachii
posterior
R. dorsalis(N.ulnaris)
R palmaris(N ulnaris)
R communicans
cum neryoulnarl
R prolundus
(N ulnaris)
Nn digitales
palmares propril
Nn digitales
palmares
propfll
F i g .3 8 7 N e r v e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ;
OVETVIEW.
'Upper timb Surface lskeletonl Musctes
Cutaneous
innervation
s n e r v a t i o[ dne r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b .
F i g .3 8 8 S e g m e n t ca uI t a n e o ui n
s n e r v a t i o( d
F i g . 3 8 9 S e g m e n t ca u[ t a n e o ui n n e r m a t o m eosf]t h eu p p e rL i m b .
CubitaIfossa Forearm
innervation
Cutaneous
N musculocutaneus,
N cutaneus N cutaneus
N. radialis,
antebrachiilateralls brachiilateralisinlerior
N. cutaneusbrachii
N. axillaris,
lateralissuperior
N medianus
N radialis,
R superficialis
Nn.suoraclaviculares
Rr.cutanei
anteriores
pectorales
Nn.intercostales
Rr.cutanei
laterales
pectorales
N ulnaris
N curaneus 1 R anterior
antebrachii
medialis\ R posterior
s f t h eu p p e rt i m b .
F i g . 3 9 0 C u t a n e o unse r v e o
.l
rs brachiiposterior
N cutaneus oosterior
N. cutaneusbrachiilateralisinlerior | ru.radiatis
posterior
I N. cutaneusantebrachii J
R.s
N. musculocutaneus,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
Nn. thoracici,
Rr. cutanei
posteriores
N radialis.
N cutaneusbrachiioosterior
N. cutaneusbrachiimedialis
N cutaneusantebrachii medialis
s f t h eu p p e r[ i m b .
F i g . 3 9 1 C u t a n e o unse r v e o
> U p p e rt i m b Muscles
Overview Shoulder Arm
Musculocutaneousnerve
M coracobrachialis
M biceps brachii
M brachialis
Fig.393 Musculocutaneousnerve,
N musculocutaneus;
s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .
F i g , 3 9 2 M u s c u t o c u t a n e o un se r v e ,
) 4 6 ,3 8 6 ,I 2 t , , T 2 5
N. muscutocutaneus;
-,,^^t.,;^^ ^-^^^
ruyPryilr9 dr sd>.
T h e s k i n b r a n c h e sa n d t h e
c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o a
nr e
i l t u s t r a t e di n b t u e .
Cubitalfossa Forearm Hand
N medianus
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ;
s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n
M pronator
teres
F i g .3 9 4 M e d i a nn e r v e , F i g .3 9 5 M e d i a nn e r v e ,N . m e d i a n u s ;
) t + 6 , 3 8 6 ,2T4 , T2 5
N.medianus; proximap L a L s yt:y p i c a Ip o s t u r e .
crrnnl\/rnn aralc
'Upper limb Muscles
Overview Shoulder Arm
Ulnarnerve
N. cutaneusantebrachii VI
medialis
N. cutaneusbrachii
medialis
vtl
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
F i g .3 9 8 U t n a rn e r v eN , .u t n a r i s ;
s e g m e n t ao Ir g a n i s a t i o n .
M flexor carpi
ulnaris
R superficialis
F i g . 3 9 7 U L n anr e r v e , F i g . 3 9 9 U t n a rn e r v e ,N . u l n a r i s ;
) 4 6 ,3 8 6 T
, 2 4 , T2 5
N .u l n a r i s ; p r o x i m ap
I atsy
s u p p l y i nagr e a s .
C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
Radialnerve
N cutaneusbrachii
posterior
M tricepsbrachii,
Caputlaterale
l\i\,triceps brachii,
Caput longum
N cutaneus
antebrachii
posrenor
M tricepsbrachii,
Caputmediale Fig.401 Radian I e r v e ,N . r a d i a t i s ;
s e g m e n t aoI r g a n i s a t i o n .
R superficialis
Axillarynerve
N cutaneusbrachii
lateralis
superior
F i 9 . 4 0 3 A x i t l . anr ye r v eN, .a x i L [ a r i s ;
ruPPLyilr9 dtsd>.
) I + 6 , 3 8 6 , I 2 t + ,2T5
Fig.405 Axitlarynerve,
N .a x i t t a r i s ;
p a t s y :d e t t o i dm u s c [ ea t r o p h y .
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesof theupperlimb
A thoracoacromialis
A axillaris
A. brachialis
A circumflexa
humerianterior
A profunda
brachii
A collateralismedia
A brachialis
A collaleralisradialis
R anterior
A radialis B posterior
A, recurrens
radialis A recurrens
ulnaris
interossea
recurrens A. ulnaris
A interossea
communts
A interossea
anterior
A, interosseaposterior
A comitans
A radialis nervimediani
R carpalis palmaris
B carpalisdorsalis
R palmaris
superficialis
Arcuspalmaris
profundus
Arcuspalmaris
superficialis
A princeps
pollicis
Aa digitales
palmares communes
A radialisindicis
Aa digitales
palmares propriae
F i g .4 0 6 A r t e r i e so f t h e u p p e r[ i m b ;
overytew.
A r t e r i e sa d j a c e n t o t h e e l b o wj o i n t f o r m t h e
cubitaIanastomosis.
' Uppertimb M us c tes
0verview Shoulder Arm
Lymphatics
of the axilla
V cephalica
Nodi lymphoidei
axillares
(Plexuslymphaticus
axillaris)
Papilla
mammana
Vasa
Vasa lymphatica
lymphatica superficialia
superlicialia
V, basllica
Nodi lymphoideicubitales
V cephalica
F i g . 1 0 7 S u p e r ifc i a LL y m p h a t i c sl y, m p hn o d e sa n d v e i nt r u n k s
i n t h e r e g i o n so f t h e a r m , t h e [ a t e r a It h o r a c i cw a t I
a n dt h e a x i t l a .
CubitaIfossa Forearm
Fasciaof the chest,theshoulderand theaxilla
Nn,supraclaviculares
intermedii
o
Nn.supraclaviculares
laterales
r
I Nn.supraclaviculares
mediales
M deltoideus,
Fasciao
R. pectoralis
A thoracoacromialls, O
o M. pectoralismajor,
Fascia
Fascia brachii
Nodilymphoidei
axillares
superficiales
A. thoracica
lateralis
O a M. obliouusabdominis
externus,Fascia
V thoracoepigastrica
a
M. latissimus
dorsi,Fasciaa
Rr.cutaneilateralesoectorales&
(Nn.intercostales)
Vaginamusculirecti
M serratusanterior,
Fasciaa abdominis
.t Fasciculus
posterior
,,i Fasciculuslateralis
i, Fasciculusmedialis
Clavicula
O A subclavia
a V subclavia
M deltoideus,C
Pars clavicularis a M subclavius
M deltoideus,a
Pars acromialis
Fasciaclavipectoralis
V cephalica O
* Nn pectorales
mediales
O A thoracoacromialis,
Rr pectorales
a M pectoralismajor,
Parsclavicularis
I M pectoralismajor,
Parssternocostalis
254
258
F i g .4 0 9 C t a v i p e c t o r a t rIi a n g t e ,
T r i g o n u mc l a v i p e c t o r a t e
408
Rete acromiale
A subclavia
R deltoideus
F i g . l r 1 0 B r a n c h i n gp a t t e r no f t h e t h o r a c o - a c r o m i a Ir t e r y ,
A thoracoacromiatis.
T opog r a p h yI S e c ti o n s
CubitaIfossa Forearm F{and
V thoracoepigastricaO N intercostobrachialis
V axillarisa
V subscapularis
a O o A ; V thoracica
lateralis
A ; V circumflexa
humeriposterior s l\4 pectoralismajor
a a
W brachiales
o
Plexus brachialis, :
Pars inlraclavicularis ', Nn thoracici,
Nn intercostales,
Rr mammariilaterales
t.
- /cM.serratusanterior
N intercosto-
brachialis
N axillaris
lvl teresmajors
A ; V c i r c u m f l e x aO a
scapulae
A;VthoracodorsalisOo
Nn thoracici,Nn intercostales,a.:
Rr cutanei lateralesoectorales
W thoracoepigastricae O
F i g .t 1 1 A x i L t a rfyo s s a ,F o s s aa x i l t a r i s .
R acromialis A suprascapularis
R clavicularis
Rete acromiale
A thoracica
superior
R deltoideus
A circumflexa
humeri posterior
A circumflexa
humeri anterior A. thoracoacromialis
A thoracica lateralis
A, subscapularis
F i g . 1 1 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e s h o u t d e r e g i o n
> Uppertimb Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Shoutder Arm
Neckandaxillaryfossa
A subclavia
a
Parssupraclavicularis
& Plexusbrachialis,
V axillaris
o *u N phrenicus
l\4,omohyoideus,a anterior
o M scalenus
Venterinferior
a Truncusthyrocervicalis
A transversacollio
o A, vertebralis
A. axillaris o A. carotiscommunis
O
I Ansa cervicalis
Plexusbrachialis,
&
Parsinfraclavicularis
A. thoraco-i Rr.pector a a M sternothyroldeus
acromtalslR. acromia \
O M sternohyoideus
t N, vagus[Xl
M deltoideus
a a V brachiocephalica
* M sternocleido-
mastoideus
I lvl.pectoralis
malor
V cephalica a
& Nn,thoracici,
Nn,intercostales,
A. axillarisa
Rr.cutanei
anteriores
pectorales
pectoralisa
malor
V axillarisO
M. pectoralis
minort
N intercostobrachialis
{t
N. thoracodorsalis
,,
A ; V, thoracicalateralisa a
A;VthoracodorsalisaO
N.thoracicus
longusm
thoracicus
[T4],N. intercostalis,
$
R. cutaneuslateralis
oectoralis
lV.latissimus
dorsia
V thoracoepigastrica
a
Rr.mammarii
laterales
*
F i g .4 1 3 L a t e r atth o r a c iw c a t [ ;i n f r a c t a v i c uf[oasr s a ,
Fossa i n f r a c t a v i c u [ aar insd,a x i t l a rfyo s s aF, o s s a
a x i I t rai s .
Topography I Sections
Cubitatfossa Forearm Hand
and axillaryfossa
V jugularis
externaa o M scalenusmedius
M sternocleidomastoideus
o
Nodi lvmohoideicervicales
laterales. Nodi suoerf iciales
M, omohyoideus,
a
Ventersuperior
aoA;Vsuprascapularis
a A. subclavia a M. trapezius * Nn supraclaviculares
A;VtransversaaO laterales
colli,
R superficialis 6 N. suprascapularis
Nodilymphoidei
cervicalesant,
superfic et prof.
a M. pectoralis
M scalenusa mtnor
anterior
a V cephalica
Truncus
jugularis
sinister
Nodi lymphoidei
Noduslymphoideus subscapulares
cervicalislateralis,
Nodusprofundus
inferior o M. pectoralis
maJor
Bulbusinferiora
venaejugularis a N radialis
Ductus I N. musculo-
thoracicus, CUIANEUS
Parscervicalis
a A circumtlexa
humeriposterior
Arcusa a N. medianus
venosusjugularis
a V cephalica
V jugularis
externao a V brachialis
o N. ulnaris
Nodi lymphoidei
Truncisubclavius axillares laterales
et bronchomediasti-
nalissinister
e N. cutaneusbrachii
medialis
M subclavius
a o V brachialis
Nodi lymphoideiintercostales
M pectoralismajora
Costa ll I N. thoracicus
longus
M pectoralis
minoro
V axillariso a aA : V thoracica
lateralis
Nodi lymphoidei deltopectorales
A thoracica
suDerior
a Nodi lymphoidei t N. intercostobrachialis
Nodi lymphoideiaxillarescentrales pectorales
258
Fig. 111 Axi[[aryfossa,F o s s aa x i t t a r i sa, n d
d e e pc e r v i c a rI e g i o n ;
n f l y m p h a t i c sa n d L y m p h
e x e m p [ a r yi t t u s t r a t i o o
nodes.
Surface lSketetonl Muscles
Overview Shoutder Arm
Nn supraclaviculares
laterales&
& N intercostobrachialis
V cephalica o
* N cutaneusbrachiimedialis
V medianacubitia
N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis.
R posterior
N, radialis,N cutaneus $
antebrachii posterior i N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis,
R anterior
V mediana antebrachiia
a V basilica
I+17
407 F i g . 4 1 5 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e l sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r ,
R e g i od e t t o i d e at ,h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o no f t h e a r m ,
I+21 R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r a
, n d t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a L iasn t e r i o r .
Topography
C u b i t afIo s s a F o r e a r m H a n d
O Rete acromiale
Nn supraclaviculareslaterales
& N axillaris,
N cutaneusbrachiilateralis
superior
Rr cutaneia a
(A ;V circumflexa
humeriposterior)
N axillaris,
N cutaneusbrachiilateralis
suDerior
,
a V cephalica
N cutaneus brachii medialis {.
I N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiioosterior
Olecranon
Epicondylus
lateralis
ry
119
F i g . 1 1 6 E p i f a s c i avIe s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e s h o u t d e r ,
R e g i od e l t o i d e at ,h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o no f t h e a r m ,
R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o ra, n d t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n 422
o f t h e e t b o w ,R e g i oc u b i t a t i sp o s t e r i o r .
'Upper timb >>l Surface lSketetonl Musctes
S h o u t d e r Arm
Vessels
andnervesof the arm
o N. suprascaoularis
o N. subscaDularis
M. subclavius
O
medialis
a Fasciculus
M deltoideus
a posterior
e Fasciculus
M pectoralis
minora
a M. subscapularis
Fasciculus
lateralisI
o A. circumflexa
humeriposterior
A axillariso
o M teresmajor
M coracobrachialis
o
M. pectoralis
majora
aA subscaDularis
A circumllexa
humerianteriorO
8 N. thoracodorsalis
N. musculocutaneus
a
3 N. cutaneus a M latissimus
dorsi
antebrachii
V basilicao medialis
M biceps brachii
Caputbrevea I N. radialis
oA profundabrachii
8 N ulnaris
a M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
N musculocutaneus
I
brachiimediale
Septumintermusculare
A brachialisa
Aponeurosismusculia
bicipitis
brachii
a M. coracobrachialis
M deltoideus
o
a A axillaris
M bicepsbrachii,a
Caputbreve
a N. axillaris
M. pectoralismajorO
a M. teresmajor
M coracobrachialis
a
a N radialis
N. musculocutaneus
a
a N. medianus
M biceosbrachiio a A. profundabrachii
o M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
o N. ulnaris
ulnarissuperior
O A. collateralis
M. brachialis
a
I M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
N musculocutaneus, a
N cutaneusantebrachiilateralis a A. collateralisulnarisinferior
A. brachialis
O
N. medianus
i medialis
Epicondylus
M. brachioradialis
a
a Mm.flexoresantebrachii
F i g ,4 1 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ia n t e r i o r .
M us c tes
S h o u t d e r Arm
Arteriesandnervesof thearm
M teresmajorI o M deltoideus
N axillaris,
N cutaneusbrachii&
lateralis
superior
M tricepsbrachii.Caputlongumt
N radialis& N cutaneusbrachiiposterior
* N radialis,
A prolundabrachiia
A brachialis
a a M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
o M bicepsbrachii
SeDtumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
a M brachialis
a A collateralisradialis
c N cutaneusbrachiilateralis
inferior
& N radialis,
N, cutaneusantebrachii
Dosterior
A collateralis
ulnarisinferiorO a M, tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
' N musculocutaneus,
N cutaneusantebrachii
lateralis
Epicondylus
lateralis
{t N ulnaris a M brachioradialis
Retearticularecubitia
a M anconeus
Olecranon
a M extensor
carpiradialislongus
o M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
120
F i g , 1 1 9 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p o s t e r i o r e g i o n
o f t h e a r m , R e g i ob r a c h i ip o s t e r i o r .
Topography I Sections
CubitaIfossa Forearm
Arteriesand nervesof thearm
Lig.transversumscapulaesuperius
O A suprascapularis
N suprascapularis
a
A. circumflexaO
scapurae
a N. axillaris
o A. circumflexa
humeriposterior
A brachialis
o
N radialisa
a N. cutaneusbrachii
posterior
A. Drolundabrachii O (N.radialis)
a N. cutaneusbrachii
lateralisinferior
(N.radialis)
O A collateralis
radialis,
R anterior
A collateralisradialis,R posteriorO
a N. cutaneus
antebrachiiposterior
(N radialis)
a N. cutaneus
antebrachiilateralis
(N. musculocutaneus)
A collateralisulnarisinferiorO
N radialis, :,
N cutaneus brachii posterior
a V basilica
N cutaneus *
brachii medialis
a, N cutaneus
brachii N. radialis, ,
V cephalica a medialis N, cutaneus
antebrachii
h^cta/i^.
., N cutaneus
antebrachii
medialis
N musculocutaneus, a V cephalica
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis , N cutaneus
antebrachii
medialis,
V medianaa R posterior
cubiti
Olecranon
V medianao ,t N cutaneus
antebrachii antebrachii
medialis,
R. anterior
o (v mediana "nFPjlglli
basirica) n.'otlil1iJ;
o V basilica
a V mediana
antebrachii
N musculocutaneus,:
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
.&N. radialis,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
V cephalica a posterior
N radialis,a ,, N radialis,
superficialis V basilica a R. superficialis
a A radialis
a, R, palmaris
(N ulnaris)
* R. palmaris
(N medianus) o V cephalica
R dorsalis&
(N,ulnaris)
416
439
V cephalica
V basilica
V mediana cubiti
V mediana
antebrachii
V cephalica
V basilica
V mediana cubiti
V cephalica
V basilica
(A. brachialis
superficialis,Var )*
(V mediana basilica)
V mediana
antebrachii V basilica
V cephalica
qo^iIm
intermusculare
Fascia brachii brachiimediale
a A collateralis
ulnaris
M biceps brachii 6 $ M tricepsbrachii, supenor
Caputmediale A brachialisa
M brachialis* i N ulnaris; * N ulnaris
a A collateralis N radialis ?
N medianus * ulnarissuperior
M brachioradialiss a A collateralis
Septum ulnarisinferior
A brachialisa intermusculare
brachiimediale A collateralisa
radialis * l\4 brachialis
Aponeurosis Humerus,
musculibicipitis Epicondylus
brachii medialis N. radialis,*
R prolundus ,, N medianus
M supinators Fascia
antebrachii M biceps*
A radialisa Tendo
brachii, o A ulnaris
s M biceps
brachii,Tendo A radialisO
M pronator S A recurrens
teres o A ulnaris a
radialis
M brachio-s
radialis l\4 supinator*
M flexorcarpi s
radialis
@ M flexor
carpi ulnaris
M extensor S
carpi radialis
brevis
s M palmaris
longus
M flexor digitorums
superficialis * l\4 flexor
digitorum
superficialis
M brachioradialis,
G
M flexor S Tendo
pollicislongus
', N ulnaris
M abductor *
A radialisO
pollicislongus R dorsalis o A. ulnaris
(N ulnaris)
A radialisa
N medianus*
M pronator S r: B palmaris
O A ulnaris (N ulnaris)
quavr druJ
, R dorsalis
Fascia
R palmaris, (N ulnaris)
(N medianus)
antebrachii
M extensor* a A ulnaris,
pollicisbrevis, A radialis, a R carpalis
Tendo R palmaris dorsalis
superficialis
421
F i g . 1 2 1 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n F i g , 1 2 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ;
subfasciaILayer. c o u r s eo f t h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A . r a d i a t i s
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the forearm
o A collateralis
ulnarissuperior
l\/l biceps t
brachii A brachialisa
.., N, ulnaris
N radialis : a A collateralis
o A brachialis N radialis:, ulnarisinlerior
N radialis,,
B profundus A collateralis
a - Epicondylus
& M brachialis radialis : , medialis
(R anterioo
A ulnariso
, N medianus
A, radialisO N radialis, ;
R profundus
A recurrensa
radialis A recurrensO
radialis a A recurrens
S M pronator ulnaris
N radialis, , teres,
R superficialis Caput M biceps&
utnare Tendo
brachii, s N. medianus
M supinator * A interosseaa
* lvl pronator communrs
teres
M brachioradialis
*
M pronator*
O A recurrens teres
ulnaris
A interosseaa A interosseaO
communrs * M flexor posterior
carpiradialis o A comitans
nervimediani
N interosseus*
antebrachii a A interossea
M llexor * anterior anlenor
pollicislongus & M flexor
digitorum
superficialis,
A radialisa Caputradiale a A ulnaris
N radialis,i
R superficialis
i.. N ulnaris
N radialis,
A radialisa
R superficialis a A ulnaris
., N ulnaris
A radialisa) M pronator *
quadratus
l\4 flexor carpi
ulnaris,Tendo
M flexor 6
R palmaris pollicis
(N medianus) rongus
t, R dorsalis
M flexor carpi g (N ulnaris)
radialis.Tendo
a A ulnaris,
R carpalis
A radialis,
a dorsalis I M.Ilexor
R palmaris carpiulnaris,
superticialis Tendo
lvl palmaris*
longus,Tendo
!+19
12
F i g .t 2 6 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n F i g . 1 2 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e a n t e r i o rr e g i o n
o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h iai n t e r i o r ;
oeep rayer. deep layer after partiaI removaIof the f lexor
d i g i t o r u ms u p e r f i c i a t im
s uscte.
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesand nervesof thecubitalfossa
N. radialisa
a M. biceps
brachii
A. collateralisa
(R.anterior)
radialis,
M brachioradialis
a a A. brachialis
a N. medianus
Mm extensoresa
carpiradiales
o N. radialis,
N radialis,a R. superficialis
R. profundus
O A. radialis
M extensor O o A. recurrens
digitorum radialis
M. supinator
a
N. radialis,a o M. extensorcarpi
R. profundus radialisbrevis
A interosseaa
recurrens
O A collateralis a A. collateralis
ulnaris inferior ulnarissuperior
N medianus
a
Septum
intermusculare
A brachialis
a brachiimediale
M. bicepsbrachiia
Epicondylus
medialis
M. brachialis
a
a N. ulnaris
Aponeurosis musculi
bicipitisbrachii
Olecranon
M. brachioradialis
a
N. radialisa M flexor
carpiulnaris
Mm flexoresO
antebrachii
A ulnarisa
A radialisO
M. pronatorteresO a N ulnaris
N medianus
a a M flexor
digitorumprofundus
A. collateralis
O
radialis
A collateralis
o
M triceosbrachiia ulnarisinferior
o M. brachioradialis
N. ulnarisa
A recurrensO O M. extensorcarpi
ulnaris radialislongus
Olecranon
Retearticularea Epicondylus
cubiti lateralis
M. anconeus
a
o M extensor
carpiradialis A. interosseaO
M anconeus
a orevrs recurrens
O M supinator
M extensorO a N. radialis,
carpiulnaris R. profundus
a N radialis,
R profundus o M. extensorcarpi
radialisbrevis
a M. extensor
digitorum
M extensora
digitorum
R. profundus a M. abductor
o M abductorpollicis o pollicislongus
longus nerviradialis,
M. extensorO N. interosseus
carpiulnaris, antebrachii Membranainterossea
Tendo a M. extensorpollicis posterior
brevis M. extensora a N. radialis,
M. extensoro pollicislongus R. superticialis
digitiminimi, o N. radialis,
Tendo M extensora O M extensor
R superficialis carpiulnaris, pollicisbrevis
Tendo
RetecarpaleO o A. interosseaanterior Retinaculum
dorsale musculorum
e)densorum o M. extensor
R. dorsalisa Retinaculum pollicislongus,Tendo
(N. ulnaris) musculorum R. dorsalisa
extensorum (N. ulnaris)
31
F i g . 4 3 0 A r t e r i ea
s n dn e r v e o s f t h ep o s t e r i orre g i o n Fig. 431 Arteries and nervesof the posteriorregion
o f t h ef o r e a r mR, e g i oa n t e b r a c hpioi s t e r i o r ; o f t h e f o r e a r m ,R e g i oa n t e b r a c h ipi o s t e r i o r ;
superficia[ layer. deep layer.
> U p p e rt i m b Surface lSkeletonl Muscles
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesof the
A radialis
A ulnaris
R carpalispalmaris
R carpalis palmaris
B carpalisdorsalis
R palmarisprofundus
R palmarissuperficialis
Arcuspalmarisprofundus
palmares
Aa metacarpales
A princeps pollicis
Arcuspalmaris
superf
icialis
A radialisindicis
palmares
Aa digitales communes
Aa digitalespalmares propriae
Aa digitalespalmares propriae
F i g . 1 3 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e p a t m ,P a L m a ;
overytew.
F i g .4 3 3 a - d V a r i a t i o n o
s f t h e d e e pp a l m a ra r c h , A n a s t o m o s iw s i t h t h e a n t e r i o ri n t e r o s s e o uasr t e r y ,
A r c u so a L m a r i o
s r o fu n d u s . A . i n t e r o s s e a n t e r i o r[ * ]
'Textbook
a c a s e " ,s i m p L ec, L o s e d
arch T h e r a d i a Ia r t e r y ,A r a d i a I i ss, u p p I i e sb o t h r a d i a t f i n g e r s ,
b D o u b l . i noqf t h e u L n a ro a r r w h e r e a st h e u l n a ra r t e r y ,A . u t n a r i s s, u p p l i e st h e t h r e e
u I n a rf i n o e r s .
Cubitatfossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the hand
R palmarisa
N medianus,
N. musculocutaneus,
I
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
Fascia antebrachii
& N ulnaris
palmaris
Aponeurosis
a M palmarisbrevis
a N digitalispalmarisproprius
A princepspollicisO
Rr.palmares
, N medianus,
E N ulnaris,Rr.palmares
palmares
t Nn digitales proprii
palmaris
a A digitalis communis
a Aa digitales propriae
palmares
transversum
Lig metacarpale
superficiale
A radialisa a A. ulnaris
N medianusS I M. flexorcarpiulnaris
l\4 flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendoi
A radialis,R palmaris
superficialis
a , r N u l n a r i s , Rp a l m a r i s
R palmaris&
N medianus, Os pisiforme
* N ulnaris,R. profundus
lvl abductorpollicisbrevisI
o A ulnaris,R caroalisdorsalis
{, N ulnaris,R, superficialis
a A ulnaris,R palmarisprofundus
M flexorpollicisbreviss
e N digitalispalmaris
proprius
*i B communicans
cum nervoulnari
O Arcuspalmaris
suDerficialis
s N digitalispalmaris
proprius
palmares
a Aa digitales communes
palmares
Aa digitales propriae
a
I+26
lr37
l
t".
.:,_ F i g .4 3 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e p a L m P
, alma;
{ middteLaver.
43t,
37 Yo 35o/o 13o/o
F i g , 4 3 6 a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e s u p e r f i c i apI a t m a ra r c h ,
A r c u so a I m a r i ss u o e r f i c i a t i s .
a " T e x t b o o ck a s e " ,c t o s e oa r c n
b T h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r i s s, u p p t i e st h e t h r e e u t n a rf i n g e r s .
c A L If i n g e r sa r e s u p p t i e db y t h e u t n a ra r t e r y ,A u t n a r r s
Cubita[fossa Forearm Hand
Arteriesandnervesof the hand
l/ pronatorquadratusa
A radiallsa o A. ulnaris
R carpalispalmarisa
O M flexorcarpiulnaris
M flexorcarpiradialis,
Tendoo
a A. ulnaris,R. carpalis
parmafls
R palmaris
superficialis
a
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum R. palmaris
c N ulnaris,
M llexorpollicislongus,Tendoa
polliciso
M opponens a N. ulnaris,R. superficialis
M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputsuperficiale
O a N. ulnaris,R profundus
Arcuspalmaris
profundus
O o M abductor
digitiminimi
M. adductorpolliciso
O A ulnaris,
R. palmarisprofundus
A. princepspollicisO
M abductoroollicisbrevisa palmares
o Mm.interossei
palmares
Aa digitales propriaea
o M adductorpollicis
l\4.interosseus
dorsalisI O
O Aa. metacarpales
palmares
a Mm.tlexoresdigitorum,
Tendines
o Mm.lumbricales
o Nn.digitales
palmaresproprii
. Aa. digitales O
parmares propnae
427
& N radialis,
Rr superficiales
a A radialis
Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
radialis,
N cutaneus posterior
antebrachii a Vaginatendinismusculiflexoriscarpiradialis
B palmaris
a A radialis, superticialis
Rete carpale dorsale O
a A radialis
A radialis,B carpalis dorsalis O
i M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
Os metacarpi ll
s Nn digitales
dorsales
a A digitalis
dorsalis
Aa metacaroalesdorsales a s M adductorpollicis
M interosseusdorsalis I Q
l\4.lumbricalis
It
palmarisproprius*
N digitalis
palmarispropriaO
A digitalis
N. digitalisdorsalis *
F i g . 4 3 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e h a n d .
To p o g r a p h yi Se cti o n s
CubitaIfossa Forearm
andnervesof the hand
Vessels
N radialis, posterior
N cutaneusantebrachii
N radialis.
R suoerficialis
Retevenosumdorsalemanus
W intercapitulares
Nn digitales
dorsales
F i g . 4 3 9 V e s s e t sa n d n e r v e so f t h e d o r s u mo f
t h e h a n d ,D o r s u mm a n u s
s u p e r f i c i al[a y e r .
'Upper timb Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Shoutder Arm
Arteriesand nervesof the hand
Membrana
interossea
M. extensor
carpiulnarisO
A interossea
anteriora a M extensorpollicisbrevis
N . r a d i a l i sR, . p r o f u n d u&
s, a M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
N interosseusantebrachii posterior
a Retecarpaledorsale
a A radialis
a R perlorans
A. radialis,
R carDalis
dorsalisa
a A princepspollicis
I M. extensorpollicislongus,
Tendo
a M adductor pollicis
o M. interosseus
dorsalis
Aa metacarpales
dorsalesO
Canalis carpi
Fasciaantebrachii
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo
A ulnaris
N medianus
N ulnaris
M, palmarislongus,Tendo
Retinaculum
musculorum
f lexorum
Os pisiforme
Thenar Hypothenar
Canaliscarpi Ligg metacarpaliapalmaria
Tendo
M extensordigitorum,
Ossa metacarpi
profundus,
M tlexordigitorum
Tendines
palmaris
Aponeurosis
M flexordigitorum Tendines
superficialis,
Mm lumbricales
(Aponeurosis
dorsalis)
Phalanxproximalis
prolundus,
lvl flexordigitorum Tendo
M llexordigitorumsuperficialis,
Tendines
Vaginatendinum N. digitalispalmarisproprius
F i g . 1 1 1 F a s c i a Ic o m p a r t m e n t s o f t h e h a n d .
* C [ i n i c atIe r m : [ i g a m e n ot f G R A Y S O N
+ * C t i n i c atIe r m ; [ i g a m e n ot f c L E L A N D
* * * C t i n i c atIe r m : u l n a rc a n a [ C
, a n a t i su t n o c a r p a t il st o g ed e G U Y O N I
> U p p e rl i m b M us c tes
Hand,sagittalsection
Membrana
interossea
A interossea
anteriora a A interosseaposterior
a M extensordigitorum
M pronator
quadratus
O a M, abductorpollicislongus,Tendines
a M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendines
a Radius
Articulatio
radiocarpalis
Retinaculum
musculorum
llexorum
Os lunatum
l\4flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines
t
o Retecarpaledorsale
Aooneurosis
oalmaris
Os metacarpi
lll, Basis
palmarislll O
A metacarpalis
Arcuspalmaris
superficialis
a
palmarisll
t M, interosseus
palmaris
A digitalis communislll a a M interosseus
dorsalislll
a A. metacarpalis
dorsalislll
M l u m b r i c a l i sl l l , T e n d oa
A digitalispalmaris propria O
Vagina tendinum
Phalanx media
Phalanx distalis
F i g . 1 1 2 H a n d ,M a n u s ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e u t n a r p t a n eo f t h e m i d d t ef i n g e r .
* C t i n i c at eLr m :I i g a m e notf c L E L A N D
* +C [ i n i c at eLr m :[ i g a m e notf G R A Y S O N
Topography
CubitaIfossa Forearm H a n d
Cutaneous
innervation
F i g . t t 3 P o i n t so f i n j e c t i o nf o r r e g i o n a I
conduction a n a e s t h e s ia t t h e m i d d L ef i n q e r .
Fascia brachii
a M bicepsbrachii
V cephalica a
& N musculocutaneus
a A. brachialis
M brachialisI
O V brachialis
M coracobrachialisc
s N medianus
Humerus
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale o V basilica
N radialis {} s N. ulnaris
A profunda brachii a
SeDtumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlateraleo
a lvl.tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
F i g .1 1 5 A r m , B r a c h i u m ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o n .
V cephalica
lvl bicepsbrachii
V brachialis
M brachialis V basilica
Humerus
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M tricepsbrachii
s l\,4bicepsbrachii
M. brachialis
o
Fascia brachii
o A brachialis
V cephalica a
N cutaneusantebrachii
medialis
lvl brachioradialis*
a V brachialis
* N medianus
N radialis ,
a A collateralis
ulnarissuperior
Cristasupraepicondylaris
lateralis
Seotum intermuscularebrachii mediale
HUmerus
* N ulnaris
M triceps brachii O
M, biceps brachii
A brachialis
V cephalica
V basilica
M brachialis
l\,4brachioradialis
Humerus
Ulna
M triceps brachii
F i g .t t 9 A r m , B r a c h i u m
m a g n e t r rce s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e l o w e rt h i r d o f t h e a r m :
distaIview.
Surface lSketetonl Musctes
Arm
Forearm, transversesections
Fascia antebrachii
o A brachialis
V mediana cubiti o
r N medtanus
V brachialisa
g M pronatorteres
M biceps brachii.Tendo *
* M flexor carpi radialis
V cephalica o
a V basilica
0 l\4.flexordigitorum
superficialis
t M palmarislongus
M extensor carpi radialislongus $
ii N ulnaris
M supinator
*
* M llexorcarpiulnaris
Radius,Caputradii proximalis
radioulnaris
Articulatio
M brachialisS
* Nl anconeus
Fig.450 Forearm,Antebrachium;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e
o r o x i m a rI a d i o - u L n ai ro i n t
V basilica
V mediana cubiti
l\4 brachialis
M pronator teres
V cephalica
M flexor carpi radialis
l\4 brachioradialis
M flexor digitorumsupedicialis
M extensor carpi radialislongus
Radius,Caputradii
M anconeus
Fig.451 Forearm,Antebrachium;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e l e v e Lo f t h e e t b o wi o i n t :
distalview.
To pogr a p h y
)ubital fossa Forearm Hand
Forearm, transversesections
M. palmaris
longus,Tendoo
a V mediana antebrachii
M flexordigitorum
superficialis
o
M flexorcarDiradialisa a M flexorcaroiulnaris
N. medianus
a
a A ulnaris
M. flexorpollicislonguso
O N. ulnaris
M. brachioradialisa
A radialiso
N, radialisa
M pronatorteres
a
M extensor
carpiradialislongusa
N interosseusantebrachiianteriorc
a M. extensorpollicislongus
M extensordigitorum
a digitiminimi
a M extensor
Membranainterossea
M. palmarislongus,Tendo
M flexorcarpi
radialis
M, flexor
l\/ flexordigitorum carpiulnaris
superficialis
M brachioradialis
M. llexor
digitorum prolundus
M llexorpollicis
longus
Radius Ulna
Mm extensores
Membranainterossea
antebrachii
Fig.453 Forearm,Antebrachium;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l ) ;
cross-sectionat the Levelof the middl.eof the forearm:
distaIview.
Shoutder Arm
Forearmand hand,transversesections
M palmarislongus,Tendo||
M flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines*
a Fascia antebrachii
F i g . 1 5 1 F o r e a r mA , ntebrachium;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e d i s t a Ir a d i o - u t n ajro i n t .
A t t h i s l e v e [ t, h e m u s c L et e n d o n sm a r k e dw i t h + r u n w i t h i n
t e n d o ns h e a t h sV, a g i n a tee n d i n u m
l\4.palmarislongus,Tendoa Hypothenar
Retinaculum
musculorumllexorum
Thenar
N medianus * !*
l\rlflexorpollicislongus,Tendoa O**A;N ulnaris**
M, flexor carpi radialis,Tendo a
a Mm flexoresdigitorum,
Os trapezium Tendines
l\/ abductorpollicislongus,Tendoa Os triquetrum
l\4 extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendoa
a lvl extensor
caroiulnaris.
Tendo
V cephalica a
Os hamatum
A radialisa
a M extensor
digitiminimi,Tendo
Mm extensores
carpiradiales.
Tendines
a
o V basilica
M extensor pollicislongus,Tendo a Os capitatum
a M extensor digitorum,
Tendo
Os trapezoideum
a M extensorindicis,
Tendo
F i g .4 5 5 W r i s t ,C a r p u s ;
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Lo f t h e h o o ko f t h e h a m a t e
b o n e ,H a m u t u so s s i sh a m a t i .
* C a r p at L unneI
* * u t n a rc a n alIt o g ed eG U Y O N ]
To p o g r a p h yI Se c ti o n s
CubitaIfossa Forearm Hand
Hand, transversesections
palmares
a Aa digitales communes;
r, N medianus
Mm.lumbricales
a a M. flexordigitorum
superficialis,
Tendines
M flexorpollicisbrevis,a O lV abductor
Caputsuperficiale digitiminimi
l\4 flexor pollicislongus,Tendo, O a M opponens
Vagina tendinis digitiminimi
M. abductorpollicislongusa
Os metacarpiV
polliciso
M opponens
profundus,
o M flexordigitorum
pollicis
Os metacarpi Tendines
F i g . 4 5 6 M e t a c a r p u sM, e t a c a r p u st ;r a n s v e r s es e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e t h i r d m e t a c a r p abI o n e .
