Flood

Flooding in a street

Contemporary picture of the flood that struck the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark in
October 1634.

Dozens of villages were inundated when rain pushed the rivers of northwestern Bangladesh over
their banks in early October 2005. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite captured the top image of the flooded Ghaghat and Atrai
Rivers on October 12, 2005. The deep blue of the rivers is spread across the countryside in the
flood image.

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.[1] The European Union
(EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by
water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in
which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual
boundaries,[3] or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an
areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in
precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant
unless they flood property or drown domestic animals.

Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel,
particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and
businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be
eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived

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1
1 (one, also called unit, unity, and (multiplicative) identity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It
represents a single entity, the unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of
unit length is a line segment of length 1. It is also the first of the infinite sequence of natural
numbers, followed by 2.

Etymology
The word one can be used as a noun, an adjective and a pronoun.[1]

It comes from the English word an,[1] which comes from the Proto-Germanic root *ainaz.[1] The
Proto-Germanic root *ainaz comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *oi-no-.[1]

Compare the Proto-Germanic root *ainaz to Old Frisian an, Gothic ains, Danish een, Dutch een,
German eins and Old Norse einn.

Compare the Proto-Indo-European root *oi-no- (which means "one, single"[1]) to Greek oinos
(which means "ace" on dice[1]), Latin unus (one[1]), Old Persian aivam, Old Church Slavonic -inu
and ino-, Lithuanian vienas, Old Irish oin and Breton un (one[1]).

As a number
One, sometimes referred to as unity,[2] is the first non-zero natural number. It is thus the integer
before two and after zero, and the first positive odd number.

Any number multiplied by one remains that number, as one is the identity for multiplication. As
a result, 1 is its own factorial, its own square, its own cube, and so on. One is also the result of
the empty product, as any number multiplied by one is itself. It is also the only natural number
that is neither composite nor prime with respect to division, but instead considered a unit.

0
0 (zero; /zro/) is both a number[1] and the numerical digit used to represent that number in
numerals. The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the
integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder
in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought (UK), naught
(US) (/nt/), nil, orin contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter
"O"oh or o (/o/). Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip.[2] Ought and aught
(/t/),[3] as well as cipher,[4] have also been used historically.[5]

Etymology
Main articles: Names for the number 0 and Names for the number 0 in English
The word zero came into the English language via French zro from Italian zero, Italian
contraction of Venetian zevero form of 'Italian zefiro via afira or ifr.[6] In pre-Islamic time the
word ifr (Arabic )had the meaning "empty".[7] Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used
to translate nya (Sanskrit: ) from India.[7] The first known English use of zero was in
1598.[8]

The Italian mathematician Fibonacci (c. 11701250), who grew up in North Africa and is
credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term zephyrum. This became
zefiro in Italian, and was then contracted to zero in Venetian. The Italian word zefiro was already
in existence (meaning "west wind" from Latin and Greek zephyrus) and may have influenced the
spelling when transcribing Arabic ifr.[9]

Modern usage

There are different words used for the number or concept of zero depending on the context. For
the simple notion of lacking, the words nothing and none are often used. Sometimes the words
nought, naught and aught[10] are used. Several sports have specific words for zero, such as nil in
association football (soccer), love in tennis and a duck in cricket. It is often called oh in the
context of telephone numbers. Slang words for zero include zip, zilch, nada, and scratch. Duck
egg and goose egg are also slang for zero.[11]


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Swachh Bharath