MINERALS DEPOSIT

THIRD JOB IN CHARGE

VEINS
Mining Engineering

Professor: ING. JOSE SALAS MEDINA

SEMESTER: VI

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MINERALS DEPOSIT

VEINS

INDEX

INTRODUCCION.3

1. CONTENT DEVELOPMENT4
1.1. VEIN CONCEPT4

1.2. ORIGIN5

1.3. HYDROTHERMAL VEINS .5

1.4. TYPES OF VEINS.5

1.4.1. VEINS OF BATHOLITH..5

1.4.2. MOUNTAINOUS VEIN..6

1.5. WORKING IN VEINS OR VEIN DEPOSITS6

1.6. RECOGNITION OF VEINS.7

2. CONCLUSION.9
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY10

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INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this paper is to provide an introduction to the study of mineral deposits
type vein or veins. At the end of this research must be obtained an understanding of the
processes that the reasons resulting in the formation of the vein deposits, also of because there
are mineral deposits, the General characteristics of the common types of deposits minerals and
that look is when explored by different types of mineral deposits or metals.

Many mineral deposits, especially those that are of economic importance, are presented in
tabular or lenticular masses that are known with the name of reefs. Reefs have been formed by
the filling with a crack or fissure pre-existing mineral ores.

Geologists attribute to the processes of hydrothermal as the great variety of metallic mineral
deposits that provide the majority of metals of economic interest; such as gold, silver, copper,
lead, zinc, mercury, molybdenum, etc.

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1. CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

1.1. VEIN CONCEPT.

Vein: A streak is a tabular, body or in the form of sheet, composed of minerals that they
have been entered into the rocks by a joint or fissure, or systems of joints and cracks.

Most of the veins (veins) are directly and indirectly of igneous origin, although in certain
circumstances cracks can be filled as a result of sedimentary processes; for example,
the veins of calcite filling cracks in limestone.

Veins are different to the dikes igneous, although the term is often applied to small two
or languages of intrusive igneous rock.

However, the most important use of the term grain is in connection with the deposits ,
and much of the terminology associated with grain derived from the mining
industry. (Since many veins occupy faults, much of its terminology has been used and
defined as failures). A venal is a small streak.

1.2. ORIGIN. -
Many mineral deposits, especially those that are of economic importance, are
presented in tabular or lenticular masses that are known with the name of reefs. Reefs
have been formed by the filling with a crack or fissure pre-existing mineral ores.

When magmas formed at depth Ascend towards surface, taking advantage of the
fractures, or faults caused by tension and consolidated along these cracks in the Earth's
crust, they give rise to the formation of "filonianas rocks".

There are two fundamental types of reefs: layered and brecciated:

In reefs stratified, the different mineral species of the corresponding sequence,

are deposited in successive layers, from the wall of the host rock to the Center,
up to complete filling the cavity, which originates the crustificacion of the reef,
and may be any internal cavity, which is covered with crystals of the last ore
deposited, forming a pocket.

In reefs brecciated existed already, before the mineralization, a gap of failure

with the same host rock fragments and mineral deposit has cemented these
fragment, layered concentric, when they are regular, receiving the name
of rosettes.

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1.3. HYDROTHERMAL VEINS.

The conditions of temperature and pressure under which they have formed
hydrothermal reefs may have been very different and make reefs differ structurally and
chemical. Why are subdivided into three classes:

Hypothermal deposits. - Deposited deep, high pressure and temperature (300-

500 C). There are several types of hypothermal reefs, defined by their
paragenesis and features.
The most important metals obtained hypothermal deposits are Tin, tungsten,
gold, molybdenum, copper and lead. Quartz is the bargain more current in this
type of deposit.

Mesothermal deposits. - Formed at middle depths, at high pressures and

temperatures (200-300 C). The main ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite,
arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, tetraeditra and native gold.
Quartz is the main mineral of gangue, but also the carbonates, such as aquaria,
siderite, calcite and rhodochrosite are common. The main minerals obtained
these deposits of gold, silver, copper, silver, zinc and lead.