Corpusphalangis o M extensordigitorum,
Tendo*
N digitalisdorsalis c
& N digitalis
dorsalis
Periosteum
profundus,
o l\/ flexordigitorum Tendo
Mesotendineum
a A digitalispalmarispropria
N digitalispalmarispropriusI
Vaginatendinum digiti
M flexordigitorum
superticialis,
TendoO
Fig.457 Middte
fi n g e rD
, i g i t um
s e d i u sI l l l l ; * S o - c a t t e d o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s iisn t ow h i c ht h e b r a n c h i n g tendon
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e p r o x i m a p
l haLanx. o f t h e e x t e n s o rd i g i t o r u mm u s c t e ,a s w e t l a s t h e t e n d o n so f t h e
i n t e r o s s e o u sa n d [ u m b r i c a Im u s c t e sr a d i a t e
Corpusphalangis
Mesotendineum a A digitalispalmarispropria
palmarisproprius*
N digitalis Vagina tendinum digiti
profundus,
M flexordigitorum Tendoa
F i g . 4 5 8 M i d d L fei n g e r D , i g i t u sm e d i u sI l l l l ; * S o - c a t l e dd o r s a Ia p o n e u r o s t s
t r a n s v e r s es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s h a f to f t h e m i d d t ep h a t a n x
Brain Bloodvessels C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
B frontalis
A.temporalis
J
superficialis
I
\ F parietalis
A. carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
( R.frontatis
A. menrngea
.l
meoraI
\ R parietalis
A temporalis
superficialis
A suPraorbitalis
n,opntnat-f
micaI
\ A supratrochlearis
Aa temDoralesorofundae A basilaris
A angularis
A sphenopalatina
A infraorbitalis
A. palatina A. vertebralis
oescenoens
A infraorbitalis
A meningea
media A auricularis
posterior
A labialissuperior
A buccalis
A transversa
faciei A occipitalis
A alveolarisinferior
A maxillaris
A pharyngea
ascendens
A labialisinferior
A facialis
A submentalis A. vertebralis
A carotisexterna
A thyroidea
superior A carotisinterna,Sinuscaroticus
A carotiscommunis
F i g . 4 5 9 E x t e r n aaI r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n act o r d Pathways
A callosomarginalis
A cerebrimedia
A carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis
A cerebrianterior
A. communicans
posterior
A cerebriposterior
A inferioranteriorcerebelli
A ophthalmica
A basilaris
Siphoncaroticum A. inferioroosterior
cerebelli
A carotisinterna.ParsDetrosa
A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
A vertebralis
A carotisinterna.Parscervicalis
A carotisexterna
A. carotiscommunis
Fig.460 Internaa
I r t e r i e so f t h e h e a d .
T h e c o n t r a s tm e d i u ma t s od i s t r i b u t e st o t h e v e s s e t so f t h e
F i g . 4 6 1a , b I n t e r n a Ic a r o t i da r t e r y ,A . c a r o t i si n t e r n a ; c o n t r a t a t e r asti d ev i a t h e a r t e r i a Ic i r c t e .
r a d i o g r a p h as f t e r u n i t a t e r aiIn j e c t i o no f a c o n t r a s tm e d i u m a A P - r a d i o g r a p hd,i g i t a ts u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p hIyD S A ]
[ an gi o gr am s ) . b L a t e r a Ir a d i o g r a p hd, i g i t a Ls u b t r a c t i o na n g i o g r a p htyD S A )
Bl,oodvessels Craniab
I ase Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
V thalamostriata
suoerior
parietalis
V emissaria
inferior
Sinussagittalis
W superiores
cerebri
V interna cerebri
Foramen
interventriculare Sinussagittalis
superior
(V emissaria
frontalis) V magna
cerebri*
V basalis"*
Sinus
sphenoparietalis
Sinusrectus
V.ophthalmica
supenor
V angularis
V.emissaria
occipitalis
Confluens
sinuum
V occipitalis
V emissaria mastoidea
Sinussigmoideus
venaejugularis
Bulbussuperior
V facialis
V retromandibularis V jugularisinterna
F i g ,t 6 2 I n t e r n a a
I n d e x t e r n a vLe i n so f t h e h e a d .
* Veinof GALEN
* * R O S E N T H A L 'VSe i n
*+*Vein of LABBE
Sinussagittalis
superior Suturasagittalis
parietalis
V emissaria Granulationes
arachnoideae
.\
Eproermrs I
I cutis
Dermis[Corium]J
Lacunaelaterales
Galeaaponeurotica
Os parietale
Laminaexterna
Vv diploicae Diploe
""*."
Laminainterna ]
Duramatercranialis
Spatium
Arachnoidea
mater
cranialis
Piamatercranialis
Spatium
subarachnoideum
Substantia
alba
F i g . 4 6 3 C a l v a r i aC, a t v a r i am ; e n i n g e sM , e n i n g e sa, n d d u r a I
v e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s .
I n t h e a d u [ t ,t h e c e r e b r o s p i n af Lt u i di s m a i n [ yr e a b s o r b e di n t o
t h e v e n o u ss y s t e mt h r o u g ht h e a r a c h n o i dg r a n u t a t i o n s .
A d d i t i o n a L trye,a b s o r p t i o on c c u r st h r o u g ht h e t y m p h a t i c
s h e a t h so f s m a [ Lv e s s e t so f t h e c r a n i a Lp i a m a t e ra n d t h r o u g h
t h e p e r i n e u r asI h e a t h so f t h e c r a n i a La n d t h e s p i n a Ln e r v e s .
Suturasagittalis
Suturacoronalis
Vv diploicae W diploicae
occipitales frontales
Vv diploicae
temporales
anteriores
W diploicae
temporales
posteflores
F i g . 1 6 1 D i p t o i cc a n a [ s C , a n a t e sd i p L o i cai ,n d d i p t o i cv e i n s , t h e e x t e r n a tI a b t eo f c o m o a c tb o n eh a s b e e nr e m o v e df r o m
V v .d i p l o i c a eo, f t h e c a l v a r i a ; the catvaria.
Bl.oodvessels C r a n i a Ib a s e Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Duralvenousslnuses
Sinusoetrosusinferior
Sinussagittalis
superior
Sinussagittalis
inferior
Sinussphenooarietalis
W superiorescerebri
A carotisinterna
N opticuslll
Sinuscavernosus V magnacerebri
Hypophysis Sinustransversus
Sinusintercavernosi Sinussigmoideus
Plexusbasilaris Sinusrectus
Confluens
sinuum
Sinusoccipitalis
Sinusmarginalis
Foramenmagnum
Sinusoetrosus
suDerior
F i g ,4 6 5 C r a n i a d t u r a m a t e r ,D u r am a t e r c r a n i a l i s
a n d d u r a lv e n o u ss i n u s e s S , i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ;
a f t e r o a r t i a Ir e m o v a o
l f t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e t l i .
Cranialduramater,Duramatercranialis
T h ec r a n i a dI u r am a t e rL i n e tsh e c r a n i acI a v i t yc o m p L e t e L y p y r a m i d ael d
. g e T h em a r g i n so f t h e t e n t o r i anI o t c he n v e t o p
a n dt i g h t t ya d h e r e st o t h e s k u Lbl .o n e T . h ec e r e b r afIa [ x t h e m i d b r a i an n dt a p e ro f f i n t oi h e a n t e r i oar n dp o s t e r i o r
p r o t r u d e isn t h e s a g i t t apl .L a n ei n a s i c k l e - L i kseh a p ea n d clinnid nrncpcc Thc ecrcIpaLfa[x and the tentorium
s t r e t c h efsr o mt h e c r i s t ag a L ttio t h e r i d g eo f t h e t e n t o r r u m c e r e b e [d[ i v i d e
t h ec r a n i a L c a viint yt ot h r e es p a c e tsh a ta r e
c e r e b e Lw t hse p o s t e r i ocr r a n i a l
L ih, i c h ,i n t u r n ,o v e r s t r e t c h e i n c o m p t e t est ye p a r a t efdr o m o n ea n o t h e rc, o n t a i n i n g
f o s s aa n d i s a t t a c h e d a [ o n qt h e t r a n s v e r ssei n u sa n dt h e t h e t w o c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r easn dt h e c e r e b e t l u m .
Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o n d Pathways
V ophthaimica
superior
Sinussphenoparietalis
Sinusintercavernosi
Sinuscavernosus
V meningea media
Plexusbasilaris
Plexusvenosus
foraminis
ovalis
Sinusmarginalis Sinuspetrosus
inferior
Sinuspetrosus
supenor
Bulbussuperior
venaejugularis
Sinus occipitalis
Sinussigmoideus
Sinusrectus
Confluens
sinuum Sinustransversus
Sinussagittalis
superior
F i g . 1 6 6 D u r a Lv e n o u ss r n u s e sS, i n u sd u r a em a t r i s ;
corrosron cast.
T h e s i n u s e sc o n t a i nn o v a t v e sa n d f e a t u r er i g i dw a t l . s .
+ V e i no f r a g s Et o t h es u p e r f i c im
a ti d d t ce e r e b r av Ie i n s
DuraIvenoussinuses,
Sinusduraematris
T h ed u r a vL e n o u s i n u s e as r er i g i dv e n o u cs h a n n e L s T h et w o c a v e T n o ussi n u s e sa s s u m ea c e n t r a pI o s i t i o nb y
w i t h o u vt a L v edsr a i n i n gt h e v e n o u sb l o o df r o mt h e b r a i nv i a b e i n gs i t u a t e idn t h e m i d d Lcer a n i a L f o stsoat h e r i g h t
s o - c a L [ ebdr i d g i nvge i n s a n dt h e l e f to f t h e s e [ a t u r c i c aT. h e yc o m m u n i c a twer t h
T h em a i nd r a i n a gfer o mw i t h i nt h es k u Lol c c u r sv i at h e e a c ho t h e rt h r o u g h t h e i n t e r c a v e r n osui ns u s e as n de i t h e r
sigmoid s i n u s e isn t ot h e i n t e r n a L l u g uv[ aeri n sA. d d i t i o n a L L d
y ,i r e c t Loyr i n d i r e c t Lwyi t h m o s to t h e rs i n u s e sa n dw i t ht h e
t h es u p e r i oor p h t h a t mvi ce i n sa n dt h eh i g h Lvya r i a b Leem i s s - v e i n so f t h eo r b i ta n dt h e i n f r a t e m o o rfaoLs s a
a r yv e i n sf o r ma s e r i e so f s m a L [ e L r ,i k e w i svea l v e l e svse, n o u s
c o n n e c t i o nb se t w e etnh e i n t r a -a n de x t r a c r a n iraeLq i o n s
> Brain B l o o dv e s s e [ s CraniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Foramina incisiva
Contentsof the foraminaof the external
'.; surfaceof the cranialbase
Foramenpalatinum
majus
Foraminaincisiva
N . n a s o p a L a t i n( N u sm a x i L L a[rVi s/ 2 ] l
Foramina palatina minora
Foramenpatatinummajus
N p a l a t i n ums a j o rI N . m a x i L t a r[i Vs /2])
^ ^ - r ^ + i - -^^ ; ^ - lt H^ ^ - L a t i ndae s c e n d e n s ]
H. PdLdLil rd r rdJUr
Fissuraorbitalisinferior Po
Foraminapatatinaminora
Nn paLatim n ii n o r e {sN .m a x i L L a [rV
i s/ 2 ] l
A a p a t a t i n ame i n o r e (sA p a t a t i ndae s c e n d e n s l
Foramen ovale
Fissuraorbitatisinferior
A i n fr a o r b i t a L[iAs .m a x i t l a r i s ]
V o p h t h a L m iicnaf e r i o r
i s m a x i L L a rl V
N i n f r a o r b i t a l{. N i s/ 2 l l
Fissura N z y g o m a t i c uI sN m a x i t l a r i[sV / 2 ] )
sphenopetrosa;
Foramen Foramenrotundum(seeFiq ?1,?3J
lacerum
N m a x i L L a r[ iVs/ 2 ]
Foramenovale
Foramen
sprnosum N m a n d i b u l a r[iVs / 3 ]
P L e x uvse n o s ufso r a m i n iosv a L i s
Foramenspinosum
Apertura R . m e n i n g e uI sN m a n d i b u L a [rVi s/ 3 ] l
exlerna
canails A m e n i n g em a e d i a[ A m a x i L t a r i s )
carotici
Fissurasphenopetrosa et Foramenlacerum
Canaliculus N p e t r o s um s i n o rI N g t o s s o p h a r y n g Iel X
u sJ )
mastoideus N . p e t r o s um s a j o rI N .f a c i a L li V
s ll]l
N p e t r o s upsr o f u n d uIsP l e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s J
Meatus
acusticus
externus
Aperturaexternacanaliscarotici+ Canaliscaroticus
A c a r o t i si n t e r n aP, a r sp e t r o s a
Foramen P l e x u vs e n o s ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u s
stylo-
mastoideum P L e x ucsa r o t i c ui sn t e r n u [sT r u n c ussy m p a t h i c u s ,
G a n g L i oc n ervicaL sueperius)
Foramen
JUgUlare Foramenstylomastoideum
N f a c i a L [i V
s ll]
Canalisnervi
hypoglossi Foramenjugulare
Anteriorpart:
Qinrrq notrncr rc inferinr
N g L o s s o p h a r y n gI e l Xuls
Posterior part:
A m e n i n g epao s t e r i ol A r p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s l
S i n u ss i g m o i d e u( sB u l b u s u p e r i ovre n a e
jugutaris)
Canaliscondylaris
N v a g u s[ X l
R m e n i n q e u(sN v a-q u s[ X ] )
N a c c e s i o r i u tsX l l
Foramen magnum Canalicutusmastoideus
R a u r i c u t a r ni se r vvi a g i{ N v a g u sI X J )
Canalisnervi hypogl.ossi
N h y p o g t o s s u[ X slll
P l e x u sv e n o s u sc a n a t i sn e r v ih y p o g L o s s i
Canatiscondylaris
V .e m i s s a r i ca o n d y l a r i s
Maxilla Os palatinum Os sphenoidale
F o r a m e nm a g n u m
osfrontate vor", Os temporale M e nin g e s
I
P [ e x uvse n o s uvse r t e b r a [iinst e r n u IsS i n u sm a r q i n a L i s ]
Osparietale Oszygomaticum Os occipitale A a v e r t e b r a L e[ As a s u b c L a v i a e J
ffi
A s p i n a l ' iasn i e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a [ e s J
M e d u t loa b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi ln. a L i s
R a d i c esso i n a L eI N s accessoriu l Xsl ] l
F i g . 1 6 7 E x t e r n a sLu r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a Ib a s e ,
B a s i sc r a n i ie x t e r n aa. n d f o r a m i n a
Ven t ric [e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
P L e x uvse n o s u sc a n a L inse r v ih y p o g L o s s i
Os ethmoidale Os occipitale
Canatiscondylaris
\/ ^-;-^--i^ ^^^f,.,r^-i-
v sr ril5>dr ro LUIuyLdt t5
F o r a m e nm a g n u m
Me n i n g e s F i g . 4 6 8 I n t e r n a sL u r f a c eo f t h e c r a n i a lb a s e ,
P L e v e n o s uvse r t e b r a Li ni st e r n u {sS i n u ms arqinatis} . n df o r a m r n a .
B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a
A a . t e b r a L e[sA a .s u b c t a v i a e ]
A spinatia s n t e r i o r[ A a v e r t e b r a t e s ]
Medullo a b L o n g a t a / M e dsupLi L na L i s
R a d i c essp i n a L el N
s accessoriu [ Xs l ] J
> Brain B t o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i ab
I ase CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Cranial nerves,overview
Fila olfactoriall
N, opticus!ll
N, facialis[Vll]
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N hypoglossus[Xll]
C r a n i a ln e r y e s N
. n.crania[es.
Ve n t ric te s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
N oculomotorius
llll, R superior
Radix sensoria M. obliquussuperior
N. nasociliaris
Fissuraorbitalis
superior
oculomotorius
illll
Tectum mesencephali
N trochlearislvl M. rectuslateralis
N. triqeminus
[Vl. Nn ciliaresbreves
GanglioitrigeminalA
Ganglion ciliare
N abducens[Vl] ophthalmica;
N caroticus
internus
Pons N oculomotorius
ull, R inferior
F i g . 4 7 0 O c u L o m o t onre r v e ,N . o c u t o m o t o r i u[sl l l l ,
t r o c h [ e a rn e r v e ,N . t r o c h [ e a r i sI l V ] ,a n d
a b d u c e n sn e r v e ,N . a b d u c e n s[ V l ] ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
* C o n n e c t i otnost h et r i g e m i n a g ta n g t i o n
M obliquusbulbiinferior
(e N oculomotoriusllll, B inferior)
M obliquusbulbisuperior
(- N. trochlearis
lvl)
M rectusbulbimedialis
(+ N oculomotorius
illll, R superior)
M rectusbulbiinferior
(e N oculomotoriusillll, R inferior)
M. rectusbulbisuDerior
(e N. oculomotorius
llll, B. superior)
(e N. abducens
M rectusbulbilateralis [Vl])
M. levatorpalpebrae superioris
( e N. oculomotoriusllll, R. superior)
F i g . 4 7 1 I n n e r v a t i o on f t h e o c u l a rm u s c l e s ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
Btoodvessets C r a n i abI a s e CraniaInerves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
N. supraorbitalis
N ethmoidalis
anterior R lateralis
N ethmoidalisposterior R medialis
N. frontalis
N. supratrochlearis
N lacrimalis
R tentorius N infratrochlearis
N, nasociliaris
N ophthalmicus
[V/1]
Ganglion trigeminale
( Radix motoria
N triseminus
I -
\Radix sensoria
Pons
N zygomaticus
Nn. ciliares Iongi
Ganglion ciliare
cumgangliociliari
R. communicans
Fissuraorbitalis
superior
F i g . 1 7 2 0 p h t h a l . m inc e r v e ,N . o p h t h a l . m i c u[ V
s /11;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t
Rr orbitales Rr.nasalesDosteriores
suoeriores et mediales
laterales
Rr ganglionares
N. lacrimalis
Foramenrotundum
N maxillaris
[V/2]
(R communicans
Gangliontrigeminale cum nervolacrimali)
N zygomaticus
N infraorbitalis
Canalis
infraorbitalis
Foramen
infraorbitale
R zygomaticofacialis
R zygomaticotemporalis
B meningeus
Nn.alveolares
superiores
pterygopalatinum
Ganglion
Nn nasopalatini
Nn palatiniminores
/ Radixmotoria
N trigeminus
[Vl I
\ Radixsensoria..
Nn.temoorales
orofundi
N pterygoideus
lateralis
N. mandibularis
[V/3] N. pterygoideus
medialis
R. meningeus N. buccalis
Foramen
spinosum
Rr.ganglionares
N. auriculotemporalis
Ganglion
submandibulare
A meningea
media Rr.linguales
Chordatympani(N facialis)
N. mylohyoideus
Plexusdentalisinferior
Nn.supraorbitales Incisura
suoraorbitalis
N infraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Ganglion geniculi
N facialis [Vll]
N. stapedius
cumplexutympanico
R communicans
Chordatympani
Canalisnervifacialis N lingualis
Foramenstylomastoideum
R. communicans
cumnervovaoo
Rr temporales
cumnervoglossopharyngeo
R communicans Rr.zygomatici
Rr buccales
Plexus
intraparotideus
(R. lingualis)
N auricuiarisposterior
R marginalismandibularis
R. colli
Gyrusprecentralis
Fibrae
corticonucleares
M frontalis
Nucleusnervifacialis M. orbicularis
oculi
Rr.temporales M. levatorlabiisuperioris
Nucleusnerviabducentis
M. zygomaticusmajor
M. zygomaticus
minor
l\4eatusacusticusinternus
Ganglionspirale
cocnleae
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
t
tn ampullareslateralis
et anterior
\ ' I Pars
N. utricularis supenor
N vestibularis I
N. utriculoampullaris )
\
N cochlearis N. saccularis )
I Parsinferior
posterior
N. ampullaris J
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Ganglion vestibulare
F i g . 4 7 8 V e s t i b u t o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ;
t h e m e m b r a n o u st a b y r i n t hi s g r e a t l ye n t a r g e d ;
p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t
* C [ r n i c taeI r m :c e r e b e L [ o p o natni nge[ e
Medullaoblongata,
Sulcus N mandibularis
retroolivaris [V/3]
Ganglion
oticum
N glossopharyngeus
lXl
N petrosusminor
jugulare
Foramen
Plexustympanicus
superius(lX)
Ganglion
communtcanscumramo
nervivagi
auriculari N tympanicus
Ganglion
inlerius
R musculi
stylopharyngei
R sinus carotici
A carotis interna,Sinus
caroticus Rr.linguales
Glomuscaroticum
carotrscommunrs
F i g . 1 7 9 G t o s s o p h a r y n g enaeI r v e ,N . g L o s s o p h a r y n g eIul Xs l ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i q h t .
Brain Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase CraniaInerves M e n i n q e s Par tsof the br ai n
Cranialnerves
Sulcusretroolivaris
jugulare
Foramen R. auricularis
superius(X)
Ganglion R. meningeus
Ganglioninferius(X)
R. communicanscum
nervoglossopharyngeo
Rr.pharyngeales
N. vagus[X]
N laryngeus
superior
A carotiscommunis
Rr. cardiaci cervlcales
supenores
A subclavia
N. laryngeus
recurrens
Truncusbrachiocephalicus cardiaci
cervicalesinferiores
Alcus aortae Rr cardiacithoracici
Plexuscardiacus N. laryngeus
recurrens
Rr.bronchiales
Plexuspulmonalis
Truncusvagalisposterior
Truncusvagalisanlerior
Parsthoracicaaortae
Hiatusoesophageus
Plexusoesophageus
Rr.gastricianteriores
(Rr.splenici)
(Rr.pancreatici)
(Rr.intestinales)
F i g . 4 8 0 V a g u sn e r v eN
, .v a g u s[ X J ;
bothnerves;
comi-crhematin'
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
Rr.musculares
Fig.481 Accesson r ye r v eN
, .a c c e s s o r i u
[ Xsl ] ;
viewed
f r o mt h er i q h t .
Radixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis)
N nasociliaris
Fissuraorbitalis
superior A. ophthalmica
N oculomotorius
llll
N ophthalmicus[V/1]
N trigeminus
[V]
pupillae
M. sphincter
Ganglion
trigeminale M ciliaris
Nn ciliares breves
Plexuscaroticus
Ganglion ciliare
Radix sensoria
Ganglion
cervicale
supenus
Radix parasympathica
I I fibres(G/SVA)
Generaland specificvisceral-afferent
I
sympatheticfibres
I
Specificviscerat-efterent
fibres(SVE)
I f ibres(GSA)
Generalsomatic-afierent
N maxillaris
[V/2] N. inlraorbitalis*
N trigeminus
[V] N zygomaticus
Glandula lacrimalis
Gangliontrigeminale
N facialis[Vll]
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Rr.orbitales'
Rr. nasalesposteriores
superioreslaterales*
N pharyngeus*
Foramen
sphenopalatinum
N. nasopalatinus*
Plexus caroticus
Br. nasalesposleriores
superioresmediales*
Ganglion ceruicale
supenus
N. palatinus
major,
Rr. nasalesposterioresinferioresi
N trigeminus
[Vl Gangliontrigeminale
Foramenovale
N lacialis [Vll]
N glossopharyngeus
flXl N. mandibularis
[V/31
Plexustympanicus Rr ganglionares
Radixsensoria:
Radixparasympathica: N buccalis
N petrosus
minor
N. musculitensorisvelioalatini
N. musculitensoristympani
oticum
Ganglion
Glandula oarotidea
N lingualis
Chordatympani
inferior
N. alveolaris
N auriculotemporalis
Ganglion
cervicale
superius A. meningea media
Nuclear eqron:
F i g .4 8 5 O t i ca a n g t i o nG
, a n g t i o no t i c u m ; In f e r i o rs a t - v a t o r n
yucteus,
overvtew. N u c [ e u ss a t i v a t o r i u si n f e r i o r
N trigeminus
[Vl
Ganglion trigeminale
N facialis[Vll]
Foramen ovale
N mandibularis [V/31
N. lingualis
Radixsensoria:
Rr.ganglionares N. lingualis
Glandulae salivariae
mrnores
Plexuscaroticus
sublingualis
Glandula
Ganglion
cervicale
superius Ganglion
submandibulare
Nuctearegion:
F i g . 4 8 5 S u b m a n d i b u t a r g a n g t iG
oa , g t i osnu b m a n d i b u t a r e ;
nn S u p e r i o rs a L i v a t o rnyu c t e u s ,
overvtew. N u c L e u s a t i v a t o r i us u P e r r o r
B [ o o dv e s s e t s C r a n i ab
I ase Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
topography
Corpuscallosum,
Genu Septumpellucidum
Sinussagittalis
superior
Laminaterminalis
Falx cerebri
Commissura
anterior
Fornix
A cerebrianterior
Forameninterventriculare
Sinussagittalis
inferior
Bulbusolfactorius
Infundibulum
Tractusolfactorius
CorDus
callosum.
Truncus
Chiasmaopticum
N opticuslll Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
A ophthalmica
Adhesio interthalamica
Tractusopticus
Venkiculus
tertius
N oculomotorius llll
(Plicapetroclinoidea Substantia
nigra
anterio0
N trochlearis Nucleusruber
lvl
N abducens Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
[Vl]
N. trigeminus
[V] V magnacerebri
Tentorium
cerebelli Glandulapinealis
N facialis[Vll]
vestibulocochlearis Pedunculus
cerebri
vilrl
grossopnaryngeus Colliculus
superiorsinister
lxl
N vagus[X] Colliculiinleriores
N accessorius
[XI] Sinusrectus
N hypoglossus Velummedullare
superius
[Xll]
A basilaris Pedunculi
cerebellares
Vermis cerebelli
Velummedullare
inferius
quartus
Ventriculus
N. accessorius[Xl], Radices spinales
Confluens
sinuum
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
ouadi
ADertura
mediana
venviculiouarti
gracile
Tuberculum
Tuberculum
cuneatum
Medulla spinalis
F i g . 1 8 7 C o u r s eo f t h e c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N , n .c r a n i a t e s ,
i n t h e s u b a r a c h n o si dp a c e ;
t h e l e f t h e m i s p h e r eo f t h e c e r e b r u ma n d t h e
c e r e b e t l u ma s w e t l a s t h e t e n t o r i u mc e r e b e l t i
havebeen removed.
Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways
Capsulainterna
Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornufrontale
Ventriculus
lateralis, A. carotisinterna,
Cornutemporale Parscerebralis
A. cerebriposterior
A cerebrianterior
Cisternaambiens;
Pedunculuscerebri
N. trochlearis
ilVl N-opticusflll
N trigeminus
[V]
A. ophthalmica
N. oculomotorius
illll
Sinuspetrosus A. carotisinterna,
superlor Parscavernosa
N. abducens[Vll
Sinuscavernosus N. ophthalmicus
[V/11
Ganglion
trigeminale N mandibularis
[V/3] N maxillaris[V/2]
\a a,z-\
A cerebrianteriordextra,
Parspostcommunicalis
Chiasmaopticum
Infundibulum
Substantia
nigra
N. opticusilll
Pedunculus
cerebri,
Cruscerebri
A. carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis
N oculomotorius
fllll
N.trochlearis
IV] A ophthalmica
(Plicapetroclinoidea
anterior)
N. trigeminus
M,
Radixmotoria N. ophthalmicus
[V/1]
N trigeminus
[Vl, trigeminale*
Ganglion
Radixsensoria
N. maxillaris[V/2]
N. abducens
[Vll
N.tacialis[Vll]
N vestibulocochlearis
[Vlll]
N mandibularis
[V/31
F i g . 4 8 9 A r t e r i ea s n dn e r v e isn t h er e g i o no f t h es e [ [ at u r c i c a ,
S e l t at u r c i c aa,n dt h ec a v e r n o ussi n u sS, i n u sc a v e r n o s u s .
* C t i n i c atIe r m : G A S S E R |gaann g l i o n
Brain ffil.und
vesse{.E C r a n i a b
t ase Craniatnerves Menin ges F a r t s o f t h e b r a i n
Vessels
andnervesof the cranialbase
Nn oltactorii
ill
A communicans
anterioro Foramina
cribrosa
Hypophysis
N opticuslll : Canalisopticus
A carotisinterna,a
Parscerebralis Proc clinoideus
anterior
A ophthalmrcaa
A cerebri media O
N trochlearis[tV] :
V ophthalmicasuperior a
N lacrimalis.
Fissuraorbilalis
supeflor
N abducens [Vl] r
N nasociliaris :
Foramenrotundum
N oculomotorius[lll] i
A carotis interna, a aA cerebriposterior
Pars cavernosa
N maxillaris[V/2] ,
Sulcuscaroticus
A communicans posterior O
Plexus caroticus internus .,
Foramenlacerum
Plexus venosus caroticus internus a
plexus venosus a Foramen
ovale
foraminisovalis
N mandibularis[V/3] ,
Sulcusarteriae
r_ pars a meningeae mediae
I
A. cerebriJ precommunicalis Apexpartispetrosae
posteriorI pars a
I postcommunicalis
\ Foramen
spinosum
R meningeus,
A meningeamediao Canaliscaroticus
N petrosus
minor
oA superiorcerebelli
N petrosusmajor
Hiatuscanalis
A basilaris
a nervipetrosiminoris
N f a c i a l i[sV l l ], Hiatuscanalis
nervipetrosimajoris
[Vlll],,
N vestibulocochlearis Porusacusticus
Internus
[Xl]'.
N accessorius
aA labyrinthi
A meningeaposterior
a
N vagus[X] I jugulare
Foramen
N glossopharyngeus
[lX] ,
Sulcussinussigmoidei
S i n u ss i g m o i d e uas
o A inferioranterior
cerebelli
Canalisnervihypoglossi
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
a A vertebralis
l\4edullaoblongata O A inferiorposterior
cerebelli
Pia mater cranialis Foramen magnum
Arachnoideamater cranialis
Duramatercranialis
F i g , 1 9 0 P a s s a g eo f v e s s e t sa n d n e r v e st h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n a I
s u r f a c eo f c r a n i a Lb a s e ,B a s i sc r a n i ii n t e r n a a . n dt h e c e r e b r a I
a r t e r i aLc i r c t e ,C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i[ w t r u S ]:
s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i natcor d Pathways
sinusandpituitarygland
Cavernous
Dorsumsellae
Neurohypophysis
posterior
Sinusintercavernosus
Infundibulum
Diaphragmasellae
Adenohypophysis
N. opticusflll
Sinusintercavernosus
anterior
Sellaturcica,Fossahypophysialis
Sinussphenoidalis Corpus
Os sphenoidale,
Diaphragmasellae Chiasmaopticum
Sinusintercavernosi N. opticusilll
A. ophthalmica
Sinuscavernosus
A. carotisinterna,
N oculomotorius
illl Parscerebralis
A carotisinterna, Proc.clinoideusanterior
Parscavernosa
N trochlearislvl lnlundibulum
N abducens[Vl]
N ophthalmicus
[V/1]
Duramatercranialis
Sellaturcica,
N. maxillaris
[V/21 Fossahypophysialis
Sinussphenoidalis
Septumsinuum
sphenoidalium Apexpartispetrosae
Fissurasphenopetrosa
(Fibrocartilago
basalis)
(Procclinoideus
medius) Sulcusorechiasmaticus
N. opticusilll
Diaphragma sellae
A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis
A. ophthalmica Hypophysis pituitaria]
[Glandula
N. abducens[Vl]
N. oculomotorius
illll
Fissurasphenopetrosa
N. trochlearislVl
N ophthalmicus
[V/11 A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa
N maxillaris[V/2]
N mandibularis
[V/3]
Ganglion
trigeminale
F i g , 4 9 3 C a v e r n o u s i n u s ,S i n u sc a v e r n o s u s ;
t h e p a r t o f t h e c r a n i a Id u r a m a t e rf o r m i n gt h e l a t e r a Iw a [ [ o f t h e
c a v e r n o u s i n u sh a s b e e nr e m o v e d ;
t h et r i g e m i n ag I a n g l i o nh a s b e e nr e fl e c t e dt o t h e s i d e .
Brain B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n
CraniaL
duramaterandsuperiorsagittalsinus
Galea aponeurotica
Laminaexterna
Sinussagittalis
superior
Lamina interna
Granulationes
arachnoideae
A, meningea
medra,
R frontalis
Lacunae
laterales
Granulationes
arachnoideae
Duramater
cranialis
A. meningea media,
F i g .t + 9 t + C r a n i a d
I u r a m a t e r ,D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a [ i s ,
a n d s u p e r i o sr a g i t t a t s i n u S
s ,i n u ss a g i t t a Lsi su p e r i o r ,
w i t h s o m e l a t e r a [[ a c u n a eL. a c u n a e[ a t e r a L e s .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i nalcor d Pathways
Duramatercranialis
Vv.superiores
cerebri,
W frontales
A callosomarginalis
W mediae
superficiales A. sulci
cereon precentralis
V anastomotica
supenor A sulci
centralis
Vv superiores
cereofl, Rr.para-
W parietales centrales
A sulci
postcentralis
Granulationes
arachnoideae
A parietalis
posterior
R. gyriangularis
R precunealis
W superiores
cerebri,
W, occipitales
R parietooccipitalis
F i g . 4 9 5 S u p e r f i c i a t a r t e r i easn d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n ;
t h e c r a n i a I d u r am a t e r h a s b e e nr e m o v e da n d t h e s u p e r i o r
s a g i t t a sI i n u sh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e d ;
a f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e c r a n i a L a r a c h n o mi da t e r .
B t o o dv e E s e t s C r a n i a b
I ase Gr aniatner ves Menin ges Par tsof the br ai n
CraniaI arachnoidmater
Fissuralonoitudinalis
cerebri
Arachnoideamater
cranialis
w superiores
cerebn,
W parietales
Granulationesarachnoideae*
F i g . 1 9 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o nw,i t h c r a n i a L a r a c h n o m
i da t e r ,
Arachnoidem a a t e rc r a n i a L i s ;
s u p e f l o rv r e w
* A t s oP : A c c H t 0 Ngt ar ann u t a t i o n s
Vent ric le s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways
Cranialarachnoidmater
Bulbusolfactorius
Tractusolfactorius
Cisterna
chiasmatica
N opticuslll
A carotisinterna
interDeduncularis
Cisterna
N oculomotorius
l[]
N abducens [Vl]
N trigeminus
[V]
N facialis[Vll]
N intermedius
(N facialis[Vll])
N vestibulocochlearis
[vilr]
N glossopharyngeus
ilxl
N vagus[X]
i \ N. accessorius
[Xl]
r .' \ Arachnoideamater
y' cranialis
lvledullaoblongata
Hemispheriumcerebelli A vertebralis
cerebellomedullaris
Cisterna
F i g . 1 9 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L ow n i, t h c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r ,
A r a c h n o i d em
a a t e rc r a n i a L i s
> Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
0rganisation
of the brain
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon*
Encephalon
Rhombencephalon
F i g . 4 9 8 O r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e c e n t r a In e r v o u ss y s t e m ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o ns: c h e m a .
P a r t sm a r k e dw i t h + t o g e t h e rf o r m t h e b r a i n s t e m ,
T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i .
Foramen N oculomotorius
illll Sulcuscentralis
interuentriculare
Lobusparietalis
Operculumparietale
Mesencephalon
Insula[Lobus
insularisl
Medullaspinalis
Sulcusfrontalis
suDerior
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
inferior
Sulcusfrontalis
Gyrusfrontalis
medius
Sulcusprecentralis
Gyrusprecentralis
Sulcuscentralis
Gyrus
postcentralis
Sulcus
postcentralis
Gyrus
supramarginalis
Gyrusangularis
Sulcusintraparietalis
Lobulusparietalis
superior
Sulcusoarietooccioitalis
F i g . 5 0 1 C e r e b r u mC, e r e b r u m ;
a f t e r r e m o v a L otfh e c r a n i a Ia r a c h n o i dm a t e r ;
S U D E T I OVTI C W
F o r m a t i o no f t h e g y r iv a r i e sc o n s i d e r a b t y .
Brain B L o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i ab
I ase CnaniaI
ner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Hindbrain Cerebnattracts
of the
Polus frontalis
Inlundibuium
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Sulci orbitales
Sulcusolfactorius
Gyriorbitales
Bulbusolfactorius
N o p t i c u lsl l \ \ .
Tractusolfactorius
Hypophysis
Polustemporalis
Chiasmaopticum
perforata
Substantia Stria ollactorialateralis
anterior
Tubercinereum
N maxillaris
[V/2]
Gyrusparahippocampalis,
UNCUS
N ophthalmicus
[V/1]
Corpusmamillare
Fossa
Gyrusoccipito- interpeduncularis
temporalis N, trigemlnus
lateralis [V],
Radixmotoria
Sulcus
temporalis N. mandibularis
[V/3]
inferior
Pedunculus
cerebri Ganglion
trigeminale
Gyrus
parahippocampalis N trochlearisilVl
N trigeminus
[V] Pons
N intermedius
N trigeminus
[V],
N. facialis Radixsensoria
lvill
N abducens [Vl]
N vestibulo-
cochlearis[Vlll]
Hemispherium
LOOUS cerebelli
flocculonodularis,
Flocculus
Oliva
Hemispherium
cerebelli
Pyramismedullae
Piexuschoroideus oblongatae
quarti
ventriculi
N glossopharyngeus
lXl Medulla oblongata,
Fissura mediana anterior
N vagus [X]
Tonsillacerebelli
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Polus occipitalis
N accessorius
[Xl]
F i g .5 0 2 C e r e b r u m C , erebrum;
b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a Lwi ,i t h c e r e b e t L u m ,
CerebeL[um a ,s w e [ La s c r a n i a Ln e r v e s N
, n.craniaLes;
i n f e r i o rv i e w
Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Polusfrontalis Sulcusolfactorius
Chiasmaopticum
Sulciorbitales
Polustemporalis
Tubercinereum
Fossalateraliscerebri
Gyrus Trigonumolfactorium
parahippocampalis,
Uncus
Sulcustemporalis
inferior
Fossa
interpeduncularis
Corpus
mamillare
Gyrioccipito-
temporales Pedunculus
medialisel cerebri
lateralis
Substantia
Gyrus nrgra
temporalis
inlerior
Sulcus
Substantia hippocampalis
perforata
posterior
Sulcus
collateralis
Gyrus
parahippocampalis
Sulcus
occipitotemporalis
lsthmusgyricinguli
Tegmentum..
mesencepnarl
Tectummesenceohali,
Colliculus
superior
Aqueductusmesencphali
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Polusoccipitalis Sulcuscalcarinus
F i g . 5 0 3 G y r iG , y r ia, n dg r o o v e sS,u t c i ,
o f t h ec e r e b r ahLe m i s p h e r e s ;
n a sb e e ns e c t i o n e d .
t h em i d b r a i h
B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r attr a c t s
Lobesof thetelencephalon
Polusfrontalis
Sulcuscentralis
Fissuralongitudinalis Lobusfrontalis
cereorl Lobusparietalis
Lobusfrontalis Sulcusparieto-
occipitalis
Sulcuscentralis
Polus
frontalis
Lobusparietalis Polus
occipitalis
LOOUS
Lobustemporalis occipitalis
Fossalateralis
Sulcus cerebri
parietooccipitalis Lobustemporalis Inctsura
Polustemporalis preoccipitalis
Lobusoccipitalis Sulcuslateralis
Polus occipitalis
F i g .5 0 4 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; F i g .5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ;
s u 0 e n o rv t e w . viewedfrom the Left.
