BOOK Dazzle your friends and family with dozens of science tricks! p Tom RobinsonProperty of the Boston Public Library , THE Ds (C MAGICAL SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS BOOK Dazzle your friends and family with dozens of science tricks! AraratDEDICATION For Matt and Megan EDITORIAL PRODUCTION tion Director: Paula teunier Director af Wanufaccuring: Suan gesle DDisector: Laure M. Daly Production Project Maneger Mickel Roy Kelty ate Copy Chiat: Sheva Ziel repress: Erick DaGecta, MatrLe#lane or: Kerry Sith Interior Layout: Heather Barrett, Titer Bvt Polara-Shenchan Brewster Brownville, Coleen Cunningham, Casey Jennifer Oliveira Copyright ©2007, Yow Medi Inc.All ights reserved. 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U vw adarnemedie cm Ison 1 1-59859-476-X Printed by 8.8, Donnelly, Owensville, MO, US January, 2010 09876543 “This publicetion is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information. with regard tothe subject ‘mater covered Is sold with the understanding thatthe publisher is nat engaged in rendering egal areaunting, or other professional advice af egal advice or cher expert sesistance i Tequited, the sr. ‘ices ofa competent professional person should be sought “rom & Devi ofFrincipe jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bae Assocation tod Committee of Publishers end Asoctatlons ‘Many f the designations used by manufacturers and sellers o distinguish ther products axe claimed ae ‘edemanks, When those designations appear in this bock and Adams Media wes awsre of trademark clair, the designarons have been peinted with tial capital letters. ‘Note: All activities in this hook should be pesformed with adult supervision. Likewise common seoseand care are essential to the conduct of any and al activities described inthis book. Fazents fr gucnians should supervise children. Neithr the author nor the publisher assumes any respon ley for eny injuries or darnages arising from any activities or outings ‘luctrations by Dana Regan. neririlustrations by kurt Delber. Puasies by Heth L. Sai. {hs book aualabe at quot dsecuns for bulk purchases. Fr frmatic, pease cl 1-200-289-0963, See the entire Every hinge caves se wunweveryinna re Contents Introduction / iv Chapter I: Try It, You'll Like I! /1 Chopler 2: Running Hol and Cold / 15 Chapter 3: Life in a Fun House / 33 Chopler 4: Water, Water Everywhere / 47 Chapter 5:'The Incredible Machine / 61 Chapter 6: Bubble, Bubble, Toil and Trouble / 77 Chapter Z: Get Physical! / 91 Chopter 8: Wind and Weather / 105 Chapter 9:13 Alive / 119 Appendix A: Resources 134 Appendix Bs Puzzle Answers 135Introduction Wee pay alotof money see ci trtist da experiments? Probab noe. ow fi were a magician that mgt a die extstory. Magicians awe people They do tinge that seem imposible, Tricks day any exploration and shard asthe diene tries tofigre cut how hey wok, ey often ca nat Por many sce workin the mar ay “They see the strange and the anewpected, ard when they can'explai 1, Cay assure hat, Science's magi But there sone bigeliffrence between acence and ragl. Tra elerence i vat aks aclence something everene can do, vile magi fs usualy ft the profesional What sts one difference been the two disciplines A scientist ants to know vy things work the way they do, And vo does magician. The differences tht a aclentis rants others to know, aso, As real, then a ecient eas an answer to «question he often writes report, explaining whol hia original question we, what hea to test the Gvestion, and what che a Megicins never revel thet secrets mat , magicians want you to believe tat hat they ae doing rgi, that cannot beexplanedinsiraple terms, Seientis, on the other Hand, ballave thot wverythinghas amexplanstian. and are hoppy oabare that explanation with anyone who wil sen, inthis book, you wil be exploring a nom berof "magia experimen, Many produce rest thar are unexpected, surprising and ink tially unexpainable, Dt this ea cence book, nota mage book. You wil bestown se scence behind te apparent mag, so that you can pas itelong to others, You wi ao be ckllenged 0 LOONIE take your newfound knowledge to a deeper level, bby asking questions that will lot you explore the concepts you are learning, At the end of each chopier, you wil find az idea for a sclence-fair project, which is really just a more complete sci- ‘ence experiment that you could perform over ‘ie couree ofa few days, weeks, or months, ‘Asyou begin, think about science as