Coordinate System

Globe

Northern Hemisphere International Date Line

Royal Observatory
parallel Greenwich

meridian

Equator WEST EAST

Western Hemisphere

Eastern Hemisphere
PRIME MERIDIAN
Southern Hemisphere

LATITUDE (Lintang) LONGITUDE (Bujur)

 N
90o
GEOGRAPHIC
COORDINATE SYSTEM
enables every location on the earth
to be specified by the three
coordinates of a spherical
coordinate system aligned with the
spin axis of the Earth

W E LATITUDE
(Lintang)
0o
LONGITUDE
(Bujur)

ALTITUDE
(Ketinggian)
Example:
90o 2026'23N 3058'31"W
S 2.5 m MSL
Map Projection

MAP PROJECTION
CHARACTERISTICS

ASPECTS PROPERTIES
Identify basic layout of the projection
CONFORMAL
Maintains the shape of small regions,
CYLINDRICAL so angles at any point are correct,
although sizes will change

EQUAL AREA
CONICAL
Maintains size at the expense of shape

AZIMUTHAL Maintaining both size and shape requires a globe

CASE
Conventional
Transverse
Oblique
Map Projection

CYLINDRICAL Projection

If you imagine a paper cylinder

wrapped around an illuminated
globe, the projection onto the
cylinder would resemble a
cylindrical projection map.

The shape of the continents near

the middle of the cylinder would be
relatively free of distortion, but the
regions near the poles would be
stretched out of proportion as in a
cylindrical projection map.
Map Projection

TANGENT CASE PATTERN OF DISTORTION

HIGH
MEDIUM

LOW

MEDIUM
HIGH

GRATICULE
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW

Longitude
MEDIUM
Latitude
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH

SECANT CASE
Map Projection
GNOMONIC

The cylindrical gnomonic projection illustrates the basic

pattern of normal cylindrical projections.
A light source positioned at the centre of the globe casts
shadows of the graticule on the projection surface, which in
this instance, is a cylinder placed tangent to the globe along
the Equator.
The Equator is shown as true to scale on the map.
The polar regions cannot be represented
Source: Faculty of Environmental Studies
University of Waterloo, Canada
Map Projection
ORTHOGRAPHIC

The cylindrical orthographic projection assumes that the light

source is an infinite distance from the projection surface,
resulting in parallel rays of light.

The spacing between parallels decreases with distance from the

Equator. This compression of north-south distances exactly
compensates for the stretching of east-west distances towards
the poles, resulting in an equivalent projection.

Source: Faculty of Environmental Studies

University of Waterloo, Canada
MERCATOR Projection
Mercator projection is conformal, that is, bearings in the chart are identical to
the corresponding angles in nature, bearings may be measured from the chart
to be used at sea or plotted on the chart from measurements taken at sea.
 MERCATOR Projection

Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594),

Flemish geographer, mapmaker,
and mathematician was born in
Belgium. He is associated with
the Mercator projection, a type
of map designed especially for
use in navigation.

Mercator was the first to use the

word atlas for a group of
maps.

The straight line segments

on the Mercator projection
are easier to follow since
cc12101492
this only requires following a
constant compass direction.
MERCATOR Conformal Projection

The Mercator projection is a conformal projection. On a conformal projection, the

scale is constant in all directions about each point but scale varies from point to point
on the map. If we consider the parallels, on cylindrical projections, east-west scale
increases as we move towards the poles. Assuming tangent case, only the Equator is
represented true to scale. All other parallels are longer on the map than they are on
the globe. In the extreme case, the pole is subject to an infinite degree of distortion
since it has been stretching into a line having the same length as the Equator,
although it is a point on the globe. Since east-west scale is increasing as we move
toward the poles, we must increase north-south scale by an equal amount in order to
obtain a conformal projection.

This projection was invented by Gerhardus Mercator in 1569 as an aid to navigation. It

has the special property that loxodromes or rhumb lines are represented as straight
lines on the map. This projection is often used in conjunction with the azimuthal
gnomonic projection. On the gnomonic projection, great circles appear as straight
lines, making it easy to plot the shortest route between two points. Transferred to the
Mercator projection, the great circle route will appear as a curved line that can be
approximated by straight line segments. The straight line segments on the Mercator
projection are easier to follow since this only requires following a constant compass
direction.