Polusfrontalis
Lobusfrontalis
Gyruscinguli
Fissuralongitudinalis Corpuscallosum
cerebri Sulcuscinguli
Polustemporalis Sulcuscentralis
Lobusfrontalis
Fossalateraliscerebri Lobuslimbicus
Lobustemporalis
Sulcusparieto-
Diencephalon occipitalis
Lobuslimbicus, Polus
Gyrus frontalis
Sulcus
parahippocampalis catcannus
Sulcuscollateralis Polus
occipitalis
Sulcushippocampalis Fossa lateraliscerebri
LOOUS
preocciDitalis Polustemporalis
Incisura occipitalis
Gyrusparahippocampalis,
N4esencephalon uncus pre-
Incrsura
Diencephalon Lobustemporalis occipitalis
Lobusoccipitalis
Sulcus hippocampalis Sulcuscollateralis
Polus occipitalis
F i g . 5 0 5 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ; F i g .5 0 7 L o b e so f t h e c e r e b r u m ,L o b ic e r e b r i ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w . m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
Operculum
frontale; parietale
Operculum Sulcusprecentralis
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior, Gyrusprecentralis
Parsopercularis
Sulcuscentralis**
Gyruspostcentralis
Sulcusoostcentralis
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
Sulcuslateralis.
R oosterior
Sulcusintraoarietalis
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Gyrussupramarginalis
Gyrusangularis
Polusfrontalis Lobulusparietalis
supeflor
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior, Lobulusparietalis
Parstriangularis inferior
Sulcus
Gyrusfrontalisinferior, parietooccipitalis
Parsorbitalis
f B. anterior
Sulcuslateralis*I Sulcustemporalis
I B ascendens supeflor
Polustemporalis Sulcuslunatus
Gyrustemporalis
superior
Polusoccipitalis
SulcustemDoralis
suoeriot Gyrustemporalis
inferior
lncisuraoreocciDitalis
Gyrustemporalis
medius inferior
Sulcustemooralis
F i g . 5 0 8 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u [ c i ,
o f t h e c e r e b r ah
I emispheres;
viewedfrom the teft.
* Sulcusof SYLVIUS
*+Sutcusof RoLANDo
Lobusparietalis
Sulcuscircularis
insulae
Sulcuscentralis
tnsulae
Gyruslongusinsulae
Lobusfrontalis
Lobusoccipitalis
Limeninsulae
Gyribrevesinsulae preoccipitalis
Incisura
Lobustemporalis
F i g . 5 0 9 G y r i ,G y r i ,a n d g r o o v e sS, u t c i ,
of thecerebrah Lemispheres;
exposureof the insulaafter removalof the frontat,
p a r i e t a aI n d t e m p o r a Io p e r c u [ a ;
viewedfrom the Left
> Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebraltracts
Gyriof the cerebralhemispheres
Margosuperior
Sulcuscentralis
Sulcusintraparietalis
Sulcus
parietooccipitalis
Sulcuset Fossalateralis
cerebri preoccipitalis
Incisura
F i g . 5 1 0 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h
I emispheres;
viewedfrom the teft.
lsthmusgyricinguli
F i g .5 1 1 G y r i ,G y r i ,o f t h e c e r e b r a h
I emispheres;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
Gyrusfrontalls
inferior,
Parsopercularis
Gyrustemporalistransversusanterior
F i g .5 1 2 F u n c t i o n acI o r t i c a a
I r e a so f t h e c e r e b r a t T h e s o m a t o t o p ioc r g a n i s a t i oins i t l u s t r a t e ds c h e m a t i c a t [ y .
h e m i s p h e r eas c c o r d i n gt o F O E R S T E R ; The primary receivingarea for auditoryimpulses(fl extends
viewedfrom the teft. o v e rt h e u p p e re d g eo f t h e t e m p o r a ll o b eo n t o i t s i n n e rs u r f a c e .
I Motorprojectionarea Auditoryprojectionarea
Sensoryprojectionarea
r Visualprojection
area
,'i't'ti:;i;,,.Sensoryassociationarea
ffi Visualassociationarea
Sulcuscalcarinus
Gyrusrectus
Bulbusolfactorius
N. opticusilll
Tractusolfactorius
Chiasmaopticum
Trigonum
olfactorium
Fornix,Columna Tractusopticus
Corpus
mamillare
Corpus
Uncus amygdaloideum
Gyrus Fornix,
paranrppo- Corpus
campalis
Gyrus
dentatus
Corpus
callosum,
Fornix,Crus Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Fornix,
Commissura
Gyruscinguli
Gyrusfasciolaris
Fornix,Corpus
Sulcuscinguli Truncus
Corouscallosum.
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium Septumpellucidum
Fornix,Crus Fornix,Columna(Parslibera)
Forameninterventriculare
SulcusDarietooccioitalis
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Cuneus
Sulcuscalcarinus Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Polusfrontalis
Bulbusolfactorius
Polusoccipitalis
anterior
Commissura
Lobusoccipitalis Tractusolfactorius
Thalamus N. opticuslll
Laminaterminalis
Fimbria hippocampi
Fornix,Columna(Parstecta)
Gyrusdentatus Corpusmamillare
Fasciculus
mamillothalamicus Gyrusparahippocampalis,
Uncus
F i g . 5 1 5 F o r n i x ,F o r n i x ;
i n f e r o m e d i avIi e w .
Ve nt ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d Pathways
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuf rontate (Centrum
semiovale)
Commissura
anterior N. oculomotorius
llll
Chiasmaopticum N. trochlearis
ilVl
Ventriculus
lateralis, N.trigeminus
[V]
Cornutemporale
N abducens
[Vl]
N facialis[Vll]
Flocculus
N vestibulocochlearis
[Vllll
Plexuschoroideus quarti
ventriculi N. glossopharyngeus
ilXl
N vagus[X]
Hemisoherium
cerebelli
N. accessorius
[Xll
Medulla oblongata
N hypoglossus
[Xlll
F i g ,5 1 6 A n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r eC, o m m i s s u r a n t e r i o ra, n d b r a i n s t e m ,
T r u n c u se n c e p h a L i :
a f t e r p a r t i a Ir e m o v a I o ft h e b a s a Ip a r t so f t h e c e r e b r u m ;
a n t e r i o r - i n f e r i ovri e w
Fornix,Corpus
Fornix,Commissura
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Gyrusfasciolaris
Corpusamygdaloideum
Gyrusdentatus
Pes hippocampi
F i g , 5 1 7 B o t hf o r n i c e s F
, o r n i c e sa, n d a n t e r i o rc o m m i s s u r e ,
C o m m i s s u r aa n t e r i o r ;
viewedfrom the Left.
Btoodvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Sinussagittalis
superior Falx cerebri
inferior
Sinussagittalis A callosomarginalis
V thalamostriata
superior A pericallosa
Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
W superiores
cerebri,
W parietales lateralis,
Ventriculus Parscentralis
Caputnuclei Fornix,Corpus
caudati
V internacerebri Plexuschoroideus
lateralis
ventriculi
Thalamus Capsulainterna
Capsulaexterna
Putamen
Capsulaextrema
Globi pallidilateralis
et medialis
Aa. insulares
W mediae
superficiales
cereorl A cerebrimedia,
Br terminales
Insuta
Claustrum Aa centrales
anterolaterales
Ventriculus
tertius
Corpus
V mediaprofunda amygdaloideum
cerebri
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Hippocampus Cornutemporale
Plexuschoroideus
VV inferiores
cerebri ventriculi
tertii
V basalis
A cerebri media,
Plexus basilaris A cerebriposterior Pars sphenoidalis
A basilaris Cisterna oontocerebellaris
Pons
F i g .5 1 8 B L o osdu p p t oy f t h e b a s a Ig a n g L i a ;
frnntal scctinn.
t h e a r t e r i e sa r e s h o w no n t h e r i g h t a n d t h e v e i n so n t h e l e f t ;
p o s t e r i o vr i e w .
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corous
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis Putamen
Thalamus
G l o b u sp a l l i d u s
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornulrontale
Nucleuscaudatus, lateralis,
Ventriculus
Caput Cornuoccipitale
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda
Corpus
amygdaloideum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale
F i q . 5 1 9 B a s a Ig a n g t i a n d t h a [ a m u sT. h a [ a m u s :
viewedfrom the Left.
Ve n t ric l e s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
Septumpellucidum Fornix,Corpus
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii Fornix,Commissura
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Forameninterventriculare
Telachoroideaventriculitertii
Fornix,Columna
Thalamus
Gyrusparaterminalis
Commissuraanterior Striamedullaris
thalami
Areasubcallosa Sulcushypothalamicus
Laminaterminalis Commissura
habenularum
Hypothalamus Recessus
suprapinealis
Recessus
supraopticus pinealis
Becessus
Recessusinfundibuli pinealis
Glandula
Chiasmaopticum
Commissuraposterior
Corpusmamillare
sinistrum
Tectummesencephali
Cisterna
chiasmatica
Tegmentum
mesencephali
A cerebriposterior
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Sinusintercavernosus
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Adenohypophysis
Lobuluscentralis
Neurohypophysis
Velummedullare
superius
A basilaris
Plexusbasilaris Pons
F i g .5 2 0 T h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut e
s rtius;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n
A hypophysialis
superior Nucleusruber
(A carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis) Substantiaperforata
posterior
Tractushypothalamo-
hypophysialis Nucleusventromedialis
hypothalami
Adenohypophysis
Nucleituberales
et
arcuati
W portales
hypophysiales
Tractussupra-
A hypophysialis
inferior(A carotisinterna,Parscavernosa) Neurohypophysis opticohypophysialis
F i g . 5 2 1 H y p o t h a L a m uH
s ,y p o t h a L a m u s ;
overview;n uctei a re i ltustratedtra nstucentLy;
mediaIview.
> Brain B l o o dv e s s e [ s Craniab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r a t t r a c t s
Thalamicnuclei
Capsula
interna
b Left cerebraIhemisphere;viewedfrom the Lefl
Nucleireticulares
Nucleianteriores
Nucleimediales
Nucleimediani;
Adhesio
interthalamica
Nucleiventrales:
Nucleusventralis
anterior;
Nucleusventralis
intermedius;
Nucleusventralis
posterolateralis;
Nucleusventralis [ e m i s p h e r em
c R i g h tc e r e b r a h ; e d i a lv i e w
posteromedialis
Nucleusparafascicularis
Nucleuscentromedianus
a H o r i z o n t asIe c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e l e f t c e r e b r ahI e m i s p h e r e
F i g . 5 2 2a - c N u c t e ia n d c o r t i c a lp r o j e c t i o nos f t h e t h a t a m u s , F i g .5 2 3 T h a L a m i nc u c t e i ;
Thatamus o b L i q u vei e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r .
C o r r e s p o n d i nngu c l e ia n d c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o nas r e i n d i c a t e d F o r c o l o u rc o d i n gs e e F i 1 . 5 2 2 .
b v t h e s a m ec o l o u r .
Fibrae Fibrae
corticospinales; corticorubrales;
Nucleuscaudatus.
Corous Fibrae corticoreticulares; Fibrae
corticothalamicae;Fibrae thalamoparietales
Genucaosulaeinternae.
Fibraeiorticonucleares
Radiationesthalami
Thalamus centrales
Fibrae
temporopontinae
Crus
posterius
Fladiationes capsurae
thalami Radiationes
Crus thalami internae
anterius anteriores posteriores
capsulae
tnlernae Tractus
frontopontinus Fibrae parieto-
occipitopontinae
Radiatiooptica
Tractusopticus Radiatioacustica
Pedunculus
cerebri
F i g .5 2 1 T h a t a m i cr a d i a t i o nR , a d i a t i o n et hs a L a m i ,
a n d i n t e r n a Ic a p s u L eC, a p s u t ai n t e r n a ,h a v eb e e n
d i v i d e db y a f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ;
viewedf rom the [eft.
Ven t ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways
Tectum,Colliculus
superior mesenceDhali
Aoueductus
Substantiagrisea
Hemispherium centralis
cerebelli
Fissurahorizontalis
N, trigeminus
[V] Cruscerebri
N oculomotorius
!lll
F i g .5 2 5 M i d b r a i nM , esencepha[on;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e Io f t h e s u o e r i o rc o t l i c u L i :
a n t e n o rv i e w .
Chiasmaopticum
Trigonum
olfactorium
Substantiaperforataanterior
Corpusmamillare
Tractusopticus
Substantiaperforataposterior
I HATS
SubstantiaI reticularis
nrgrat - Hars
I
\ compacra
Nucleusruber
Pulvinarthalami
griseacentralis
Substantia
mesencephali
Aoueductus
Fig.526 Midbrain,Mesencephaton,
a n d d i e n c e p h a l oD n i, e n c e p h a t o n ;
a f t e r o b I i q u es e c t i o no f t h e m i d b r a i n ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w
> Brain B l o o dv e s s e [ s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Midbrainand medullaoblonqata
Ventriculus
tertius posterior
Commissura
Recessus
suprapinealis
Striaterminalis
Trigonum
habenulare
G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s Taeniachoroidea
Brachium Thalamus,
colliculi
superioris Pulvinar
thalami
Metathalamus,
Brachium
colliculiinlerioris Corpus geniculatummediale
l/etathalamus,
Trigonumlemniscilateralis Corpus geniculatumlaterale
Colliculus
superior
Frenulum
velimedullaris
superioris
Colliculus
interior
N trochlearis
lvl
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
suoerior
Velummedullare
suoerius
Fossa rhomboidea,Eminentiamedialis
F i g . 5 2 7 M i d b r a i nM , e s e n c e p h a L oann,d p i n e a Ig | ' a n d ,
G [ a n d u t pa i n e a L i s ;
p o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i ov ri e w .
527
528
Septumpellucidum Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Corouscallosum.
Truncus Fornix,Columnae
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput (Becessus
triangularis)
Forameninterventriculare Commissura
anterior
Tuberculum
anterius
thalami
Nucleuscaudatus.
Corous Ventriculus
tertius
Striaterminalis
Brachium
colliculi
superioris
Laminaaffixa
Taeniachoroidea Colliculus
superior
Trigonum
habenulare Corpusgeniculatum
mediale
posterior
Commissura
Brachium colliculiinferioris
G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s
Corpusgeniculatum
laterale
Thalamus, Pulvinarthalami
Colliculus
inferior
Pedunculus
cerebri
Frenulum
velimedullaris
suoerioris
N trochlearis
lvl Vermis cerebelli,Lingulacerebelli
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
Flocculus
Telachoroidea ventriculiouarti
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
inferior
Fossa rhomboidea,Sulcus medianus Pedunculusfloccculi
Aoerturamedianaventriculi
ouarti ADertura
lateralis
ventriculi
ouarti
Tuberculum Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
ouarti
cuneatum
gracile
Tuberculum
Fasciculus
cuneatus
gracilis
Fasciculus
F i g .5 2 8 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a L i ;
t h e p o n sa n d m a j o r p a r t so f t h e c e r e b e l t u mh a v eb e e nr e m o v e d ;
t h e t e t ac h o r o i d e ao f t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t eh a s b e e ns e c t i o n e di n
t h e m e d i a np l a n ea n d r e fL e c t e d to the right;
posterior-superio v ire w
Ve n t ric te s T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
Midbrainandmedullaoblongata
Brachium
colliculi
inferioris Frenulum
veli
superioris
medullaris
Colliculus
inferior Velummedullare
supenus
Pedunculus
cerebri
Locuscaeruleus
N trochlearislvl
Eminentia
medialis
Colliculus
facialis
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius Foveasuperior
Sulcuslimitans
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
inferior
Sulcusmedianus Aperturalateralis
quarti
ventriculi
Striamedullaris quarti
ventriculi Areavestibularis
Velummedullare
inferius
Fovea inferior
Trigonum
nervihypoglossi
Trigonum
neruivagi
Areapostrema Tuberculum
cuneatum
Obex lateralis
Funiculus
medullae
oblongatae
Sulcusposterolateralis gracile
Tuberculum
Fig.529 Rhomboidfossa,Fossarhomboidea;
posterlor
Sulcusintermedius view on the floor of the fourth ventricteafter
Fasciculus
cuneatus
Sulcusmedianus
s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t apr e d u n c l e s ;
gracilis
Fasciculus posterior-superiorview.
Brachium
colliculi
superioris
Corpusgeniculatum
mediale
Brachium
colliculiinferioris
Pulvinarthalami
Corpusgeniculatum
laterale Glandula pinealis
Tractusopticus
Colliculus
superior
Pedunculus
cerebri inferior
Colliculus
N. trochlearis
lvl
Pons
t'^,, Velummedullare
superius
N trioeminus
[Vl Haolxmolona
- '-l I
Pedunculus medius
cerebellaris
N facialis [Vll]
Pedunculus inferior
cerebellaris
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Pyramis medullaeoblongatae Sulcusmedianus
Fossarhomboidea,
N. glossopharyngeuslxl
N hypoglossus[Xll]
N vagus [X]
Tuberculum
cuneatum
I Badicescraniales
N accessonusJ gracile
Tuberculum
rx[
' '\ | Badicesspinales
F i g ,5 3 0 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a [ i ;
I Fadixanterior o b t i o u ev i e wo n t h e f t o o ro f t h e f o u r t h
N cervicalis
[C1]1 v e n t r i c t ea f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c e r e b e l t a r
\ Radixposterior pedu nc[es;
[ateraIview.
> Brain B [ o o dv e s s e t s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Cerebrattracts
Nucleiof the cranialnerves
Nucleusaccessorius
nervioculomotorii
Nucleusnervioculomotorii
Nucleusnervitrochlearis Nucleusmesencephalicus
nervitrigemini
Nucleusmotoriusnervitrigemini (Nucleus
pontinusneruitrigemini*)
Nucleusnerviabducentis
Nucleusnervifacialis
Nucleussalivatorius
superior
Nucleuscochlearisoosterior
Nucleussalivatorius
inferior
Nucleusvestibularissuoerior
Nucleusvestibularis
lateralis Nuclei
Nucleusambiguus Nucleusvestibularis
inferior vestibulares
Nucleusvestibularis
medialis
Nucleusdorsalisnervivaoi
Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini
Nucleusnervihypoglossi
Nucleussolitarius
Nucleus
nerviaccessorii
F i g . 5 3 1 C r a n i a [n e r v e s N , n.craniates; O n t h e l e f t t h e m o t o r n u c t e ia n d o n t h e r i g h t t h e s e n s o r yn u c t e i
t o p o g r a p h io
c v e r v i e wo f t h e n u c t e i ; areshown.
posteriorview. * C t i n i c at eI r m :p r i n c i p a
seI n s o rnyu c l e uosf t h et r i g e m i n a
n Ie r v e
I nuclei(GSE)
Generalsomatic-efierent
,rlsffi
ffi
nuclei(G/SVA)
Generaland specificvisceral-atferent
MK ':rt':
nuclei(GVE)
Generalvisceral-efierent General somatic-atferentnuclei (GSA)
nuclei(SVE)
Specificvisceral-efferent Specific somatic-atferent nuclei (SSA)
Sulcusmedianus
Sulcuslimitans
vil, tx,x
vil, tx,x
Oliva v vil, rx,x, xl
F i g . 5 3 2 C r a n i a In e r v e s N , n.crania[es; ilt,tv,vt,xtl
s c h e m a t i cc r o s s - s e c t i otnh r o u g ht h e r h o m b o i d
f o s s ad e m o n s t r a t i n tgh e n u c t e r .
Ventricles T o p o gra p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
Nucleiof thecranial
pinealis
Glandula
Nucleusruber
Nucleusaccessoriusnervioculomotorii
Pedunculus
cerebri,Cruscerebri
Nucleusnervioculomotorii
N. oculomotorius
llll
N trochlearislvl
Nucleusnervitrochlearis
nerui
Nucleusmesencephalicus
trigemini
N trigeminusIVI ---------
pontinusnervitrigemini*)
(Nucleus
Nucleusmotoriusnervi
trigemini Nucleusnerviabducentis
pons
Nucleivestibulares
Nucleusnervifacialis
Nucleussalivatoriussuperior
N abducens
[Vl]
Nucleicochleares
N. facialis[Vll]
N.vestibulocochlearis
[Vllll Nucleussalivatorius
inferior
N. glossopharyngeus
lXl Nucleusdorsalisnervivagi
N vagus[X]
Nucleusnervihypoglossi
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
Nucleusambiguus
Nucleussolitarius
N accessorius[Xl]
Nucleusspinalisnervitrigemini
Nucleusnerviaccessorii
N accessorius
[Xll,Radicesspinales
ceneratsomatic-efierent
nuctei(csE) nuclei(G/SVA)
Generaland specificvisceral-afierent
I
I
ceneratviscerat-etferent
nuclei(cvE)
W nuclei(GSA)
Generalsomatic-afferent
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii Ventriculus
tertius
Adhesio interthalamica Tela choroideaventriculitertii
Fornix,Columna Corpuscallosum
Forameninterventriculare
Corpuscallosum, pinealis
Glandula
Rostrum
Commissura
anterior V magnacerebri
Laminaterminalis
Tectummesencephali
Hypothalamus
Culmen
Corpusmamillare
Chiasmaopticum Aqueductus
mesencephali
Recessus
infundibuli
Fossainterpeduncularis Declive
Hypophysis Lobuluscentralis
Tegmentum
mesencephali Lingulacerebelli
Pons
Foliumvermis
Fasciculus
longitudinalis
medialis
Velummedullare
superius
A basilaris
quartus
Ventriculus Fastigium
Decussatio
oedunculorum
cerebellarium
suDeriorum Tubervermis
Sulcusbulbopontinus
Plexuschoroideus
Fossarhomboidea quarti
ventriculi
A vertebralis Pyramisvermis
quarti
Aperturamedianaventriculi
Canaliscentralis
Tonsillacerebelli
F i g , 5 3 4 B r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u sc e r e b r i w , ith
t h e c e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t l u ma, n d t h e f o u r t h
v e n t r i c t eV, e n t r i c u t uqs u a r t u s ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n .
Lingulacerebelli
I
Lobuluscentralis Lobuscerebelli
I anterior
Culmen )
Tectummesencephali,
Laminatectalis
Fissuraprima
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Declive
quartus
Ventriculus
Folium vermis
Lobus cerebelli
poslenor
Tubervermis
Pyramisvermis
Uvulavermis
Medullaspinalis
Fissurasecunda
Nodulus LOOUS
flocculonodularis
F i g .5 3 5 P a r t so f t h e c e r e b e t t avr e r m i s ,V e r m i sc e r e b e t l i ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
overvtew
li .:r.:ii-
Ventrictes T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
Cerebellum
Lobuluscentralis L i n g u l ac e r e b e l l i Lobulusquadrangularis
anterior,
Parsanterior
Fissuraprima
Lobulussimplex,
Lobulusquadrangularis
posterior
Lobulussemilunaris
supenor
inferior
Lobulussemilunaris
Foliumvermis
F i g .5 3 6 C e r e b e l t u mC, e r e b e t t u m ;
posterior-superio v ire w .
Vermis
Hemispheriumcerebelli cerebelli
Fissuraprima
Lobulussimplex,
Lobulusquadrangularis
Posterior Declive
Lobulussemilunaris
supeflor Foliumvermis
Lobus
Fissurahorizontalis Tubervermis cerebelli
posterior
Lobulussemilunaris
inferior
Pyramisvermis
Lobulus gracilis
Uvulavermis
Lobulusbiventer
Fissurasecunda (Fissuranodulolloccularis)
Tonsillacerebelli
Flocculus Nodulus Lobus
flocculo-
nodularis
F i g .5 3 7 C e r e b e t l u mC, e r e b e t t u m ;
d i a g r a mo f t h e c e r e b e t [ acr o r t e xo u t s t r e t c h e d ;
overvtew.
B to o dv essets C r a n i a bI a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n C e r e b r atIr a c t s
Cerebellum
Velummedullare
superius Lobuluscentralis
quarti
Tegmenventriculi Ala lobuli centralis
Velummedullare
inferius Lingulacerebelli
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
suoerior
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Pedunculus medius
cerebellaris
Flocculus
Fissurahorizontalis
Recessuslateralis
quarti
ventriculi
Fissuraoosterolateralis
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Pedunculus
flocculi
Lobulussemilunaris
superior Tubervermis
Pyramisvermis
Fissura horizontalis
Uvulavermis
Nodulus
Lobulusbiventer
Tonsillacerebelli Hemisoheriumcerebelli
Flocculus
F i g .5 3 9 C e r e b e I L u m C,e r e b e l L u m ;
p o s t e r i o r -ni f e r i o rv i e w .
Ventricles T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s S p l n a lc o r d Pathways
Cerebellarnuclei
Lamina tecti
Pedunculus suoeriot
cerebellaris
Lingula cerebelli
quartl
ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus
quartus
Ventriculus Nucleusdentatus
Corpus medullare
cerebelli
Hilum nuclei dentati
Cortex cerebelli
Velummedullare
inferius
F i g .5 4 0 C e r e b e t l u m
Ce, rebeLtum;
nhlinrro coetinn'
p o s t e r i o vr i e w .
Decussatio
oedunculorum
cerebellarium
suoeriorum quartus
Ventriculus
Velummedullare
suoerius
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
Lingula cerebelli
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
Cortex cerebelli
Stratummoleculare
Stratumgranulosum
(Laminae albae)
Hilumnucleidentati
Fissuraecerebelli
Corousmedullare
cerebelli
F i g .5 4 1 C e r e b e L l u mC,e r e b e t l u m ;
o b l i q u es e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e u p p e rc e r e b e t l apr e d u n c t e s ;
oosteriorview.
> Brain Btoodvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebrat
tracts
Association and commi ssuraI tracts
Fibraearcuataecerebri
Cingulum
Fasciculus
longitudinalis
supenor
Fasciculus
uncinatus
Fasciculus
longitudinalis
inferior
Radiatio
corporis callosi
F i g .5 4 3 C o m m i s s u r atIr a c t s ,N e u r o f i b r a ce o m m i s s u r a l e s ;
topographicoverviewafter extensiveremovaIof the corpus
c a t l o s u mi n t h e p a r a m e d i a np l a n e ;
s i n g t ef i b r e so f t h e c o r p u sc a [ t o s u ma r e s h o w n ;
viewedfrom the teft.
Ventrictes Topography S e cti o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
Corouscallosum.Truncus
Gyruscinguli
Sulcuscorooriscallosi
Corpuscallosum,
Genu Gyrusprecentralis
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Caosulainterna.Crusanterius
Corpusgeniculatum
Capsulainterna,Genu laterale
Sulcuscalcarinus
Pedunculuscerebellarismedius
Tractuspyramidalis,Fibraecorticospinales
Pyramis
Sulcuscentralis
thalaml
Radiationes
centrales
Radiatio optica
Cerebellum
Medullaoblongata
Oecussatiopyramidum
lateralis
Tractuscorticosoinalis
Tractuscorticosoinalis
anterior
* F i b r e st o t h e t e c t a Ip l a t ea n d t h e n u c l e io f t h e h i n d b r a i n
Fig.545 InternaI
capsute,
Capsula andpyramidaI
interna, tract,
+ * P e r i k a r y ao f t h e p y r a m i d a It r a c t
Tractuspyramidatis;
* * * P e r i k a r y ao f a r e a s6 a n d 8 ( p r e m o t o rc o r t e x )
functionaI
overview;
viewedfromthe Left.
> Brain Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Partsof the brain
Overview Forebrain M i d b r a i n H i n d b r a i n Cerebral
tracts
lnternalcapsule
Mm.laryngis
Mm.pharyngis
Mm palatiet faucium
Capsulainterna, Mm.masticatorii
Genu
Mm linguae
Mm faciei
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Mm. colli
Mm.digitorum
manus
Claustrum
Mm manus
Putamen
Mm.antebrachii
Globuspalliduslateralis
Mm.brachii
Globuspallidusmedialis
--'.\
lvlmthoracis
Capsulaexterna \' 'i
Capsulae)drema
Capsulainterna,
Crusposterius
\
Mm vesicaeurinariae;Mm. recti
Crusposterius;
Fibraecorticospinales;
Fibraecorticorubrales;
Fibraecorticoreticulares;
Fibraecorticothalamicae;
Fibraethalamoparietales:
Radiationesthalamicentrales
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri Fornix,Columna
Septumpellucidum
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
mamillothalamicus
Fasciculus
Corouscallosum.
Truncus Nucleussubthalamicus
Radictiocorooriscallosi Lobusparietalis
Ventriculuslateralis, Capsulainterna
Parscentralis
Nucleuscaudatus, Nucleuslentiformis
Caput
Ventriculus
tertius Laminamedullaris
lateralis
Globuspallidus Capsulaexterna
lateralis
Gyriinsulae Claustrum
Sulcuslateralis Capsulaextrema
Laminamedullaris
Putamen medialis
Globuspallidus Nucleuscaudatus,
medialis Cauda
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale Tractusopticus
Corporamamillaria Substantia
nigra,
Parscompacta
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pedunculus
cerebri,
N facialis Cruscerebri
Nill
Fasciculus medialis
lonoitudinalis
vestibulocochlearis
[Vllll
Flocculus
N glossopharyngeus
ilXl ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus ouarl
N vagus[X] Hemisoheriumcerebelli
Nucleusolivarisinferior FossainterDeduncularis
Hilumnucleiolivarisinferioris Amiculum
olivare
Decussatio
ovramidum Medulla spinalis
Sulcuscentralis
Lobusparietalis
Forameninterventriculare
Parscentralis
Cornufrontale
Ventriculus
tertius
Cornuoccipitale
Lobus occipitalis
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Cerebellum
Lobustemporalis
Aperturamediana
Canaliscentralis
Cornutemporale Medulla oblongata
F i g .5 4 8 V e n t r i c t e o
s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u Iei n c e p h a t i .
Lobusfrontalis
Forameninterventriculare
Parscentralis
Sulcuslateralis Ventriculus
tertius
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Lobustemporalis
Cornutemporale
quartus
Ventriculus
Aperturalateralis
F i g .5 4 9 V e n t r i c [ e o
s f t h e b r a i n ,V e n t r i c u lei n c e p h a I i ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Ventrictes T o p o gra p h y S e cti o n s S p i n acI o r d Pathways
Aoueductus
mesenceohali
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuoccipitale
Recessus
supraopticus
Chiasmaopticum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Recessus
infundibuli Cornutemporale
Colliculus
facialis quartus
Ventriculus
Striaemedullares Fastigium
quarti
ventriculi
Recessus
lateralis quarti
ventriculi
Sulcusmedianus
Aoerturalateralis
ventriculi
ouarti Apertura quarti
medianaventriculi
Canaliscentralis
F i g , 5 5 0 I n n e r[ i q u o rs p a c e sV, e n t r i c u tei n c e p h a t i ;
c o r r o s i o nc a s ts p e c i m e n ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .
Granulationesarachnoideae
Parscentralis
Cornufrontale
superior
Sinussagittalis
Cisternaoericallosa Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Spatiumsubarachnoideum Plexuschoroideus
* ventriculi
tertii
Forameninteruentriculare
occipitale
Ventriculus
tertius
Cornutemporale
Cisterna
chiasmatica
V magnacerebri
Cisternainterpeduncularis
** Sinusrectus
Aqueductus
mesencephali
quartus
Ventriculus
Conlluens
sinuum
Cisternaoontocerebellaris
Plexuschoroideus
quarti
ventriculi
quarti
Aoerturamedianaventriculi
posterior
cerebellomedullaris
Cisterna
Aperturalaterlis
Brain,topography
A cerebrianterior,
A pericallosa
Gyrusfrontalis
medius
Strialongitudinalis
I
mediatis
I tndusium
I gnseum
Strialonoitudinalis
-
lateralis )
(Cenkum semiovale)
Polusoccipitalis
553
F i g .5 5 2 C o r p u sc a l t o s u mC
, o r p u sc a l t o s u m ;
after removaIof the upper parts of the
c e r e b r a Ih e m i s p h e r e s ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ventricles Topography S e cti o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways
Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
callosum.
CorDus Rostrum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornulrontale
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout
Forameninterventriculare
V. thalamostriata
suoerior
Insula[Lobusinsularis] Striaterminalis
Lamina affixa
Ependymum
Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Fornix,Crus Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Fimbriahippocampi
Hippocampus Glomuschoroideum
Trigonum
collaterale
Gyrusfasciolaris
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuoccipitale
Sulcuscalcarinus
554
F i g .5 5 3 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c [ e sV, e n t r i c u Ll ai t e r a t e s ;
I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I
a f t e rr e m o v ao
hemispheres;
s u p e n 0 rv r e w .
> Brain B to o dvessets Cr aniaIbase C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Brainvessets
Ventriculus
lateralis.
Parscentralis Corouscallosum.
Truncus
Nucleuscaudatus.
Corous V thalamostriata
supenor
Capsulainterna
Fornix,Crus
InsulaILobusinsularis]
Calcar avis
Ventriculus
lateralis.
CornutemDorale
Fimbria hippocampi
Eminentiacollateralis
Trigonum
collaterale
556
F i g ,5 5 4 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u tlia t e r a t e s ;
a f t e rr e m o v ao I f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I
553 hemispheres;
o o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e t e f t .
Pes hippocampi
Hippocampus
Alveus hippocampi
Trigonumcollaterale
Sulcushippocampalis
Gyrusdentatus
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Sulcus collateralis
F i g .5 5 5 L e f tt e m p o r a Lh o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a [ e ,
o f t h e l a t e r a Iv e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a t i s ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na f t e r r e m o v a I o ft h e t e m p o r a L w a t [ :
posterior-superio v ire w .
Ventricles Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Gyruscinguli
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Cavumseptipellucidi
Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Fornix,Columna
Forameninterventriculare
V thalamostriata
superior
Capsulainterna
Ventriculus
lateralis, Striaterminalis
Parscentralis
Fornix,Corpus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
InsulaILobusinsularis]
Laminaaffixa
Fornix,Crus
Plexuschoroideus
Fimbriahippocampi ventriculi
lateralis
Hippocampus ventriculi
Telachoroidea tertii
Trigonum
collaterale Glomuschoroideum
Splenium
Corpuscallosum,
Calcaravis
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuoccipitale Vermiscerebelli
558
F i g .5 5 6 L a t e r a Iv e n t r i c t e sV, e n t r i c u L[ ai t e r a t e s ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoI f t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a I
h e m i s p h e r e as n d t h e c e n t r a lp a r t o f t h e c o r p u sc a t l o s u m ; 55/.
s u p e n o rv t e w
Plexus choroideusventriculilateralis
Ependymum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale Fimbria hippocampi
Alveushippocampi Sulcushippocampalis
Peshippocampi
grisea
Substantia
Substantia
alba
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Sulcuscollateralis
*
Gyrusoccipitotemporalls
medialis
F i g ,5 5 7 T e m p o r a hI o r n ,C o r n ut e m p o r a t e ,
o f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u t u [sa t e r a [ i s ;
s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
Brain B l o o dvessets C r a n i abI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Brainvessets
Corouscallosum.
Genu
Fissura
longitudinalis
cerebri
Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Cavumsepti
pellucidi Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Septumpellucidum
Fornix,Columna
V thalamostriata
superior
Foramen
interventriculare
Striaterminalis
Insula
ILobusinsularis]
Laminaatfixa
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Taeniafornicis
Capsulainterna
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Fornix,Crus
ventriculi
Telachoroidea tertii
Hippocampus
V internacerebri
Trigonum
collaterale
Calcaravis pinealis
Glandula
Ventriculus
lateralis, V magnacerebri
Cornuoccipitale
Vermiscerebelli
560
F i g ,5 5 8 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c l e sV, e n t r i c u tLi a t e r a l e s ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoI f t h e c e n t r a Lo a r t o f t h e c o r o u s
556 c a l t o s u ma n d t h e c o l u m n so f t h e f o r n i x :
s u 0 e n 0 rv r e w .
Fissuralonoitudinalis
cerebri griseum
Indusium
Corpuscallosum
Ependymum
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Nucleuscaudatus.
CorDUs
V thalamostriata
superlor
Lamina affixa
Fornix,Corpus
Thalamus Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Ventriculus
tedius
Tela choroideaventriculitertii
F i g .5 5 9 C e n t r a Lp a r t s ,P a r t e sc e n t r a t e so, f t h e [ a t e r a vI e n t r i c [ e s
a n d t h i r d v e n t r i c L eV,e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ;
s c h e m a t i cf r o n t a Is e c t i o n
Ventrictes Topography S e c t i o n s S p i n a lc o r d Pathways
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Venkiculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Cavumseptipellucidi
Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
(Recessus
triangularis)
Fornix,Columna Commissura
anterior
Recessus
supraopticus
Forameninterventriculare Recessus
infundibuli
thalamostriata
superior Adhesiointerthalamica*
Thalamus
Taeniathalami
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
Striaterminalis Sulcushypothalamicus
Taeniachoroidea
Aqueductus
mesencephali
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda
posterior
Commissura
pinealis
Recessus
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii habenularum
Commissura
Telachoroidea
ventriculi
tertii G l a n d u lpai n e a l i s
V internacerebri
F i g .5 6 0 L a t e r a vI e n t r i c L e V s ,e n t r i c u I[ia t e r a t e sa, n d
t h i r dv e n t r i c [ eV, e n t r i c u L ut se r t i u s ;
p a r t so f t h e c e r e b r a h L e m i s p h e r e st h , e c e n t r a Ip a r t o f t h e
c o r p u sc a t t o s u ma s w e t l a s t h e f o r n i xa n d t h e c h o r o i dp t e x u s
h a v eb e e nr e m o v e dt,h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c l e
h a s b e e nr e f t e c t e d ;
s u p e n o rv t e w .
* T h ei n t e r t h a [ a maidch e s i ohna sb e e ns e c t i o n ei ndt h em e d i a p nlane
Fornix,Columna
Forameninterventriculare
Taeniathalami
(Fissura
telodiencephalica)
Fornix,Crus
F i g .5 6 1 T a e n i a eT, a e n i a eo, f t h e c h o r o i dp l e x u s ,
P t e x u sc h o r o i d e u o
s f thecerebrum:
s u p e n o rv r e w .
> Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
A. communicans
anterior Bulbusolfactorius
Chiasmaopticum A frontobasalismedialis
A frontobasalislateralis Tractusolfactorius
N opticuslll
A cerebrianterior,
Parsprecommunicalis A carotisinterna
[Segmentum A'l]
A communicans
oosterior
Areasubcallosa
N oculomotorius
llll
A cerebrimedia, A, cerebrioosterior.
Parssphenoidalis Parspostcommunicalis P2]
[Segmentum
[Segmentum M1] A, superiorcerebelli
Insula[Lobus N trigeminus
[V]
insularisl
A labyrinthi
A. cerebrimedia,
Parsinsularis
[Segmentum M2]
N facialis[Vll]
Lobus
temporalis
N. vestibulocochlearis
A choroidea lvilrl
anterior
Plexus
Substantia choroideus
perforata quarti
ventriculi
posterior
A cerebriposterior,
Parsprecommunicalis N glossopharyngeus
lsegmentum P1l ttxl
A. superior
cerebelli
A. inlerior
anteriorcerebelli
A basilaris
N abducens
[Vll Hemispheriumcerebelli
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
N vagus[X]
N accessorius
[Xl]
A inferiorposterior
cerebelli
Medulla spinalis
F i g . 5 6 2 A r t e r i e so f t h e b r a i n .