the search for explanations of comnon and noe-so- commer: experiences, By the time you fnish this book you should ceariy see the difference ‘becween the magic ofa trained professional and the science you can doin your ov home. The experiments are organized into common ttemes, Fach experiment is prececed by a quest ‘ton, which then leads toa process knowa as the Scientific Method. This process allows questions +o lead to investigations, which lead to results, conclusions, and possibly, new questions. ‘The Scientific Method includes Sve impor ‘tant parts: 1. Aska question about something that hap. pens in the word around you, 2. Make up a possible explanation for this event. This is called a hypathesis, 3. Design an experiment to test your bypothesis. 4, Complete the experiment and record your results 5, Analyze your results and use them to come to a conclusion about your hypothesis. Jontists have been using this method for centuries to explore the magical and mysts- rious things they see around them. Now its your turn—let the adventure begin! OSS Chopter 1 Try It, You'll Tike Tt!‘The WERTHING {ID “Magical Science Experiments Book cook? Are you? For many kids, the idea of making an actual meal is @ little scary. And yet, you still like to eat. So let's explore some of the magic that you can find when working with food. In this chapter you'll learn about killer straws, edible invisible ink, trained raisins, and how to make a soda fountain with a twist. I: either of your parents a good SAFETY HOTE:aesureveneet you yok Ep wintedesarchruncires sina thatyoude ot th food ae ou are GB) tosis usenet reeucedto dose Rraybe nweringorcth but angeousif yout (ea. Try This: Killer Straw Do, fis isn't going to involve committing a crime, nar will t require 0 police investiga tion, This experiment simply demonstrates the magic of air, and the streagth it provides tootherwize flimsy materials, The next time you are asked to pierce an unsuspecting piece of fri, youl be glad you know this trick NRO Question: Gan you use a drink- ing straw to cut through a raw potato? Materials ‘+ Several plastic drinking straws + fresh potato Procedure 4. Hold the straw sbout halfway betoreen the fends, between your thumb and first two fingers, as if you were holding a pencil Try fot te Squeeze it shut 2. Gently push the straw into the side of the potato It should not get far before the straw bends, 3. Now hold the straw atone end, between your thumb and middle finger, placing your forefinger over the end of the straw. 4. Try once again to push the straw into the potsto in one swift motion. Try It, You'll Like It! The Seienee Behind the M ‘This isa story about air and what It can do, The magie Ties in the fact that wile the first etternpt to pierce the skin of the potato failed, the second time it warked very success- fully. Why is this? Ithas to do with the air rapped inside the straw. When you frst tried this experiment, there was a ‘place for the air to go—out the top of the straw—maing the straw itself weak. #ut when you placed your finger over the lend, the air inside the straw was trapped. And 3s you tried to pierce the side of the potato. all that air inside the straw ‘made the straw rigid and very strong. It magically turned intoa "killer straw." Science Online id you know that ar has ‘weight? In tact, weighs ‘quite abit! Visit this NASA ‘ito to loarn more about ‘ir and air pressure: https! kids.earth.nasa.govierchivel sic pressuretindex.htr, Follow-Up ‘You might want to try this experimest with other fruits cor vegetables. Some possibeidessinckice + Anappte an org Ae Science Quote + banana “Te on, thal nose piece of uncooked broeco or caulloner eee + Aomete itand dependent oni en tlrigen bunch of Among te tris and vegetables forwhich tiserper ae a nnanane ment worked, what chavacteristics do they have in common? Ing else in the universe todo” —Calieo Goalie, the “father of modern astronomy’ Sass SThe (ERYTHING KID * Magieal Science Experiments Book Try This: Changing Salt to Sugar ‘Most people can tell the difference between salty foods, like potato chips and French (ries, ‘and sweet foods, like cake and cookies. And eane would pour sugar an their French fries, cr mix a large amcunt of sale ita batch of cookies. But what ifyou could change salt into sugar? Now that would be magic! Question: Can salt be changed into sugar? Materials, 1 omall plate ‘teaspoon ait Flour Science Online Visit the Salt institute ta get answers, to,your burning questions about salt at wurw.satintitte-org/4himl. ‘Abracadabral 1, Pour the calt omo che small pla, 2. Dip a vet finger into the salt and taste it to confirm its sakiness 3. Pour the flour onto the salt and mix the two together. 