Source: Faculty of Environmental Studies

University of Waterloo, Canada
MERCATOR Projection
Map Projection

CONICAL Projection

If you imagine a paper cone

placed over an illuminated globe,
the projection on the cone would
resemble a conic projection map.

Such a map is relatively free of

distortion in the middle latitude
regions, and is useful for viewing
countries that fall within those
regions
Map Projection

AZIMUTHAL Projection
If you imagine a piece of paper
touching an illuminated globe at one
point, the projection of the globe onto
the paper would resemble an
azimuthal projection map.

Azimuthal projection maps are useful

for viewing the polar regions of the
world, because the poles usually
appear near the center of the map,
with longitudinal lines meeting at the
poles and spreading away from each
other as they move away from the
poles. The polar regions are relatively
free of distortion, but the distortion
increases as the longitudinal lines
move toward equatorial areas
Map Projection

conventional
Graticule= Lat Long webbing
CASE Projection
the graticule, the lines of latitude and
longitude on the globe, as being
movable.

CONVENTIONAL (or, in the case of an

azimuthal projection, polar) case, where
the projection is drawn in the normal
and easiest fashion.

TRANSVERSE (or, in the case of an

azimuthal projection, equatorial) case, in
which the globe has been shifted by 90
degrees before the map is drawn,

OBLIQUE case where the globe is

shifted by a lesser amount.
transverse
Map Projection

North Pole

ROBINSON Projection
Is also called an orthophanic projection, is
one way of transferring information from a
round globe to a flat map.
Elliptical in shape, shows the entire world
in a single plane.

The poles are depicted as lines instead of

points.
South Pole
Designed in 1963 by Arthur H. Robinson of
the University of Wisconsin to minimize
distortion, particularly near the equator,
and to give the world a realistic
appearance.
Nautical Chart

Map projection
The MERCATOR Projection is used in nautical charts.

Positions on Nautical chart

Measured from the latitude (lintang) and longitude (bujur) scales on the
borders of the chart, relative to a map datum such as WGS84

Bearings
A bearing is the angle between the line joining the two points of
interest and the line from one of the points to the North, such as a
ships course or a compass reading to a landmark.
On nautical charts, the top of the chart is always TRUE NORTH, rather
than MAGNETIC NORTH, towards which a Magnetic Compass points.
Nautical charts include a COMPASS ROSE depicting the VARIATION
between magnetic and true North.
Compass

A compass is an instrument containing a freely suspended

magnetic element which displays the direction of the horizontal
component of the Earth's magnetic field at the point of observation

Lensatic compass / Prismatic compass

Compass

A magnetic compass works because

MN TN
the Earth is like a giant magnet,
surrounded by a huge magnetic field.

The Earth has two magnetic poles

which lie near the North and South
poles.

The magnetic field of the Earth causes

a magnetized 'needle' of iron or steel to
swing into a north-south position if it is
hung from a thread, or if it is stuck
through a straw or piece of wood
floating in a bowl of water.
Compass

Magnetic lodestone

Bronze plate

"magical" magnetic properties of the iron mineral ore called lodestone

(a mineral composed of an iron oxide which aligns itself in a North-South
direction), known in China as early as 2634 B.C

The magnetic compass is an old Chinese Invention, probably first made in

China during the Qin dynasty (221-206 B.C.).

Shen Kuo who was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass in
China in 1088
Compass

Needle lodestone

Floater

water

Bowl

Chinese Mariner Compass

Compass

Needle compass first described in

Europe by Alexander Neckam in 1187
Compass Cardinal Points
Compass True North

Magnetic North

Variation

Compass Rose
Compass Rose On Nautical Chart
Compass Rose
True North

Magnetic North

Compass Rose:
All navigational chart have one or more compass
roses.
The inner circle shows degrees in relationship to
Magnetic North and the outer circle is degrees in
relationship to True North.
True North is what can be measured by your GPS
Magnetic North is what is shown on your compass.
True North is the point on the earths surface where
the axis of rotation passes through.
The difference between the two is called magnetic
variation, and it can be calculated from the compass
rose
 True North
Compass