Ventric[es Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
earsOostcommunicalis anterior
A. communicans
A cerebrianterior f
I P"r"pr""orrrnicalis:- Aa. centralesanteromediales
A carotisinterna,Parscerebralis
I Parssphenoidalis
A. cerebrimedia Aa centralesanterolaterales
I
\ Parsinsularis-
A choroidea anteriol
R chiasmaticus
posterior
A. communicans
R nervioculomotorii
- A thalamotuberalis
I Parspostcommunicalis
A cerebriposterior l R hypothalamicus
I Parsprecommunicalis
Aa.tuberiscinerei
A. superiorcerebelli
Aa centralesoosteromediales
Aa mesencephalicae
Aa. pontis
A labyrinthi
A. inferioranteriorcerebelli
A. inferiorDosterior
cerebelli
F i g .5 6 3 A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n ,
Circutusarteriosuscerebri [wtt-t-ts].
F i g .5 6 4 a - g A r t e r i a Ic i r c t eo f t h e b r a i n ,
C i r c u [ u sa r t e r i o s u sc e r e b r i .
a - c V a r i a t i o no s f t h e a n t e r i o rp o r t i o n
d-f Variationo s f t h e p o s t e r i o rp o r t i o n
g V e r yf a r i n f e r i o ru n i o no f t h e v e r t e b r a aI r t e r i e s
B L o o dv e s s e l s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
Adhesio interthalamica
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus Fornix,Corpus
Forameninterventriculare Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Sulcuscentralis
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornuf rontale G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
V magnacerebri
A cerebrianterior, A cerebriposterior
Parspostcommunicalis,
A pericallosa
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Commissura
anterior
Lamina terminalis
A communicans
anterior Sulcus
calcaflnus
Hypothalamus
Commissura
Chiasmaopticum posterior
A carotisinterna Aqueductus
Infundibulum mesencephali
Sulcushypothalamicus
Hypophysis Tectum
mesencephali
Corpusmamillare sinistrum
Ventriculus
tertius
A basilaris Vermis cerebelli
Thalamus quartus
Ventriculus
Pons
A vertebralis Hemispheriumcerebelli,
Tonsillacerebelli
\;) Canalis centralis
oblongata
F i g . 5 6 5 M e d i a Is u r f a c eo f t h e b r a i n ,F a c i e sm e d i a t r s
h e m i s p h e r ici e r e b r i ;d i e n c e p h a | . oDni,e n c e p h a t o a
nn,d
b r a i n s t e mT, r u n c u se n c e p h a I i ;
s t a g g e r e dm e d i a ns e c t i o n ;
viewedfrom the [eft.
A cerebriposterior
F i g .5 6 5 A r t e r i a L s u p p toyf t h e b r a i n ; F i g .5 5 7 A r t e r i a ls u p p t yo f t h e b r a i n ;
viewedfrom the [eft. m e d i a Iv i e w .
Ve nt ric [ e s Topography S e cti o n s S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
A. trontobasalis
medialis
A cerebrianterior
lateralis,
Ventriculus
Cornufrontale
V. anteriorsepti
pellucidi
A cerebri media
Lamina affixa
V thalamostriata
supenor
A choroidea
anterior V interna
cereorl
R choroideus
posterior
V magnacerebri
Glomuschoroideum
inferior
Sinussagittalis
A. cerebriposterior
Tentorium
cerebelli
superior
Sinussagittalis
F i g . 5 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d v e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,
A r t e r i a ee t V e n a ec e r e b r i .
B[oodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n q e s Partsof the brain
Ventricteprojection
Veinsof the brain
Forameninterventriculare
septipellucidi
V anterior
V thalamostriata
suoerior
Thalamus
V choroideasuperior
V basalis
Vv.internaecerebri
V magnacerebri
V lateralisventriculi
lateralis
F i g .5 6 9 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i .
T h e i n t e r n a lc e r e b r avI e i n sr u n w i t h i nt h e t e t a c h o r o i d e ao f t h e
t h i r dv e n t r i c t e .
Vv.internae
cerebri
Pulvinarthalami
V magnacerebri
V choroidea
V basalis inferior
N. trigeminus
[Vl
F i g . 5 7 0 D e e pv e i n so f t h e b r a i n ,V v .p r o f u n d a ec e r e b r i ;
p o s t e r i o vr i e wf r o m t h e r i g h t .
l"es
Ventnie Topography Sections S p l r n , *r {: n r d $}nthwut5rs;
Brain,sections
Cellulaeethmoidales
Bulbusoculi
N o p t i c u lsl l
Chiasmaopticum
lnfundibulum
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornutemporale
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Hippocampus Pedunculus
cerebri
mesencephali
Tegmentum
Vermis cerebelli
mesencephali
Aqueductus
Fig.571 Brain,Encepha[on;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
h o r i z o n t asLe c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d b r a i na n d t h e
t e m p o r a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r a t v e n t r i c l e s ;
572
S U p e r o rv r e w .
573
571
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
pellucidum
Septum
Fornix.Columna
InsulaILobusinsularis]
Ventriculus
tertius
Thalamus
Fornix,Crus
Ventriculuslaterahs,
Cornu occipjtale
F i s s u r al o n g i t u d i n a l i s
cereDrl
F i g . 5 7 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ; Fig.573 Brain,Encephaton;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l ) ; m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R I J ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e c e n t r a Ip a r t s h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e
o f t h e L a t e r avI e n t r i c [ e s ; a n d t h e o p e n i n go f t h e t e m p o r a hI o r n so f t h e
s u p e n o rv r e w L a t e r avI e n t r i c t e s ;
s u p e f l o rv r e w .
Brain B l o o dv e s s e l s C r a n i ab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
pellucidum'
Septum
G y r u sc i n g u l i Ventriculus
tertius;Thalamus"
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Commissura
anterior
C o r p u cs a l l o s u mG,e n u Aqueductus
mesencephali
Corpusmamillare
Tectummesencephali
Chiasmaopticum
Hypophysis Sulcuscalcarinus
S i n u ss p h e n o i d a l i s
Vermiscerebelli
A basilaris
pons quartus
Ventriculus
Parsnasalispharyngis
Cisterna
cerebellomedullaris
Lrngua
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
F i g . 5 7 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g el M R l ) ;
m e d i a ns e c t i o nT h e s t r u c t u r e sm a r k e dw i t h + a o o e a r
p a r t L yf a t s i ife d a s a c o n s e q u e n coef t h e " p a r t i a t - v o I u m e -
effect".
575
Sulcuscentralis
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Ventriculus
lateralis.
CornutemDorale
Bulbuo
s culi
S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s Cerebellum
F i g . 5 7 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e{ M R l l ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n .
Ventric[es T o p o gra p h y Sections S p inaIcor d Pathways
Gyrusfrontalismedius Spatiumsubarachnoideum
Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Gyriinsulae Caputnucleicaudati
Septumpellucidum
Fossalateraliscerebri
Nucleuslentiformis
Gyrustemporalis
superior
Capsulainterna
Gyrustemporalis
inferior A cerebrimedia
F i g . 5 7 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c teo m o g r a p h i ci m a g e{ M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n
Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusfrontalis
medjus
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Gyrusfrontalisinferior Corpusnucleicaudati
Fornix
Thalamus
Fossa lateralis cerebri
Ventriculus
tertius
Gyrustemporalis
superior lateralis,
Ventriculus
Cornutemporale
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Hippocampus
Pedunculus
cerebri
FossainterDeduncularis
F i g . 5 7 7 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
t o m o g r a p h i ci m a g eI M R l l ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c e
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o n .
Brain B[oodvessel.s C r a n i a b
I ase O n e l n i anIe r v e s M e n i n q e s P a r t so f t h e b n a i n
l\ilargosuperior
Gyrusfrontalis
superior A callosomarginalis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri A cerebri anterior.A oericallosa
S u l c u sc i n g u l i
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus
G y r u sc i n g u l i
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Sulcuscorporiscallosi Cornufrontale
Badiatiocorporis callosi
Arachnoideamater cranialis
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Gyrusf rontalisinferior
Capsulainterna
septipellucidi
V anterior Capsulaexterna
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Capsulaextrema
V media
Putamen superficialis
cerebri
Fossalateralis A cerebrimedia
cerebri
Cisternapericallosa
Gyriinsulae
Areasubcallosa
Polus
temporalis A cerebrianterior,
Gyri orbitales Parspostcommunicalis
Gyrustemporalis Margoinferolateralis
interior
Tractusolfactorius Gyrusrectus l\4argoinferomedialis
Fig.578 Brain,EncephaLon;
f r o n t a Ls e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoLf t h e a n t e r i o rp a r t s
o f t h e f r o n t a Lh o r n so f t h e L a t e r avLe n t r i c [ e s
Gyruslrontalissuperior l\4argosuperior
A pericallosa
Fissuralongitudinalis cerebri
S u l c u sc i n g u l i Cisterna pericallosa
Gyruscinguli Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusfrontalismedius
Radiatiocorporis callosi
Sulcuscorporis
callosi
Septumpellucidum
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior
Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
Putamen
Capsulaexterna
Sulcus circularisinsulae
Sulcuslateralis Corpuscallosum,
cereDrl Rostrum
Claustrum Capsulaextrema
Gyriinsulae V mediasuperficialis
Gyrus cerebri
temporalis A cerebri media,
supenor Pars insularis
Cisternafossae A communicans
lateralis
cerebri anterior
Gyrusparaterminalis lvlargointerolateralis
Gyrusrectus A cerebrianterior,
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Parsprecommunicalis
Cisterna pericallosa; Tractusollactorius l\4argoinferomedialis
Cisterna laminab terminalis
F i g . 5 7 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L o n ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e L e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t s
o f t h e f r o n t a Ih o r n so f t h e [ a t e r a L
ventricLes.
V e n t n i a [ E s T o p *g ra p h y S e cti o n s $ p l n a Ie m r d Fathlu'mys
Brain,frontal
Gyrusfrontalis
superior Fissura longitudinaliscerebri
Gyruscinguli
Gyrusfrontalismedius A pericallosa
Fornix,Corpus Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Nucleuscaudatus,
Capul
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornufrontale
Putamen
S e p t u mp e l l u c i d u m
Globuspalliduslateralis
Capsulainterna,Genu
Gyrus frontalisinlerior
(Recessus
triangularis)
Claustrum
Capsulaexterna
Cisterna
fossaelateralis
cerebri Capsulaextrema
Gyrustemporalis
superiol
Laminaemedullares
medialis
et lateralis
Gyriinsulae
G l o b u sp a l h d um
s edialis
Fornix,Columna,
Cisterna
fossaelateralis
cerebri (Parslibera)
F o r n i xC, o l u m n a ,
Gyrustemporalis
medius (Parstecta)
Nucleuscaudatus.
Cauda Commissura anterior
Corpusamygdaloideum Tractusopticus
Chlasma
Gyrustemporalis opticum Ventriculus
lateralis,
inferior Cornutemporale
Hypophysis
Gyri occipito- Laminaterminalis
temporales Gyrusparahippo- Hypothalamus Becessus Becessus
supraopticus
campalis A communicansposterior infundibuli
Fig.580 Brain,EncephaLon;
f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v eoI f t h e i n t e r v e n t r i c u Lfaorr a m t n a
Gyrusfrontalis
superior A pericallosa
Fissura longitudinaliscerebri Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Gyruscinguli
Septumpellucidum
Gyrusfrontalis
medius
Ventriculus Parscentralis
lateralis.
Fornix,Corpus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus Plexus choroideus
ventriculilateralis
Putamen Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Capsulaextrema
Gyri nsulae
Ventriculus
tertius
Clauslrum
Capsulaexterna
Gyrustemporalis
superior
Globuspalliduslateralis Laminaemedullares
medialis
et lateralis
G l o b u sp a l l i d um
s edialis Capsulainterna
Gyrustemporalis
medius Tractusopticus
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Corpusmamillare
Corpusamygdaloideum A cerebriposterior,
Parsprecommunicalis
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Ventriculus
lateralis,
Hippocampus
Cornutemporale
N oculomotorius
llll
Gyrus
occipitotemporalis Pons Cisternainterpeduncularis
lnatamus
(Cisterna
pontocerebellaris,
Cisterna pontis)
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
medialis
Gyrusparahippocampalis Hypothalamus A basilaris
Fig.581 Brain,Encephaton;
f r o n t a L s e c t i oant t h e L e v e L ot hf e m a m i t L a r by o d i e s
Btoodvesse[s Cr aniatbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Gvrusfrontalis
suoerior
griseum,Striaelongitudinales
Indusium medialis
et lateralis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Gvrusfrontalis
medius Corouscallosum.
Truncus
Gyruscinguli Ventriculuslateralis,Parscentralis
Cisternaoericallosa Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Nucleuscaudatus,Corpus
Striaterminalis
V thalamostriata
superior
Tela choroidea
Thalamus Lamina affixa
Gvrusfrontalisinferior Fornix,Crus
Putamen V internacerebri
Plexuschoroideus
Sulcuslateralis
Striamedullaris
thalami
Insula[Lobusinsularis]
Gyrustemporalissuperior Capsulaextrema
Claustrum Capsulaexterna
Gyrustemporalis medius Capsulainterna
Corpusgeniculatumlaterale Sulcushypothalamicus
Nucleuscaudatus, Cauda
Corpusgeniculatum mediale Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemporale Alveushippocampi
Gyrustemporalisinterior Fimbriahippocampi
Nucleusruber Gyrusdentatus
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis lateralis A. cerebriposterior
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis medialis Cisternaambiens
Gyrusparahippocampalis cerebellorubralis)
Ventriculus
tertius Tractuspyramidalis
Pons
Fig.582 Brain,Encepha[on; Medullaoblongata
f r o n t a ts e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e c e n t r a Io a r t o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c t e .
R i g h ta n d l e f t t h a l a m u sa r e f r e q u e n t l yc o n n e c t e db y t h e
i n t e r t h a [ a m iac d h e s i o na t t h i s [ e v e [ .
Gyruspostcentralis Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Fornix,Crus
Striaterminalis
V thalamostriata
superior
Lamina atfixa
Gyruspostcentralis Telachoroidea
ventriculi
tertii
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculitertii
Cisternafossae
lateraliscerebri Capsulainterna
Thalamus Capsulaenrema
Gyrustemporalissuperior Tegmentum
mesencephali
Putamen
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Gyrustemporalis
medius
Alveushippocampi
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Fimbriahippocampi
Gyrustemporalis
inferior Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemporale
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
lateralis Cisternaambiens
A. cerebrioosterior
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
medialis
Gyrusparahippocampalis Ventriculustertius
Cerebellum Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Aoueductus
mesenceohali
F i g . 5 8 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
posterior
Funiculus
frontaI sectionat the leveIof the oosteriorwa[[
of the third ventricte.
Ventric[es Topography Sections S p i naIcor d Pathways
Gyruspostcentralis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Lobulusoarietalisinferior A pericallosa
Gyruscinguli Ventriculus
lateralis,
Parscentralis
Cisternaoericallosa Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Plexuschoroideus
Gyrus ventriculilateralis
supramarginalis Fornix,Crus
A. cerebrimedia
Cisternafossae v thalamostriata
lateraliscerebri supenor
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Capsulainterna
Gyrustemporalis Tela choroidea
superor
Pulvinarthalami Fimbriahippocampi
Gyrustemporalis Alveushippocampi
medius
Plexuschoroideus
Cisternaambiens ventriculilateralis
Colliculussuperior Gyrusdentatus
Gyrustemporalisinferior
Gyrusparahippocampalis Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemoorale
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
lateralis
internacerebri
Gyrusoccipitotemporalismedialis
Glandula
Hemisoherium cerebelli pinealis
Colliculusinferior Pedunculus
cerebellarismedius
Flocculus Pedunculus
Vermiscerebelli cerebellarissuperior
Velummedullare
suoerius
Fig.584 Brain,Encephalon; quanus
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e p i n e a tg t a n d
a n d t h e f o u r t hv e n t r i c t e .
Lobulusparietalis
superior
Substantiagrisea
R precunealis
Substantia
alba
Sulcussuboarietalis
Lobulusoarietalisinferior
Cisternaquadrigeminalis
Precuneus
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum
Gyrusangularis Ventriculuslateralis,
Sulcustemporalis Cornuoccipitale
supeflor
Calcaravis
Gyrustemporalis A. occipitalismedialis
medius
Sulcuscalcarinus
V magnacerebri
Gyrustemporalisinferior
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
lateralis
Vermiscerebelli
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
medialis
Gyruslingualis
Nucleusdentatus
HemisDherium
cerebelli
Tonsilla
cerebelli
Fig.585 Brain,Encephalon;
f r o n t asI e c t i o n
a t t h el e v eoI f t h eo c c i o i t ahIo r n s
of the tateraIventricles.
vessets Cr aniaIbase Cranialnerves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Bl.ood
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Gyrusfrontalissuperior Arachnoidea
matercranialis
Gyrusfrontalismedius
A. cerebrianterior,
R. frontalisDosteromedialis
Gyruscinguli
Gyrusprecentralis
Sulcuscentralis
A cerebrianterior,
Gyruspostcentralis A. pericallosa
Gyrussupramarginalis
Sulcuslateralis, A cerebrianterior,
Ramusposterior R precunealis
F i g . 5 8 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nj u s t a b o v et h e c o r p u sc a l t o s u m .
I n F i g . 5 7 8 - 5 9 8t,h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c ea p p e a r s
s o m e w h a te n t a r g e dp, a r t i c u t a r tiyn t h e r e g i o no f t h e
h e m i s p h e r i sc u t c i ,d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s es p e c i m e n s
w e r e t a k e nf r o m e t d e r l vi n d i v i d u a t s .
Ventrictes Topography Sections S p inaIcor d Pathways
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis
Gyrusfrontalissuperior
A. pericallosa
Sulcuscinguli Corpuscallosum,Truncus
Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput Ventriculuslateralis,Cornu
lrontale
Septumpellucidum,
Cavumseptipellucidi
Gyrusprecentralis
Caosulainterna
Sulcuscentralis
Ventriculuslateralis,
Parscentralis
Gyruspostcntralis
V lhalamostriata
supenor
Striaterminalis
Lobulusparietalis
inferior Corpuscallosum,
Truncus
Laminaatfixa
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Gyrusangularis
Corpuscallosum,
Forcepsmajor
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum
(Gyrioccipitales)
SulcussubDarietalis
Precuneus
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Fig.587 Brain,Encephalon;
horizontaIsectionat the leveIof
the centraIoart of the lateraIventrictes.
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Aa. cerebri anteriores. Aa. oericallosae
Gyruscinguli
griseum
Indusium
Gyrusfrontalismedius
CorDus
callosum.
Genu
pericallosa
Cisterna
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale
Septumpellucidum
Ventriculuslateralis,
Gyrusfrontalis
inferior Parscentralis
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caout Plexuschoroideusventriculi
lateralis
Fornix,Columna
Striaterminalis
Gyrusprecentralis V.thalamostriata
suDerior
Sulcuscentralis
Fornix,Corpus
Gyruspostcentralis
Capsulaextrema
lnsula[Lobusinsularis] Capsula elderna
Claustrum Capsulainterna
Putamen A. cerebrimedia,
Rr.terminales
Thalamus Tela choroidea
Cisternafossae
lateralis
cerebri Fissuratransversa
cerebri
Gyrustemporalis
supeflor Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Fornix,Crus
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Ventriculuslateralis,
Sulcustemporalis Bulbuscornusoccioitalis
supenor
Corpuscallosum,Tapetum
Gyruscinguli
Sulcussuboarietalis
(Gyrioccipitales)
Precuneus
Sulcuslunatus Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
F i g . 5 8 8 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e t e v e Io f t h e f l o o r o f
the centraIoart of the lateraIventric[es.
Ventrictes Topography Sections S p inaIcor d Pathways
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Polusfrontalis A cerebrianterior,A. Dericallosa
Gyruscinguli Indusium griseum
Corpuscallosum, Genu
Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufrontale
V anteriorseptipellucidi Septumpellucidum
Fornix,Columna
Nucleuscaudatus,Caput
Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
V thalamostriata
suoerior
Gyrusfrontalisinferior Caosulainterna.Genu
InsulalLobusinsularis] Caosulae)drema
Cisternatossae Forameninterventriculare
lateraliscerebri
Claustrum Capsulaexterna
Putamen Capsulainterna,
Crusposterius
Gyrustemporalis tertius
Ventriculus
supenor
Thalamus Recessussuprapinealis
V. internacerebri
Telachoroidea
ventriculitertii Capsulainterna,
Nucleuscaudatus, Radiatiooptica
Cauda
Fimbriahippocampi
Sulcustemporalis
supenor Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Fornix.Commissura
Gyrustemporalismedius
Ventriculuslateralis,
Gyruscinguli Cornuoccioitale
Corpuscallosum,
Forcepsmajor
(Gyrioccipitales) Calcar avis
Splenium
Corpuscallosum,
Sulcuslunatus
Sulcuscalcarinus
Polusoccipitalis
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
F i g . 5 8 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
h o r i z o n t asl e c t i o na t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e u p p e rp a r t
of the third ventricte.
> Brain Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Craniatnerves Menin ges Partsof the brain
horizontalsection
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Polusfrontalis A. cerebrianterior,A callosomarginalis
Gyruscinguli A. cerebrianterior,A. pericallosa
Cisternapericallosa
Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor
Gyrusfrontalisinferior
Ventriculuslateralis.Cornufrontale
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Nucleuscaudatus,Caput Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Cisternapericallosa
Capsulainterna,Crusanterius
'Areasubcallosa
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Laminaterminalis
Commissuraanterior
Fornix.Columna
Insula[Lobusinsularis] Capsulainterna,Genu
Claustrum Laminaemedullares
medialiset lateralis
Gyrustemporalissuperior
Ventriculustertius
Adhesio interthalamica
Putamen Caosulaextrema
Sulcustemporalis
superior CaDsulaexterna
Globipallidi Capsulainterna,
medialiset lateralis Crusposterius
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Gyrustemporalis Commissura
medius posterior
Habenula
Cisternaambiens
Capsulainterna,
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda Radiatiooptica
Fimbriahippocampi
Recessus
oinealis
Alveushippocampi
Glandula oinealis
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculilateralis
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Trigonumcollaterale
Calcaravis Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornuoccipitale
lsthmusgyricinguli Sulcuscollateralis
A cerebrioosterior
Sulcuscalcarinus
V magnacerebri
Sulcuslunatus Vermiscerebelli
Polusoccipitalis
F i g . 5 9 0 B r a i nE , ncephaton;
horizonta se I c t i o tnh r o u g h
t h ec e n t r eo f t h et h i r d
v e n t r i c [aet t h el e v eoI f t h ei n t e r t h a [ a mai dchesion.
Ventrictes T o p o g r a p h y Sections S p i naIcor d Pathways
cerebri
Fissuralongitudinalis
Areasubcallosa
Cisterna
oericallosa
Gyrusparaterminalis
Caosulainterna,Crusanterius
Gvrusfrontalisinferior
Laminaterminalis
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput Commissuraanterior
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Fornix,Columna
Putamen
Fasciculus
Gyrustemporalissuperior mamillothalamicus
Claustrum
Sulcushypothalamicus
Sulcustemporalis
superior
Capsulainterna,
Hypothalamus Crusposterius
Gyrustemporalis Tegmentum
medius mesencephali
Nucleusruber Capsulainterna,
Radiatiooptica
Corporageniculata
lateraleet mediale Fimbriahippocampi
Nucleuscaudatus, Alveushippocampi
Cauda
Gyrustemporalis Plexuschoroideus
medius ventriculilateralis
Hippocampus Eminentia collateralis
Cisternaambiens Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornutemporale
Gyrusparahippocampalis Gyrusdentatus
Sulcushippocampalis
Sulcuscollateralis
Gyruslingualis
F i g .5 9 1 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o n ;
horizontaIsectionthroughthe third ventric[eat the leveI
o f t h e o p e n i n go f t h e c e r e b r a aI q u e d u c t .
Btoodvessets Cr aniaIbase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Gyrusrectus
Gyriorbitales t"rna chiasmatica
I
A cerebrianterior
I
A communicans
anterior
Laminaterminalis
A cerebrianterior
Becessussupraopticus
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri Recessus
intundibuli
A. communicansoosterior Corpusamygdaloideum
(Gyrusambiens)
Hypothalamus Pedunculuscerebri,
Cruscerebri
Fossainterpeduncularis
Pes hippocampi
Cisterna
interpeduncularis
Hippocampus
Substantia
nigra
Ventriculuslateralis,
A. cerebriposterior Cornutemporale
Cisterna
ambiens
Sulcushippocampalis
Tegmentum Sulcuscollateralis
mesencephali
Tectummesencephali, Hemisoherium
cerebelli
Colliculus
inferior
Aqueductusmesencephali
Frenulum
velimedullaris
suoerioris
Vermiscerebelli
Gyrusllngualis longitudinalis
cerebri
F t g . 5 9 2 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
s t a g g e r e dh o r i z o n t asI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e f l o o r o f t h e t h i r d
v e n t r i c l ea t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e m a m i l t a r vb o d i e s .
Vent ric t e s T o p o gra p h y Sections S p i n a Ic o r d Pathways
Brain, sagittalsections
Forameninterventriculare
Gyrusfrontalis
superior
Sulcuscinguli
Hypothalamus
Gyruscinguli
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus
Septumpellucidum
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Glandula pinealis
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Gyrusparaterminalis V magnacerebri
Commissura
anterior Sulcusoarietooccioitalis
Laminaterminalis
A cerebrianterior Tectum
A, communicans anterior
Aqueductusmesencephali
Gyrusrectus
N opticusill Sulcuscalcarinus
A carotisinterna
Hypophysis
Corpusmamillare
posterior
A communicans
Vermiscerebelli
A basilaris
Hemispherium
cerebelli
Pons
quartus
Ventriculus
Tegmentum
mesencephali Plexuschoroideus quarti
ventriculi
Fig.593 Brain,Encepha[on; A vertebralis Aoerturamedianaventriculiouarti
m e d i a ns e c t i o n . Medulla oblongata Canaliscentralis
Ventriculus
lateralis.
Parscentralis Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
V thalamostriata
superior Thalamus
Corouscallosum.
Truncus Gyruscinguli
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput
Sulcuscentralis
Capsulainterna
Tela choroidea ventriculi tertii
Fornix,Crus
Fornix,Commissura
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Corpuscallosum,
Genu
Sulcusparietooccipitalis
Commissura
anterior
Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum N trochlearislvl
Gyrusparaterminalis
Bulbusolfactorius
A cerebrianterior Sulcuscalcarinus
Gyrusrectus
A carotisinterna
N. opticusilll
N. oculomotorius llll Cisterna
ambiens
A cerebriposterior
A superiorcerebelli
A. basilaris Pedunculus
cerebellaris
medius
Pons Vermiscerebelli
N. abducens[Vl] quartus
Ventriculus
N. hypoglossus
[Xll] Hemisoherium cerebelli
Fig.594 Brain,Encephalon; N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] Plexuschoroideus ventriculiquarti
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t A vertebralis Aperturalateralisventriculiquarti
h e m i s p h e r ea t t h e L e v eo[ f t h e N. glossopharyngeus
lXl N facialis[Vll]
h e a do f t h e c a u d a t en u c l e u s . N vagus[X] N accessorius
[Xl]
Brain BLoodvesse[s Cr aniaIbase Cr aniatner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Nucleuscaudatus,Corpus
Caosulainterna.Crusanterius
Globusoalliduslateralis
lateralis,
Ventriculus Cornutemporale
ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus
lateralis
Fornix,Crus
Hippocampus
Sulcuscalcarinus
Commissura
anterior
Globusoallidusmedialis
A carotisinterna
N oculomotorius
llll
Gyrusparahippocampalis,
Uncus
A cerebrimedia
A. communicans
oosterior
Pons
A cerebriposterior
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Pedunculus medius
cerebellaris
Fig.595 Brain,Encephaton;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e t e f t h e m i s p h e r e
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e b o d vo f t h e c a u d a t en u c [ e u s
Capsulainterna
Globus Dalliduslateralis Sulcuscentralis
Globus oallidus medialis
Cauda
Nucleuscaudatus,
Glomuschoroideum
Trigonumcollaterale
Putamen Tapetum
Ventriculuslateralis
Cornuoccipitale
Insula[Lobus
insularisl
Commissura
anterior
A cerebrimedia
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Corpusamygdaloideum
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Hippocampus
Fimbria hippocampi
A. cerebriposterior
F i g . 5 9 5 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a t o n ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e L e f th e m i s p h e r e
at the [eve[of the amygdal.oid body
Ventric[es Topography Sections S p i natcor d Pathways
Sulcuscentralis
ventriculi
Plexuschoroideus
lateralis
collateralis
Eminentia
Insula[Lobusinsularisl
Claustrum
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
A cerebri media
Putamen
Ventriculuslateralis,CornutemDorale
Nucleuscaudatus,
Cauda
Hippocampus
Fig.597 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittal.sectionthroughthe teft hemisphere
a t t h e l e v e Io f t h e a p e xo f t h e t e m p o r a Ih o r n .
Sulcuscentralis
Cisternafossaelateraliscerebri
Insula[Lobusinsularisl
A. cerebri media
Hemisoherium
cerebelli
Fig.598 Brain,Encephalon;
t h et e f th e m i s p h e r e
s a g i t t aste c t i o tnh r o u g h
a t t h el e v eoI f t h ei n s u [ a .
Brain B l o o dv e s s e t s Craniab
I ase C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
5itus cord
Encephalon
Intumescentiacervicalis
Os occipitale Gangliasensorianeruorum
spinalium
cervicalium
Nn thoracici
Rr posteriores
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
Rr cutaneilaterales
Conusmedullaris
Gangliasensorianeryorum
Intumescentia
lumbosacralis s p i n a l i u lm
umbalium
Ben
AIaossisilium
Cauda equina
F i g . 5 9 9 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a [ o snp; i n a l c o r dM , e d u t t as p i n a t i s ,
a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N
, n.spina[es;
b r a i na n d s p i n a Ln e r v e si n a n e o n a t e .
I n t h e n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a Ic o r de x t e n d st w o v e r t e b r a l .
s e g m e n t sf u r t h e rc a u d a t l yc o m p a r e dt o t h e a d u [ t .
Ventricles T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways
Segmenta ceruicalia[C1-C8]
Segmenta
thoracica
ff1-T12l
Radicesnervorum
thoracicorum
Radicesnervorum
Segmenta coccygea [Co1-Co3] lumbalium
Caudaequina Radicesneruorum
sacralium
Radicesnervorum
coccygeorum
F i g .6 0 0 S p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s S , e g m e n t am e d u t l a es p i n a t i s ,
a n d s p i n a In e r v er o o t s ,R a d i c e sn e r v o r u ms p i n a t i u m ;
s c h e m a t i cm e d i a ns e c t i o n .
A s t h e s p i n a Ic o r dd o e sn o t f o t t o wt h e g r o w t ho f t h e v e r t e b r a cI o t u m n ,
t h e c o u r s eo f t h e s p i n a Ir o o t st o w a r d st h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i nsge g m e n t a L
i n t e r v e r t e b r af ol r a m i n ab e c o m e ss t e e p e rf r o m c r a n i a lt o c a u d a LI .n t h e
n e o n a t et,h e s p i n a lc o r de n d sa t t h e [ e v e [o f t h e s p i n o u sp r o c e s so f t h e
f o u r t h[ u m b a rv e r t e b r aw , h e r e a si n t h e a d u L ti,t e x t e n d sn o r m a t l yo n [ y
t o t h e s e c o n d[ u m b a rv e r t e b r a .
Brain B to o dvesse[s C r a n i a bI a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
glossopharyngeus
!Xl Pons
Fossarhomboidea Medullaoblongata
N vagus[X]
N hypoglossus
[Xll] Radixposterior N.
(c 1) hypoglossus
N accessorius[Xl]
lxill
Arcusanterior
atlantis pyramidum
Decussatio
2
3 Fissuramediana
anteflor
Nn cervicales
Sulcusanterolateralis
lc 1-c 8l Gangliasensoria
5 nervorumspinalium
6
7 Radixposterior
Arcusvertebrae (c 8)
8 cervicalis
Vll
Radlxposterior
1 Arcusvertebrae (r 1)
thoracicaeI
2
Costalll Duramater
spinalls
Duramaterspinalis
Sulcus
posterolateralis
Nn. thoracici
lT 1-T 121 Duramater Sulcusmedianus
spinalis posterior
Radix
Arcusvertebrae posterior
thoracicae
Xll (r 12) Intumescentia
lumbosacralis
Arcusvertebrae
lumbalisI Radixposterior
( L1 )
Ganglion spinale
lumbales Conusmedullaris
lL 1-L sl Radicesposteriores
(L 1-5, S 1-5)
Caudaequina
Filumterminale
Gangliasensoria
nervorumspinalium
(s 1-5)
Filumterminale,
Os sacrum Parsduralis
Nn. sacrales Filumterminale,
ls 1-s 5l Parsduralis
F i 9 . 6 0 1 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t Lsap i n a L i s , F i g . 6 0 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a l i s ,
a n d s p i n a ln e r v e s N , n .s p i n a t e s ; a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N
, n .s p i n a [ e s ;
s i t u so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ; t h e s p i n a Id u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ;
dorsaIview. dorsaIview.
A s s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t sa r e n u m b e r e da c c o r d i n g
t o t h e s p i n a ln e r v e s a, n d t h e u p p e r m o s st p i n a Ln e r v e
i s c o u n t e da s t h e f i r s t c e r v i c a nL e r v e ,t h e r ea r e F i g .6 0 3 S p i n a lc o r d ,M e d u l t as p i n a [ i s ,
a c t u a t t ye i g h tc e r v i c asLe g m e n t s . a n d s p i n a In e r v e s N
, n.spinales;
t h e s p i n a ld u r a m a t e r h a s b e e no p e n e d ;
v e n t r a Lv i e w
Ventric[es T o p o g ra p h y S e cti o n s SpinaIcord Pathways
Fissuramediana
Fissuramedianaanterior anterior
Sulcusmedianus Duramater
posterior spinalis
Nn lumbales
Lig denticulatum
Sulcus
posterolateralis
Conusmedullaris
Radixposterior,
Filaradicularia
Filumterminale
Duramater
Arachnoidea spinalis
mater spinalis Duramaterspinalis
Gangliasensoria
nervorum Caudaequina
spinalium
Duramaterspinalis
coccygeus
Duramaterspinalis Duramater
spinalis
F i g . 6 0 6 a - c S p i n a In e r v er o o t s ,
N n . s p i n a t e sR
, adices;
typicaIcoursw e i t h i nt h e s u b a r a c h n o isdp a c e .
a C e r v i c asLe g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mc e r v i c a [ e
b T h o r a c i cs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u mt h o r a c i c u m
c L u m b a rs e g m e n t S , e g m e n t u m[ u m b a t e
> Brain Btoodvessels C r a n i a Ib a s e Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s P a r t so f t h e b r a i n
A. basilaris
A vertebralis Os occipitale
ATIAS
Rr spinales
A spinalisanterior
A. cervicalis ascendens
A vertebralis
Parsascendensaortae Arcusaortae
R spinalis
posterior
intercostalis
A spinalisanterior Parsdescendensaortae
N. spinalis,
Radixanterior
posteriores
Aa intercostales
Ganglion
sensorium
neruispinalis
Truncusnervispinalis
(A radicularis
magna)*
Caudaequina
F i g .6 0 7 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s .
* CtinicaI term:arteryof ADA|,4KtEWtcZ
Aa. spinalesposteriores
A spinalisanterior
(A spinalislateralis)
F i g ,6 0 8 A r t e r i e so f t h e s p r n a cI o r d ,M e d u [ [ as p i n a I i s .
Ventric[es T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p i naIcor d Pathways
Spinalcord,structure
posterior
Sulcusmedianus Fasciculus
oracilis )
posterior
. I Funiculus
Sulcusintermedius
Dosterior / FaSclCuluS
Cunealus,/
Substantiagelatinosa
Substantia
oelatinosa
centralis
Canaliscentralis Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius
Fila radicularia
Funiculus
anterior
Commissura
alba
Fissuramedianaanterior
Sulcusmedianus
oosterior
posterior
Sulcusmedianus Radixposterior
posterior
Funiculus
gelatinosa
Substantia Columnaposterior,
Cornuposterius
Funiculus
lateralis
Columna
posterior,
Substantia Cornu
gelatinosa posterius
centralis
Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius
Commissuraalbaanterior
t
Fiss medianal
anterior
b
Columnaposterior,
Cornuposterius
Substantiaalba grisea
Substantia
Substantia
oelatinosa
centralis
Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius Canalis centralis
F i g .6 0 9 a - d S p i n a tc o r d ,M e d u L t sap i n a t i s ;
c r o s s - s e c t i o n sm; y e L i ns t a i n ;a p p r o x 5
. 00%.
a C e r v i c apLa r t ,P a r sc e r v i c a t i s
b T h o r a c i cp a r t ,P a r st h o r a c r c a
c L u m b a rp a r t ,P a r s[ u m b a L i s
d S a c r a Ip a r t ,P a r ss a c r a u s
> Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a Ib a s e C r a n i a In e r v e s M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Functionalorganisation
of thespinalcord
gelatinosa
Substantia Nucleusmarginalis
Columnaposterior,
tl Nucleusproprius Cornuposterius
ill
Nucleusthoracicus
oosterior
Columnaintermedia,
Cornulaterale
Nucleus
intermediolateralis
Columnaanterior,
Cornuanterius
Canaliscentralis
(Substantia
griseaintermediacentralis)
F i g . 6 1 0 S p i n a cI o r d ,M e d u t t as p i n a t i s ;
[ a m i n a ro r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e g r e ym a t t e ra c c o r d i n gt o i t s
c y t o a r c h i t e c t u rI e
a c c o r d i n tgo R E X E D
1 ,9 5 2 )e, x e m p t i fe d
b y t h e t e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n tl T 1 0 l .
F o r m a t i o na n d n u m b e ro f t h e [ a m i n a ev a r y i n d i f f e r e n t
s p i n a Ic o r ds e g m e n t s
\ Ganglion spirale
I I I tQ2I L l \l
r I I I I I \l
1 = Skin
2 = Interneurons
3 = Motoneuronof anteriorhorn
4 = Motorend-plate
5 = Musclespindle
F i g . 6 1 1 R e f t e x e as t t h e s p i n a Ic o r d ;
l e f t : m o n o s y n a p t irce fl e x I b i n e u r o n a p t ,r o p r i o c e p t i v m
e ,y o s t a t i ce, . g . ,
p a t e L [ atre n d o nr e f t e xA , c h i t l . etse n d o nr e f l e x ,e t c . l ;
r i g h t :p o t y s y n a p t ri ce f l e x( p o l y n e u r o n aet ., g . ,a b d o m i n arI e f l e x ,
cremastericreflex,ptantarreftex,etc.J.