4, Using the tenspoon, scoop up some of the ‘mixture and place it on your tongue. 5, Waits few seconds and then tacte it. The Science. Behind the Magic ‘This is an example of a chemical Teac tion. When flour encounters your saliva (the ‘wet stuff in your mouth), it gets converted into sugar, whlch has @ sweet tanie and can then bbe digested and used by your body. This pro- cess will happen naturally even without salt. But the presence of salt only speeds up the ‘Process so the magic happens more quickly. Try It, You'll Like Tl! Almost. Impossible Here's some more color “magic Colerin ‘ach word ae sircctoe. Aska eens took fat each word and eay the color ofthe laters: What hapoene? EXTRA FUN: Give this qui to thee cifferent friends, Hew many could it Fight the first ime? Did You Know? Inthe yoo 200 he vr YAM ceckmcn consumed ke opens esa Tat squares aaa janine Follow-Up Many foods you eet already contain sugar ‘and that doesn't mean just cookies and candy. For example, fructose is a naturally occur- ring form of sugar found in feuit. Research foods that contain the most natural sugar and explore the different types of sugar they contain HORDS KOH the chemical stractore of rotcuies changed producing rew materi | FRUCTOSE: A form ot 53 foundinhceey and fru, sucha apps grapes andorangesInvisible Ink Question: How can you use food to send a hidden message? Experiment Overview Spy movies are famous for shoving messages sriten in ivisible ink. To the untrained eve, che message is impossible to see and reed, But when the message to the correct mate ly appears Hove in this kindof thing posible? In this experiment, you'll explore how cer: tain types of iquids can make messages that, in invisble, Afterward, you! be able to test other liquids to see i they can the same kind of hidden message Science Concept wiriting a message in lemon juice, which is practicaly transparent, renders itinvisble on the page. Only when exposed 10 heat, which fhe mescage color to brown, isthe mes led, Why does this happen? because of somel inal live ing cbjects—carbon. Molecules containing carbon sioms are nearly cleer when they are issolved in igus, Sut when exposed 9 hes ‘ae molecules let goof theireatbon atoms leaving them on their own. Ar left alone, cor bon atoms area brownish color. that is fou -_ Dip the cotton swal 2. Allow the message to dry. Wh Approximately Yk cup of lemon juice (more if ‘you want to write along message) Cotton swab or fine-tipped paintbrush Several sheets of white paper ‘Lamp with alight bulb that can be exposed Procedure begin writing your ‘white sheet of pa ‘waiting, you might want to write some other test messages 5. Once the message has dried, check to see that itis invisible. ‘Tur on the lamp and bring the hidden ‘message near the bulb until the message begins to be revealed. Questions for the Seientist |. What sort of liquid is letnion juice? What does it taste ike? 2. What did you do to cause the message ta become visible? 3. Ifyou remove the message from the heat of the bulb, do you think the message will become invisible again? No One Can See ‘Some pars af this ide ate nwsible Can you fitinallthe vacant vowels? The sy answer to the ride can only be seen ater you cennect the dots below. When youre ono, draw asl cela around the dct with ne number. Follow-tip Now that you have tried Uhis experiment with lemon juice try i with ther liquids. You ray already know that lemon juice clled an cid. This is partly what gives its sour taste Other common hovsehold food acids include vinegar and orange juice. Try using these lig lds to ee if you ean ereate hidden messeges with them. You right also try other lig such as milk, or ether fruit juices or drinks D_ PGS _SE T. WR_T_ TP S_CR.T M_SS_G_S?The WERTHING KID.” Magical Science Experiments Book Try This: Swimming Raisins You probably have friends who have trained their pets to do tricks, Some may have dogs ‘hat can roll over, catch a ball in their mauth, or play dead, Otters might have cats that can meow on command, ot birds that can speak several sentences, Some people even claim that they can train their fish to swim upside down, but most people don't consider that “swimming,” if you know what mean. ‘Yes, all of these are worthy