True North
The direction of the Geographical
North Pole from a given point

Shen Kuo discovered the concept

of True North in terms of magnetic
declination towards the North Pole
in 1088

Step in human history to make

compasses more useful for
navigation

Earth Axis
 True North
Compass

North Magnetic Pole

Magnetic North

North Magnetic Pole is

Earth's surface at which the DIP
Earth magnetic field points
vertically downwards, the DIP
"dip" is 90
No DIP
North Magnetic Pole
coordinates:
82.7o N 114.4o W No DIP

Earth Axis
Compass

True North

Magnetic North
82.7o N 114.4o W

isogonic line
Compass MAGNETIC DECLINATION MAP USA

isogonic line
Magnetic Variations

NORTH MAGNETIC POLE

SOUTH MAGNETIC POLE

Lines of Equal Magnetic Variation (isogonic line)

Source: Nigel Calder, How to read a Nautical Chart
Compass

East Variation West Variation

NP NP

MP MP

SP SP
Compass
Compass

ORIENTEERING MAP COMPASS

Swiss design, first developed back in the 1930's
It has a flat Base Plate, and a twistable Compass
Housing. These together form a "Pelorus"
protractor necessary for plotting a heading
 In navigation, the direction of one object
Bearing from another is called a bearing

To take a bearing between a ship and an

island, a navigator would measure the
horizontal angle of the island clockwise from
North
 Compass

Stand Surveying Compass

Hiking Compass
Compass

Military Lensatic Compass

Engineering Lensatic Compass

Gyro Compass

A Gyro Compass is a motorized

compass used on ships.

A gyro compass uses the earths

rotation to direct ships by
maintaining a north-south
orientation of the gyroscopic spin
axis.

Shows True North

Gyro Compass

Anschutz Raytheon
Gyro Compass
Coordinate Systems

Coordinate settings
UTM x,y, and zone
Lat/Long x and y
Datum
(NAD27 and NAD83)
Lat/Long Coordinates
Based on degrees of a circle (360 total)
Latitude expressed as degrees north of equator
(Southern Hemisphere is denoted by a negative)
Longitude expressed as degrees east of the Prime
Meridian (west is denoted by a negative with the
maximum value of 180 and minimum value of -
180)

Lines of Latitude Lines of Longitude

meridians
Greenwich, UK

- +
Latitude-Longitude
Latitude
Starts at Equator
90N and 90S
Indonesia = - 12(12S) and 6 (6N)
Longitude
Starts at Prime Meridian
180E and 180W (denoted with a negative)
Indonesia = + 90 (90E) and +141 (141E)

All values for longitude in Indonesia will be a positive

number (East of Prime Meridian)
 UTM Coordinates

Universal Transverse Mercator

Originally used by US Army on large scale maps
Grid system
Divides the earth into 60 zones (each 6 degrees of
longitude wide)
X,Y system in meters east of zone line and north of
equator (in Northern Hemisphere)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

UTM coordinate system is a grid-based method

It is used to identify locations on the earth, with coordinates in

meters

The UTM system is not a single map projection

The system instead employs a series of sixty zones, each of which is

based on a specifically defined secant Transverse Mercator
projection

To avoid negative coordinates:

Point on the West of Central meridian add 500,000 meter
Point South of Equator, add 100,000,000 meter
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

60 Longitude zones

180o W 6o 180oE
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
84o N
12o 12 X1 2
o
o
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 13141516171819 20212223242526272829303132333435 36373839404142 4344 4546474849505152535455565758 5960
8 W
o
8 V
20 Latitude Zones

o
8 U
o
8 T
o
8 S
o
8 R
o
8 Q
o
8o 8
o
P
8 N
o
8 M
EQUATOR
o
8 L
o
8 K
o
8 J
o
8 H
o
8 G
o
8 F
o
8 E
o
8 D
o
8 C1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142 4344 45464748495051525354555657585960
80o S
 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
o
84o N
12 X1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
o
8 W
o
8 V
8o U
o
8 T
o
8 S
o
8 R
o
8 Q
o
8 P
8o NN
o
8 M EQUATOR
8o L
8o K
8o J
8o H
8o G
8o F
8o E
8o D
o
8 C
80o S

180o W
Zone M-48
UTM Zone in Indonesia
 Latitude-Longitude Data
TOOLBOX AT WEBSITE :
http://home.hiwaay.net/~taylorc/toolbox/geography/geoutm.html

Matlab Converter :

UTMZONE Universal Transverse Mercator zone

ZONE = UTMZONE selects a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone with

a graphical user interface.