Ventric[es T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s SpinaIcord Pathways
Functionalorganisation
of thespinalcord
Fasciculusgracilis***
Fasciculus
interfascicularis+ Fasciculus
cuneatus****
tl
posterior*
Tractusspinocerebellaris
I
Fasciculipropriiposteriores ,
,
r)Ar ,
\ l,
\\
\\ll
Tractus
corticospinalis
(pyramldalis)
lateralis
Tractus
rubrospinalis
Tractusspinocerebellaris
Tractusreticulospinalis anlerior**
Tractusspino-
thalamicuslateralis
Tractusspinoolivaris
Tractusreticulospinalis;
Tractustectospinalis Tractussoinothalamicus
anlerior:
Tractusvestibulosoinalis
medialis TractussDinotectalis
Tractuscorticospinalis
(pyramidalis)
anterior propriianteriores
Fasciculi
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
F i g . 6 1 2 S p i n a Ic o r d ,M e d u l . tsap i n a t i s ; T h e r e g i o n s i n d i c a t e db y + , + + , a n d + + + d e s i g n a t ed e s c e n d i n g
s c h e m a t i co r g a n i s a t i oonf t h e w h i t e m a t t e re x e m p t i f i e d c o t l a t e r a Lt r a c t s o f t h e p o s t e r i o r f a s c i c u t i .
b y a l o w e rc e r v i c asLe g m e n t
A f f e r e n t( = a s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n b l u e ;
e f f e r e n t( = d e s c e n d i n gpl a t h w a y si n r e d .
* Ctinicalterm F L: E o H S |tG r a' sc t + SCHULTZ sE commatract lcervicaL partl
** CtinicaI term:GOWER's tract ++ FLEOHSIG o 'vsa Ib u n d t e( t h o r a c i cp a r t )
*** CtinicaI term:GOLL's tracr + + + T r i a n g t eo f P H I L I P P E - G O N 4 B[ A [ uUmLbTa ra n d s a c r a tp a r t s )
**** CtinicaI term:BURDACH's tract
**x** TheactuaIexistence of thesefibreshasnotdefinitety oeen
documented
Brain B to o dvessets C r a n i a bI a s e Cr anial.
ner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
of the
Gyruspostcentralis
Gyruspostcentralis
Fibrae thalamoparietales
Fibrae thalamoparietales
N trigeminus
[V]
Decussatio
lemniscorum Nucleuscuneatus
Nucleusgracilis - Tractusspinothalamicus
lateralis
- Tractusspinothalamicus
anterior (Fasciculus
- Tractusspinoreticularis
- anterolateralis)
Fasciculusgracilis Tractusspinotectalis
- Tractusspinoolivaris
Fasciculuscuneatus
N spinalis
Ganglion
sensorium
nervispinalis Nucleuscentralis
F i g .6 1 3 P a t h w a y sf o r e p i c r i t i cI b t u e )a n d p r o t o p a t h i Icg r e e n )s e n s i b i t i t y .
Ascendingpathways
Pathwayfor epicriticsensibitityltactitepathwayl
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o nf p r e s s u r a
lPrecise e n dt o u c h )
1 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mr e c e p t o rI se x t e r o c e p t oi rnst h ] es k i na n dt h e m u c o s aa, s w e LaLs t h e p e r i o s t e u m t h,ej o i n t sa n dt h e m u s c L e
s p i n d l eest c , t o t h ec u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e ui n s t h e m e d u L Loab L o n g a t a : g r a ac n i tdec u n e a t fea s c i c u L Iupse r i k a r y a
i n t h es p i n agLa n g L i ad)e: s c e n d i ncgo l L a t e r a( Ls se eF i g .6 1 2 )
2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e m e d u t l a o b [ o n g a t(ac u n e a taen dg r a c i Lneu c l e u st o l t h et h a t a m u Ism e d i a L l e m n i s cpuesr,i k a r yian t h e
c u n e a t ae n dg r a c i Lneu c L e u s ]
3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s eFdr] o mt h et h a l a m u tso t h ec e r e b r a L c o r t pe ax r, t i c u t a rtloyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y(rtuhsa L a m o c o r t i c a L
f i b r e sp, e r i k a r yian t h et h a L a m u s l
Pathwayfor protopathicsensibititylpain pathwayf
IP a i n t, e mp e r a t ur e ,g e n e r apI r e s s u r se e n s a t i o n )
1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mr e c e p t o rIse x t e r o c e p t o o r sf ]t h e s k i na n dt h e m u c o s ae t c , ,t o t h e p o s t e r i ohr o r n ,L a m i n ale- V I p e r i k a r yian t h e
spinaLgangLia)
2 n e u r o n[ c r o s s e ds,o m ef i b r e sp o s s i b Luyn c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohro r nt o t h et h a L a m uisn,t h e r e t i c u L a f or r m a t i oann dt o t h e m i d b r a i tne c t u mI a n t e r i oarn d[ a t e r a L
spinothaLam t riacc t ss, p i n o r e t i c u t ar ar c t ,s p i n o t e c t a l t r apc et ;r i k a r yian t h e p o s t e r i ocro l u m n l
3 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d l
F r o m t h e t h a L a m u sa m o n g o t h e r st o t h e c e r e b r a L c o r t e px a
, r t i c u L a r tLoyt h e p o s t c e n t r a L g y r u[ tsh a L a m o c o r t i cf a
i bI r e s ,
p e r i k a r y ai n t h e t h a L a m u s )
Vent ric t e s T o p o g ra p h y S e c t i o n s Spinalcord Pathways
Pathways
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
suDerior
Vermis cerebelli
Pedunculus inferior
cerebellaris
posterior
Tractusspinocerebellaris
Tractussoinocerebellaris
anterior
Nucleusthoracicus
posterior
Cornuanterius Tractusspinoolivaris
N spinalis
F i g . 6 1 1 P a t h w a y sf o r u n c o n s c i o udse e ps e n s i b i L i t y .
Ascendingpathways
Pathwayfor unconscious deepsensibitity
I U n c o n s c i o ubsu, t p r e c i s es p a t i adLi f f e r e n t i a t i oa ns a p r e r e q u i s i ft o
e r m o v e m e nct o o r d i n a t i obny t h e c e r e b e t t u m ]
V i at h e a n t e r i o rc e r e b e t l atr a c t
'1
n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mr e c e p t o r{sp r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c L eoi f t h e i n t e r m e d i a tzeo n e
a n dt h ea n t e r i ocr o [ u m nI p e r i k a r yi n a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a )
2 n e u r o nI c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e a n t e r i o h r o r nw i t h i nt h e a n t e r i o sr p i n o c e r e b e [ [t a a c tt o t h e c e r e b e | ' L uvm
r ar c to f t h e a n t e r o [ a t e rtar L i at h e
s u p e r i ocr e r e b e L Lpaerd u n c L( pe e r i k a r yi na t h ei n t e r m e d i azt eo n ea n dt h ea n t e r i ohr o r n J .
V i at h e p o s t e r i ocr e r e b e t t at r a c t
1 n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o me n do r g a n s{ p r o p r i o c e p t o irns m l u s c L e st e, n d o n sa, n dt h e c o n n e c t i vtei s s u et o t h e n u c t eoi f t h e p o s t e r i ocr o L u m n
a n dt h et h o r a c i nc u c L e uI sp e r i k a r yi n
a t h es p i n agLa n g t i a )
2 . n e u r o nI u n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e p o s t e r i ohr o r na n dt h e t h o r a c i cn u c L e uws i t h i nt h e p o s t e r i osr p i n o c e r e b e t ltar ar c to f t h e [ a t e r atIr a c tt o
t h ec e r e b e t l uvmi at h o i n f o r i nnr a n a h o l l ^r r^ d u n c [ (ep e r i k a r yi nat h et h o r a c i nc u c t e uas n da t t h e b a s eo f t h e p o s t e r i o r
c o Lmu nl
Bl.oodvesseIs Craniab
I ase Cr aniaIner ves M e n i n g e s Par tsof the br ai n
Gyrusprecentralis
Fibrae corticospinales
Thalamus
Corpus striatum
(Tractusrubrothalamicus)
Thalamus Nucleusruber
(Tractus
cerebellorubralis)
Substantia
nigra
Nucleusdentatus
Cerebellum,
Nucleipontis
Fibrae oontocerebellares
- Tractusrubrospinalis
- Tractusreticulospinalis
Tractusbulboreticulosoinalis
etc - Tractusvestibulospinalis
- Tractustectospinalis
Cornuanterius
Radixanterior
Imotoria]
N spinalis
pathways
Descending
T h em o t o rs y s t e mc o m p r i s eas L a r g n eu m b e o r f n u c L e ar e r g i o nas n dt r a c t sT. h e" m o t o rf i n a L p a t ha"r et h e m o t o n e u r o n s
D e s p i tteh ee x t r a o r d i n acroym p t e x iot yf t h e s ec i r c u i t st h, et r a d i t i o n a L o r g a n i s a
wtiiLob
lne m a i n t a i n ef o
d r d i d a c t irce a s o n s
I S o - c a t l e dPly r a m i d at rI a c t
1 [ c e n t r a Ln]e u r o nl c r o s s e d )
F r o mt h e c e r e b r acLo r t e xt h r o u g ht h e i n t e r n acLa p s u Laen dt h e c e r e b r apI e d u n c l etso i n t e r n e u r o nwsi t h i nt h e a n t e r i o r
a n dp o s t e r i ocro I u m n{ [ a t e r a L c o r t i c o s p i n a Lat n r aI c t ,p e r i k a r yian t h e p r e c e n t r a L g y r u s ) .
r at ec rt ,i ocr o r t i c o s p i nt a
B r a n c h i nogf fo f f i b r e st o t h e n u c l eoi f t h ec r a n i a L n e r vIecso r t i c o n u c Lfei barre sa n db u L b acro r t i c o n u c t ef iabrr e s J .
2 [ p e r i p h e r anLel u r o nI m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ]
F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n dp t a t e so f t h e s k e t e t am I u s c u t a t u rIem o t o n e u r o npse, r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o r
nornJ
I S o - c a t l e dEJx t r a p y r a m i dm aLo t o rs y s t e m
1 c e n t r a nL e u r o n s[ c r o s s e a d n du n c r o s s e d ]
F r o mt h e c e r e b r acI o r t e xp, a r t i c u L a rtlhye p r e c e n t r agLy r u sa n dt h e a d j a c e nct o r t i c aaLr e a si n c L u d i nsgy n a p s etso t h e
b a s a L g a n g Itihaa, L a m ussu, b t h a [ a mni cu c t e u sr e , dn u c l e u ss,u b s t a n t inai g r ac, e r e b e [ L uemt c, .a n df e e d b a cLko o ptso
t h ei n t e r n e u r o n o sf t h ea n t e r i ocr o L u m lnr u b r o s p i n a L t r amcet ,d i aaLn dL a i e r av Le s t i b u t o s p i n a L t r ae ct itc, u L o s p itnr a L
ct,
t e c t o s p i ntar Lact).
2 . p e r i p h e r anIe u r o n{ m o t o re n dp a t h w a ya,- m o t o n e u r o n s ]
F r o mt h e a n t e r i o rh o r nt o t h e m o t o re n d - p L a t eosf t h e s k e t e t am I u s c L e(sm o t o n e u r o npse; r i k a r y ian t h e a n t e r i o rh o r n ]
Vent ric t e s T o p o g r a p h y S e c t i o n s S p inaIcor d Pathways
F i g , 6 1 6 D y s f u n c t i o n a I c u t a n e o u s i n n e r vdaut e
i oton paLsyof Fig. 617 Compteteparaplegiaat the leveIof the eleventh
c e r t a i n f, r e q u e n t [ ya f f e c t e ds p i n a In e r v e s t h o r a c i cs e g m e n t
P a r a L y s iosf t h e c o m p L e t m
e o t o rand sensorysystem.
F i g .5 1 8 P a r a l y s i o s f t h e t r a c t so f t h e r i g h t p o s t e r i o fr u n i c u t u s F i g .6 1 9 H e m i p L e g iIaB R o W N - S E Q U AdRu D e tj o d i s r u p t i o no f
a t t h e L e v eol f t h e e l e v e n t ht h o r a c i cs e g m e n t . t h e h a L fo f t h e s p i n a Ic o r do n t h e r i g h t s i d ea t t h e l e v e Io f t h e
L o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e t Ia s [ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o n e L e v e n tthh o r a c i cs e g m e n t .
a n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o nr e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a t ] . 0 n t h e r i g h t s i d e I i p s i L a t e r a t t [yo) s: so f m o t o rf u n c t i o nI i n i t i a l . t y
, a t e rs p a s t i c l [; o s so f f i n e t a c t i t es e n s a t i o na s w e I La s
f t a c c i dL
[ o s so f s e n s eo f p o s i t i o na n d v i b r a t i o nI r o u g ht o u c hs e n s a t i o n
r e m a i n sf u n c t i o n a U .
0 n t h e L e f ts i d eI c o n t r a L a t e r a t t[yo)s: so f p a i na n d t e m p e r a t u r e
s e n s a t rno.
Lac r i m aIappar atus
Eyelids
(Sulcuspalpebralis
superio0
Angulusoculilateralis
Supercilium (Raphepalpebralis
lateralis)
Tunica
conjunctiva
bulbi
Angulusoculi
lateralis; Caruncula
Commissura lacrimalis
lateralis
palpeDrarum
Rima Angulusoculi
parpeorarum medialis
Citiae
Palpebra
inferior Sulcussclerae Plicasemilunaris
(Sulcuspalpebronasalis) Pupilla conjunctivae
Angulus
oculimedialis;
Commissuramedialis Palpebra inferior
Limbusposteriorpalpebrae (inferior)
Papillalacrimalis
Limbusanterior
Limbusanteriorpalpebrae palpebrae
Limbusposterior
Sulcussclerae Papilla lacrimalis Tunicaconjunctiva Punctum lacrimale:Paoilla
(superior) palpebrarum lacrimalis (superior)
Caruncula
lacrimalis
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
Tunicaconjunctiva
parpeorarum
Limbusposterior Plica
palpebrae semilunaris
conjunctivae
Limbusanterior
palpebrae
Plicasemilunaris
coniunctivae Lacuslacrimalis Punctumlacrimale;
Punctumlacrimale (inferior)
Papillalacrimalis
(inferioo
Papillalacrimalis
Caruncula lacrimalis
F i g . 6 2 2 E y e , O c u l u sa,n d e y e l i d sP
, alpebrae. F i g . 6 2 3 E y e , O c u [ u sa,n d e y e t i d sP, a t p e b r a e .
E v e r s i o no f t h e u p p e re y e t i d( e x t r o p i o n i s a t i oi ns Jh i n d e r e d
b y t h e s t i f f n e s so f t h e t a r s u s ,b u t c a n b e f a c i t i t a t e w
d ith
t h e a i d o f a s m a t lh o o k .
Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e Eyebatl. pathway
CIptie TopnEr aphy
lvlargo
supraorbitalis Foramen
supraorbitale* Incisura
frontalis* Faciesorbitalis
Os frontale.Parsorbitalis.
Os sphenoidale,Ala minor Fovea trochlearis
Canalis opticus
Fossaglandulae
lacrimalis
Foramen ethmoidaleposterius
Os frontale,Proc zygomaticus
Foramen ethmoidaleanterius
Sulcus Iacrimalis
Os zygomaticum,
Proc frontalis
Crista lacrimalisanterior
Fissuraorbitalis
superior Fossa sacci lacrimalis
Crista lacrimalisposterior
Os zygomaticum,
Faciesorbitalis
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Foramenzygomaticofaciale
Incisuralacrimalis
Fissuraorbitalis
inferior Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis
Os palatinum,Proc orbitalis
Sulcusinfraorbitalis
; Canalisinfraorbitalis
Margo infraorbitalis Forameninfraorbitale Maxilla,Facies orbitalis
F i g . 6 2 1 0 r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
o b L i q u vei e wf r o m [ a t e r a t .
+ Thesestructures canbepresent as
f o r a m i noar n o t c h e s .
Foramina ethmoidalia
anterius et posterius
Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis
Fissuraorbitalis
superior
Canalisopticus
Os sphenoidale,
Ala minor
Os nasale l/argo lateralis
Os lacrimale Foramen zygomaticoorbitale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major Maxilla, ': Fissuraorbitalis
superior
Proc frontalis
Os zygomaticum,
Fissuraorbitalis Canalis Faciesorbitalis
inferior nasolacrimalis
Alamaior
' )
Facies ) I Os sphenoidale
orbitalis I Corpus J
pterygopalatina I vaxitta
CorpusI
maxillae /
Os sphenoidale, Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Proc Fissurapterygomaxillaris
pterygoideus
Maxilla,Faciesorbitalis
Sinusmaxillaris
Sinusmaxillaris
um f orutt"'"ti""'
os patatin
I Proc.orbitalis Canalisinfraorbitalis
Fig.625 MediatwatL
P ,a r i e sm e d i a t i s , Fig.626 LateraIwa[t, Paries[atera[is,
nf tho nrhi+ flrhi+r. o f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
lateraIview. m e d i a Iv i e w
: r] r r r . , , , , ,
,.i t:ri.r. a
t',r,ra,.,.r
.rrrr.rrr,.
Eyelids
M occioitofrontalis.
Venterfrontalis lvl depressor
supercilii M procerus M, corrugator
supercilii
Os nasale
M orbicularis
oculi,
Parspalpebralis
Lig palpebrale
mediale
M orbicularis
oculi,
L4 levator Parsorbitalis
labiisuperioris
alaequenasl
l\il levator
labiisuperioris
ataequenasl
M orbicularis
oculi,
Parsorbitalis
M. nasalis
lvl.levator M levator
labiisuperioris labiisuperioris
M. zygomaticus
M zygomaticus malor
mtnor
M zygomaticus
mtnor
M, zygomaticus
maJor
M levator anguli oris M orbicularis
oris,Parsmarginalis lvl deDressor seDti nasi M levatorangulioris
) 119,120
T ,1a , c ,d ,e Fig.62l Faciam
I u s c l e s ,M m . f a c i e i .
M levatorpalpebrae
superioris
Tarsussuperior
Saccus lacrimalis
(Raphe palpebralis
lateralis);Lig
palpebralelaterale Lig palpebralemediale
Rimapalpebrarum
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
Tarsusinferior
lV1obliquus inferior
F i g . 6 2 8 0 r b i t a Lo p e n i n gA, d i t u so r b i t a L i sw, i t h e y e l . i d s ,
Patoebrae.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e Eyebatt 0 p ti cp a th way Topography
Eyelids,
structure
l/ orbicularis
oculi,
Parspalpebralis
Tunicaconjunctivapalpebrarum
Tarsussuperior
Glandulaetarsales*
Limbusposterior
palpebrae
M. orbicularis
oculi,
Parspalpebralis
Limbusanteriorpalpebrae
F i g . 6 2 9 U p p e re y e t i d P , a t p e b r as u p e r i o r ;
photograph o f a m i c r o s c o p iscp e c i m e n ;
a z a ns t a r n ;
s a g i t t a sI e c t i o n m
, agnified.
* C t i n i c at eI r m :M E l B 0 M igatna n d s
Tarsussuperior
Glandulaetarsales
Angulusoculilateralis
Angulusoculimedialis
Commissuramedialis
palpebrarum
Commissura
lateralis
palpebrarum
Rimapalpebrarum
Glandulae
tarsales
Tarsusinferior
F i g . 6 3 0 E y e l ' i d sP, a t p e b r a e ;
t r a n s t u c e nst p e c i m e ni l t u s t r a t i n g
t h e e x c r e t o r yd u c t u l e s
o f t h e t a r s a Ig L a n d s ;
oosteriorview.
r Eye Surface Sketeton Eyetids Lacrimalapparatus
Lacrimalapparatus
Septumorbitale
M levator palpebrae
superioris,Tendo
Tarsussuperior
Lig. palpebralemediale
Ductuliexcretorii
Maxilla,Proc frontalis
Septumorbitale
Tarsusinferior
F i g .6 3 1 0 r b i t a Io p e n i n gA , d i t u so r b i t a t i sw
, itheyel.ids,
P a l p e b r a ea, n d [ a c r i m a tg [ a n d ,G t a n d u [ a[ a c r i m a [ i s .
N lacrimalis
A. lacrimalis
Glandula
lacrimalis.
Parsorbitalis
R. communicans
cum nervozygomatico
Suturasphenozygomatica
Palpebra
superior
M. rectuslateralis
N. opticuslll
Palpebrainterior
R. communicans
cum nervozygomatico
Foramenzygomaticoorbitale
Lacrimalapparatus
Fornixconiunctivae
suoerior Papilla lacrimalis:Punctum lacrimale
Plica semilunarisconiunctivae
lacrimalis
Canaliculus suoerior
Glandulalacrimalis,
Ductuliexcretorii
M orbicularis
oculi
lacrimalis
Caruncula
Saccuslacrimalis
lacrimalis
Canaliculus inferior
Papillalacrimalis;
Punctumlacrimale
Conchanasalismedia
Ductusnasolacrimalis
Fornix conjunctivaeinferior
Plicalacrimalis
Meatusnasiinferior
Conchanasalisinferior
N. infraorbitalis
Sinusmaxillaris,
Tunicamucosa
F i g .6 3 3 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a t i s ;
t h e e y e l i d sh a v eb e e np u t l e da w a yf r o m t h e e y e b a L t ;
t h e n a s o l a c r i m adI u c t h a s b e e no p e n e du p t o t h e i n f e r i o rn a s a Im e a t u s .
Canaliculus lacrimalis
Caruncula
lacrimalis
superior
Fornix
saccl
lacrimalis
Lig.
palpebrale
mediale
Saccus
lacrimalis
Maxilla,
Proc
trontalis
M orbicularis
oculi oculi /
M orbicularis
Canaliculus Ductus
nasolacrimalis Canaliculus Maxilla,Proc
lacrimalis frontalis
Papilla lacrimalis; inferior lacrimalis
inferior
Punctum lacrimale M obliquus interior Ductusnasolacrimalis
l\4 obliquusinlerior Sinusmaxillaris
F i g . 6 3 4 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u s[ a c r i m a I i s . F i g .6 3 5 L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u sA, p p a r a t u sL a c r i m a t i s ;
the nasoLacrima d Iu c t a n d t h e n a s o l a c r i m acIa n a I
h a v eb e e no p e n e d .
Surface appar atus
Skeleton Eyel.ids l - ac r i m aI
M obliquus Trochlea
superior,
M rectusmedialis
M obliquusinferior
M rectusinlerior
l\4 rectussuperior
M obliquus
superior
M. levatorpalpebrae
superioris M rectuslateralis
Anulustendineus
communis
a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ;
F i g .6 3 6 E x t r a - o c u l m
scnema;
supeflorvrew.
M orbitalis
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Os frontale
M obliquus
superior
Fissuraorbitalissuperior
N opticuslll
Lacertusmusculirectilateralis
M rectusmedialis
Os sphenoidale,Ala major
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectusinferior
N oculomotorius
llll, R inferior
Periorbita
N infraorbitalis
r u s c t e sM
F i g . 6 3 7 E x t r a - o c u [ am , m e x t e r n ib u l b i ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Musclesof the eye
Extra-ocularmuscles
M rectusmedialis
M rectuslateralis
M. obliquusinferior
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi
M rectusinferior
F i g .6 3 8 E x t r a - o c u l am
r usclesM
, m . e x t e r n ib u [ b i .
M. rectussuperior
M obliquus
superior,
Tendo
N opticusilll
M. rectuslateralis
M rectusmedialis
M. obliquusinlerior
F i g .6 3 9 E x t r a - o c u [m
a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ;
oosterior view.
M rectussuperior
M obliquus
superior,
Tendo
M rectuslateralis
M obliquusinferior
M. rectusinferior N opticuslll
F i g .6 4 0 E x t r a - o c u tm a ru s c l e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u t b i ;
p o s t e r i o r - s u p e rviioerw .
Sur face Sketeton EyeLids Lac r i m atappar atus
Extra-ocular
muscles
M levatorpalpebrae
superioris
M rectussuperior
Periorbita
M. rectuslateralis
N. opticusilll
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
M rectusinferior M obliquusinferior
Fossainfratemooralis
Fissuraorbitalisinferior
Sinusmaxillaris
a ru s c t e sM, m .e x t e r nbi u l b i ;
F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u lm
[ateraIview.
M rectussuoerior.
Tendo
Margosupraorbitalis M levatorpalpebrae
superioris
lacrimalis,
Glandula
Parsorbitalis M. rectusmedialis,
Tendo
M rectuslateralis,Tendo
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi
Margo lateralis
Margomedialis
M obliquus inlerior,Tendo
M obliquusinferior
Os zygomaticum
Margoinfraorbitalis
Forameninfraorbitale
r u s c L e sM, m e x t e r n ib u I b i ;
F i g , 6 1 1 2 E x t r a - o c u [ am
o b t i o u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r .
muscles
Extra-ocular
M obliquussuperior,
Trochlea
M obliquus Bulbusoculi
supenor,
Tendo
M. levator
palpebrae
supenons
M levator
parpe0rae
supenofls
M obliquus
supeflor,
Tendo
Glandula
lacrimalis,
Parsorbitalis Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Corpus
adrposum
orbitae
M rectusmedialis
M obliquus
supenor
M. rectuslateralis
M rectus
lateralis
M rectus M. rectussuperior
supenor
lvl obliquus
superior
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Chiasmaopticum N. opticusilll
Lobusfrontalis,
Gyriorbitales
l\il.levatorpalpebraesuperioris
M rectussuperior Pariessuperior
M obliquus
superior Pariesmedialis
N opticusilll Parieslateralis
M rectuslateralis Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectusmedialis Pariesinferior
M rectusinferior
Sinusmaxillaris
Cavitasnasi
F i g . 6 1 1 E x t r a - o c u t am r usclesM , m . e x t e r n ib u t b i ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g e( M R l ) ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i d d L eo f t h e o r b i t ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w
Lens Pariesmedialis
Bulbusoculi,Corpusvitreum
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateralis
Parieslateralis
N opticusilll
M. rectusmedialis Canalisopticus
Lobustemporalis
F i g . 6 4 5 E y e b a l .Bt ,u l b u so c u L ia, n d e x t r a - o c u t am r u s c t e sM
, m . e x t e r n ib u t b i .
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h ii cm a g eI M R l l ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e o p t i cn e r v e :
s u p e f l o rv r e w .
Lac r i m aIappar atus
Eyeball,structure
Axlsexternusbulbi
Vertexcorneae:Polusanteriorbulbi
Epitheliumanterius
Polusanteriorlentis
Cameraanteriorbulbi
Laminalimitansanterior'
Faciesanterior LaminalimitansDosterior **
rri"I
[Facies posterior\ '''t,
,'rbu"
Cornea "orn"u"
Angulus iridocornealis
Reticulum
trabeculare
Sinusvenosussclerae***
Tunicaconjunctiva
bulbi Tunicaconjunctiva
Fibraecircularesl
Cameraposterior
bulbi - Fibrae ciliaris
lM
. meridionales
,/
Pars ciliaris
Orbiculus
ciliaris retinae
Polus'Dosterior
lentis Ura serrala
Parsopticaretinae
Camerapostremalvitrea]bulbi;
Corpusvitreum
Choroidea
Spatiumperichoroideum
Excavatio disci
Dimensions
of the eyebatt
lAverageva[uesaccordingto the anatomicand ophtha[mol.ogic
literature)
Sinusvenosussclerae*
iridismajor
Circulusarteriosus
V conjunctivalis
anterior
A conjunctivalis
anterior
A. ciliarisanterior
Circulusarteriosus
iridisminor
Ora serrata
V. ciliaris
antenor
A. ciliarisposterior
longa
Vasasanguinea
retinae
Choroidea V vorticosa
Lamina choroidocaoillaris
Lamina vasculosa **
V centralis
retinae
V episcleralis
A episcleralis
A centralis
retinae
A ciliarisposterior
longa
Aa ciliaresposterioresbreves
F i g . 5 1 7 B t o o dv e s s e l so f t h e e y e b a t tB, u L b u so c u t , .
* C [ i n i c at eI r m :c a n a t oSf c H L E M M
* * C t i n i c at eI r m :u v e a
L a c r i m aaI p p a r a t u s
Ciliarybodyand iris
to'n"" pupillae
M sphincter
Cameraanterior l Stromairidis
-l--^---
Faciesposterior, posterius
Epithelium
Faciesanterior.
Eoithelium
anterius
proDria
Substantia corneae
Sinusvenosussclerae*
Angulusiridocornealis
Beticulum
trabeculare
Cameraposterior
zonulares zonularia
Procc,
ciliares
I zonur"
.itiu,.i.--
Corpusciliare
F i g .6 4 8 E y e b a t LB,u L b u so c u t i ;
s c h e m a t i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f
thepupit.
* C l i n i c at eLr m :c a n aoI f S c H L E M M
* * C [ i n i c at eI r m :z o n u [ oe f Z I N N
lris,Margopupillaris
Lens, Facies anterior
Beticulum
trabeculare
Lens,
Polus anterior
M ciliaris lris,Faciesanterior
Anulus
iridismajor
Anulusiridisminor
F i g . 6 4 9 l r i s , l r i s ,a n d p u p i t ,P u p i l . l . a ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o I f t h e s c t e r aa n d c o r n e a :
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
Mu s c t e os f t h e e y e
Anulusiridisminor
Margopupillaris
Anulusiridismajor
Reticulum
trabeculare
Margo ciliaris
Lens,Faciesanterior
Parsiridicaretinae
F i g . 6 5 0 l r i s ,l r i s ;
a f t e rr e m o v aoIf t h ec o r n e a ;
anteriorview.
Pars ciliarisretinae
Procc.ciliares
Fibraezonulares:
Soatiazonularia
Plicae ciliares
Cornea,Faciesposterior
F i g . 6 5 1 l r i s ,l r i s ;
posterior view.
lris.Faciesoosterior
Parsopticaretinae
Procc ciliares
F i g .6 5 2 l r i s ,l r i s ;
Plicae ciliares section o f F i g .6 5 1 ;
Orbiculus
ciliaris posterior view.
L a c r i m a Ia p p a r a t u s
Faciesanterior Polusanterior
Polusposterior Faciesposterior
F i g . 6 5 3 L e n sL, e n s ; F i g . 6 5 4 L e n sL, e n s ;
a n t e r i ovr i e w . viewedf romthe equator.
Aequator+
F i g . 6 5 5 L e n s ,L e n s ; F i g . 6 5 6 L e n sL, e n s ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m a n t e r i o r schema o f t h e[ e n sf i b r e si n a n e o n a t e :
viewed f r o mt h ee q u a t o r .
M u s c t e so f t h e e y e Eyebatt 0 p ti cp a th way Topogr aphy
retinaesuperior
Venulatemporalis
retinaeinferior
Venulatemooralis
Arteriolatemooralisretinaeinferior
F i g . 6 5 7 O c u t a rf u n d u s ,F u n d u so c u t i ;
o p h t h a [ m o s c o p pi ci c t u r eo f t h e c e n t r a Ir e g i o n ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
* C[inicaI term:yetlowspot
* * C t i n i c at eI r m :p a p i t [oar b I i n ds p o t
Venulamacularis
superior Arteriolatemporalisretinaesuperior
Venulatemporalis
retinaesuperior
Venulanasalisretinaesuperior
Arteriola
macularis
suDerior
nasalisretinaesuoeriol
Arteriola
Discusnervioptici
(Arteriolamedialisretinae)
Arteriolamacularisinferior
Arteriolanasalisretinaeinferior
Venulamacularis
inferior
Arteriola
temooralis
retinaeinferior
F i g ,6 5 8 B L o o dv e s s e t so f t h e r e t i n a V, a s as a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e ;
s c h e m ao f t h e c o u r s eo f t h e v e s s e t s :
anteriorview.
Lac r i m aIappar atus
Excavatio disci
Laminacribrosasclerae
Stratum ) _
nervosum I Ha.ls
I opuca
Stratum I retinae
p19menrosum
/
Lamina fusca sclerae
Choroidea
propria
Substantia
screrae
Spatiumintervaginale
subarachnoidale
N opticuslll
F i g . 6 5 9 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l 1 ;
h o r i z o n t sa eI c t i o n
a t i t se x i tf r o mt h ee y e b a L I
Spatium intervaginalesubarachnoidale
Vaginainternanervioptici
F i g . 6 6 0 0 p t i cn e r v eN, . o p t i c u Isl l l ;
c r o s s - s e c t in
oen a rt h ee y e b a L [
M u s c l e sC I tf h e e y e Eyebatt pathwmy
ffi6rtic Topography
Hypophysis M rectussuperior
Chiasmaopticum
N opticuslll,
Parsorbitalis
Tractusopticus
A ophthalmica
A ophthalmica
orbitae
Corpusadiposum
A carotisinterna,
Parscerebralis
M rectuslateralis
Sinuscavernosus
M rectusinferior
F i g . 6 5 1 0 p t i cn e r v eN, .o p t i c uIsl l J ;
t h eo p t i cc a n ahI a sb e e no p e n e d ;
viewed f r o mt h er i g h t .
M levatorpalpebrae
superioris Sinusfrontalis
l\4 rectussuperior
Corpusadiposum
orbitae
Corpusciliare
N opticuslll
Palpebra
superior
M rectusinterior Lens
Cameraanterior
Sinussphenoidalis
inferior
Palpebra
Bulbusoculi,Camera
Sinusmaxillaris postrema[vitrea]
F i g . 6 6 2 0 r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n cteo m o g r a p h i cm a g eI M R l ) ;
v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na [ o n gt h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
v i e w e df r o m t h e r i g h t .
Surfaqe Sketeton E y e L i d s L a c r i r n a at p p a r a t u s
0pticpathwayand bloodvessels
Bulbuo
s culi
Aa ciliares
A centralisretinae
Chiasma opticum
A ophthalmica
Tubercinereum*
A carotis inlerna
A choroidea anterior
A cerebriposterior Tractusopticus
Tractusopticus,
Radixmedialis
Tractusopticus,
Radixlateralis
Mesencephalon,
Pedunculus
cereDrl Corpus
geniculatum
mediale
Corpus
geniculatum
Tectum laterale
mesencephali,
Colliculus
superior
Radiatiooptica
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
lateralis
V magna cerebri
Brachium colliculisuperioris
Sulcuscalcarinus
R calcarinus
(Area striata)
F i g .6 6 3 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a L oann, d b | . o o d suppLo y f t h e p a r t so f t h e
o p t i cp a t h w a y ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
T h e p i t u i t a r yg t a n dh a s b e e nr e m o v e da t i t s i n f u n d i b u t u m [ * 1 .D u e
t o t h e c [ o s ep r o x i m i t yo f t h e p i t u i t a r yg L a n da n d t h e o p t i cc h i a s m ,
p i t u i t a r vt u m o u r sc a n c a u s ev i s u a Ld i s t u r b a n c e s
0ptic pathway
1 n e u r o nr: o dc e L Lasn dc o n ec e L Losf t h e r e t i n a T h e yr u n w i t h i ni h e o p t i cn e r v et o t h e o p t i cc h i a s mw , here
2 n e u r o nb: i p o l . agra n g [ i ocne [ L os f t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r yi n
a t h ef i b r e sf r o mt h e n a s a pL a r to f t h eo c u L af ru n d u sc r o s s
t h er e t i n a L g a n g l . i o n ) L ot h eo p p o s i tsei d e E a c ho p t i cL r a ccLo n t a i nfsi b r e sw, h i c h
n e u T Om n :u L t i - p o Lgaarn g L i ocne L Losf t h e r e t i n aI p e r i k a r y a t r a n s m iitn f o r m a t i of rno mt h ec o n t r a L a t ehr a lLof f t h e
i n t h eo p t i cg a n g t i o n ) visuaLfieLd
T h ea x o n so f t h eo p t i cg a n g t i ocne L Lesx t e n dp r i m a r i ltyo 4 n e u r o nl:t s a x o n st r a v e Lp r i m a r i l yf r o mt h e l a t e r a I
t h e l a t e r agL e n i c u L abt eo d yl L a t e r ar L 'l
o o t )a, L t h o u gshe v e r a I g e n i c u L a bt eo d yt o a r e a s 7 a n d 1 8o f t h e c e r e b r acI o r t e x
f i b r e sa L s oe x t e n dt o t h e p r e t e c t aaLr e aa n dt h e s u p e r i o r I s t r i a ta
e r e a iJn t h e r e q i o ns u r r o u n d i nt h
q ec a L c a r i n e
c o L L i c u Ll mu se d i a L r o oat ls,w e [ La s t o t h e h y p o t h a L a m u s s uL c u s
Mus c le o
s f t h ee y e Eyebatt Opticpathway Topogr aphy
'1 Commonvisualfield
' 1 aVisualfieldof the lett
eye
1 b Visualtieldof the righteye
2a Projectionon the left retina
2b Projectionon the rightretina
1a
Bulbusoculi
N. opticuslll
Ganglion ciliare
Chiasmaopticum
Ganglion
cervicale
supenus
Tractusopticus
N oculomotorius
illll
Corpusgeniculatum
laterale
Radiatio optica
Colliculus
superior
Sulcuscalcarinus
3b
a A supraorbitalis
t N suoraorbitalis.
Fl lateralis
o [4 levatorpalpebrae
superioris
N suoraorbitalis.R medialis':
Glandula lacrimalis,
N supratrochlearis
, Pars orbitalis
Corpusadiposum
orbitae
t M rectus superior
R meningeus
anteriora
A ethmoidalis
anteriora a A lacrimalis
l\4 obliquus
superiorf
, N lacrimalis
,
N nasociliaris
N frontalis
, N abducens [Vl]
N trochlearis
lVl
N o p h t h a l m i c[uVsi 1 ]
Canalisopticus x N maxillaris[V/2]
N opticuslll ,l
A ophthalmica
a O A meningea
media
A carotisinternaa
, N mandibularis
[V/3],
R meningeus
N oculomotorius
llll :
, N mandibularis
[V/3]
N trochlearis
lvl ,t
[Vl].,
N abducens r, Gangliontrigeminale
R tentorius:
;, N trigeminus[V]
666
F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t , 0 r b i t a ;
,-,
s u 0 e n o rv r e w .
Mu s c le o
s f t h ee y e Eyebatt 0pticpathway Topography
a N supraorbitalis,
R. lateralis
A supraorbitalis
a O M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
Parsorbitalis
Glandulalacrimalis,
N supraorbitalis,
R. medialisa
O M. rectussuperior
N. supratrochlearis
o
a A. lacrimalis
A. ophthalmica
O
a N. lacrimalis
M. obliquussuperiora ciliare
a Ganglion
a N. abducens[Vl]
a M rectuslateralis
N oculomotorius
illll, R. superiora
a N nasociliaris
a N ophthalmicus
[V/11
N. opticusilll a
a N maxillaris[V/21
A. ophthalmica
a
A carotisinternaa o N. mandibularis
[V/3]
N oculomotorius
llll a
trigeminale
o Ganglion
N trochlearis[V] a
o N trigeminus
[V]
N abducens
[Vl]r
F i g . 6 6 5 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
after removaIof the roof of the orbit:
SUOeflOr VteW.