accernplish- rents, but just wait until you tell your friends that you own trained raisins! They will watch inarnazement as your *pets" perform feats of skill even thelr pets wouldn't dream of attempting. Down and Up ‘Get the ralsin though the bubbes, fromthe top ‘of the alse tothe bottom, and beck up agoin! Question: Can raisins be trained to swim and dive? Materials, + 1(12-0unce) can of clear soda (lemon-time, ginger ale, club soda, or similar) + Tall, clear drinking glass + Severat raisins Procedure: 1, Open the can of soda and pour it all into the glass, 2. One at atime, drop the raisins into the ‘lass and watch to see what happens. Try It, You'll Like It! ‘The Seience Behind the Magie ‘This really isn’t magic et all. Car Donated sodas contain 2 gas ealled carbon dioxide (the carbon is where the word “carbonated” comes from), When you pour the soda into the glass, the bubbles you see are bubbles of carbon dicxiée being released fom the sada and drifting up ro the surface When you drop the raisins into the 6, a frst they sink co the boxtom because they are Genser than the soda, Ths is the same thing that would happen if you dropped a rock int the glass, However, wile theta sin rests on the bottom of the glass, the car- bon dioxide bubbles gather on its skin. When enough of the bubbles (hich ae less dense than the soda, and therefore tend ta feat t0 the surface ofthe drink) gather on the skin of the raisin, it begins to oat upward ath the cazbon dioxide bubbles burst, and the raisin sinks back down tothe bottom of the glass, This process repeats as long as there is carbon surface of the drink Gioxide gas remaining in the drink, You should be able to watch your “trained” raisins dive and swim in the seda for some time. Pollow-tip This experi: objects. Can you should work with other ink of some you right test cout? You might try small pieces of uncooked pasta, small berries, and even very small rocks, Can you think of any others to try? Challenge yourself to find aut which char acteristics of the objects you test lead to the same results as that of the raisins. ‘Wat principle does this experiment dem: onstrate in the real world? How can people, particularly small children, take advantage of this peinciple when they go swirnming? sroye fs ve wpa ‘arsave seem a pase inca) eng U0 80) a seist2ndeeyp 34, Wu bade si Bum IS 9490) ‘sjasna apa unas 9s a.odind usu 23 SO Daye sty 1eoye Ks oss au. punonsbas Hrs {Suze sa poe sq 2 54 U0 ua 1 Ba, ‘usp es sie Bua ou 10 2.aa. sou. eunsninGuntengsuaunodtasuuladuid aA Milky Way to Paint Question: Can you make colorful art ina pan of mitk? Experiment Overview ‘Many painters use a paletie to keep their colors. A palette allows ther to have all their various colors available for use, but xept sepa rate so they don't mix. You can make a paint palette of your awn by using whole milk and food coloring, But watch out—if you add liquid deter- gent 1 the mix, ama is exactly what you get. Once you see how the mixing occurs, you cant begin to experiment with different colors in different patterns to produce nevr “paintings.” Science Concept ‘Whole milk contains milk fat. This ft is usually homogenized, or spread evenly throughout the milk: When you add the drops of food coloring, which is mostly water, the colors sit in the milk in small pools. They do not mix, However, when you add liquié soap, the magicstarts.As the soap spreads, its particles mis with the mill's fat particles. as this occurs, the fat begins to move around with the soap This in turn moves the feod coloring around aa well. As the food eotoring mixes with the white mill, your color palette will slowly eurn into a painting of swirled colors Materials +1 cup homogenized whote mite + Dinner or pie plate or shallow pan '+ Food coloring of various colors + Liquid dish soap Procedure 11. Pour the milk into the plate or pan so that itis about % inch deep. 2. Pour 2-3 drops of food coloring in various places around the plate. [Re sure to use a variety of colors in order ta produce a more interesting mix. 3. Add one tablespoon of dish soap to the middle of the plate 4, Wait and wateh what happens! NS OO ee eee Questions for the Scientist 4. Way do you think the feed coloring stays where i is (doesn mix withthe mill) wher add it? 2. Why do you think the sosp mixes with the milk? 3. Describe the pattern of colors that formed when you added the dish soap, Follow-Up experiment again using different combinations of colors. You can even hold‘ contest with your friends to see who can produce the most impressive works of art. Als try using differ ent quantities of food coloring, Try to determine whether using more or ess coloring procuces better work of art ‘You might also try using diffrent kinds of mil, including 2%, nonfat, buttermilk, chocolate or strawberry mill, and cream. Does the fat content really make a diference in the swining effet of the colors? Are the results different f you change the color of the milk?