A Comparative Study of Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll pigments Extracted from Solanum melongena

(Eggplant) And Spinacia Oleracea (Spinach) as PrinterInk

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this section, we shall be summarizing previous studies
and information
of vital
importanc
e to our current investigation.
A.
In 2013, researchers Almonte, Atienza, Miranda, and Simangan
conducted an investigatory
project regarding the use of Alugbati
berry
seed juice as marker ink. Alugbati is known to have a
high Anthocyanin content and is highly recommended for ink production. According to them, the
ink produced from Alugbati was eas
y to make and their analysis showed that t
he product was most
likely the same with
the features of the markers in the market.
B.
According to a st
udy done by
TUV Rheinland
,
over half of inkjet printer ink is thrown
away. The study revealed that almost 60% of the ink inside cartridges goes unused, meaning, the
ink efficiency level is low, considering the amount of money one has paid for.
C.
Regular commercial printer ink has significant impact to the environment around us.
According to a study conducted by the EuPIA, or the European Printing Ink Association, disposed
commercial printer ink may affect aquatic life and the atmosphere. It produc
es greenhouses gases,
which trap heat in the Earth and contributes to global warming.
8
D.
The earliest inks were known to have been produced from iron gall, oil, ink
-
producing
animals, and elements such as lead and carbon, just to name a few. Fruits such as
pomegranate
were used by the medieval British, while earlier civilizations used natural dyes from saffron,
turmeric, weld, and various logwoods. These are usually mixed with water stabilised with a natural
gum or other similar bases.
E.
Many scientists co
nducted research and experiments with different kinds of vegetables,
such as eggplants, to find out if they are acids, bases, or neutral. This determines the type of
pigments and colors they produce, which was used until the 19
th
century in clothes and sou
rces of
dye in fabrics. Different types of plants
produces different qualities and varieties in color and
appearance when used to create substitute commercial printer ink.

http://s2004123.students.dlszobel.edu.ph/Sophomore/Term3/images/CHEM_CHAPTERS_1_TO_3.pdf
Ink out of tea bags

Study of the Related Literature

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Permanent-Ink-From-Tea-Bags-Extracts-1920104.html

This research is being done to find out the potency of the extract of the leaves from the plant Camellis Sinensis
as an ink. Nowadays, ink is a pigment in a liquid or paste form used as colorants and dyes. Also, they are
becoming more and more expensive because of their increasing purposes. Our research aims to produce this
ink as a cheaper alternative compared to commercial ones. As compared to the ink we are aiming to create,
commercially produced inks are toxic and hazardous to a persons health once there is an inappropriate
contact with it.

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Ink-Out-Of-Teabags-46026204.html

The history and usage of ink can be traced back to the 18th century B.C., with the utilization of natural plant
dyes, animal and mineral inks based on such materials. Ink is a pigment in a liquid form or paste form used as
colorants and dyes. Ink provides much of the color on paper in the modern world and has many uses in
different cultures around the globe. Also, they are becoming more and more expensive because of their
increasing purposes. Although ink is universally available today, you can make your own ink out of teabags to
experience the way people used to do it. .

Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the
Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia.[3] After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the
world.[4] There are many different types of tea; some teas, like Darjeeling and Chinese greens, have a cooling,
slightly bitter, and astringent flavour,[5] while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty,
floral or grassy notes.
Tea originated in Southwest China, where it was used as a medicinal drink.[6] It was popularized as a
recreational drink during the Chinese Tang dynasty, and tea drinking spread to other East Asian countries.
Portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to Europe during the 16th century.[7] During the 17th century,
drinking tea became fashionable among Britons, who started large-scale production and commercialization of
the plant in India to bypass the Chinese monopoly.
The term herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of
rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. These are sometimes[8] called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion
with tea made from the tea plant.
Coffea Canephora as ink for ballpoint pen and permanent mark

by Jaramaiah Racho on 11 March 2014

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of the literature for this study focuses on procedures used to identify the efficiency of ballpoint pen
and permanent marker made out of CoffeaCanephora (Coffee beans) learning outcomes and evaluation of the
authors different instruments or materials used to identify the efficiency of the gold inked ballpoint pen with a
definition of the procedures and findings of the researchers stated above using various materials and
instruments to find the efficiency and sustainability of our product. The research outcomes pertain to the
efficiency and sustainability of the product discussed. The method on how this product was produced is stated.