Surface Ske[eton Eyet i dsLac r i m aI
appar atus
\F
/,6\
(-)
A supraorbitalis
o M levatorpalpebraesuperioris
M obliquussuperior,
Tendoa
a M reclussuperior
A. supratrochlearis
a)
M. obliquussuDerior
a
A dorsalisnasia
Bulbusoculi
meningeus
anteriora
a N. opticuslll
M rectusmedialisa
N infratrochlearis
a a N lacrimalis
A ethmoidalis
anteriora
a A lacrimalis
N. ethmoidalis
anteriora
a M rectuslateralis
N nasociliarisa
a Nn ciliaresbreves
posterior
A ethmoidalis O
posterior
N. ethmoidalis 3 o Aa ciliares
N. ciliarislonguso
o N abducens[Vl]
M. obliquus
superiora
a N oculomotorius
rull,R.interior
N. trochlearis
[V] o
a Ganglion
ciliare
N. oculomotorius
llll, O
R superior
a Radixparasympathica
(lll)
loculomotorial
M. levatorpalpebrae
a
supenofls
a Radixsensoria(V/1)
M rectussuperiorO
a Radixsympathica
N opticusilll O (N.caroticus
internus)
A ophthalmica
O
a N. ophthalmicus
[V/1]
A carotisinternaO
N. oculomotorius
llll a a N. trigeminus
[V],Radixsensoria
N.trochlearis
lvl a , N. abducens[Vll
F i g . 6 6 7 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o
I f t h e l e v a t o rp a l p e b r a es u p e r i o r i s ,
t h e r e c t u ss u p e r i o ra n d t h e o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o rm u s c t e ;
s u 0 e n o rv t e w .
Mu s c t e s
a M. levatorpalpebrae
superioris
a M. rectussuDerior
M obliquus
superior,
a a M rectuslateralis
Trochlea
M. obliquussuperior,
Tendoa
a N. opticusilll
M obliquussuperiorO
R meningeus
anteriora
a M obliquusinferior
N intratrochlearis
e o M rectusinferior
ethmoidalis
anteriora
N ethmoidalis
anterior3
posterior
A ethmoidalis o
N ethmoidalisposteriora O N zygomaticus
M rectusmedialisa aA infraorbitalis
A ophthalmica
O a N infraorbitalis
M. obliquussuperiora
illl, R. inferior
t N oculomotorius
M levatorpalpebraea
supeflons
a M rectuslateralis
M. rectussuperiora)
N opticusl|] a a N abducens
[Vl]
a N maxillaris[V/2]
Canalisopticus
A. ophthalmicaO t N. ophthalmicus
[V/1]
N, oculomotorius I N. mandibularis
[V/3]
illll a
N abducens
[Vl]a , N trigeminus
[V]
F i g .6 6 8 A r t e r i e sa n d n e r v e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
a f t e r s e c t i o no f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
suoeflorvtew. 667
t Eye Surface 5 k e [ e t o n Eyeti dsL a c r i m aaI p p a n a t u s
A supraorbitalis
A supratrochlearis
A carotis interna
A dorsalisnasi
A ophthalmica
Aa ciliaresposteriores
A lacrimalis
F i g . 6 6 9 A r t e r i e so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
[ateraIview.
F i g . 6 7 0a , b V a r i a t i o n o
s f t h e o p h t h a t m i ca r t e r y ,A . o p h t h a t m i c a ;
S U p e f l ovr t e w .
V nasofrontalis
N opticustlll V supraorbitalis
\
A carotisinterna
Sinuscavernosus
V ophthalmica
superior
F i g . 6 7 1 V e i n so f t h e o r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
LateraIview.
M u s c l e so f t h e e y e Eyebal.l. 0 p ti cp a th way Topography
R communicans
cumnervozygomatico
Ganglionciliare
N maxillaris
lvt2l
N zygomaticus
Ganglion
pterygopalatinum
R communicans
cum nervofaciali
F i g . 6 7 2 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
viewedfrom the right.
M rectusmedialis
Cellulaeethmoidales
t
I
{
F i g . 6 7 3 O r b i t ,0 r b i t a ;
h o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n ;
I s u p e f l o rv r e w .
...Eyebatt | 0pticpathw ayI T opogr aphy
M epicranius
a Os trontale
Periorbita
& N frontalis
Supercilia t M levatorpalpebrae
superioris
<-
M orbicularisoculi a
I M, rectussuperior
Fornixconjunctivae
superior
Palpebra
superior a A ophthalmica
Tarsussuperior
Vaginaexternanervioptici
Cornea
& N opticuslll
Cilia
Palpebra
inlerior $ M rectusinferior
Tarsusinferior
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
Sclera a M obliquusinferior
Septum orbitale
& N infraorbitalis
Corpusadiposum
orbitae
Maxilla Sinusmaxillaris
F i g .6 7 t + 0 r b i t , O r b i t a ;
v e r t i c a sI e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e e y e b a [a[ n d t h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
m e d i a Iv i e w
Os frontale O A supraorbitalis
M rectuslateralis,
Tendoa Os ethmoidale
Bulbus oculi. Sclera
Meatusnasisuperior
Os zygomaticum
Corpusadiposum
orbitae Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectus inferior C
Concha nasalis media
N zygomaticus
&
Periorbila
(V);A infraorbitalis
o O
Sinus maxillaris
N infraorbitalis
&
Fi9.675Orbit,0rbita;
f r o n t asI e c t i o a
n t t h el e v eoI f t h e p o s t e r i o rp a r t o f t h e e y e b a [ t ;
a n t e r i ovr i e w .
Os frontale $ N frontalis
.', N nasociliaris
M levator palpebrae superioris*
I M obliquussuperior
M rectussuperior0 & N trochlearis
lvl
A ophthalmicaa
f M rectusmedialis
N lacrimalisa
Meatusnasisuperior
ul], B. superiorg
N oculomotorius
Os ethmoidale
V ophthalmica
superiora
N abducens [Vl] 3,
Cellulaeethmoidales
M rectuslateraliso
N opticuslll *
Os zygomaticum
Concha nasalis media
N oculomotorius
illll, R inferior*
6 N infraorbitalis
l\4 rectusinferiorc
(V);A infraorbitalisO a Sinus maxillaris
F i g . 6 7 6 O r b i t ,O r b i t a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o na t t h e l e v e Io f t h e m i d d t eo f t h e e x t r a c r a n i a I
c o u r s eo f t h e o p t i cn e r v e ;
a n l e n o rv t e w .
Os temporale
Ossiculaauditus
Cavitastympani
Labyrinthus
vestibularis
Labyrinthus
cochlearis
Membrana
tympanica
Tubaauditiva
Proc mastoideus
Proc styloideus
Fig.677 Ear,Auris.
Canalessemicirculares
N vestibulocochlearistVllll
Stapes
Cavitastympani
Membrana
tympanica
Tubaauditiva
Fig.678 MiddLe a n d i n n e re a r ,A u r i s m e d i ae t i n t e r n a ;
sectiontrom Fig. 677;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
,:::
'::. t'
> Ear *an
$t4icidL*
Auricle
Helix
Incisuraanterior
Antihelix
Cavitas conchae
Helix
Tragus
Concha auriculae
Cavitas conchae
Helix
Incisuraintertragica
Antitragus
Lobulus auriculae
Fig.679 AuricLe,AuricuLa.
S p i n ah e l i c i s
Os temporale,
Parssquamosa
Incisuraecartilaginismeatus acustici
Proc styloideus
Proc mastoideus
F i g .6 8 0 A u r i c u t a rc a r t i l a g eC
, a r t i [ a g oa u r i c u t a r i s
l n n e re a r
M. helicismajor
M. helicis minor
Cauda helicis
F i g .6 8 1 A u r i c u [ a rm u s c t e s M
, m.auriculares.
M obliquus
auriculae
Lig.auriculare
superius
M transversusauriculae
Meatusacusticus
externus
posterius
Lig.auriculare
F i g . 6 8 2 A u r i c u t amr u s c l e sM, m .a u r i c u t a r e s .
Externalacousticmeatusand tympanicmembrane
N cochlearis
Ductuscochlearis
Porusacusticus
externus
M tensor tympani,
Tendo lvleatusacusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Membrana tympanica
Tragi
Bulbussuperior
venaejugularis
Meatusacusticus
externus
Os occipitale
Articulatio
atlantooccipitalis Cartilago
auriculae
Atlas Cellulae mastoideae
F i g .6 8 3 E x t e r n a aI c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s ;
t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C , a v i t a st y m p a n i a
, n d c o c h L e aC, o c h t e a ;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n ; \a l,z-
p o s t e r i o vr i e w .
posterior
Plicamallearis
Pars flaccida'
Meatusacusticus
externus,
(Pariesposterio0
Plica mallearis
anterior
Prominentia
mallearis
Pars Stria
tensa mallearis
Anulus
fibrocartilagineus
Umbomembranae
rympanrcae
F i g .6 8 4 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M
, e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a ; F i g .6 8 5 T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e M
, e m b r a n at y m p a n i c a ;
ninqcnnie imeno. q u a d r a nst c h e m a :
lateraIview. Lateratview.
* C L i n i ctaeLr m :S H R A P N Em
L Le'm
s brane
** TypicaLty occurring reftectionof Iight
Caputmallei
Collummallei
Caputmallei
(Faciesarticularis)
Crusbreve
Collummallei
Proc. lateralis
Proc lenticularis
Manubrium
mallei
F i g .6 8 8 M a L t e u sM, a t l e u s ; F i g . 6 8 9 I n c u s I, n c u s ;
oosteriorview. lateraIview
Crusposterius
Crusbreve
Crusanterius
Basisstapedis
F i g . 6 9 0 I n c u sI ,n c u s ; Fig.591 Stapes,Stapes;
m e d i avI i e w . supeflor vrew.
> Ear Over view | Ou terear I M i ddteear
Auditoryossicles
incudomallearis
Articulatio
Crusbreve
Proc lateralis
Cruslongum
Proc anterior
Articulatioincudostapedialis
Crusanterius
Basisstapedis
F i g . 6 i 2 A u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sO
, s s i c u Laau d i t u s ;
s u o e r o m e d i avIi e w .
Recessus epitympanicus
Articulatioincudomallearis
posterior
A tympanica
M tensor tympani,Tendo
Articulatio
incudostapedialis
Membrana
stapedialis
Membrana tympanica
Lig anularestapediale
Anulusf ibrocartilagineus
F i g ,6 9 3 J o i n t sa n d l i g a m e n t so f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e s ,
A r t i c u l a t i o n eest L i g a m e n t ao s s i c u [ o r u m
auditus;
c o v e r e dw i t h m u c o s a ;
suoeromediaIview
Innerear I PathwaysI Topography
-\
4a-'
Lig.malleisuperius Pariestegmentalis,Recessusepitympanicus
Chordatympani;Plicamallearisanterior
Pariestegmentalis,
Parscupularis
Manubrium
mallei
Corpusincudis M. tensortympani,
Tendo
Lig malleilaterale
M tensortympani
Recessusmembranae
tympanicaesuperior Proc.cochlearilormis
Chordatympani
Promontorium
Meatusacusticusexternus
Cavitastympani
Stapes
Umbomembranaetympanicae Canaliscaroticus
Fig.594 Tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani;
f r o n t a Is e c t i o n :
anteriorview.
Pariesmastoideus
Parieslabyrinthicus
Pariesmembranaceus
Tympaniccavity
Antrummastoideum
Cellulae mastoideae
Fenestra
vestibuli
Proc cochleariformis
lmpressio
trigeminalis
Ostium tympanicum
tubae auditivae
Canalis caroticus
Fossulafenestrae
vestibuli
Promontorium
F i g .6 9 6 M e d i a L w a t P t , a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y ,
C a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
a f t e rr e m o v a o I f the [ateraw L a t [a n dt h e a d j a c e np t a r t so f t h e
a n t e r i o ra n d s u p e r i o rw a t L ,
t h e f a c i a Lc a n a Ia n d t h e c a r o t i dc a n a Ih a v eb e e no p e n e d ;
anteroLateratview.
Prominentiacanalis semicircularislateralis
Antrummastoideum
Eminentia pyramidalis
Prominentiacanalis nervi facialis
Fenestra
vestibuli
Canalis nervi facialis
Proc cochleariformis
Semicanalismusculi
tensoristympani
lmpressio
trigeminalis
Cellulae Canaliscaroticus
mastoideae
Septumcanalis
Paries musculotubarii
mastoideus
Ostiumtympanicum
tubaeauditivae
Fossaincudis
Sulcuspromontorii
Sinusposterior
Promontorium
Meatusacusticus Cellulaetympanicae
exlernus
Fossulafenestrae cochleae
Sinus tympani
Sulcustympanicus
promontorii
Subiculum
Proc styloideus
Proc mastoideus
Fig.697 MediaLwatP
l . ,a r i e sL a b y r i n t h i c uosf,t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y ,
f- rrri+:c +rrmnrni.
v e r t i c a sI e c t i o na L o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aaIx i so f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f
t h e t e m p o r a bI o n e :
a n t e r o L a t e rvaiIe w
l nnere a r I P a t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y
Tympanic
Plica mallearisanterior
Proc Recessus
epitympanicus
M tensor tympani
Caputmallei
Lig malleisuperius
Lig incudissuperius
Corpusincudis
Septumcanalis
musculotubarii
Chordatympani
Tubaauditiva Incus,Crusbreve
lvlembrana
tympanica Proc lenticularis
F i g ,6 9 8 L a t e r a Iw a | . tP , a r i e sm e m b r a n a c e u so,f
t h e t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C
, a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
m e d i a Iv i e w .
Spinatympanica
minor
C o l l u mm a l l e i
major
Spinatympanica
M tensortympani,Tendo
Plica mallearisposterior;
Chorda tympani mallei
Manubrium
M tensortympani
pyramidalis
Eminentia
Stapes
Incus,Cruslongum Incus.Proc,lenticularis
M stapedius,
Tendo Anulus{ibrocartilagineus
F i g .6 9 9 T y m p a n i c a v i t y C, a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
L f t h e t y m p a n i cm e m b r a n e ;
a f t e rr e m o v ao
[ateraLview.
> Ear 0ver view | 0uterear I M i ddteear
Auditorytube
Os palatinum,Lamina
horizonlalis
Os sphenoidale, Laminamedialis\
Ala major, I Os sphenoidale,
Facies temporalis I Proc.otervooideus
Laminalateralis./
Lamina lateralis )
L Cartilago
.. .. I tubae auditivae
- Lamtna meorails
/
Os temporale,
Parspetrosa
Condylus
occipitalis
F i g .7 0 0 C a r t i t a g eo f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i l a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e ;
e x p o s e da t t h e b a s eo f t h e s k u [ L ;
i n f e r i o rv i e w .
M uvulae
Aponeurosispalatina
pterygoideus
Proc pterygoideus,
Hamuluspterygoideus
Foramenlacerum
Lamina lateralis\
M levatorveli palatini I Cartilaoo tubae
I auditivie
Lamina medialis,
Fossamandibularis
Canaliscaroticus.Aoerturaexterna
F i g ,7 0 1 L e v a t o ra n d t e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n m i usctes,
M m l e v a t o re t t e n s o rv e L p i a L a t i nai ,n d t h e c a r t i l a g e
o f t h e a u d i t o r yt u b e ,C a r t i t a g ot u b a ea u d i t i v a e .
In nerea r I Pa t h w a ysI T o p o g ra p h y
(Tendocentralis)
Duramatercranialis
M tensortympani
M tensortympani,
Fascia
Parsosseatubae
auditivae
Tubaauditiva Tunicamucosa
Cellulaepneumaticae
F i g . 7 0 2 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ;
c r o s s - s e c t i oant t h e [ e v e [o f t h e o s s e o u sp a r t :
[ateraIview.
lmpressio
trigeminalis
Duramatercranialis
Duramatercranialis Ganglion trigeminale
A carotisinterna
Cartilago tubae auditivae,
Lamina lateralis
Faciesposterior
partispetrosae
Plexus
venosus
foraminis
Os temporale, ovalrs
Parspetrosa
N. mandibularis
Fissura lv/31
spnenopetrosa
Foramen
ovate
Tubaauditiva
M. tensor veli
palatini
Plexusvenosus
carottcus Tubaauditiva,
internus Parscartilaginea,
Laminamembranacea
M tensor pharyngeus
velipalatini Recessus M levatorveli palatini
M levatorveli palatini
Lamina medialis
F i g . 7 0 3 A u d i t o r yt u b e ,T u b aa u d i t i v a ; F i g . 7 O 4 A u d i t o rtyu b e T , u b aa u d i t i v a ;
cross-sectionat the levetof the lateraIasoect c r o s s - s e c t iaotnt h el e v eoLf t h em e d i aaI s p e c t
o f t h e c a r t i [ a g i n o upsa r t ; o f t h ec a r t i t a g i n opuas r t ;
lateraIview. lateraIview.
Ear Over view | Outerear ear
I M i ddl .e
BonyIabyrinth
Cochlea
N cochlearis
N vestibularis Canalissemicircularis
lateralis
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Canalissemicircularis
posterior
Porusacusticus
internus
F i g . 7 0 5 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a a , n dv e s t i b u L o c o c h Ln
eear v e ,
N v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ;
c a s ts p e c i m e np r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e
i l t u s t r a t i n gi t s n a t u r a Lp o s i t i o n ;
s u p e n o rv t e w
Foramenrotundum
A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
Foramen
ovale
Foramenlacerum
Foramen
spinosum
N petrosusmajor
Synchondrosis
sphenopetrosa
Cochlea
Porusacusticus
internus
N facialis[Vll],
Gangliongeniculi
N facialis[Vll]
Ductussemicircularis
anterior
I N. cochlearis
N. vestibulo-J
cochlearis
[Vlll] I Ductussemicircularis
lateralis
lN. vestibularis
jugulare
Foramen Sulcussinussigmoidei
posterior
Ductussemicircularis
F i g . 7 0 6 I n n e re a r ,A u r i s i n t e r n a w , i t h t h e f a c i a In e r v e ,N . f a c i a L i[sV l l ] ,
a n d t h e v e s t i b u L o c o c h [ enaerr v e ,N . v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e a[ rVi sl l l ] ;
p r o j e c t e do n t ot h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ;
SUDCTIOV
TIEW
.::
Bonylabyrinth
Cellulaetympanicae
Canalis nervi facialis
Canalis semicircularis
anterior
Canalis semicircularis
Foramenovale lateralis
Synchondrosis
petrooccipitalis S u l c u ss i n u ss i g m o i d e i
Sulcussinuspetrosi
inlerioris
Foramen jugulare
Semicanalistubae
Synchondrosis auditivae
sphenopetrosa
Cavitas tympani
Sulcusnervipetrosi
maJofls
Cochlea
Foramenlacerum
Canalis nervi tacialis
Canaliscaroticus
Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
Synchondrosis
spnenopetrosa
Fenestravestibuli
Apexpartispetrosae
F i g . 7 0 7 a ,b B o n y[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u o ssseus;
h o t l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e
a P o s t e r i o r - s u p e r i vo ire w
b S u p e r i o rv i e w
* 0 p e n i nogf t h ep o s t e r i ocra n a L i c u L u s
Canalisspiralis
modioli Area nervi facialis
Tractusspiralisforaminosus
Scala vestibuli Areavestibularis
Cupula cochleae supeflor
Crista
Lamina Lamtna transversa
modioli spiralls
secunoana
Modiolus
Lamtna
cocnteae Area
spiralis
ossea vestibularis
Canalis inferior
spiralis
cochleae
Scala
tympani
Canalis
longitudinalis Foramen
modioli srngulare
Tractusspiralis
Fundusmeatus foraminosus
acusticiinterni Meatus Area cochlearis
acusticus Meatusacusticus Fundusmeatus
Internus internus acusticiinterni
F i g . 7 0 8 S p i r a cI a n a Io f t h e c o c h t e aC
, a n a L issp i r a t i s F i g . 7 0 9 I n t e r n a I a c o u s t im c e a t u s ,M e a t u s
c o c nL e a e ; a c u s t i c u si n t e r n u sa, n d f u n d u so f t h e i n t e r n a I
o p e n e da l o n gt h e a x i so f t h e m o d i o l u s ; a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,F u n d u sm e a t u sa c u s t i c i n t e r n i ;
s u p e f l o rv r e w Lf t h e p o s t e r i ow
a f t e r p a r t i a Lr e m o v a o r a[t;
mediaLview.
Canalis semicircularisanterior
Ampullaosseaanterior
Crusosseumcommune
Maculacribrosasuperior
Cristatransversa Crusosseumsimplex
posterior
Canalissemicircularis
Area cochlearis
Iateralis
Canalissemicircularis
Ampullaosseaposterior
Cochlea Vestibulum
labyrinthi
F i g . 7 1 O B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o ssseus;
t h e o s s e o u s[ i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n
h o l l o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a lb o n e ;
o b t i q u ev i e wf r o m p o s t e r i o r .
anterior
Canalissemicircularis
Ampullaosseaanterior
Crusosseumcommune
Ampullaossealateralis
Cupulacochleae
Canalissemicircularis
lateralis
labyrinthi
Vestibulum
Canalissemicircularis
posterior
F i g . 7 1 1 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o ssseus;
t h e o s s e o u sL i n i n go f t h e m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hh a s b e e n
h o l t o w e do u t o f t h e p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Lb o n e ;
[ateraLview.
Fenestravestibuli
Cristavestibuli sphencus
Lamina spiralisossea
Recessus
ellipticus Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
L a m i n am o d i o l i
Laminaspiralisossea
Ampullaosseaposterior
Lamina sDiralissecundaria
Recessus
cochlearis
Fossulafenestraecochleae Crista fenestrae cochleae
F i g . 7 1 2 B o n yL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u o
s sseus;
c a v i t i e sh a v eb e e nh o t l o w e do u t :
antero[ateraLview.
Membranous
labvrinth
Ampulla
membranacea
lateralis
N saccularis
Crus
membranaceum
commune
N utriculo-
ampullaris
Ductus
semicircularis
D uc t u s
cochlearis Ductus
endolymphaticus
N cochlearis Ductus
semicircularis
lateralis
N vestibularis
Crus
membranaceum
srmplex
ampullaris Ampulla
posterior memoranacea
Ductus cochlearis
vestibularis
Sacculus
F i g . 7 1 3 V e s t i b u l o c o c h L enaerr v e ,N v e s t i b u L o c o c h L e a
[ Vr ilsl l ] ,a n d m e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h u m
s embranaceus;
s e m i - s c h e m a t ioc v e r v i e w .
p o s t e r i o vr i e w
Utriculus
Crus
membranaceum
Sacculus commune
vestibularis
Cupula
cocnleae Caecum
vestibulare
Caecum
cupuIare Ductus
semicircularis
lateralis
Ductus
cochlearis
Canalis
Scala semicircularis
vestibuli
Ductus
reuntens
Ductus
semicircularis
postenor
Scala tympani
F i g . 7 1 1 M e m b r a n o u sL a b y r i n t hL,a b y r i n t h um
sembranaceus;
overvtew
> Ear Middtear
Cochlea
Laminaspiralisossea
Caecumvestibulare
Ductusreuniens
Cupulacochleae
Cavitastympani
anterioret
Nn.ampullares
lateralis
Scala tympani
Ductussemicircularis
lateralis
Canalissemicircularis
lateralis
Ductuscochlearis
Ampullamembranacea
lateralis
N utricularis
Amoullamembranacea
antenor
N saccularis
Utriculus
posterior
N ampullaris
Canalissemicircularis
anterior
Sacculus
vestibularis
anterior
Ductussemicircularis
F i g .7 1 5 V e s t i b u t o c o c h l enaer r v e ,N . v e s t i b u l o c o c h L e a[rVi sl l l ] ,
a n d m e m b r a n o u s[ a b y r i n t hL, a b y r i n t h u sm e m b r a n a c e u s ;
s u p e n o rv r e w .
Ductuscochlearis Scalavestibuli
Ductuscochlearis, Ductuscochlearis,
Pariesexternus Pariesvestibularis**
Striavascularis Membrana
tectoria
Organumspirale*,
Membrana
reticularis Sulcusspiralisinternus
Prominentia
spiralis Labiumlimbivestibulare
Sulcusspiralisexternus Laminaspiralisossea
Cristabasilaris (R.nervicochlearis)
Ductuscochlearis, Ganglion
spiralecochleae
Pariestympanicus
Laminabasilaris
Limbusspiralis
Labiumlimbitympanicum
Scalatympani
F i g . 7 1 6 C o c h l e aC,o c h l e a
w,i t ht h es p i r a I o r g a n ,
Organum spira[e.
* C [ i n i c a tLe r m : o r g a n o f c 0 R T l
+ * C [ i n i c atle r m : R E | S S N E R m' es m b r a n e
Ductussemicircularis
anterior
N ampullaris
anterior
N amDullaris
lateralis
Ductussemicircularis N utricularis
lateralis
N. vestibularis
Ganglionvestibulare
N saccularis
Ductus
semicircularis
posterior
Ductus
cochlearis
Cupulaampullaris
N ampullaris
* Sensory
ce[[s
*+Supporting
ceLts
Restingstate R o t a t i o no f t h e h e a dt o t h e r i g h t s i d e S t o po f r o t a t i o n
F i g . 7 1 7a - d E q u i t i b r i u m o r g a n ;L a b y r i n t h uvse s t i b u l a r i s . t h ea m p u l t a rcyr e s tC
c C r o s s - s e c t itohnr o u g h , r i s t aa m p u [ a r i s
a A n t e r i o rv i e w d F u n c t i oonf t h ec u p u l ao f t h el a t e r asI e m i c i r c u l a
d ru c t ,
b H i g h e rm a g n i ifc a t i o no f t h e a r e ai n d i c a t e di n a : t h e a n t e r i o r D u c t u s e m i c i r c u [ a lrai st e r a t i sd,u r i n gr o t a t i o on f t h eh e a d
p a r t o f t h e p o s t e r i o rm e m b r a n o u sa m p u t l a A , mpulta
membranacea p o s t e r i o rh, a s b e e no p e n e d .
Middte
.1
lo
o
:;::
'..:.ii
N cochlearis
Corpus geniculatummediale
inferior
Colliculus
Nucleuslemniscilateralis
Nucleicochleares
Fig.718 Hearing.
Nuclei olivares
P r i m a r yn u c t e i :p u r p t e ;r e m a i n i n gn u c t e i :
Drown.
T h e c h a i no f t h e a u d i t o r yo s s i c t e sa m p I i if e s
Nucleus corporistrapezoidei t h e a m p t i t u d eo f t h e s o u n dw a v e sp h y s i c a [ L y
Fasciculuslongitudinalis
medialis
Nucleivestibulares
Nucleusgracilis F i g . 7 1 9 C o n t r o lo f e q u i t i b r i u ma n d
s t a b i t i s a t i oonf t h e v i s u a If i e t d .
Nucleuscuneatus A f f e r e n tf i b r e so r i g i n a t ei n t h e m u s c L e o
sf
t h e e y e ,t h e e q u i L i b r i uomr g a na n dt h e
muscLeo s f t h e n e c k ;e f f e r e n ft i b r e s
(Nucleus
centralis
columnaeposterioris) m o d u l a t et h e m u s c l e so f t h e e y ea n d t h e
b o d yT . h ec e r e b e L t u m p l a y sa p r e d o m i n a n t
(Nucleicornusanterioris
musculorum colli) r o t ei n t h i s c o o r d i n a t i o n .
Auditoryand equilibriumpathway
Auditorypathway
Colliculus n e u r o nB: i p o L acre I L isn t h e s p i r a cI o c h [ e a r
inferior
g a n g t i o nA. f t e re x i t i n gt h e s m a t [a p e r t u r e s
--'-- o f t h e f o r a m i n o ussp i r a Lt r a c t w i t h i nt h e
n""'"?,oil,Yi
mediale
i n t e r n aaI c o u s t im c e a t u st,h ef i b r e sf o r mt h e
c o c h l e anr e r v ea n du n i t ew i t ht h ev e s t i b u L a r
n e r v ea t t h e f t o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L acoustic
m e a t u st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b u t o c o c h Lneearrv e
[ V l l l ] .F i b r e sf r o m t h e b a s a Ic o c h l e a pr a r t s
t r a v e r s et o t h e o o s t e r i ocr o c h t e a nr u c L e u s
a n d t h o s ef r o m t h e a p i c a Lp a r t st e r m i n a t e
Lemniscus
lateralis i n t h ea n t e r i ocr o c h L e a n ru c L e u s
N vestibulo- n e u r o n :M u t t i - p o L a g ra n g L i ocne L Los f t h e
cochlearis
[Vlll], c o c h l e anr u c t e iT h ef i b r e sf r o mt h ea n t e r i o r
N cochlearis
c o c h t e a rn u c l e u sp a s s m a i n t yw i t h i n t h e
Nucleus
t r a p e z o ibdo d yt o t h eo p p o s i tsei d ea n df o r m
posterior
cochlearis t h e L a t e r aLIe m n i c u w s ,h i c hp r o v i d eas c o n -
nection t o t h e i n f e r i ocr o L L i c u t A
u sf e wf i b r e s
j o i nt h e [ a t e r aLI e m n i s c uosf t h e s a m es i d e
Nucleuscochlearis
anterior
Ganglion
spirale T h ea x o n so f t h e p o s t e r i ocro c h L e anru c t e u s
Nucleuscorporis
cocnteae c r o s ss u p e r f i c i a LtLoyt h e r h o m b o i df o s s a
trapezoidei
a n d e n t e r t h e [ a t e r a LL e m n i s c uosf t h e
Labyrinthus
cochlearis
o p p o s i tsei d e .
3 . o r 4 n e u r o n :F r o m t h e i n f e r i o rc o t [ i c u [ u s
c o n n e c t i o na sr em a d ew i t ht h em e d i aqI e n i c -
ul a t eb o d y
o r 5 n e u r o nT: h e a c o u s t i cr a d i a t i o cn o n -
n e c t s t h e m e d i a Lg e n i c u L a t b eody to
pathwav;
Auditorv H E S C H L ' st r a n s v e r s e q v r u s a n d w i t h
5i?;lil,, W E R N I C KcEe' sn t r ei n t h e i e m o o r aLt o b e
pathway
Equitibrium
Thalamus -=\
1 n e u r o nB: i p o L acre L t isn t h ev e s t i b u Lgaar n -
g L i o nT. h e i rn e u r i t e sp a s st h e i n f e r i oar n d
s u p e r i ovr e s t i b u l aarr e a st o f o r mt h ev e s t i b -
u t a r n e r v ea t t h e f l o o r o f t h e i n t e r n a L
a c o u s t i cm e a t u s ,w h i c h t o g e t h e rw i t h t h e
c o c h L e anr e r v et h e n f o r m s t h e v e s t i b u L o -
c o c h L e anre r v e[ V l l l ]T h e s ef i b r e st e r m i n a t e
a t t h e v e s t i b u t anru c L ei ni t h e l a t e r aaLn g l e Nucleus (Tractus
o f t h e f L o oor f t h e r h o m b o i df o s s a nervioculomotorii vestibulothalamicus)
Nucleus
2 a n ds u b s e q u e n et u r o n sF:i b r e os r i g i n a t i n g neruitrochlearis
Fasciculus
longitudinalis
i n t h e L a t e r avLe s t i b u L a r
n u c L e ulsO f t f f n S ' medialis
n u c l e u stlr a v e r s ew i t h i nt h e [ a t e r a L v e s t i b -
u L o s p i n a L t rtaoct ht ea n t e r i ocro l u m no f t h e Ganglion
Nucleusvestibularis vestibulare
s p i n acI o r d . supenor
F i b r e so r i g i n a t i ni ngt h es u p e r i ovre s t i b u t a r
n u c l e u s{ n u c l e uosf B E C H T E R Et hWe)m, e d i a L Nucleusvestibularis
's lateralis
v e s t i b u t anru c l e u sI S C H w n f s f n u c t e u sa] s
w e L La s t h e i n f e r i o rv e s t i b u L anru c L e u s Nucleus
{ R o L L EsR n u c L e u st}r a v e r s et o t h e c e r e - vestibularisinferior
betLum a n d c o n n e ctto t h e m o t o rn u c [ eoi f Nucleus Labyrinthus
neruiabducentis vestibularis
t h e c r a n i anLe r v e sl l l , l V a n dV l , m o s t l yv i a
t h e m e d i aLt o n g i t u d i nf aasLc i c u L u s Nucleus N vestibulo-
T h em e d i a L v e s t i b untuacr L e uasn dt h e i n f e - vestibularismedialis cochlearis
[Vlll],
N vestibularis
r i o rv e s t i b u L n
aur c l e u s e n df i b r e sa t o n gt h e Nucleus cuneatus
m e d i a L v e s t i b u l o s pt ri na ac Itt o t h e a n t e r i o r
c o L u monf t h es p i n acI o r d
Fig.721 Equil.ibriumpathway;
OVETVIEW.
+ C o n n e c t i o n st o t h e c e r e b e l t u m
Midd[e
Chorda tympani
N tympanicus
Plexustympanicus
(Plexuscaroticus
N caroticotympanicus internus)
N facialis[Vll]
N petrosusmajor
N petrosus
minor
Ganglion inferius(lX)
A carotisinterna
posterior
N auricularis (N facialis) N. glossopharyngeus
flXl
(N vagus)
R auricularis N vagus [X]
N facialis[Vll] Chordatympani
N petrosusmajor
Ductus semicircularislateralis
I\4 tensortympani
Canalis semicircularis
lateralis Semicanalismusculi
tensoristympani
Septum canalis
Membrana stapedialis musculotubarii
Semicanalistubae auditivae
Eminentiapyramidalis
Promontorium
l\4 stapedius,Tendo
N tympanicus
Caputstapedis
Cavitastympani
N facialis[Vll]
Sinustympani
Canalis nervi facialis
Fig.723 FaciaL n e r v e ,N . f a c i a t i s[ V l l ] ,a n d t y m p a n i cc a v i t y C
, a v i t a st y m p a n i ;
v e r t i c a sL e c t i o na t o n gt h e [ o n g i t u d i n aatx i so f t h e
p e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ;
t h e f a c i a cL a n a Ih a sb e e no p e n e d :
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
N maxillaris[V/21a
N, petrosus
majoro a N mandibularis
[V/3]
N ,o p h t h a l m i c[uVs/ 1 ] a Chordatympani
Malleus
Ganglion geniculi a
Ganglion
trigeminale
a
N oculomotorius
llll a
A carotisinternaO
N. trigeminus
[V] O
N.tacialis[Vll]o
N abducens[Vllo
N. vestibulocochlearis
[Vlll]a
Stapes
N glossopharyngeus
IXl o
N. vagus[X] o Proc.mastoideus
a R. digastricus
N. accessorius[Xl] a
o M stylohyoideus
Sinustransversusa Canalis o R stylohyoideus
nervl
facialis O M. digastricus,Venterposterior
Foramenstylomastoideum
N facialis[Vll] a
Canaliculi
semicirculares
Cochlea
Sinustransversus
N lacialis [VllJ
Sinussigmoideus
V jugularis
interna
Petrouspart of thetemporalbone,imaging
F i g . 7 2 6a , b P e t r o u sp a r t o f t h e t e m p o r a Ib o n e ,
0 s t e m p o r a [ eP , a r sp e t r o s a ;
h i g h - r e s o l u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i ch o r i z o n t asI e c t i o n sI H R C T ) ;
inferiorview.
a T h r o u g ht h e l a t e r a ls e m i c i r c u L acra n a t ,
C a n a [ i ss e m i c i r c u t a r iLsa t e r a t i s
b I n f e r i o rt o t h e [ a t e r a Is e m i c r r c u [ acra n a t ,
C a n a l i ss e m i c i r c u [ a r ilsa t e r a I i s
F i g . 7 2 7a , b E a r ,A u r i s ;
h i g h - r e s o t u t i ocno m p u t e dt o m o g r a p h i cf r o n t a ls e c t i o n sI H R C T J ;
a n t e r i o rv i e w .