‘The WERVTHING KID M: Science Fair: Soda Fountain One of the more popular demonstrations to be shown in recent years involves a 2iter bottle cf soda ané Mentos candies, This experiment produces an incredible display as the can- ies are dropped inte the bottle and the soda seems to explode out of the top. Whether or pot you have seen this demonstration, as a ‘scientist you should ask yourself what could possibly cause this kind of reaction. is it ruly plosion? Is ta release of gas samchaw? it possible that the candies themselves act Tike tiny explosives, and are then expelled asa bullet would be out ofa rifle? In this project, you will explore the nature cf this reaction and will determine which fac tote influence the outcome the most. Caution: this experiment can be very messy, and poten- tially dangerous if you get tov closet it, so it should only be performed outdoors under adult supervision. In addition, if you use soda ‘with suger in it, tt may make for @ sticky mess to clean up, You should wear eye protection sohen performing this experiment Question: How do you make a REAL soda fountain? Experiment Overview ‘The demonstration itself is fail imple. tt {involves dropping aired number of the Mentos ‘ands int the mouth of « Ziter bot of sda and watching the result, But asa scientnt, you a ae re ical Science Experiments Book willbe exploring the variables that determine the extent of the reaction, and will be test- ing several different combinations to find the best one. One ofthe key parts of any successful ‘experiment is replication, or doing it over and lover sa,you can be sure of your results, Science Concept ‘a you saw earlier, carbonated sada con- tains carbon dioxide gas. When the bot is ‘pened, the gas is allowed to escape via the bubbles in ehe soda. You saw earlier how raising can be made wo "swinn” by riding theve bubbles to the top. But something completely different hhappens when the candies are dropped into the botdle The candies are mede with a very spacial outer coating, This outer coating has a large number of tiny pits int, which alow the carbon dioxide gs bubbles to callect. But that's not all, The ingredients that go into the candy shell react with the sugar in the soda to. produce a dramatic reaction that results in the explosive fountain of soda that comes out of {he top of the bottle Jus wha is this reaction? Ikhas todo with the ingredients in the candy. As the candy di solves in th soda, the gelatin and gum arabicin itbveak the tension in the soda melecules. This allows the carbon diowie bubbles tobe released ‘more quiekly than usual. alton, the sur ‘ace ofthe candies contains tly pits where car bon dinnide gas buitbles can eeleet. The cancion ane heavier than the soda, nd tend tosink to the ‘rtom ofthe bette. Very quickly, this cemmbina- tion of gus buildup and relesee of surface tension Ro OOS oe Try 1 dn the molecules produces the incredible fountain of soda In this science fair experiment, your taskis tofind a way to measure the effect of the foun- tain, You might decide to measure the height of the fountain, or you might measure the amount of soda remaining in the bottle after 1 eruption. Just go beyond simply measuring, the effect of one reaction. You should try differ. cent forms of the same soda. For example, ry 3 ‘sugar-free version of the samme flavor. Ifa caf ‘eine free version is availabe, try that. You can so try different brands of the same flavor, ‘Additionally, you can try changing candies while you keep the brand of soda the same. ‘You might try different flavors of Mentos can dies, or you might even try different brands of ‘candies. What's most important is that when- ever you change a variable, you change only fone at a time. Fither the brand of soda should change, or the amount of sugar in the soda should change. or the type of candy you test should hange. Be careful in your measurements and you will have an explosive science-fair experi- ment. You may wish to videotape