ZONE = UTMZONE(lat,long) returns the UTM zone containing the geographic

coordinates. If lat and long are vectors, the zone containing the geographic
mean of the data set is returned. The geographic coordinates
must be in units of degrees.
 Latitude-Longitude Data
DD/MM/SS (Degrees,minutes,seconds)
DD/MM.MMM (Degrees, decimal minutes)
DD.DDDDD (Decimal degrees)

Same coordinate system, different ways of

expressing it

32 45 12 x -84 35 57 DD/MM/SS

32 45.2000 x -84 35.9500 DD/MM.MMM

32.75333 x -84.59917 DD.DDDDD

 MATLAB Converter

DEG2DMS : Converts angles from degrees to deg:min:sec vector format

DMS2DEG : Converts angles from deg:min:sec to degrees

DMS2DM : Converts angles from deg:min:sec to deg:min vector format

DMS2MAT : Converts a dms vector format to a [deg min sec] matrix

DMS2RAD : Converts angles from deg:min:sec to radians

MAT2DMS : Converts a [deg min sec] matrix to vector format

RAD2DMS : Converts angles from radians to deg:min:sec vector format

STR2ANGLE : converts formatted DMS angle strings to numbers

 MATLAB Converter
% Conversion from Degree to Degree:minute:second

% DMS2DEG Converts angles from deg:min:sec to degrees

% deg = DMS2DEG(dms) converts from the deg:min:sec vector format
% to degrees.
% deg = DMS2DEG(d,m,s) converts from degree (d), minute (m) and
% second (s) format to degrees. The input matrices d, m and s must
% be of equal size. Minutes and seconds must be between 0 and 60.

deg = DMS2DEG(30,30,30)

%DEG2DMS Converts angles from degrees to deg:min:sec vector format

% dms = DEG2DM(deg) converts angles from degrees to deg:min:sec vector
% format.

dms = deg2dms(deg)
 MATLAB Converter
% DMS2MAT Converts a dms vector format to a [deg min sec] matrix

% [d,m,s] = DMS2MAT(dms) converts a dms vector format to a

% deg:min:sec matrix. The vector format is dms = 100*deg + min + sec/100.
% This allows compressed dms data to be expanded to a d,m,s triple,
% for easier reporting and viewing of the data.

[d,m,s]=dms2mat(dms)

% DEG2KM Converts distances from degrees to kilometers

% km = DEG2KM(deg) converts distances from degrees to kilometers.

% A degree of distance is measured along a great circle of a sphere.

% km = DEG2KM(deg,radius) uses the second input to determine the

% radius of the sphere. If radius is a string, then it is evaluated
% as an ALMANAC body to determine the spherical radius. If numerical,
% it is the radius of the desired sphere in kilometers. If omitted,
% the default radius of the Earth is used.

km = deg2km(1)
 MATLAB Converter
% KM2DEG Converts distances from kilometers to degrees

% deg = KM2DEG(km) converts distances from kilometers to degrees.

% A degree of distance is measured along a great circle of a sphere.
%
% deg = KM2DEG(km,radius) uses the second input to determine the
% radius of the sphere. If radius is a string, then it is evaluated
% as an ALMANAC body to determine the spherical radius. If numerical,
% it is the radius of the desired sphere in kilometers. If omitted,
% the default radius of the Earth is used.

deg = km2deg(km)
 MATLAB Converter
OTHER FUNCTIONS :
% DEG2DM Converts angles from degrees to deg:min vector format

% DEG2DMS Converts angles from degrees to deg:min:sec vector format

% DEG2KM Converts distances from degrees to kilometers

% DEG2NM Converts distances from degrees to nautical miles

% DEG2RAD Converts angles from degrees to radians

% DEG2SM Converts distances from degrees to statute miles

% DMS2DEG Converts angles from deg:min:sec to degrees

% KM2DEG Converts distances from kilometers to degrees

% NM2DEG Converts distances from nautical miles to degrees

% RAD2DEG Converts angles from radians to degrees

% SM2DEG Converts distances from statute miles to degrees

% DEGCHAR Sets the degree symbol character

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Coordinate converter

UTM Coordinates
Geographic Coordinate X : meter
Y : ..meter
Lat: o ... ... (DMS) or Decimal Degrees
Long: o ... ... (DMS) or Decimal Degrees Zone : .