a T h r o u g ht h e b a s eo f t h e c o c h l e a
b T h r o u q ht h e e x t e r n a a I c o u s t i cm e a t u s
lndex
tnoex
ll
T h e n u m b e r sr e f e r t o t h e p a g en u m b e r s
T h e n u m b e r sw i t h , T " r e f e rt o t h e n u m b e r so f t h e t a b l e si n t h e s e p a r a t eb o o k l e te n c t o s e di n V o [ u m e1
264-265,278 - s u p r a t r o c h l e a r i s8 2 - 8 3 ,2 5 8 , - c y t i n d r i c a1 0 B a s a Ig a n g t i a3 0 9
- m e s e n c e p h a l i c a3 e1 9 374,376 - d i g i t i 1 7 5 ,T 2 3 B a s eo f t h e s k u [ [
- m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , - t e m p o r a t i s6 7 - h u m e r i 9 , 1 5 8 ,1 6 2 - 1 6 / . , .- external surlace L2
27 - - m e d i a7 4 , 8 3 - 8 5 18 3 - 18 4 ,T 2 3 - - c o n t e n t s2 6 4
- - s u p e r i o r1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 - - p r o f u n d aa n t e r i o r 7 4 ,2 5 8 - - A P - r a d i o g r a p 1h 6 5 - - Foramina 43,26L
- m e t a c a r p a l ed s o r s a t e s2 4 6 ,2 4 8 , - - - p o s t e r i o r7 4 , 8 3 - 8 4 , 2 5 8 --cT165 - i n t e r n a Is u r f a c e 4 0 , 2 7 8
250 - - s u p e r f i c i a I i s1 9 , 6 8 ,7 3 - 74 , - - j o i n t c a v i t y s, t r u c t u r e 9 - - c o n t e n t s4 1
- - p a t m a r e s2 4 2 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 7 8 0 - 8 5 ,10 9 ,2 5 8 - - s e c t i o nl i n t h e s c a p u [ apr l a n e l - - F o r a m i n a4 1 ,2 6 5
- n a s o p a l a t i n1a1 3 - t e s t i c u L a r i1s8 9,164 Basis
- n u t r i c i a7 - t h a [ a m o t u b e r a t3i s1 9 - h u m e r o r a d i a t i1s5 8 ,T 2 3 - c o c h l e a e3 9 2
- o b t u r a t o r i a' 1 9 - t h o r a c i c ian t e r n a1 9 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 8 , - h u m e r o u t n a r i 1s 5 8 T , 23 - l C o r n up o s t e r i u s l3 4 5
- o c c i p i t a l i s1 9 ,74 , 8 2 - 8 4 ,1 0 9 , 15 2 - 15 3 - i n c u d o m a L L e a r3i s8 4 - c r a n i ie x t e r n a4 2
1/,1-1 /+/+, 146- 11+7,259 - - l a t e r a l i s1 4 7 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 7 - 2 2 9 - i n c u d o s t a p e d i a3t i8s4 ---ForaminaL3,264
- - m e d i a l i s3 2 9 - 3 3 0 - - s u p e r i o r2 2 7 , 2 2 9 - i n t e r p h a [ a n g em a ea n u s 1 7 5 , - - interna 40-41,278
- ophthaLmica L \ , 2 5 8 - 2 5 92 , 65, - thoTacoacromiatis144-1L7, 223, 210,T23 ---Foramina265
2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 8 226-228 - - - d i s t a l e s3 1 , 1 5 8 ,1 7 5 - m a n d i b u l a e6 0
- o v a r i c a1 8 - t h o r a c o d o r s a l i s2 2 7- 2 2 8 - - - p r o x i m a l e s1 5 8 ,1 7 5 - o s s i sm e t a c a r p 1 i 71,176,250
- p a l a t i n a { - aaesJc e n d e n s7 4 , 8 4 , - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r ' 1 3 01, 3 3 , - manus 173 - p h a [ a n g i s[ M a n u s l 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 5
113,130,140 1 3 9 - 1 4 1, 1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 2 - m e d i o c a r p a t i1s5 8 ,1 7 4 , f 2 3 - s t a p e d i s3 8 3 - 3 8 4
- - d e s c e n d e n 7s 4 ,2 5 8 - - s u p e r i o r1 9 , 7 4 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 5 , - m e m b r is u p e r i o r i sT 2 3 B - c e [ [ s9
- - major 43,102,113,264 13 3 - 13 4 , 1 3 6 ,1 4 0 ,1 / . / + - 1 4, 7 ---tiberiT23 B I C H AsTf a t p a ds C o r p u sa d i p o -
- - minores 264 1 4 9 , 1 5 1 ,514 ,2 5 8 - m e t a c a r p o p h a t a n g e a [ -1a5e8l , sumbuccae
- p a n c r e a t i c o d u o d e niantfies r i o r - t i b i a t i sa n t e r i o r1 8 1 7 3 ,1 7 5 , 2 0,72 1 3 ,r 2 3 Bi f ur c a t o
i
19 - - p o s t e r i o r1 8 - - p o t t i c i s1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - a o r t a e1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2
- p a r i e t a t i sp o s t e r i o r2 8 1 - t r a n s v e r s ac o l l i 1 4 4 - 1 4 5 , 1 4 9 , - ossiculorum a u d i t u s3 8 4 - c a r o t i d i s7 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 3 4
- p e r i c a l t o s a2 9 4 ,3 1 2 ,3 2 0 , 152,228-229 - o v o i d e a1 0 B [ i n ds p o ts D i s c u sn e r v io p t i c i
326-327,329-330, 334-335 - - f a c i e i7 / + , 8 3 , 1 1 6 , 2 5 8 - p t a n a 1 0 ,T 2 3 B o d y ,s u r f a c e p, r o j e c t i o no f i n t e r -
- p h a r y n g eaas c e n d e n s1 9 , 4 1 , - t u b e r i sc i n e r e i3 1 9 - r a d i o c a r p a t i s1 5 8 ,1 74 , 2 5 0 ,f 2 3 n a Io r g a n s16 - 17
43,140,258 - t y m p a n i c a n t e r i o r8 3 - radioutnard i si s t a t i s1 5 8 ,1 6 9 , Bones
- p o n t i s3 1 9 - - p o s t e r i o r3 8 4 173-171,,204,256,r23 - o f t h e h a n d 17 2
- p o p t i t e a1 8 - u t n a r i s 1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 2 3 , - - p r o x i m a L i1s5 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 5 4 , I 2 3 - o f t h e s k u L [3 4 - 3 5 ,3 8 , 4 6
- p r i n c e p sp o t l i c i s2 2 3 ,2 4 2 - 2 4 3 , 238-210, 242-215,248- 2 49, - s e t t a r i s1 0 ,T 2 3 - t u b u l a rb o n e ,s t r u c t u r e 7
245,248 255-256 - s p h e r o i d e a1 0 ,T 2 3 B o T A L Lsod u c t ,t i g a m e n ts D u c t u s
- p r o f u n d ab r a c h i i1 8 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 7 , - u m b i t i c a t i1s9 ,2 2 - s t e r n o c L a v i c u t a r1i s5 9 - 16 0 ,T 2 3 arteriosus
232-235,252-253 - v e r t e b r a t i s [ - e s1l 9 , 4 1 ,4 3 , 6 9 , - s y n o v i a L i9s BoWN4A sNm e m b r a n es L a m i n a
- - f e m o r i s1 8 10 9 , 1 3 3 ,1 4 6 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 52, 2 8 , - t e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r6i2s - 6 3 , I i m i t a n sa n t e r i o r
- - linguae 113,115 258-259,264-265, 278, 283,302, 6 5 - 6 67 , 2-73,83 B r a c h i u m 2 - 3 , 1 5 7- 1 5 8 ,16 1 ,
- p u d e n d ai n t e r n a1 9 318-320,337,344 - - t o m o g r a p h y6 5 18 5 - 18 7 , 18 9 - 19 1 , 2 3 0 ,2 3 3 - 2 3 4
- p u L m o n a L2i s2 - v e s i c a t iisn f e r i o r1 9 - t r o c h o i d e a1 0 ,T 2 3 - arteries 223,235
- r a d i a L i s1 8 ,1 7 0 ,2 2 3 ,2 3 6 , - z y g o m a t i c o o r b i t a t7 i s4 ,8 2 - 8 3 A s s o c i a t i oa
nr e a s - c o L L i c ui tni f e r i o r i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9
238-240,242, 244-246,248, A r t e r ie s - a u d i t i o n2 9 1 - - s u p e r i o r i s2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 7 0
255-256 - b r a i n3 1 8 - m o t o r i c i t y2 9 1 - c r o s s - s e c t i o n2 5 2
- - i n d i c i s2 2 3 , 2 4 2 - 2 4 3 - hand242,246 - s e n s o r y s y s t e m2 9 1 - f a s c i a1 7 8
- r a d i c u t a r im s a g n a3 4 4 - head 258-259 - v i s i o n2 9 1 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, g m e n t a 2[ 1 6
Index
- g [ o s s o p h a r y n g e uI lsX ] 2 5 , 1 4 7, 1 7 2 2 7- 2 2 9 ,T 1 7, r 2 4 - - f a c i a t e s7 6 , 1 5 0
2 7 - 2 9 ,4 1 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 ,11 3 ,1 3 0 , - o c u L o m o t o r i ul lsl l ) 2 5 , 2 1 - 2 9 , - t h o r a c o d o r s a t i s2 5 , 14 7 , 2 1L , - - i n g u i n a L e2s3
1 3 9 - 1 1 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 6 ,12, 27 7 5 - 2 76 , 4 1, 6 7, 2 6 5 - 2 6 7, 2 74 , 2 76 - 2 7 9, 2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 2 3 2 ,T 1 8 ,T 2 4 ,T 2 8 - - i n t e r c o s t a t e s2 2 9
2 7 8 ,2 8 3 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 , 2 8 3 - 2 8 4 , 2 8 62, 9 3 ,2 9 7, 3 0 1 , 3 1 8 , - t i b i a t i s2 6 - - j u g u t o d i g a s t r i c u1s5 0
3 1 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 4 2 ,3 9 8 - 3 9 9 T , 5 5 ,T 5 7 327, 337-338, 358,371-37 5, 378, - t r a n s v e r s u sc o t t i 2 5 ,8 1 , - - juguloomohyoideu 1 s5 0
- g t u t e u si n f e r i o r2 6 3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 142-1 43, T7 - - m a s t o i d e7i 6 ,1 5 0
- - s u p e r i o r2 6 - o t f a c t o r li li l 2 5 ,6 1, 8 8 , 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , - t r i g e m i n u sl V l 2 5 , 6 7 , 7 9 , 1 0 1 , - - o c c i p i t a L e7s6 , 1 5 0
- h y p o g a s t r i c u s2 7 T 5 5 ,T 5 7 2 6 6 - 2 6 ,92 7L - 2 7 7, 2 8 3 , 2 8 6 , 2 9 3 , - - p a r o t i d epi r o f u n d i7 7
- h y p o g t o s s ulsx l l l 2 5 , 4 1 , 7 3 , 8 4 , - o p h t h a t m i c ul V s l l l L 1 , 7 9 , 1 0 ,1 2 9 7 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 2 2 ,3 4 8 , - - - crrnorfirialpc 7A 150
2 7 8 ,2 8 6 ,2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 , - o p t i c u sl l l l 2 5 , 1 , ,16 7 - 6 8 , 1 0 1 , b r a n c h e s2 6 9 ---viscerates23
342,12,r55,r57 1 16 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 67- 2 7 9, 2 8 3 , - t r o c h l e a r i sl l Y l 2 5 , 6 7 , 2 6 5 - 2 6 7 , - - r e t r o p h a r y n g e a t e7s7
- i t i o h y p o g a s t r i c u2s6 2 8 6 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 5 ,2 9 7 ,3 18 , 3 2 3 ,3 3 7 , 276-279, 286,293,298-299, 301, - - s u b m a n d i b u t a r e6s8 ,7 6 ,1 1 0 ,
- i l i o i n g u i n a L2i s6 3 5 6 ,3 5 8 - 3 6 1 3 , 6 8 - 3 7 8T , 5 5 ,T 5 7 3 3 7 ,3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 7 8 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 150
- i n f r a o r b i t a l i s6 8 ,7 3 ,7 9 , 8 1 - 8 5 , - p a t a t i n u s l -m i l a j o r 7 9 , 1 0 2 , 1 1 3 , - t y m p a n i c u s1 0 1 ,2 7 1 ,3 9 8 ,T 5 7 - - submentale7 s7,150
1 0 1, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7, 2 6 4 , 2 6 8 , 2 74 , 2 6 4 ,2 6 8 ,r 5 7 - u l n a r i s 2 5 , 1 7 0 ,2 1 1 ,2 1 4 - 2 1 5 , - - s u b s c a p u L a r e2s2 9
356-358,378 - - m i n o r e s1 1 3 , 2 6 1 + , 2 6 8 , 2 7 4 , f 5 7 217, 219,229, 232-235,238-241, - - t h y r o i d e i7 7
- infratrochteari8 s 2 - 8 5 ,2 6 8 - p e c t o r a t iLsa t e r a l i 2s 1 4 , T 2 4 , 243-245,247,249,252-256,r 24, Nose
374-375 r26 T 31- T 3 2 ,T 3 6 - T 3 8 - c a r t i l a g e8 6
- i n t e r c o s t a L2i s4 - 2 6 ,2 1 4 ,2 1 7 , - - m e d i a l i s1 4 7 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 6 , T 2 6 - - patsy 220 - s k e t e t o n8 6
225, 227-228, 340 - natr^c',< mrinr l'1 1ll1 - - s t r u c t u r e s, e g m e n t a [2 2 0 Nuc[eus{-i]
- i n t e r c o s t o b r a c h i a L2i 5 s,147 264-265,270, 274, 278, 390, - - s u p p l y i n ga r e a s 2 2 0 - a c c e s s o r i un s e r v io c u l o m o t o r t t
1 7 8 ,2 1 7, 2 2 7- 2 3 0 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T , 57 - u t r i c u t a r i s2 7 1 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 274, 300-301, T57
- i n t e r m e d i u s1 0 ' 12, 8 6 ,3 0 9 - - m i n o r 4 1 , 1 0 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 1 , - u t r i c u t o a m p u L L a3r9i s3 - a m b i g u u s3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 7
- i n t e r o s s e uasn t e b r a c hai in t e r i o r 2 7 5 , 2 7 8 , 3 9 8T,5 7 - v a g u s[ x ] 2 5 , 2 7- 2 9 ,4 1, 6 9 , 7 3 , - a n t e r i o r [ - e shl y p o t h a t a m 2 i 95
215,239,255,r32 - - p r o f u n d u sL | , 1 0 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 8 3 - 8 4 ,1 0 1 ,1 0 3 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 9 - 1 / 1 1 , - - thalami 296,309
- - - p o s t e r i o r2 4 1 , 2 6 8 , 2 5 5 27/+ 11,/,-1 47, 149,151, 154-155,228, - arcuati295
- i s c h i a d i c u 2s 6 - p h a r y n g e u s2 6 8 , 2 7 4 2 6 / , - 2 6 6 , 2 t 2 - 2 7 32, 76 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 3 , - c a u d a t u s2 9 4 ,2 9 6 ,2 9 8 ,
- j u g u t a r i s1 4 0 - p h r e n i c u s2 5 , 1 4 5 - 1 4 7 1, 4 9 , 2 8 6 , 2 9 3 , 2 9 9 , 3 0,13 0 9 ,3 18 , 3 3 7 , 308-309,3 13-3 17, 323,326-329,
- [ a c r i m a [ i s4 1 ,2 6 5 ,2 6 8 ,2 7 8 15 3 - 15 5 , 2 14 , 2 2 8 ,1 7 , r 2 1 3 4 2 , 3 9 8 - 3 9 9T, 5 5 ,T 5 7 3 3 1- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 9
3 5 6 ,3 7 2 - 3 74 , 3 7 7- 3 7 8 ,r 5 7 - - a c c e s s o r i u 1s 5 3 - v e s t i b u t a r i s2 71 , 3 9 0 ,3 9 3 - 3 9 5 , - c e n t r a t i sc o t u m n a ep o s t e r i o r i s
- [ a r y n g e u sr e c u r r e n s2 7 , 1 3 0 , - p t e r y g o i d e uLsa t e r a t i s8 4 , 2 6 9 T , 4 397, T57 396
1 3 3 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 7 ,14 9 ,1 5 5 ,2 7 2 , r6 - - m e d i a l i s2 6 9 , 3 8 9 , f 4 - v e s t i b u t o c o c h L e [aVr li lsl ]2 5 ,1 r 1 , - - lMedutta s p i n a t i s 3) 4 8
- - s u p e r i o r1 0 8 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , - p u d e n d u s2 6 2 6 5 - 2 6 6 , 2 7, 2 1 76 - 2 7 8 ,2 8 3 , 2 8 6 , - c e n t r o m e d i a n u2s9 6
130- 13 1, 134,137, 140-141, - r a d i a L i s2 5 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 ,2 0 4 , 2 9 3 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 1 ,3 0 9 ,3 1 8 ,3 3 7 ,3 7 9 , - c e r e b e t t i3 0 5
146,151,272,T6 2 | L - 2 15 . 2 17 , 2 2 1 ,2 2 9- 2 3 6 3 9 0 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 43, 9 7 , 3 9 9 T , 5 5 ,T 5 7 - c o c h L e a r i s ( - e3s0l 1 ,3 9 6
- L i n g u a l i s6 7 , 6 9 ,7 9 ,8 3 - 8 5 , 238-241,246-248, 252-256,r24, - zygomaticus 82, 264,268-269, - - anterior397,T57
1 0 1- 1 0 3 ,1 0 9 - 1 1 11, 1 3 - 11 5 ,14 9 , T 3 0 ,T 3 3 - T 3 5 27/,, 356,375,377-378, T57 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 0 , 3 9 7T, 5 7
269-270,275,T57 - - palsy 221 Ne ur o f ib r a e - c o r n u sa n t e r i o r i sm u s c u l o r u m
- [ u m b a t e s2 4 - 2 6 ,3 / + 2 - 3 4 3 - - s t T U c t u r see, g m e n t a 2[ 2 1 - association3 i s0 6 c o t L i3 9 6
- m a n d i b u L a rliVs l 3 l L 1 , 7 9 , 8 4 , - - s u p p t y i n ga r e a s 2 2 1 - c o m m i s s u r a l e s3 0 6 - c o r p o r i sg e n i c u l a tti a t e r a [ i s2 9 6
1 0 1, 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 6 92,71, 2 7 5 , - s a c c u L a r i s2 71 , 3 9 3 - 3 9 5 - p r o j e c t i o n i3s0 7 ---mediatis296
2 7 7- 2 79 , 2 8 6 ,3 72 - 3 7 3 ,3 7 5 ,3 8 9 , - s a c r a t e s2 4 ,2 6 ,3 4 2 , f 2 2 N e u r o h y p o p h y s i2s7 9 ,2 9 5 - - m a m i l l a r i s2 9 5
3 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - s p i n a l e s2 6 , 1 5 4 - 1 5 52, 1 4 ,3 4 0 , NoduLusl-ij - - trapezoidei 396-397
- m a s s e t e r i c u s6 9 ,8 2 - 8 5 ,2 6 9 ,f 4 31,2-344,349-350 - { C e r e b e t t u m3J0 2 - 3 0 5 - c u n e a t u s3 4 8 , 3 9 6 - 3 9 7
- m a x i L L a rl iVsl 2 l 1 r,17 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 3 9 , - - p a l s i e s3 5 1 - l y m p h o i d epih a r y n g e a l e1s3 9 - d e n t a t u s3 0 5 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 8 , 3 5 0
2 6 4 - 2 6 52, 6 8 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 7- 2 7 9 , 2 8 6 , - s p L a n c h n i[cuim b a t e s2 7 Nodusl-ij - d o r s a l i s l - e shl y p o t h a l a m i2 9 5
3 7 2 - 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 3 7,73 9 9 ,T 5 5 ,T 5 7 - - pelvici 27-28 - t y m p h o i d e u s {a- ibl d o m i n i ps a r i - - - nervivag3 i 00-301,T57
- m e a t u sa c u s t i c e i xterni83-84 - - s a c r a l e s2 7 etales 23 - - thalami 296
- m e d i a n u s2 5 , 1 7 0 ,1 7 8 ,2 0 4 ,2 1 1 , - splanchnicum s ajor 26-27 ---viscerales23 - d o r s o m e d i a L2i s9 5
2 14 - 2 15 , 2 17 , 2 1I - 2 2 0 , 2 2 9 ,2 3 3 , - - minor 27 - - a x i t t a r i s ( - e s2 )3 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 9 - e m b o l i f o r m i ss N u c L e u isn t e r -
238-21+0,243-244, 249,252-257, - s t a p e d i u s2 7 0 ---centrales229 p o s i t u sa n t e r i o r
1 2 4 ,r 3 1 - r 3 2 , T 3 6 - T 3 7 - s u b c t a v i u s2 5 , 2 14 , I 2 4 , 1 2 6 ---Laterates229 - f a s t i g i i3 0 5
- - p a l s y2 1 9 - s u b c o s t a I i s2 6 ---superficiates225 - g t o b o s u ss N u c l e u si n t e r p o s i t u s
- - s t n r c t r r r es e o m c n t a 2 l 19 - s u b l i n g u a t i 1s 1 4 - 1 1 5 - - b u c c i n a t o r7i 6i , 1 5 0 p o s t en o r
- - crrnnlvinn areac )19 - s u b s c a p u t a r i2s5 ,2 14 , n 2 , f 2 4 , - - c a p i t i s7 6 - g r a c i t i s3 4 8 , 3 9 6
- m e n t a l i s7 9 ,8 1 - 8 3 ,8 5 ,1 0 1 , T26,T28 - - cervicalea s n t e r i o r e s2 3 , 1 3 6 , - i n t e r m e d i o l a t e r a l i3s4 6
269 - s u p r a c L a v i c u [ a r e2s5 ,8 1 229 - i n t e r p o s i t uasn t e r i o r3 0 5
- m u s c u tti e n s o r i st y m p a n i2 7 5 - - i n t e r m e d i1 i 42-143,217,225, p r o f u n d i7 6 , 2 2 9 - - p o s t e r i o r3 0 5
- - - v e l ip a t a t i n 2 i 75,T3 r7 <rrnarfirialoc ??9 - i n t e r s t i t i a t i s3 9 7
- m u s c u t o c u t a n e u2s5 ,1 7 8 ,1 9 0 , - - l a t e r a t e s1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 5 , - - - f a t e r a l e s2 3 , 7 6 - 7 7 , 2 2 9 - L e m n i s ctia t e r a L i s3 9 6 - 3 9 7
2 1t * - 2 15 , 2 17 - 2 18 , 2 2 9- 2 3 0 . 229-231,r7 p r o f u n d i n f e r i o r e s7 7 , - L e n t i f o r m i3s0 9 , 3 2 5
232-236,243,252, 254,256,T24, - - m e d i a t e s1 4 2 - 1 4 3 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 5 , 1 5 0 ,1 5 5 , 2 2 9 - L e n t i s3 6 6
r29 r7 - s u p e r i o r e s7 7 ,1 5 0 , - m a r g i n a L {i sM e d u t t sap i n a t i s l
- - s t r u c t u r es, e g m e n t a 2[ 1 8 - s u p r a o r b i t a7l i9s- 8 18, 3 ,8 5 , 154 316
- - <rrnnlwinn aratc )14 116, 268-269,372-373,378 s u p e r f i c i a L e1s4 3 ,1 5 0 , - m e d i a t e s2 9 6
- m y l o h y o i d e u s7 9 ,8 3 - 8 5 , - suprascaputaris 25,147,182, 229 - m e d i a n i2 9 6
145-147.151,269.19 214,229,232,235, T24,T27-r28 ---medialesT6 - - thalami 309
lndex
Nucteusl-ij O l i v a 2 7 3 ,2 8 6 , 3 2 8 - 3 2 9 , T 5 7 )s(-sal P a l a t u m 11 3 ,T 5 7
- m e s e n c e p h a t i cnues r v it r i g e m i n i O p e r c u l u m t - a2l8 9 - manus 171-172 - d u r u m 4 3 - 4 5 , 5 2 , 8 8 , 9 21,0 0 ,
300-301,T57 - f r o n t a L e2 8 4 , 2 8 9 - m e t a c a r p 6i , 1 5 8 , 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 102
- m e t a t h a t a m i2 9 6 - p a r i e t a t e2 8 4 , 2 8 9 1 7 4 - 1 7 6 , 2 0 3 , 2 1 0 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 9 - 2 5 0 , - m o l t e 6 7 , 8 8 , 9 2 ,1 0 0 ,1 0 2 - 1 0 3 ,
- m o t o r i u sn e r v it r i g e m i n i - t e m p o r a t e2 8 4 257 136,139,156
3 0 0 - 3 0 1T , 57 O p t i cn e r v es N e r v u so p t i c u s - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - osseum93
- n e r v i a b d u c e n t l3s0 0 - 3 0 1 , O r a s e r r a t a3 6 2 - 3 6 5 - - p o L l i c i s1 7 5 P a t m a5 , 1 5 7 , 2 4 3 - 2 4 5
396-397,f57 oral 93-94 - m e t a t a r s i6 - c u t a n e o u si n n e r v a t i o ns,e g m e n -
- - a c c e s s o r i3i 0 0 - 3 0 1 , T 5 7 O r a l c a v i t y9 2 , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 - - d e v e l o p m e n8t tat 251
- - f a c i a l i s2 7 0 ,3 0 0 - 3 0 1 T , 57 O r b i c u l u sc i t i a r i s 3 6 2 ,3 6 5 - n a s a l e 3 4 - 3 6 ,3 8 , 4 5 - 4 6 ,/ + 8 , P a l m a ra p o n e u r o s is A p o n e u r o -
- - h y p o g t o s s3i0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 7 O r b i ts O r b i t a 5 0 - 5 1 ,5 1 - - 5 5 , 8 6 , 8 18 3, 6 , s i sp a l m a r i s
- - o c u t o m o t o r 3i i 0 0 - 3 0 1 , O r b i t a5 3 - 5 5 , 9 0 - 9 11, 0 0 , 3 5 3 , 353-354 p a l m a r i s1
396-397,f57 372-375,377-378 - n a v i c u l a r ed, e v e t o p m e n8t P a t p e b r a l - a e3l 5 2 , 3 5 4 - 3 5 5
- - t r i g e m i n i3 4 8 - a r t e r i e s3 7 6 - o c c i p i t a t3 e 6 - L 0 , 4 2 , / ' 6 - 4 7 , 5 1 , - i n f e r i o r3 5 2 , 3 5 6 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 8
- - t r o c h t e a r i s3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , - frontalsection 378 5 7 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 6 , 2 6 1 * - 2 6 5 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 1 4- , s u p e r i o r3 5 2 , 3 5 6 , 3 6 9 , 3 7 8
396-397,f57 - MRI 369 382,400 Patsies
- of BECHTERE 39W7 - v e i n s3 7 6 - p a l a t i n u m3 8 ,1 + 2 , 4 7 , 4 9 - 5953, , - h e m i p t e g iIaB R O W N - S E Q U A R D ]
- o f D E I T E R3S9 7 - v e r t i c a ls e c t i o n 3 7 8 2 6 4 ,3 5 3 - 3 5 4 3 , 88 351
- o t i v a r i s ( - e s3l 9 6 O r g a no f c o R T ls O r g a n u ms p i r a t e - p a r i e t a l e3 4 - 4 0 , 4 2 , 1 ' 6 - 4 7 , 5 5 , - m e d i a nn e r v e 2 1 9
- - i n f e r i o r3 0 9 , 3 9 7 Organuml-al 261,261-265 - N e r v is p i n a t e s3 5 1
- - s u p e r l o r3 9 7 - g e n i t a l i fae m i n i n ae x t e r n a1 5 - p i s r f o r m e1 7 1 - 1 7 3 , 1 7 6 , 2 0 7 , - paraplegia co, m p l e t e3 5 1
- p a r a f a s c i c u t a r i2s 9 6 - - - interna 15 209,244,249 - r a d i a ln e r v e 2 2 1
- paraventriculare 2 s9 5 - - m a s c u l i n a e x t e r n1a5 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - tractsoftheposteriorfunicutus
- p o n t i n u sn e r v it r i g e m i n i - - - i n t e r n a1 5 - sacrum6,342 351
300-301 - spirate394,157 - s c a p h o i d e u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , P a n c r e a s1 1 +1,6
- p o n t i s3 5 0 - u r i n a r i a1 5 205 Panniculusadiposu 7 s1
- p o s t e r i o rh y p o t h a t a m 2 i 95-296 Orientation lines - - d e v e l . o p m e nI t Papillal-ae)
- p r e o p t i c2i 9 5 - h u m a nb o d y 1 - s e s a m o i d e(aM a n u s l1 7 1 - 1 7 3 , - c o n i c a e1 0 3
- p r o p r i u sl C o L u m npao s t e r i o r )3 4 6 - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1 175-176 - d u c t u sp a r o t i d e i112
- p u l v i n a r e s2 9 6 O r i g i n sa n d i n s e r t i o n so f m u s c l e s - s p h e n o i d a L 3e 1 + , 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 2 , - filiformes103
- reticutare2 s96 - hand205 46-41,50-51,53-57,62,136, - f o l i a t a e1 0 3 , 1 0 7 - 1 0 8
- ruber276,295,297,301,328, - u p p e r t i m b1 8 6 - 1 8 7 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 8 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 9 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 4 , 3 5 6 , 3 5 8-, f u n g i f o r m e s1 0 3
3 3 5 - 3 3 63, 5 0 Origo 3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 7 7 , 3 8 8 - i n c i s i v a10 2
- s a t i v a t o r i ui ns f e r i o r2 7 5 , - m u s c t e s1 1 - s u r u r a L r3a7 - l a c r i m a t i s3 5 7
300-301,T57 - s c a p u l a r i s { ML a t i s s i m u s d o r s i l - t a r s i 6 - - inferior352
- - s u p e r i o r2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , 187 - t e m p o r a t e3 4 , 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 2 , 4 4 , - - s u p e r i o r3 5 2
T57 O r o p h a r y n x1 3 9 46-1+7,53-55,58-59,62,65-66, - mammaria 224,227
- s e n s o r i up s r i n c i p a l inse r v i O s l - s a )3 5 4 140,264-265,379-380,382, - v a t t a t a e1 0 3 ,1 0 7 ,1 1 3 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 9
t r i g e m i n i3 0 0 - c a p i t a t u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , 3 8 8 - 3 8 93, 9 3 ,3 9 9 - 4 0 0 P a r a n a s asli n u s e s8 8 - 9 ' 1
- s o t i t a r i u s3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , T 5 7 211,250,256 - t r a p e z i u m1 7 1 - 1 7 2 , 1 7 4 , P a r a p h a r y n g e a l s p a1c 4e 0 - 1 4 1
- spinaLisnervitrigemini - - deveLopmen 8t 176-177,210-211,256 P a r a p l e g i a , c o m p l e3t5e1
3 0 0 - 3 0 1T , 57 - carpi 6, 158,172 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t Parasympathetn i ce r v o u ss y s t e m
- - - vagiT57 - c o c c y g i s6 , 3 1 , 2 - trapezoideum 171-174, 27
- s u b t h a l a m i c u3s0 9 , 3 5 0 - c o x a e6 176-177,211,256 Paries
- s u p r a c h i a s m a t i c u2s 9 5 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - - d e v e t o p m e n8t -caroticus385
- s u p r a o p t i c u2s 9 5 - c r a n i i3 4 - 3 8 , 4 6 - t r i q u e t r u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , - e x t e r n u s3 9 4
- t e g m e n t a t e 2s 9 5 - c u b o i d e u md,e v e t o p m e n8t 256 - i n f e r i o r9 0 , 3 6 1
- t h a t a m i3 0 9 - c u n e i f o r m ien t e r m e d i u md,e v e l - - - d e v e t o p m e n8t - j u g u t a r i s3 8 5
- thoracicusposteri3 o4r 6,349 o p m e n tI - zygomatlcum 3 1 + , 4 2 , 4 6 , 5 3 - 5 4 , - l a b y r i n t h i c u3s8 5 - 3 8 6
- t u b e r a l e s2 9 5 - - [ a t e r a [ , d e v e l o p m eI n t 63,66,91,264,353-354,360, - L a t e r a t i3s 5 3 , 3 6 1
- v e n t r a l i s l - e s J2 9 6 , 3 0 9 - - m e d i a t ,d e v e t o p m e n8t 378 - m a s t o i d e u s3 8 5 - 3 8 6
- - a n t e r i o r2 9 6 - d i g i t o r u mf M a n u s l6 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 2 O s s e o u s j o i nI t - m e d i a t i s3 5 3 , 3 6 1
- - i n t e r m e d i u s2 9 6 - - - d e v e l o p m e n8 t O s s i c u t aa u d i t u s 3 7 9 ,3 8 4 ,4 0 0 - m e m b r a n a c e u (sC a v i t a tsy m p a -
- - p o s t e r o l a t e r a t i2s 9 6 - - (Pesl 6 O s s i f i c a t i ocne n t r e s n i l 3 8 5 ,3 8 7
-- n^crAr^mA.firlic?aA -__ developmentS _upper/lowerlimb8 _ - l T r a c h e a1) 2 4 , 1 2 6 _ 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 ,
- v e n t r o m e d i a l ihs y p o t h a l a m i2 9 5 - e t h m o i d a t e3 4 - 3 5 ,3 8 , 4 0 ,4 8 , Ostium 133,141
- v e s t i b u t a r i s l - e3s0i 0 - 3 0 1 , 50-51,53-55,62,87,90,265, - p h a r y n g e u m t u b a e a u d i t i v8a8e, - posteriorIMeatusacusticusex-
396-397 3 5 3 ,3 7 8 136,139,11+1 ternusl 382
- - i n f e r i o r3 0 0 , 3 9 7 , T 5 7 - f r o n t a t e3 4 - 3 6 , 3 8 - 1 ' 0 , L 2 , - tympanicumtubaeauditivae - s u p e r i o r3 6 1
- - l a t e r a l i s3 0 0 ,3 9 7 ,T 5 7 4 5 - 4 8 ,5 0 - 5 1 ,5 4 - 5 5 ,8 8 , 385-387 - t e g m e n t a t i s3 8 5
- - m e d i a L i 3s 0 0 ,3 9 7 ,T 5 7 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 3 5 3 , 3 5365, 8 , 3 6 0 , 3 7 8 O v a [b u n d t eo f F L E c H SsI GF a s c i c u - - t y m p a n i c u s3 9 4
- - s u p e r i o r3 0 0 , 3 9 7T, 5 7 - h a m a t u m1 7 1 - 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 - 1 7 7 , l u ss e p t o m a r g i n a l i s - v e s t i b u l a r r3s9 4
211,256 O v a r i e s1 5 , 3 0 P a r o t i dg l a n ds . G l a n d u t paa r o t i d e a
--devetopmentS Pars
0 - h y o i d e u m4 5 , 6 7 , 7 3 , 9 2 , 1 0 0 , - a b d o m i n a l iaso r t a e1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 ,
104-109,111,113-115,118,120, P 27
O a t hh a n d ,m e d i a nn e r v ep a t s y 2 1 9 123-121',126-127,129-130, - - l D u c t u st h o r a c i c u s l2 3
O b e x2 9 9 , 3 4 2 1 3 2 - 1 3 4 , 1 3 6 - 1 3191, , 1 , 1 / + 9 , 1 5 1 ,P A C C H l O Ngl a r ann u l a t i o nss G r a n - - - l M p e c t o r a t im s a j o r J1 7 9 , f 2 6
O c c i p i t abto n es 0 s o c c i p i t a l e 156 u l a t i o n e as r a c h n o i d e a e - a c r o m i a l i s1 6 5 ,1 8 8 ,2 2 6 - 2 2 7 ,
t - l c c i p u3t 6 - Incae37 P a i np a t h w a y s s e n s i b i l i t yp, r o t o - T27
0cutusl-il 352 - i n c i s i v u m4 7 , 5 2 pathic - a l v e o l a r i s6 0
O e s o p h a g u1s4 , 1 6 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 - 1 3 8 , - i n t e r p a r i e t a l3e7 P a l a t e1 1 3 - a n t e r i o rl C o m m i s s u raan t e r i o r l
140-141,155 - l a c r i m a t e3 4 - 3 5 , 5 0 - 5 1 , 5 3 - 5 5 , - h a r d 5 2 , 1 0 2 293,306
O t e c r a n o n1 5 7 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 8 - 1 7 0 , 353 - m u s c t e sT 3 - - ( D o r s u mt i n g u a e l1 1 3
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1 7 8 - 1 7 9 , 1 8 5 , 1 9 1 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 2 , 2 3 1 , l o n g a7 - o s s e o u s9 3 - - t l i g c o l l a t e r a luel n a r e ]1 6 8
234,236,240-241 - lunatum171-174,176-177,250 - soft 102 - - llobusquadrangularisanteri-
O l f a c t o r yp a t h w a yT 5 7 - - d e v e t o p m e n8t P a t a t i n eb o n es 0 s p a l a t i n u m or] 303
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- c a r t i L a g i n e[aT u b aa u d i t i v a l3 8 9 - - { M o r b i c u t a r i s o c u t7i l0 - 7 2 , - c e r e b r i 2 7 6 - 2 7 72 , 86-287, 2 9 4 ,3 1 1 ,3 1 3 ,3 15 - 3 16 , 3 2 1 ,
- cavernosa 258-259,277-279, 3 5 4 - 3 5 5T , 1 296-299,30 1, 307, 309, 323,325, 3 2 7- 3 2 9 ,3 31- 3 3 5 ,3 3 7 - 3 3 9 3 , 70
295,390 - parasympathica 27-29 3 3 6 ,3 7 0 ,T 5 7 - - - quarti 276,286,293,298,
- c e n t r a [ i s[ V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a t i s l - p a r i e t a t i s{ S t r a t u ms y n o v i a [ e 1
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2 9 4 ,3 0 9 1 , 3 13 - 3 16 , 3 2 5 - p a t e n s1 9 P e t v i s2 , 6 - - - tertii 276,294-295,302,
3 2 7- 3 2 9, 3 3 1- 3 3 2 ,3 3 7 - p e t r o s a{ A c a r o t i si n t e r n a l 2 5 9 , - r e n a l i s1 5 3 1 1 , 3 16 - 3 1 7, 3 2 0 ,
- c e r a t o p h a r y n g e1a0 7 - 1 0 8 , 264 P e n i s1 5 3 2 7- 3 2 8 , 3 3 7
13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - - ( O s t e m p o r a l e l4 0 - 4 1 , 4 4 , P e r i c r a n i u m7 2 - 7 3 - c o c c y g e u2 s4,26,T40
- c e r e b r a t i s2 5 9 ,2 7 7- 2 7 9 , 2 9 5 , L6-47, 58, 265,382,388-389, Periodontium 94 - c o e [ i a c u s2 7
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- c h o n d r o p h a r y n g e1 a0 7 - 1 0 8 , 293,306 P h at an x [- g e s l - [ u m b o s a c r a L i2s6
11 3 ,1 3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - - [ D o r s u mt i n g u a e )1 0 3 ,1 4 1 - d i s t a t i s [ - e (sM ] a n u s j3 1 , 1 5 8 , - l y m p h a t i c u sa x i t t a r i s2 2 4
- c i I i a r i sr e t i n a e3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 - - t L i g .c o t t a t e r a LueL n a r e l1 6 8 1 7 1- 1 7 2 ,1 7 5 - 1 6 7, 2 5 0 - mesentericusinferior 27
- c l a v i c u t a r Ii sM d e t t o i d e u s1l 6 5 , - nactl:min:ric lAR - m e d i a l - a e[ M ) a n u s 1l 1 , 1 5 8 , - - s u p e r i o r2 7
1 8 8 ,2 2 6 ,r 2 7 - p r e c o m m u n i c a t(iAs c e r e b rai n - 171-172,175-176,250 - oesophageus27,272
- - l M p e c t o r a t im s a j o r )1 1 8 , t e r i o r i 2 7 8 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 3, 2 6 - p r o x i m a [ i s l - elsM] a n u s l1 5 8 , - o p h t h a t m i c uTs 5 7
1 4 5 - 1 4 61 , 7 8 ,1 8 6 - 1 8 7 ,226, - - [ A c e r e b r ip o s t e r i o r l2 7 8 , 1 71- 1 7 2 , 1 7 5 - 1 76 , 2 4 9- 2 5 0 - p h a r y n g e u sl N g L o s s o p h a r y n -
T26 318-319,327 P h a r y n g e acLo n s t r i c t o r sa n d l e v a - geusl T3
- c o m p a c t a[ S u b s t a n t n i ai g r a ] - p r e [ a m i n a r i 3s 6 8 t o r s s p h a r y n g e am I usctes - - (N vaguslT8
2 9 7, 3 0 9 - p r e v e r t e b r a I i s1 4 6 - 14 7 , 1 5 2 P h a r y n g e am I u s c l e sT 5 - p t e r y g o i d e u s7 5 , 8 5 ,2 6 0
- c r i c o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 - p r o f u n d a[ M m a s s e t e r ]6 8 , 7 3 , P h a r y n x 14 , 1 2 4 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9- 1 4 1 ,I 5 7 - p u l m o n a l i {sN v a g u s l2 7 2
- c u p u [ a r i s3 8 2 ,3 8 5 r4 - i n n e r v a t i o sn e, n s i b l e1 3 9 - r e n a t i s2 7
- d e s c e n d e naso r t a e 18 , 1 4 1, 3 4 4 - pterygopharyngea 137-138, T5 - m u s c t e s1 3 8 T , 5 - sacralis 24,26
- d i s t a I i s{ A d e n o h y p o p h y s i2s7J 9 - r e c t a 1 2 6 ,1 3 7 T , 6 P H I L I P P E - G 0 M B ATUr L i aTn, g t eo f - t h y r o i d e uism p a r 1 3 3 ,1 4 9
- d u r a l i s3 4 2 - r e t i c u [ a r i s2 9 7 317 - t y m p a n i c u s2 7 1 , 2 7 5 , 3 9 8T,5 7
- f t a c c i d a3 8 2 - s a c r a t i s3 4 5 P i am a t e r - v a s a L idse r m a t i s3 1
- q l o s s o p h a r y n g e1a0 7 - 1 0 8 , - s p h e n o i d a t i s2 9 4 ,3 1 8 - 3 1 9 - c r a n i a t i s2 6 1 ,2 7 8 ,2 8 3 - - e p i f a s c i a I i3s1
13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - s p i n a t i sI M d e t t o i d e u s1J6 5 , - s p i n a L i 3s 4 5 - - s u b c u t a n e u3s 1
- i n f e r i o Ir N v e s t i b u t o c o c h t e a r i s l 1 8 8 , r 2 7 P I PI p r o x i m ai tn t e r p h a [ a n g ej oa iIn t l - - s u b d e r m a t i3 s1
271 - s q u a m o s a3 8 , 4 0 ,4 6 - 4 7 ,5 L - 5 5 , 175 - v e n o s u sc a n a l i sn e r v ih y p o g t o s s i
- i n f r a c l a v i c u l a r i s14 6 - 1/ ' 7 , 5 8 - 5 9 ,3 8 0 P i t u i t a r yg L a n ds H y p o p h y s i s 1,1,264-265
2 14 - 2 15 , 2 2 7- 2 2 8 ,T 2 8 ,T 3 0 - T 3 6 - s t e r n o c o s t a L i1s2 0 ,2 2 6 ,f 2 6 P l a c e n t a2 2 - - c a r o t i c u s i n t e r n u4s1 ,
- i n s u [ a r i s3 1 8 - 3 1 93, 2 6 - s u p e r f i c i a t Ii Gs [andu[a P[anes 261+-265,278,389
- i n t e r c a r t i [ a g i n e1a2 8 ,1 3 1 p a r o t i d e a1l 0 9 - h u m a nb o d y 1 - - f o r a m i n i so v a t i s4 1 ,2 6 0 ,
- i n t e r m e d i [aA d e n o h y p o p h y s i s l - - l M m a s s e t e r )6 4 , 6 8 - 6 9 , 7 3 , - o f t h e h u m a nb o d y 1 263-265,278,389
279 r4 Planta 5 - - p h a r y n g e u s1 3 1
- i n t e r m e m b r a n a c e1a2 8 ,1 3 1 - s u p e r i o rI N v e s t i b u t o c o c h t e a r i s ) P L a n t aar p o n e u r o s is A p o n e u r o - - - v e r t e b r a t iisn t e r n u s4 1 ,1 5 4 ,
- i n t r a c r a n i a t i(sA ,v e r t e b r a I i s ] 271 sis ptantaris 264-265
152 - s u p r a c l a v i c u t a r i1s1 8 ,14 4 , P L a n t arre f t e x 3 4 6 P t ic aI - a e l
- - { N o p t i c u s l3 6 9 14 9 - 15 0 ,2 1/ 1 - 2 1 52, 2 8 ,T 1 7 1 8 - I p [ a n t a r i s1 - a r y e p i g L o t t i c1a2 8 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- i n t r a L a m i n a r3i s6 8 - s u p r a t a r s a l i s3 5 2 PLanum - a x i l t a r ias n t e r i o r1 5 7
- i r i d i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 - 3 6 5 - s y m p a t h i c a2 7 - 2 9 - f r o n t a t e[ A r t i c u t a t rcoo x a e J1 0 - - p o s t e r i o r1 5 7
- L a b i a L i7s0 ,1 3 7 ,1 5 6 , r 1 - iarsatis352 - m e d i a n u m1 6 0 - c i t i a r e s3 6 5
- [aryngep a h a r y n g i s1 4 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 4 - t e c t al F o r n i x j 2 9 2 - 2 9 3 , 3 2 7 - s a g i t t a [ e{ A r t i c u t a t i co o x a e ] 1 0 - f i m b r i a t a 1 0 4 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 2 ,1 1 1 ,
- l a t e r a [ i s[ 0 s o c c i p i t a t e4l 6 - 4 7 , - t e n d i n e a( S t r a t u ms y n o v i a t e 1 )1 - s c a p u t a r e1 6 0 - g t o s s o e p i g t o t t ti a cateralis'103
57 - tensa 382 - t r a n s v e r s u m[ A r t c o x a e l 1 0 - - m e d i a n a1 0 3
- [ i b e r al F o r n i x J2 9 2 , 3 2 7 - t h o r a c i c aa o f t a e 1 8 - 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 7 , P l a t y s m a6 7- 6 8 ,7 0 - 7 1 ,8 0 , - iridis 364-365
- - m e m b r i i n f e r i o r i s6 272 1 0 9 - 110 , 1 16 - 1 1 7 1 , 1 9 ,1 3 7 , - l a c r i m a L i3s 5 7
- - - s u p e r i o r i6s , 1 5 8 - - { C o t u m nvae r t e b r a t i s6l 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 1, 4 6 ,1 5 4 , r 1 - m a t t e a r i sa n t e r i o r 3 8 2 ,3 8 5 ,3 8 7
- [ u m b a t i s( C o t u m n av e r t e b r a l i s ] - - ( D u c t u s t h o r a c i c u2s3) Plarrr: neriet:lic 151? - - posterior 382,387
6 - - ( M e d u t t as p i n a I i s )3 1 + 2 , 3 4 5 P t e x us - n e r v i[ a r y n g esi u p e r i o r i s1 3 9 ,
- - { M e d u t t as p i n a [ i s ]3 4 2 , 3 4 5 - t h y r o e p i g t o t t i c1a2 6 - 1 2 7f ,6 - a o r t i c u sa b d o m i n a t i 2s 7 1/+1
- m a r g i n a L i7s0 , 3 5 3 - 3 5 4T,1 - t h y r o p h a r y n g e1a0 8 ,1 3 3 , - b a s i l a r i s2 6 2 - 2 6 3 2, 91 + - 2 9 5 - p a t a t i n a e t r a n s v e r s1a0e2
- m y l o p h a r y n g e1a3 7 - 1 3 8T, 5 13 7 - 13 8 ,T 5 - b r a c h i a L i s2 4 - 2 5 ,11 8 ,1L 3 - 14 7 , - p e t r o c [ i n o i d eaan t e r i o r
- n a s a L i {s0 s f r o n t a [ e ]4 8 - t r a n s v e r s a r i 1a 5 2 - 1 5 3 14 9 - 15 0 , 1 5 5 ,2 14 - 2 1 5 ,2 2 7- 2 2 8 , 276-277,r57
- - p h a r y n g i s1 4 , 1 3 9 , 3 2 / 1 - t r i a n g u [ a r i s2 8 9 1 11 ,r 1 7 ,r 2 4 , r 2 8 , T 3 0 - T 3 6 - - p o s t e r i o rT 5 7
- n e r v o s a3 6 8 - t u b e r a l i sl A d e n o h y p o p h y s i 2s 7 J9 - - b r a n c h e sT 2 4 - p h a r y n g o e p i g t o t t i c1a3 9
- o b t i q u a1 2 6 , 1 3 7 , f 6 - t y m p a n i c a4 7 ,5 8 , 3 8 0 - - ^.,^-t.,i^^
>uPPryil19
^-^-- Tat - s a t p i n g o p a t a t i n1 a3 6 ,1 3 9
- opercutari2 s89 P a t e L L6 a - cardiacus 27,272 - s a L p i n g o p h a r y n g1e0a3 ,1 3 6 ,
- o p t i c ar e t i n a e 3 6 2 - 3 6 3 , 3 6 5 , 3 6 8 - d e v e t o p m e n8t - c a r o t i c u s2 7 4 - 2 7 5 1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- o r a t i sp h a r y n g i s1 4 ,1 3 9 , 3 2 / + Patel[arreflex 346 - - c o m m u n i s1 4 0 - 1 4 1 - s e m i t u n a r i sc o n j u n c t i v a e3 5 2 ,
- o r b i t a L i{sG [ a n d u ttaa c r i m a t i s J Pathways - - i n t e r n u s4 1 , 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 2 7 8 , 357
3 5 4 ,3 5 5 ,3 6 0 - 3 6 13, 7 2 - 3 7 4 - afferent 347-349 398 - s u b I n g u a t i s1 1 2 , 1 1 4
- - l G y r u sf r o n t a L i isn f e r i o r l 2 8 9 - e f f e r e n t3 4 7 . 3 5 0 - c a v e r n o s u 8s 7 . 1 0 9 - t r i a n g u t a r i s1 0 3
Index
I r.rrlrl
l
lndex
S u t c u s-li l S V AI s p e c i f i cv i s c e r a a
I fferenceJ T i b i a6 Trigonum
- p a t a t i n u s l -5
i l2 3 0 0 - 3 0 1T, 5 6 - d e v e l o p m e n 8t - o l f a c t o r i u m2 8 7 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 7
- - major 93 S V E{ s p e c i f i cv i s c e r a a
I fference] t i b i a L i s1 - omoclavicu[are 32,119
- p a t p e b r a Lsi us p e r i o r3 5 2 2 7 4 - 2 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0T15, 6 Tongue - s u b m a n d i b u t a r e3 2 , 1 5 1
- nrlnohrnnr<rli<
'16?