the results as @ ‘way 10 document your cbservations. any trial of this exp cific soda type and 1 ra ae }» You'll Like It! Materials Several 2- ter botties of sod. They may include soda with sugar, eugar-fre, Caffeine-free, or other combinations you ‘would ike to test. Packages of Mentos mint candies ‘Other types of round candies {for comparison if you wish ‘Test tube or other similar device for holding a package of Mentos candies ‘One 3x 5* note card, Meter stick Measuring cup Protective eye goggles Procedure ‘The following procedures are appropriate for Substitute the spe andy type you have chosen, (Open a package of the candies and fill the test tube with the whole package. (Open the 21liter bottle of soda and place on a flat surface out in the open, This experi- ment MUST be completed outdoors. Put on your goggles for protection. Place the note card aver the open end of the test tube. Hold the card firmly ‘as you carefully turn the test nune over s0 th ening faces down, ‘Now, you need to decide how to measure the results of your experiment. t'you are going to ‘measure the height ofthe fountain, be sure have a way to measure that height already2 The WERTHING KID “Magical Science Experiments Book in place, This might mean you perform the experiment naar # wall sa yeu can mark the smaximom height on the wall. Enlist the help of a spotter to note the height of the fountoln, you are going wo measure the amountof ‘soda remaining in the bottle after the experie rent, do that after the tat is complete, Foce the test tube, epen end down, ever the top ‘ofthe bottle tn one motion, remeve the card and allow the candies to fll into he bowl ‘Quickly back out of the way and observe ‘your own personal soda fountain. Questions for the Scientist ‘What combination of candy and soda pro- duced the tallest fountain? ‘what combination of candy and sods left the least soda behind in the bottle? ‘What was the range of heights produced by ‘your various soda fountains? ‘What was the range in amounts of soda left behind in the bottle? '. What sort of difference did you notice {in the reactions produced by sodas with, sugar and without sugar? 6. How else could you possibly have mea- sured the reaction you produced? 2, Can you think of any implication for the results of this experiment in your every- ay life? That is, are there certain types cf foods that you would be less inclined to mix as a result of this experiment? Conclusion In some situations, the ingredients in one type of food item react in a special way with the ingredients in another food item. Thi ne of those situations. The reaction you pro- duced demonstrates that mixing this particu Tar Kind of candy with soda that contains sugar could be dangerous. Learning this lesson ina controlled, scientific setting is probably better, ‘and safer, than learning it by eating these food together, Keep your eyes open for other foods that might react in a dangerous way. | Chapter 2 1 Running Hot and ColdThe ERYTHING KID: Ma; at is summer like where you live? Is it hot and humid? Do you wish you had a personal air conditioner you could carry with you wher- ever you go? What about winter? Are the streets continually cov- ered with snow and ice, and do the cloudy, cold days seem to last forever? ne ofthe most remarkable changes that tes place over the course of a year,no mat ter here you live the change in sensons, From the hot, summer days, the cod, in- try nights the changes in hot and cold weather alvays mate us take note ofthe changing “The act of heating something up or oot ingit down often produces surprising reults, Seienee Quote + swerve ina society depen- dnt on science and technology, in which haraly anyone knows anything *| about science and 3) technotogy.” Carl Sagan Ic —> 1 Science Experiments Book In this chapter, you will explore the effects of heating and cooling different materials and the ‘magic that happens when you do, In this chap- ter, you'll explore the magic of exploding ice, floating water, sharp string, and rising dough, Try This: Exploding Water One of the welvenowen “fet shou heating and cooing material is that when things heat up, they expand, and when they cool éown, chey shrink. Asan example, if you wer to try to open ajar of spaghett sauce whose idwas tightly sealed, you might run the lid under hot water The est ofthe water cause the id to expand jst enough te rake it easier to open che bd Cold to Hot???” ‘Add enough heat to cold water and it