FIRST GRUPAL HOMEWORK

MINERAL
DEPOSITS
MINIG ENGINEERING
 MINERAL DEPOSITS

INDEX
INTRODUCCTION ........................................................................................................................... 2
1. MINERAL DEPOSITS ............................................................................................................... 3
2. MINERAL DEPOSITS CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................... 3
2.1. BY ITS ORIGEN: .............................................................................................................. 3
2.2. BY ITS FORM: ................................................................................................................. 4
2.3. BY ITS ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION ........................................................................ 5
2.3.1. Magmatic Deposits:............................................................................................... 6
2.3.2. Sedimentary Deposits: .......................................................................................... 7
2.3.3. Metamorphic Deposits: ......................................................................................... 8
3. MINERAL DEPOSITS IN PERU ................................................................................................. 9
4. CONCLUTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 10
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 10

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INTRODUCCTION
The chemical elements that make up our planet are distributed in a very regular way, as it
depends on two major factors:

Its abundance in each of the layers that make up the planet.

The nature and composition of the rocks that is present in each specific sector that we
analyse.

Based on known data information about the nature and geochemical, mineralogical and
petrological composition, of the different layers in which is divided our planet, the composition
is simple and homogeneous in the deepest area (core), and intermediate in the mantle, while
the most superficial layer (cortex) presents a composition more complex and heterogeneous.

The fact that the planetary differentiation has produced a relative enrichment of this layer in
the lighter elements, which have no place in the minerals that compose the mantle, which are
of relatively simple composition: fundamentally silicates of Mg and Fe .This means that, with
regard to the mantle, the crust is only impoverished in elements such as Fe and Mg (as far as
the majority elements are concerned) and Ni, Cr and Pt in terms of minorities or traces.

The greater complexity of the geological processes that operate in the cortex produces very
varied phenomena of enrichment or impoverishment of local character, that affect the
concentration of the different chemical elements in different ways.

In this way, we can understand the crust as that segment of our planet in which we break the
homogeneity of the distribution of the elements that we find in deeper layers. For example,
although there are some compositional variations in the mantle, these are negligible with
respect to the very high variability we see in the cortex. Thus, in the cortex this we can observe
igneous rocks that independently of its place of origin (asthenospheric mantle, lithospheric
mantle, bark) go from compositions peridotites to the granitic. It is in the cortex where, in
addition, we will find the sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

The processes leading to the differentiation of a magma, or the formation of a sedimentary or

metamorphic rock, sometimes involve deep chemical-mineralogical transformations. It is
during the course of these processes that some elements or minerals can concentrate
selectively, well above their "normal" values for a certain type of rock, giving origin
"anomalous" concentrations, that hereafter we will call Mineral deposits ".

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1. MINERAL DEPOSITS
Mineral deposits are natural accumulations of a mineral that allow its exploitation with
economic yield. Which is given by its usefulness and by the scarcity or dispersion that they
present such substances in the whole of the lithosphere. In a mineral deposits two parts are
distinguished. First the ore has economic value and the gangue that is constituted by the
substances that appear in the site but that has no economic value.

The grade of a mineral deposit is the concentration that presents an element of economic
interest within the site; It is expressed the percentage by weight, in g/Ton or in ppm/Ton.

The reserves of a deposit are constituted by the quantity of ore, by weight or in volume, which
can be exploited.

Picture 1: Mineral Deposits

2. MINERAL DEPOSITS CLASSIFICATION

2.1. BY ITS ORIGIN:
Exogenous processes: they are all those that take place above the Earth's surface, as a
consequence of the interaction between the rocks and the atmosphere and the
hydrosphere. For example, the oxidation of metals, such as iron, sudden changes in
temperature, dissolving of components.
Endogenous processes: They are all those that take place below the Earth's surface, as
a consequence release processes of the internal heat of the planet, materialized in the
tectonics of plates and associated processes, such as the magmatism and the
Metamorphism. For example, the convection of hot air that is produced from the
radiators of the rooms, and the movement that occurs from the water when heating it
in a container.

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2.2. BY ITS FORM:

Vein or Reef: tubular structure, this is different than the rock in which it is embedded
and it is filled with ores, when the cracks have been opened by intrusion of large
blocks of igneous rock, they are presented in layered layers closely together is called a
reef. EXAMPLE: C.I.A MINERA CASAPALCA (LIMA), Compaa Minera CHASPAYA
(MOQUEGUA).

Picture 2: Vein or Reef

Mantle: body or structure similar to the rock in which it is nailed and has been filled
with ores. Example: MINING UNIT SAN VICENTE (JUNIN), COLQUIJIRCA (CERRO DE
PASCO).

Picture 3: Mantle

Disseminated or Porphyry: When the ore is distributed throughout the mass of

encasing rock, they are generally low grade mineral deposits, examples: Southern
Peru Copper Corporation (Cuajone, Toquepala), Cerro Verde Mining Company S.A.A
Cerro Verde (Arequipa), Yanacocha mining company (Cajamarca).

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Picture 4: Disseminated

Bolsonadas (high-grade ore): presents a mineral of economic value that concentrates

in irregular bodies.

2.3. BY ITS ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION

According to the geological environment in which a deposit was formed, four different groups
or environments are defined: sedimentary, magmatic, hydrothermal and metamorphic. Within
these groups are added the subphases, such as the intramagmatic, solid sulphides and others.

This classification presents as a limit the fact that many mineral deposits were formed in
different stages and under the influence of different factors, which tends to gather within the
same group phases of different enrichments.