S Y L V I UASq, u e d u c o t f s Aqueductus - s Lrngua - s u b m e n t a t e3 2
- p a r i e t o o c c i p i t a t i2s8 5 ,2 8 8 - 2 9 0 , m e s en c ep h a[ i - m u s c l e ss M u s c u t u s [ -liiln g u a e TrochLea
2 9 2 ,3 0 7 ,3 2 0 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 ,3 3 7 S Y L V l af n
i s s u r es S u L c u sl a t e r a l i s T o n stit a[ - a e J - humeri161,168,170
- postcentratis285,289-290 ICerebrum] - cerebelli 286,302-305,320,329 - { M o b [ i q u u s u p e r i o r l3 5 8 , 3 6 1 ,
- posterolateratis299,342-343, S y m p a t h e t i cn e r v o u ss y s t e m 2 7 - [ i n g u a l i s1 0 3 ,1 1 3 375
3 4 5 ,T 5 7 S y m p a t h e t i tcr u n k s T r u n c u s - p a t a t i n a9 2 , 1 0 2 - 1 0 3 1, 0 8 ,11 3 , T r u n c u s l - 2i l- 3 , 6 , 2 5
- nroronfralic lQq 19,9 s y mp a r nIc u s 130,136,139,141,r57 - b r a c h i o c e p h a t i c u1s8 - 1 9 ,2 2 ,
- p f e c h i a s m a t i c u s5 7 ,2 7 9 Symphysis - p h a r y n g e a8 8 ,9 2 , 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1 , 1 2 1 ,1 3 6 ,14 1 ,1 5 2 - 1 5 3 2, 7 2
- p r o m o n t o r i i3 8 6 - m a n d i b u L a4e6 ,6 1 156 - bronchomediastinalis 23, 229
- r e t r o o t i v a r i s2 71 - 2 7 2 ,I 5 7 - m a n u b r i o s t e r n a t1i s5 9 Torus - cerebri 24,302
- s c l e r a e3 5 2 Synchondrosi9 s - l e v a t o r i u s1 3 6 ,1 3 9 - c o e l i a c u s1 8 - 1 9 ,2 2 ,2 7
- s i n u sp e t r o s ii n f e r i o r i s4 0 , 3 9 1 - p e t r o o c c i p i t a t1i s3 8 - 1 3 93, 9 1 - m a n d i b u [ a r i6s 0 - - b r a n c h e s1 9
---superioris40 - s p h e n o p e t r o s a3 9 0 - 3 9 1 - t u b a r i u s 8 8 ,9 2 , 1 3 9 ,1 4 1 - ( C o r p u sc a [ [ o s u m ]2 76 , 2 9 2 ,
- - s a g i t t a t i ss u p e r i o r i s3 9 - 1 ' 0 S y n d e s m o s i s9 T r a c h e a 1 4 ,1 1 5 ,1 1 8 - 1 1 9 1 , 24, 2 94 , 2 9 8 ,3 0 6 - 3 0 7 3 , 0 9 ,3 13 - 3 14 ,
- - s i g m o i d e[i0 s o c c i p i t a t e5J7 , S y n o s t o s i s9 126-127, 129-130, 132-136,138, 320,32/+-328,331,337
278 Systema 1 4 1 ,1 4 7, 1 5 5 - c o s t o c e r v i c a t t's1 9 ,15 2
- - - ( 0 s t e m p o r a t e )3 8 ,4 0 , 5 9 , - n e r v o s u mc e n t r a [ e2 4 T r a c h e o t o m y11 8 - encephati 284,286,293,
3 9 0 - 3 91 - - periphericum 24 - lower 118 298-299,320
- - t r a n s v e r s i3 8 , / + 0 , 5 7 - u p p e r1 1 8 - i n f e r i o r2 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 1 4
- s p i r a l i se x t e r n u s3 9 4 Tracts - i n t e s t i n a [ i s2 3
- - i n t e r n u s3 9 4 T - o f e p i c r i t l sc e n s i b i t i tsy s e n s i b i [ - - jugutaris23,133,229
- subparietalis 329,331-332 i t y ,e p i c r i t i c - t u m b a t i s2 3
- temporatisinterior 286-287, Taenia - o t p r o t o p a t h i sc e n s i b i [ i t sy s e n - - [ u m b o s a c r a l i s2 6
289 - c h o r o i d e a2 9 8 , 3 1 7 s i b i L i t yp, r o t o p a t h i c - m e d i u s2 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 1 4
- - superior285,289,329, - fornicis293,316-317 Tractus - n e r v ia c c e s s o r i i1 / ' 1 , 2 7 3
332-335 - t h a t a m i3 ' i 7 - b u t b o r e t i c u t o s p i n a t3i s5 0 - - s p i n a t i s2 6 , 3 4 4
- t e r m i n a l i sl L i n g u a J1 0 3 ,1 4 1 T a t u s ,d e v e l o p m e n 8t - c e r e b e t t o r u b r a t i3s2 8 ,3 5 0 - p u [ m o n a t i s2 2
- t u b a ea u d i t i v a e5 6 T a p e t u m3 0 6 ,3 1 3 ,3 2 9 ,3 3 1- 3 3 2 , - corticospinaa t i ns t e r i o r3 0 7 , - s u b c t a v i u s2 3 , 2 2 9
- t y m p a n i c u s3 8 6 338 3 1 ' 73, 5 0 - s u p e r i o r 1 4 4 - 1 4 51 , 5 3 ,2 1 4
- v e n o s i3 9 Tarsus - - l a t e r a l i s3 0 7 , 3 4 7 , 3 5 0 - s y m p a t h i c u s2 7- 2 9 , 4 1 ,
S u t c u so f R O L A N D208 9 - i n f e r i o r 3 5 1 - - 3 5 63,7 8 - f rontopontinus 296, 307-3Og 140-11,1,147, 153-15/1
S u p e r c i t i u m3 5 2 , 3 7 8 - s u p e r i o r3 5 4 - 3 5 63, 7 8 - h y p o t h a t a m o h y p o p h y s i a2t 9 i s5 - t h y r o c e r v i c a t i s1 9 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7 ,
S u p e r ifc i a La b d o m i n a rI e fl e x 3 4 6 Tectum337 - o l f a c t o r i u s8 8 ,2 76 , 2 8 3 ,2 8 6 , 152-153,228
S up in a t i o - m e s e n c e p h a l2i 6 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 5 , 292,318,326,370 - ,v ,o^9 ^o u^Jr - ^^+^.i^. 1a aaa
- l A r t i c u [ a t icou b i t i lT 2 3 297,302, 320,323-324,335-336, - o p t i c u s 2 76 , 2 9 2 ,2 9 6 - 2 9 7 2 , 99, - - poslerior 27,272
- l A r t i c u [ a t i ot a t o t a r s a t i sT] 39 348,370,T57 3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 7 ,3 3 6 ,3 6 9- 3 71 ,r 5 7 Tuba
S u p p o r t i ncge [ [ sI C r i s t aa m - T e e t h ,p e r m a n e n t9 6 - 9 7 - paraventriculohyPoPhYsiatis - a u d i t i v a1 0 1 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 7 3 ,8 9 ,4 0 0
p u L t a r i s 3J 9 5 Tegmen 295 - u t e r i n a1 5
S u r f a c ea n a t o m y - tympani400 - p y r a m i d a l i s3 0 7 ,3 0 9 ,3 2 8 Tuber
- in the female 2-3 - v e n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 - r e t i c u t o s p i n a [ i3s4 7 ,3 5 0 - cinereum 286-287,297,370
- in the mate 2-3 T e g m e n t u mm e s e n c e p h a t2i 8 7 , - r u b r o s p i n a t i s3 4 7 ,3 5 0 - f r o n t a l e3 6 , 4 6 , / + 8
S u t ur a 295,297,302,323,328,335-337 - r u b r o t h a l a m i c u s3 5 0 - m a x i t l a e1 r 9
- c o r o n a t i s3 4 - 3 6 ,3 8 - 3 9 ,4 5 - 4 7 , Tela - s p i n o c e r e b e t t a rai sn t e r i o r 3 1 1 7 , - parietate 35-36, 1,6-1'7
261 - c h o r o i d e av e n t r i c u tqi u a r t i 2 9 8 349 - vermis 302-304
- e t h m o i d o t a c r i m a l5i s5 - - - tertii 295,302,315-317, - - p o s t e r i o r3 4 7 , 3 4 9 TubercuLum(-al
- f r o n t a l i s4 6 - 4 7 , 1 1 7 320-321,327-329, - s p i n o o t i v a r i s3 4 7- 3 4 9 - a n t e r i u st h a l a m i 2 9 8
- f r o n t o t a c r i m a l i s3 4 - 3 5 3 3 2 - 3 3 33 , 37 - s p i n o r e t i c u [ a r i3 s48 - - {Vertebra c e r v i c a l i s l1 2 1
- f r o n t o m a x i t t a r i s3 4 , 5 4 ,8 6 - subcutanea 254,256 - s p i n o t e c t a l i s3 4 7 - 3 4 8 - a r t i c u t a r e4 2 , 5 8 - 5 9 ,6 3 ,6 5 - 6 6 ,
- f r o n t o n a s a l i3s4 ,5 0 , 8 6 Tolonronhelnn ?Al - s p i n o t h a [ a m i c au ns t e r i o r 100
- f r o n t o z y g o m a t i c3a4 - 3 5 ,9 1 , 1 1 7 T e m p o r ab l o n es O st e m p o r a t e 347-348 - a u r i c u t a r e3 8 0
- i n c i s i v a5 2 T e m p o r o m a n d i b ujtoairn ts A r t i c u - - - lateralis 3/.7-348 - c a r o t i c u ms T u b e r c u l u ma n -
- i n t e r m a x i [ L a r i3s4 l a t i ot e m p o r o m a n d i b u t a r i s - s p i r a l i sf o r a m i n o s u s3 9 1 , 3 9 7 terius
- i n t e r n a s a t i s3 4 T e n d o { - i n e s1l 1 - s u p r a o p t i c o h y p o p h y s i a2t i9s5 - c o n o i d e u m1 5 9
- [ a c r i m o m a x i [ [ a r i3s 5 - i n t e r m e d i u s1 5 1 - t e c t o s p i n a t i3s4 7 , 3 5 0 - c o r n i c u [ a t u m1 2 9 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- l a m b d o i d e a3 5 - 3 9 ,4 4 - 4 6 T e n d o ns h e a t h sh, a n d 11 , 2 0 8 - vestibulospina3 t i5s 0 , 3 9 7 - c u n e a t u m 2 76 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , f 5 7
- n a s o m a x i l t a r i s3 4 - 3 5 ,8 6 T e n t o r i u mc e r e b e L t2i 6 2 ,2 76 , 3 2 1 , - - l a t e r a l i s3 5 0 , 3 9 7 - c u n e i f o r m e1 2 6 - 1 2 7 1 , 2 9 ,1 3 6 ,
- o c c i p i t a l i st r a n s v e r s a3 7 ,4 7 r57 - - m e d i a t i s3 4 7 , 3 5 0 , 3 9 7 1 3 9 ,1 4 1
- o c c i p i t o m a s t o i d e3a5 ,3 7 , 4 0 T e s t i s 15 , 3 0 - v e s t i b u l o t h a [ a m i c u3s9 7 - dentis 94
- p a l a t i n am e d i a n a4 2 , 5 2 , 9 3 T h a t a m u s2 8 4 ,2 9 2 ,2 94 - 2 96 , 2 9 8 , T r a g u s3 8 0 , 3 8 2 - d o r s a t e1 6 7 , 1 7 4
- - t r a n s v e T s4a2 , 4 9 , 5 2 , 8 7 302,308,316-317, 320,322-325, T r a n s v e r s a exis 1 - epigtotticum 127
- p a t a t o m a x i L L a r9i 3 s 327-328, 332-334,337-338,348, Transverse plane 1 - g r a c i [ e2 7 6 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9
- p a r i e t o m a s t o i d e3 a5 , 3 7 350,397 T r i a n g L oe f P H I L I P P E - G o M B A3U4L7T - i n f r a g t e n o i d a t1e 6 0 ,1 6 2 ,1 6 5
- s a g i t t a t i s3 6 - 3 7 ,4 4 ,4 7 , 2 6 1 - c o r t i c a Ip r o j e c t i o n2 9 6 T r i a n g u t asrp a c e 1 8 3 ,1 8 9 ,1 9 1 - j u g u [ a r e5 7
- sphenofrontali3 s 1 r - 3 5 , 4 05, 5 - nuclei 296 Trigonum - m a j u s 1 6 1 - 1 6 3 ,1 6 5 ,1 8 4
- s p h e n o p a r i e t a l i3s 4 T h e n a r 1 5 7 ,1 8 0 ,2 0 6 ,2 1 3 ,2 4 9 , - c a r o t i c u m3 2 - m e n t a t e6 0 ,1 0 6
- s p h e n o s q u a m o s3a5 , 4 0 256 - clavipectoral4 e, 225-226 - minus 161,165
- s p h e n o z y g o m a t i c3a4 - 3 5 ,3 5 6 - m u s c l e sT 3 6 - c o [ [ a t e r a l e3 1 3 - 3 1 6 3 , 3 4 ,3 3 8 - o s s i ss c a p h o i d e1i 7 1 , 1 7 6
- s q u a m o s a3 5 , 3 7 - 3 8 T h o r a c i ca p e r t u r eu p p e r 1 4 9 - femoris 4 - - t r a p e z i i1 7 1 - 1 7 2
- t e m p o r o z y g o m a t i c3a5 Thorax 2,6 - habenutar2 e98 - p h a r y n g e u m4 2
- v o m e r o m a x i t t a r i8 s7 T h y m u s3 0 - [emniscL i a t e r a l i s2 9 8 - p o s t e r i u sl V e r t e b r ac e r v i c a l i s ]
- z y g o m a t i c o f r o n t a t5 i s1 r T h y r o i dc a r t i l a g es C a r t i [ a g ot h y - - m u s c u L a r [eo m o t r a c h e a t e3] 2 45
- z y g o m a t i c o m a x i [ t a r3i s4 - 3 5 , rotoea - n e r v ih y p o g l o s s2i 9 9 - s e t t a e4 0 ,5 7
5 3 - 5 4 .117 T h y r o i dg t a n ds G L a n d u ttah y r o i d e a - - vagi 299 - s u p r a g l e n o i d a1 t e6 0
Tuberculum[-a] Vagina[-ae] Vena[-aeJ Venalael mediana
- t h y r o i d e u mi n f e r i u s 1 0 8 ,1 2 2
- t e n d i n i s d i gliM tianus1 l 1,180, - c i r c u m f t e x ah u m e r ip o s t e r i o r - - basitica 236-237
- - superius122 208,211,246,257 2 2 7, 2 3 1 - - c e p h a t i c a2 3 7
Tuberositas [-tesI - - intertubercularis 162-164, - - s c a p u t a e2 2 7 - - cubiti 20,170,178,230,
- d e t t o i d e a1 6 1 182-183,190 - c o l i c ad e x t r a 2 1 236-237,254
- m a s s e t e r i c a6 0 , 6 2 - - m u s c u [ ia b d u c t o r i sp o l l i c i s - - m e d i a2 1 - m e n i n g e am e d i a 2 6 3
- p h a l a n g i sd i s t a l i sl M a n u s l
t o n g i 2 0 7 - 2 0 82 , 11,2/+6 - - sinistra21 - m e s e n t e r i c ai n f e r i o r 2 0 - 2 1
1 71- 1 7 2 , 211 - - - e x t e n s o r i sc a r p iu t n a r i s - c o m i t a n sn e r v ih y p o g l o s s7i 5 , - - superior20-21
- pterygoidea 60-62,66 211 114 - n a s o f r o n t a l i s7 5 , 3 7 6
- radii 167-170 d i g i t im i n i m i 2 1 1 - c o n j u n c t i v a l iasn t e r i o r 3 6 3 - occipitatis 75, 142-11+/+,
- u l n a e 1 6 6 ,1 6 8 - 1 6 9 digitorum211,246 - d i p t o i c a e2 6 1 148-149,260,281
T u b u [ a rb o n es t r u c t u r e 7 indicis 211,246 - - f r o n t a l e s7 5 , 2 6 1 - ophthatmicainlerior 260,264
Tunica potticisbrevis 207-208, - - o c c i p i t a l e s7 5 ,2 6 1 - - superior 41,260,263,265,
- conjunctiva butbi 352,357, 211,2t+6 - - t e m p o r a t e sa n t e r i o r e s7 5 , 278,376,378
359-360,362 - t o n g i2 1 1 , 2 / + 6 , 2 5 7 zdl - o v a r i c a2 0 - 2 1
- - p a l p e b r a r u m3 5 2 , 3 5 5
- - - f t e x o r i sc a r p ir a d i a l i s - - - posteriores75,261 - parietales 281-282, 291+
- fibrosa butbi 363 207-208,211,2t+6 - e m i s s a r i a l - a ecl o n d y t a r i s4 1 , - p h a r y n g e a e7 5 , 1 4 0
- i n t e r n ab u t b i 3 6 3 p o t t i c i st o n g i 1 7 5 , 75,264 - p h r e n i c ai n f e r i o r 2 1
- m u c o s al l a r y n x ) 1 3 1 207-208,211,257 - - frontatis 260 - p o p t i t e a2 0
- - l i n g u a e 1 0 4 ,1 3 0 - t e n d i n u mm u s c u t o r u me x t e n s o - - - m a s t o i d e a7 5 ,2 6 0 - p o r t a eh e p a t i s 2 0 - 2 1
- - o r i s 9 3 ,1 0 7 - 1 0 8 rum 211,246 - - o c c i p i t a l i s2 6 0 - portales hypophysiates295
- - l P h a r y n x )1 2 4 c a r p i r a d i a t i u m2 1 ' - - parietalis 75,260-261 - p r o f u n d a l - a ec)e r e b r i 3 2 2
- - l s r n u sm a x t l l a n s l J 5 / 246 - e p i s c [ e r a [ i s3 6 3 - - faciei 85
- - l T r a c h e a )1 2 9 Va[[ecuta - f a c i a L i s6 9 ,7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 ,1 0 9 - 11 0 , - - femoris 20
- m u s c u l a r i s( O e s o p h a g u s1) 3 8 ,
- cerebe[[i 304 1 1 6 ,1 1 8 ,1 t + 3 - 1 / +154, 8 - 1 t + 91,5 1 , - - l i n g u a e1 1 5
141 - e p i g t o t t i c a1 3 0 260,376 - r e c t a l i ss u p e r i o r 2 1
- v a s c u t o s ab u t b i 3 6 3 VaLLum unguis31 - f e m o r a l i s2 0 - renalis20-21
Tympaniccavity 382, 385-387,399 V a t v u l a ve e n o s a e2 1 - f r o n t a t e s2 8 1 - r e t r o m a n d i b u l a r i s7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 ,
- watts 385 Vasl-a) - g a s t r i c a2 1 110, 143-1t+6,148-149, 151, 260
- t y m p h a t i c u m l - a2l 3
T y m p a n i cm e m b r a n es . M e m b r a n a - g a s t r o o m e n t a t i s2 1 - s a c r a l i sm e d i a n a 2 1
tympani - - p r o f u n d a3 1 - h e m i a z y g o s2 1 - s a p h e n am a g n a 2 0
Typesof muscles 11 - - s u p e r f i c i a l i a3 1 , 1 5 0 , 2 2 / + - - a c c e s s o r i a2 1 - - parva 20
- s a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e 3 6 3 , 3 6 7 - h e p a t i c a e2 0 - 2 2 - s i g m o i d e a e2 1
Veinlsl - itei 21 - spl.enica20-21
U - head 260 - iliaca communis 20-22 - subclavia 20-21, 23, 77, 118,
- of GALEN s . V e n am a g n ac e r e b r i - - e x t e r n a2 0 - 2 1 1 2 1 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 5 ,1 4 9 , 2 2 6
Utna6, 158,166,168-170, - of LABBE260 - - interna20-21 - s u b f a s c i a l i s3 1
172-17 4, 176-177 ,200-202,20/+, - s y s t e m i cc i r c u l a t i o n2 0 - i t i o L u m b a t i2 s1 - s u b t i n g u a l i s1 1 0 ,1 1 4 - 1 1 5
207,209-210,253-256 Ve[um - inferiores cerebri 294 - s u b m e n t a t i s7 5 ,8 2 , 8 5 , 11 0 ,
- development 8 - meduttareinterius 276,299, - i n f r a o r b i t a [ i s3 7 8 145,148
Utnarcana[256 304-305 - i n t e r c a p i t u [ a r el M
s anus]247 - s u b s c a p u l a r i s2 2 7
u[naris1 - - s u p e r i u s2 7 6 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , - i n t e r c o s t a l epso s t e r i o r e s2 1 - superiorescerebri 260,262,
Umbomembranae tympanicae 3 0 2 ,3 0 4 - 3 0 5 3 , 29 - interna cerebri 260,294, 281-282,294
382,385 - p a l a t i n u ms . P a t a t u mm o [ [ e 31 6-317, 321-322, 328-329, 333 - s u p r a o r b i t a t i s3 7 6
Uncus286-288, 290,292,314,
336, V e n a [ - a e ] - i n t e r o s s e ap o s t e r i o r 1 9 7 - s u p r a r e n a [ i s2 1
- a t v e o t a r i si n f e r i o r 116 - 1 17 - i n t r a m u s c u t a r i s3 1 - suprascapu[ari2 s 29
Upperarms. Arm - a n a s t o m o t i c sau p e r i o r 2 8 1 - inlra<pntala< ?1 - supratrochlearis 75
Upperthoracic aperture149 - a n g u [ a r i s7 5 , 2 6 0 , 3 7 6 - jejunates 21 - t e m p o r a l i sm e d i a 8 2 , 8 5
Ureter15 - anterior septi peltucidi 321-322, - j u g u t a r i 1s 3 5 - - s u p e r f i c i a t i6s8 , 7 5 , 8 5 1 , 09
Urethra 326,333 - - anterior20,118,133,143, - t e s t i c u t a r i s2 0 - 2 1
- feminin1 a5 - a u r i c u t a r i sp o s t e r i o r 1 4 2 - 1 4 4 148-149,155,229 - t h a [ a m o s t r i a t sau p e r i o r 2 6 0 ,
- m a s c u t i n1a5 - a x i [ [ a r i s2 0 , 1 4 6 - 1 4 82, 2 4 , - - externa 2 0 , 7 5 , 8 0 - 8121, 0 , 294, 313-3 17, 321-322, 328-329,
UrinaryandgenitaItract LZ I -ZZY 119,135,1/+2-149, 151, 3 3 1- 3 3 3 ,3 3 7
- in thefemale,overview15 - azygos20-21 154-155,229 - t h o r a c i c ai n t e r n a 2 0 , 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 ,
- in thema[e,overview15 - basatis260,294,322 - - interna20-21,23,69,73,75, 1 5 3
Uterus15 - basilica20,178,221+,230,232, 77,118,133,1t+0, 1/+/+, - - lateralis147,227-229
Utriculus393-394 236-237, 247, 252-25/+,
256 146-151, 15/+-155,260 - t h o r a c o a c r o m i a t i1 s 4 5 ,1 4 8
Uveas. Lamina vascuLosa - brachiates20,227,229, - Labiatisinferior75 tta
Uvu[a 252-254 - - superior75 - thoracodorsalis 227-228
- patatina92,102,113,139 - brachiocephaLica 228 - tabyrinthi 4'1,265 - t h o r a c o e p i g a s t r i c a1e4 7 ,
- vermis 302-304 - - dextra20-21,77,141,149, - lacrimalis376 224-225,227-228
tcJ - laryngea superior108,114,131, - t h y m i c a e 1 4 9
- - sinistra20-21,121,136,141, 1 3 7 , 1 4 1 - t h y r o i d e ai n f e r i o r 1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,
V 1/+6-147 ,149,153 - [ateraLis ventricu[i lateralis322 1 4 7 - 1 4 91 , 55
- cavainferior20-22 - [inguaLis 115-116, 134 - - media 133,149
V a g i n a l - a e1l 5 - - s u p e r i o2r 0 - 2 2 , 1 2 1 , 1 1 + 1 , 1 1- +[umbaLis{-esJ
9, 21 - - s u p e r i o r7 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 3 3 ,1 3 6 ,
- c o m m u n i st e n d i n u mm u s c u L o - 153 - - ascendens 21 145,147-149
r u m f l e x o r u m 2 0 8 ,2 11 - centra[is '1
retinae 16,363,368 - m a g n ca e r e b r2i 6 0 , 2 6 2 , 2 7 6 , - t i b i a l e sa n t e r i o r e s2 0
- e x t e r n an e r v io p t i c i 3 5 8 , 3 6 2 , - cephalica 20,118,144-149, 178, 302,311,316-317,320-322,329, - - posteriores 20
3 6 8 - 3 6 93 , 78 22/+-226, 228-231,236, 2t+7, 334,337,370 - t r a n s v e r s ac o t t i 8 1 , 1 4 3 ,
- i n t e r n an e r v io p t i c i 3 6 8 - 3 6 9 252-25t+,256 - maxiLLaris 69,75,85 148-149,229
- m u s c u [ ir e c t ia b d o m i n i s1 7 9 , - cerebri 294 - mediaprofunda cerebri294 - u m b i l i c a l i s2 2
225 - cervicalis profunda75,153 322 - v e r t e b r a l i s1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,1 5 5
- nervi optici 265,T57 - - superficiatis 148 - - superficiatis cerebri281,29/+, - vorticosa 363
- p r o c e s s u s t y t o i d e i5 9 - choroidea inferior322 326 V e n o u ss i n u s e ss . S i n u sd u r a e
- s y n o v i a t ids i g i t o r u mm a n u s 2 0 8 - - superior322 - mediana antebrachii 230, matris
- - t e n d i n i s9 , 1 1 - citiaris
anterior363 236-237 Venousvatves 21
Venter Ventriculus[-i] Vertex 36 V o c a IL i g a m e nst L i g a m e n t u m
- anterior 68,72-73, 77, 81+,106, - q u a r t u s2 7 6 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 53 ,1 0 - 3 11 , - c o r n e a e3 6 2 vocate
110 - 111 , 1 1 4 ,1 16 - 11 7 ,1 1 9- 1 2 0 , 320,324,329,337 Vesica Votas. Palma
137,144-146,11+8-1 51, T9, T57 - tertius 276, 294-295,298,302, - b i L i a r i s1 1 r1, 7, 2 2 Vomer 34, 38, 42, /+7,50, 54, 62, 87,
- frontalis 70-73, 354,I1 3 0 9 - 3 11 ,3 1 6 - 3 1 73, 2 0 ,3 2 3 - 3 2 5 , - f e t t e as . V e s i c ab i l i a r i s 264
- i n f e r i o r1 0 5 ,1 1 8 - 1 2 01, 4 / + - 1 / + 6 , 327-328,333-334,336 - u r i n a r i a1 5 , 2 2
14 8 , 15 0 , 18 2 - 18 3 , 1 8 6 ,1 8 9 , 2 2 8 , Venu[a v e s t i b u t a r9 3 - 9 4
T10 - m a c u [ a r i si n f e r i o r 3 6 7 Vestibutum w
- o c c i p i t a t i s7 1 - 7 3 ,1 4 2 ,I 1 - - s u p e r i o r3 5 7 - L a b y r i n t h3i 9 2
- p o s t e r i o r7 3 ,1 0 5 - 1 0 61, 1 0 , - m e d i a l i sr e t i n a e3 6 7 - laryngis129,133 WERNICKE ce ' sn t r e 3 9 7
118-120,137-1 41,399,T9, T57 - n a s a t i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r 3 6 7 - n a s i 1 4 , 8 8 1, 3 6 , i r c l eo f s C i r c u t u sa r t e r i o -
w l L L I SC
- s u p e r i o r1 0 5 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 4 ,1 1 9 - 1 2 0 , ---superior367 - o r i s 1 4 ,1 0 3 - 1 0 4 suscerebri
1 4 4 ,1 4 6 - 1 4 7, 1 5 0 , 2 2 9 , 1 1 0 - t e m p o r a t i sr e t i n a ei n f e r i o r 3 6 7 V i b r i s s a e9 2 Wrists. Carpus
V e n t r i c t e t ssl V e n t r i c u [ u s [ - i ] ---superior367 Vincu[uml-al Wrist-drop,radial nerve patsy 221
V e n t r i c uI u s [ - Ii V e r m i sc e r e b e t t i2 76 , 2 8 6 , - breve 209 Yellowspot s. Macula lutea
- c o r d i sd e x t e r 2 2 2 9 7- 2 9 8 ,3 0 2 - 3 0 3 3 , 12 , 3 15 - 3 16 , - tonga 209
- - sinister22 320, 323-324, 329, 33/+-337 - tendinum209,213
- e n c e p h a l3i 1 0 - 3 1 1 349-350 V i s c e r o c r a n i u m5 4 z
- l a r y n g i s 1 0 4 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 1 Vertebrae Vision
IJJ - cervicates 133-13/+,152-151+ - associationarea 291 Z o nu[ a
- lateratis277,293-294, 296, 298, - c o c c y g e a se. 0 s c o c c y g i s - projectionarea 291 - ciLiaris 362-364
309,311,313-317, 320-321 - lhnreeirao 1q? 16q V i s u a If i e t d ,s t a b i [ i s a t i o n3 9 6 - Z I N NsI Z o n u [ ac i [ i a r i s
323-329,331 -339 V e r t e b r acI a n a Is . C a n a t i sv e r t e - V i s u a lp a t h w a y3 7 1
- - w a t t s3 1 3 braLis - b t o o ds u p p t y 3 7 0