turns into something completely atferent — it seems lke jodweth ntemereucee WATER ‘the letters you get after completing each step. turn W upside-down move M to the end move T to the start switch A and E change Rto S move S to the startThe (ERVTHINg KID Magical Science Experiments Book Similarly, you might notice little cracks in the sidewalks near your house. These are put there on purpose, and they are called expan: sion joints. Inthe summer, the concrete usu- ally expands and the cracks are thin. But ia the winter, the racks tend to open wider as the concrete shrinks. Sut dees cooling things always make them shrink? Question: Can you “explode” a bottle of water by freezing it? ‘Materials + A.500-mL bottle ef drinking water + Freezer + Marking pen Procedure 4, Stand the bottle on a counter and mark the height of the water. There should bea small amount of air between the surface of the water and the cap, 2. lace the bottle upright in the freezer and iti alt fer at leaat tavee hours, 3. Take the bottle out of the freezer and notice how the water height has changed. The Science Behind the Magje not, Water is an unusual substance in that as it freezes, instead of shrinking, as you might expect it to do, it actually expands. This is, HORDS KOH EXPANSION JOINT: ‘cracker ap tertionaly ‘plcedin objet ir iewaes ad oa that alow the matealocxpandand sink lerert temperatres without suting the read or sidewatk reduce ‘because of the air that is stored in the water as aliquid. That afr expands as the water freezes {nto ice, and that makes the ice take up more room than the water did. Your bottle may have ‘been disiorted slighty, as the ice caused the bottle to expand. One consequence ofthis process is that the same amount of water (120) takes up more space. The term that describes this relation- ship between amount of material and amount of space it takes up is density. The more mate- rial there isin the same space, the more dense the materia! is, On the other hand, ifyou have the same amount ef something, but it takes up smote space, its less dense, When the water freezes and expands to form ice, the same amount of material takes up more space and therefore, it is Tess dense ‘This change explains how iee cubes can float in a glass of water. Since ice is less dense than water, it floats. This is simflar to how ‘icebergs, which are really just huge, floating ‘chunks of ice, can float in the ocean. NO 1S a Running Hot and Cold Follow-Up ‘wat do you think would heppen sf you ‘heated up that bottle of water? You have tobe careful, case if you heat it too rch, the Flastie borte might mel. put neve is another place you can se this result. Ifyou havea thecmometer at heme the kind you take your temperature with when you are not feling wel. you may be able to explore this. Itneeds to be the kind thats ade of glass, with a thin ine of red liquid showing the tempera ture. When you stick the thermometer in your mouth, the red liquid in the base of the ther ‘ometer expands and climbs up the tube unt itstops atthe temperature of your mouth, Can yo tink of any other examples of iq bids expanding or shrinking when you hes o cool them? What about objects that are slid? See if you can find five examples of objects that shrink or expand when heated or cooled Science Online This site explores the world of ce bbergs, and takes a ook atthe col sion that caused the Titanic to sink in +12: httpxTeceanworidtamu Did ‘You Know? Sats ofton uso on oad and idewabs as deco. || What it does is lower the freez~ | ing temperate ofthe ic. This tmeana that ce made tom pure water that hae nazen at 2" Fan. ene may tanto water at tateame temperature when ised with aThe QERTHING KID Magieal Seience Experiments Book Try This: Hanging by a Thread tcecan be sippery in the winter, when it snows, the roads often jurn icy and people have a hurd sim driving on If you have ever tried to ice skate, chances are, the fist ime you teed it you {ound out just how slick ive can be Even pick lng up ice cubes canbe dificult as they tend to slipright out of your ands, So perhaps there is a better way —dor‘t use your hands! Question: Can you lift an ice cube without touching it? Moterials + Several iorge ice cubes, taken erecty frm the freezer salt Swing that con be cut into pieces Scissors Paper towel Procedure, 1. Place one ice cube on the paper towel Cut a piece of string atleast 12 inches long. 3, Without touching the ice cube with your ‘hands, try to lift the ice cube