Hemisphere: N S
Geographic/UTM Coordinate Converter

Available in the internet for free

Types of Geodetic Survey

Triangulation
Trilateration
Traverse
Triangulation

The most common type of geodetic survey is

known as triangulation.
Triangulation consists of the measurement of
the angles of a series of triangles.
The principle of triangulation is based on plane
trigonometry.
If the distance along one side of the triangle and
the angles at each end are accurately measured,
the other two sides and the remaining angle can
be computed. B
N

A C
Azimuth
= azimuth (angle between North and a line) in clockwise direction

N N

CB = azimuth CB (angle between North and CB)

A C

AC = azimuth AC (angle between North and AC)

AB = azimuth AB (angle between North and AB)
Triangulation

If the distance along one side of the triangle (b) and the
angles at each end ( and ) are accurately measured,
the other two sides (a and c) and the remaining angle
() can be computed.
= 180 - ( + )
a b c
= =
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
B

c a

A C
b
Triangulation

Azimuth (angle from North)

Orange Triangle

Blue Triangle

Green Triangle
Red Triangle
Trilateration

Trilateration involves measuring the sides of a

chain of triangles or other polygons.
From them, the distance and direction from A to
B can be computed. Figure shows this process.
Traverse
Traverse involves measuring distances and the angles between
them without triangles for the purpose of computing the distance
and direction from A to B. See Figure below.

xc = xa + AC sin( AC ) yc = ya + AC cos( AC )
CA = 360o (180o AC ) CD = CA ACD

N
C

D
xD = xC + CD sin( CD ) y D = yC + CD cos( CD )
 1 (one) week
Due date : September 12 , 2017
Compass Rose on Nautical Chart

Question 1:
Draw Line of True North
Draw Line of Magnetic North
What is magnetic variation at this location?
What is magnetic variation annual change at this location?
MERCATOR Projection
Question 2:
Why Mercator projection is widely used for navigation at sea?
 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
o
84o N
12 X1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
o
8 W
o
8 V
8o U
o
8 T
o
8 S
o
8 R
o
8 Q
o
8 P
8o NN
o
8 M EQUATOR
8o L
8o K
8o J
8o H
8o G
8o F
8o E
8o D
o
8 C
80o S

180o W

Question 3:
Why latitude coverage in Northern hemisphere is more than Southern hemisphere?
Question 4. MATLAB Converter

Ocean Engineering Program located at (as shown

in Google Earth) :
653'24.63"S and 10736'35.74"E

Convert your coordinate (deg min sec) to degree using

MATLAB :
xx = [30,30,30]
deg = DMS2DEGREES(xx)

Convert your coordinate to UTM zone using MATLAB :

ZONE = UTMZONE( lat, long)

Nautical Chart

Question 5:
What is the depth of the first bathymetric line?
What is the depth of the second bathymetric line?
What is the depth of the third bathymetric line?
 2 (two) weeks
Due date : September 19, 2017
Triangulation
Ocean Engineering Program is located at (as shown in Google Earth)
: 653'24.63 S and 10736'35.74 E as A in the figure below
School of Pharmacy is located at (as shown in Google Earth) :
653'24.63 S and 10736'37.27 E as C in the figure below
Question 1:

What is the distance between point A and C ?

If the angle = = 45 , determine the coordinate of point B ?
What is the distance between point A and B ?
What is the distance between point B and C ?

c a

A C
b
Traverse
If AC = 60 and the angles ACD = CDB = 120,
and the distance AC = CD = DB = 100 m and point
A is Ocean Engineering Program (see Question 1)
Question 2:
Determine the coordinates of point B, C, and D ?
What is the distance between point A and B ?
xc = xa + AC sin( AC )
N

N
C

D
 Good Luck !
Please write all your answers in English