Picture 5: Environment of Formation

At the same time, mineralization takes place through a set of factors, which do not necessarily
depend on the environment, but relates to it, for example, to the nature of the box rock.

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Three large groups of mineral deposits can be distinguished:

magmatic
sedimentary
metamorphics

At the mineral deposits we identify a series of zones, like from more superficial to deeper:

Weathering zone: Minerals are exposed to deep transformations caused by external

agents.
leachate zone: area where minerals are washed, by the action of the meteoric Waters.
Oxidation zone: It produces the phenomena of oxidation, hydroxylation and
carbonation.
Reduction Zone: here are concentrated soluble compounds, swept away by the wter.

Picture 6: Formation Zones

2.3.1. Magmatic Deposits:

Segregation: During the formation of ultra-basic rocks, by effect of fractionated
crystallization, metallic elements such as chromium, platinum, nickel and gold, are
concentrated in certain areas and form bodies of stratiform segregation.
Magma Injection: It is formed when the magma is injected into the fractures found in
the roof of the intrusion, by effects of pressure or geotectonic processes.
Pegmatitic: Deposits that usually originate from the evolution of magmas intermediate
to acid magmas. They are characterized by a pegmatite texture of large crystals of
quartz, feldspars, micas, and other minerals.
Of Metasomatism: Deposits that appear when the residual solutions of magma come
into contact (skarn) with sedimentary rocks, carbonated preferences (limestones).
Orthomagmatics: They originate from the minerals concentration during the cooling
consolidation of a magma.

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Picture 7: Magmatic Deposits

Hydrothermal: They are generated by precipitation from magmatic fluids.

Ilustracin 8: Alteration Zone

2.3.2. Sedimentary Deposits:

Sedimentary deposits are formed by the accumulation of minerals torn from other areas by
erosion processes.

These minerals are transported to the deposit, where sedimentation takes place. The process
can be produced in marine and continental environments.

Mechanical sedimentation: They are better known as deposits of pleasure and

originates from the mechanical concentration of heavy minerals during the
sedimentary processes.
Chemical sedimentation: Also called evaporites or evaporitic deposits, they were
formed from lagoons of ancient seas or lakes of arid places where the water was
evaporated and the precipitation of insoluble minerals such as sulphates and
carbonates occurred.

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Phosphated nodules: caused by the accumulation of residues of organic material such

as calcium phosphate.

Picture 9: Formation Examples

2.3.3. Metamorphic Deposits:

Metamorphic deposits are formed when mineral deposits are subjected to high pressures and
temperatures, undergo a series of transformations.

The most important deposits occur when a magma ascends into surface areas and causes a
strong rise in temperature.

Picture 10: Metamorphism of

Contact

Residual deposits: deposits that will be constituted mainly by the final products of the
weathering and where the hydroxides and hydrosilicates predominate.

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Secondary enrichment mineral deposits: these deposits form under the oxidation
zone. After the oxidation process, acidic, cold and diluted sulphate solutions descend
to the saturation zone reacting with the primary hypogeous sulphides, then
precipitating secondary sulphides and enriching this zone with respect to the oxidation
zone and the primary minerals.

3. MINERAL DEPOSITS IN PERU

Types of minerals

1. Native elements: Gold, silver, copper, sulfur, diamond.

2. Sulphides: pyrite, galena, blende, cinnabar.
3. Oxides: Oligisto, corundum, cassiterite, bauxite.
4. Carbonates: Calcite, azurite, marble, malachite.
5. Sulphates: Gypsum, anhydrite, barite
6. Silicates: Silica, feldspar, mica, quartz, pyroxene, talc, Clay.

Picture 11: Mining Radiography

1. COPPER (Cu):

Cerro verde (Arequipa)

Tintaya (cusco)
Quellaveco (Moquegua)
Michiquillay (Cajamarca)
Toromocho (Junn)
Cobriza (Huancavelica)

2. GOLD (Au):

Yanacocha (Cajamarca)
Pierina (ncash)

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3. IRON (Fe):

Marcona (Ica)
Tambo Grande (Piura)

4. MINERAL COAL:

Cuenca del rio santa (ncash)

Goyllarisquizga (Pasco)
Oyon (Lima)
Hatunhuasi (Junn)
Cuenca del alto chicama (Cajamarca)

5. POLYMETALLIC: (lead, silver, zinc)

San Vicente (Junn)

Casapalca (Lima)
Huaron (Cerro de Pasco)
Atacocha (Pasco)
Millpo, Raura (Pasco)
San Cristbal (Junn)
Julcani (Huancavelica)
Arcata (Arequipa)

4. CONCLUTIONS
Minerals represent the main raw material of great importance for the elaboration of
objects and articles in everyday life, the same when they are exploited generate
income when they are marketed, but their exploitation can generate ecological chaos
and Exhaustion of them by being unduly extracted without taking into account the
various environmental factors.

Mineral deposits are natural concentrations of mineral, these are made up by two
parts: the ore and the gangue, the latter has no economic value.

The deposits can be formed by exogenous processes that occur above the Earth's
surface, giving rise to residual and sedimentary deposits; And by endogenous
processes that are those occurring beneath the earth forming magmatic and
metamorphic deposits.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.eduni.uni.edu.pe/1er_concurso_3_compendio_de_geologia_general.pdf

http://www.proexplo.com.pe/2013/programa/cursos_cortos/Yacimientos%20y%20M
etalogenia/YACIMIENTOS.pdf

https://www.codelcoeduca.cl/procesos_productivos/tecnicos_exploracion_reconocim
iento_menas.asp

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