CERAMICS Vitrification

HISTORY
Vitrification is the conversion of clay into
engineering materials or products glassy substance by means of heating
that are chemically inorganic, except and fusing that usually commences at
metals and metal alloys, and are about 900 C and is completed by about
usually rendered serviceable AY: 2017 - 2018
1050 C (brick clays) or about 1100 C
through high temperature processing in the case of more refractory fireclays.
Mullite and cristobalite are the
GLASS important composition of a ceramic
body composed of a vitreous
an amorphous solid which does not matrix plus crystals.
have a long range periodic atomic
structure which shows a glass transition
behavior ENVIRONMENTAL
HISTORY
HISTORY HAZARDS
Dust Pollution (free silica, talc, ver-
24,000 B.C. Ceramic figurines used for miculite, perlite and other minerals)
cermonial purposes
14,000 B.C. First tiles made in Mesopotamia Energy Waste
and India
9000-10,000 B.C. Pottery making begins
5000-8000 B.C. Glazes discovered in Egypt MARKET PLAYERS
HISTORY
1500 B.C. Glass objects first made
1550 A.D. Synthetic refractory (temperature
resistant) for furnaces used to
make glass, ceramics, cement
Mid 1800s Porcelain electrical insulation
Incandescent light bulb
1920s High-strength quartz-enriched
porcelain for insulators
Alumina spark plugs
CERAMICS
1940s
1960s
Glass windows for automobiles
Capacitors and magnetic ferrites
Alumina insulators for voltages
AND GLASS
over 220 kV
Application of carbides and
Nitrides
INDUSTRY
1970s Introduction of high-per- ChE 414 - Chemical Process Industries
formance cellular
ceramic substrates
for catalytic conver-
ters and particulate
filters for diesel engines
1980s High temperature
superconductors
 CERAMICS CERAMICS vs. GLASS
HISTORY GLASS
HISTORY
RAW MATERIALS Glass is a type of ceramic.
Ceramics have crystalline or semi
crystalline or non crystalline atomic
HISTORY
RAW MATERIALS
Sand Silicate (flint) structure; atomic structure of glass is Soda ash (sodium carbonate)
Feldspar non crystalline. Silica Sand
Clay Only glass exhibits glass Limestone (calcium carbonate)
MANUFACTURING transition behavior out of all
HISTORY
PROCESS ceramics.
Most ceramics are opaque while
MANUFACTURING
HISTORY
PROCESS
glass is transparent.
1. STORAGE Glass is cheaper than the other ce-
ramics. 1. MELTING
2. BENEFICIATION A glass kiln will have heating ele-
Communition
ments on the top whereas a ceramic 2. SHAPING
kiln will have heating
Purification elements on the sides.
Sizing 3. ANNEALING
Classification
Calcining
Liquid Dispersion 4. FINISHING / INSPECTION
Granulation

3. COMPONENT MIXING GLASS TYPES

HISTORY
4. SHAPING/FORMING
Pressing

Flint Glass
Extrusion
Soda Glass / Soap Glass
Mold Making and Slip Casting Pyrex Glass
Quartz Glass
5. DRYING Subsequent Treatment Borosilicate Glass
Machining: abrasive grinding, Hard Glass
6. SURFACE TREATMENT chemical polishing, or laser
Texturing
machining.
Annealing

Applied Facings
Glazing, Engobing, other Surface coatings APPLICATIONS
HISTORY
Decorating techniques LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
CERAMICS TYPES
HISTORY BRICKS and TILES
7. FIRING
Vitrification Whitewares WINDOWS
Heavy Clay Products POTTERY and EARTHENWARES
Refractories REFRACTORIES
8. SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT Enamels
Others OPTICS and ELECTRICAL BULBS
9. PACKAGING AND STORAGE (with complete vitrification) GLASS BOTTLES