Epithermal deposits. - Epithermal deposits are those that mineralization

occurred within 1 to 2 Km of depth from the ground surface and deposited from
hot hydrothermal fluids.

Formed shallow and low temperature and moderate pressure (50 - 200 C)
conditions. Typical minerals of the epithermal deposits are native gold,
Marcasite, pyrite, pyrite, calcite cinnabar, cinnabar and estibina. and among the
bargains are quartz, Opal, chalcedony, calcite and aragonite. The most
important metals encountered in these deposits are gold, silver and mercury.

Precious metal epithermal mineralization can be formed from two types of

chemically different fluids. The "low sulfation" are small and have a pH close to
neutral (the measure of hydrogen ion concentration) and "high sulfonating"
fluids, which are more acidic and oxidized.

1.4. TYPES OF VEINS.

1.4.1. VEINS OF BATHOLITH.-

The veins are located in tonalities and granodiorites of the batholith of the
coast of possible age of the upper Cretaceous.

Is given by the erosion of the roof ceiling of the batholith, presenting the
outcrop of the vein in the intrusive.

Can be described:

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Location. - The type of deposit and the origin of the vein will vary
according to the location it has and the time.

Geology. - The geology will help us to describe the vein we find will
explain its origin and of which minerals is composed.

1.4.2. MOUNTAINOUS VEIN.

These deposits of the Andes are associated in time and space with an intrusive
intermediate composition.

They are of hydrothermal origin whose solutions fill faults - fractures. Their
mineralization is typical of filling of faults, fractures or of replacement of
calcareous box.

The depth of the mineralization could reach up to 1000 meters

There is a zoning at the mining district level and at the local level in the same
vein; of epithermal, mesothermal to catathermal temperature.

These mountainous filonian deposits have structural controls.

Many times in these deposits, there was a mixture of juvenile magmatic

hydrothermal fluids with meteoric water fluids that went down through the
faults

1.5. WORKING IN VEINS OR VEIN DEPOSITS:

Veins or vein structures usually appear in "sets" that is parallel or sub-parallel structures
that are lost after some hundred meters. In addition, the syn-genetic faults show
mineralization.

Fig.3.: Example of sub-parallel veins with impact of syn-genetic structures.

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Fig.4.: Strong structures syn enrichment - genetic plotting with isoleyes.

Is also worth mentioning that the more important deposits in mining. High laws were a
strong advantage.

1.6. RECOGNITION OF VEINS. -

Streaks are extremely heterogeneous structures, i.e. to expect sudden changes in

lithology and of course the contents of mena. Heterogeneity is extended to three
dimensions - the Bullfight of the vein, the vein width and depth.

Fig.5.: Recognition of veins.

Recommended:

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Make trenching sampling (inside and outside the main structure always
perpendicular.)

Perforations is carried out from outside, cutting the vein at depth - never from
the inside of the grain down, chasing the streak.

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2. CONCLUSION:

Much of polymetallic ores and precious metals in the Peru occur as veins and
replacement, filling in rock boxer of intrusive, intrusive them. These deposits represent
a large financial contribution. Filonianos correspond to deposits the existing gold
deposits between Nazca and Ocoa in the Batholith of the coast, some veins of copper
in the same Batholith, polymetallic veins in the Cenozoic volcanic Strip; polymetallic
veins in the Mesozoic Sedimentary Strip, on the rocks sedimentary and the intrusive. In
addition the veins of gold and polymetallic in the Western Cordillera.

Strong hit tectonic

Structures tectonic syn - and postgeneticas.

Factors of formation: mineralization corresponds to temperature, pressure, pH, fugacity

of oxygen of the hydrothermal system, rock porosity, fracturing of the rock type of
minerals.

Changes of the mineralization to depth, the Bullfight and the width of the framing.

Non-linear behavior of the distribution of the mineralization.

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3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://deconceptos.com/ciencias-naturales/veta
http://www.geovirtual2.cl/depos/01veti001.htm
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B3n _(geolog%C3%ADa)

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