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Production of brown ink out of Gmelina arborea fruit

The main product of this study is ink, since the juice of Gmelina fruit is brown; therefore the color of the ink is
brown. No other trees were used, only Gmelina arborea.
This study is limited only for brown ink production.

Gmelina arborea is a fast growing tree, which through grows on different localities and prefers moist fertile
valleys with 750-4500 mm rainfall. It does not thrive on ill drained soils and remains stunted on dry, sandy or
poor soils; drought also reduces it to a shubby form. It is a trent to see the Gmelina arborea tree standing
straight with clear bole having branches on top and thick foliage forming a conical crown on the top of this tall
stem. Bark light grey coloured exfoliating in light coloured patches when old, blaze, thick a chlorophyll layer just
under the outer back, pale yellow white inside.
Vinegar is a sour tasting liquid containing acetic acid, obtained by fermenting dilute alcoholic liquids, typically
wine, cider or beer and used as a condiment or for pickling. Ink is a coloured fluid used for writing, drawing or
printing.

The result of the study which was based upon the research may iclude the economics progress and
sustainability of ink production.
The production of ink varies directly to the daily neeeds of the people, especially those who are in the following
working areas like offices, workstations, academic institutions and in some related activities.

http://arapascal08.blogspot.com/2008/04/production-of-brown-ink-out-of-gmelina_10.html
CHARCOAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR WHITEBOARD MARKER INK

by Ning Langkay on 13 March 2016

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

According to the source, which is in the presentation of Cruz, Sahagun and Valero, which is located in Prezi, it
is said that in the ancient times, people have used their own ways of writing, coming informs of carving, using
colored liquids such as oil, and even making use of improvised sticks and stones. The most common evidence
of this is the hieroglyphics found inscribed in caves. After a while, these people felt a need for change and
improvement, so they have tried several ways to create something that they could write with more efficiently
and effectively. The peoples growing curiosity about these things eventually motivated them to the
advancement and modernization that we are still experiencing today.
Now, in modern times, we have all sorts of writing materials such as mechanical pencils, colored markers and
different kinds of pens. But the one we are focusing one is the whiteboard marker, a marker that can be erased
with just simple wiping, causing it to be the most favorable writing tool for teaching alongside with chalk, but, it
also has its disadvantage such as its affordability as the whiteboard marker ink is expensive. So in this study,
we have come up with a simple, cheap alternative to the whiteboard marker ink.
The review of the literature for this study focuses on procedures used for proving the feasibility of Charcoal and
Used Engine Oil as an alternative whiteboard marker ink and what similarities and differences between the two
has. The review focuses on identifying the advantages and disadvantages, if any, of making an alternative
whiteboard marker ink out of the said materials.
Related studies about ink

Ink formulation research and development

Ink formulations require novel approaches in order to optimise product performance with product chemistry.
Characterisation and analytical science are crucial aspects to achieving this balance. New ink products must
meet demanding specifications for processability and product performance on printing substrates in order to be
competitive.

New ink formulation project examples:

Ink formulations can suffer from transient forms of instability, due to gas evolution. Intertek Gas
Chromatography - (GC) analysis to identify the trace quantities of evolved gas and quantify the effect.
This enables a client to assess the risk in use, and proceed to the next stage of the project.
A complex new dye was developed with a labile structure, and needed clarification to satisfy product
launch criteria. Intertek developed the structural understanding and methodology using a combination
of spectroscopies, including High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR),
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), Liquid
Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and molecular dynamics modelling.
Unusual and undesirable optical effects were observed for an ink after application to the
substrate. Light microscopy was used, and understanding of colour space to develop a methodology for
quantification of the effect was accomplished. Fundamental studies using advanced Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) facilities and Atomic Force Micropscopy (AFM) were also conducted to relate effects
to other molecular physico-chemical parameters.

All of these ink formulation research studies were carried out under considerable time pressure, supporting
development programmes with tight delivery deadlines. Intertek is ready to assist your ink and dye formulation
project with the same professional analytical support.