using only the string 4, Lay the string actoss the top ef the iee cube, leaving several inches free on either side. 5, Pour-salt on the ice ewe, covering the top. of the ice and the string Did You Know? ‘The freezing temperature of ‘salt water is approximately 28. ‘This is part ofthe reason why lakes and rivers, made trom fresh water, tend to freeze more than ‘bodies of salt water. Can you think of another possible reason? a INS. ae —-HORDS to KNOW MELTING POUT Teepe th told mt toterne ed Tach | cemmenly calle the Freesing paint as Ris alsa eterptaucet sere chung sich | Mescttert me 6, Wait 3-5 minutes 7. Lift the string from both ends and watch the magic happen, ‘The Science Behind the Magie By itself, the string cannot it the ice cube. However, salt has a special reletion- Ship with ce When yw pour salt om theies, theice melts slightly and then refeezes ata slighty lower temperatue, Salt water as a lower melting point than pure water, When ION Os 0 OT) eee Running Hot and Cola the ice refteezes, it captures? the string under the surface of the ice. When you lift up on the string, the ice comes with it. Follow-tip How ranch sk does take reaacethle effect? Sceit you can devise an experiment that wl test to see how little salt you can use to til lithe ice cube, alternately. you may sant itr tis experiment th goo differ - ent temperatures. Try sing ie taken straight sis ftom the freezer and compare the results 10 Trine creer ice thats been sting out on te counter for Srminutes, 0 minute, ormore ‘Als, iit snows where you live the next time itheppens, ty pouring some salt ana shal sre of now oie tnd see whether ot potthe salt helps et the ieFloating Water Question: Can you make water float on oil? rainbows of colors where oil or gaso- oe offs lower density wil acta Large, clear, canning jar without a id Measuring cups Food coloring 1 cup of tap water ‘+t cup of cooking oft SRO Ooo 3. What did you chserve about your liquids when you rem Procedure . Pour one cup of cooing ofl inta the eanning jar 2. Mixa few crops of food coloring into one cup of water until the color is easy to observe Slowly pour the colored water into the jar containing oil. Watch carefully to see how the water and cil interact, Do they mix, or do they stay separate? . Take note of which liquid "floats" on top of the other. After clearing a spot in the freezer, place the jar in the freezer for several hours, Resist the temptation to sneak a peek while you wait. ‘When sufficient time has passed, remove the jar from the freezer and observe any ch see iges you Questions for the Scientist |. Why don't you think the ail and water mixed when you placed them in the jar? 2. Which liquid appeared te have the lowest density? How could you tell? tthe jar from the freezer? Did they look the same as when you placed them in the freezer? What do you predict will happen as the ice begins to elt? Let the jar sit in the room for 2 period of time and observe the changes in the two liquids as the ice melts. Describe what you observe Repest this experiment with other pairs of liquids. Think about some of these questions as you perform your experiment: ‘a. Which pairs of liquids mixed together and which ones did not? b. What does this tell you about che densities af these pairs of liquide? Did you find any cther liquids that changed positions like the water did? 4. What characteristics do those liquids share that makes them do this? —~ 3 ee‘The (ERVTHING KID “Magical Science Experiments Book Try This: Collap: lapsing Bottles Heating and coclfng air can produce results that look like magie. But you don't have to be a ‘magician to perform this experiment. You just zneed to heat and cool s container of air Question: How do you make a bottle collapse? Materials Emply 500-mL plastic bottle ‘Tap water Frying pan Stove ‘Adult to assist Procedure 1. Fill the plastic bottle about % full with tap water. 2. Fillthe frying pan with sbout # helfinch of water and turn on the burner 3. Place the plastie bottle in the frying pan to ‘heat up the water inside, Have your adult helper watch to make sure the plastic bot- tle does not begin to melt 4. When you see steam escaping from the top cf your bottle, have your adult helper place ‘the lid tightly on the top of the bottle and removeit from the pan. 5. Place the sealed bottle on the counter and tum off the stove on 6. Asthe bottle cools, watch to see it collapse cenitsell ‘The Seience Behind the ‘As you may have learned in the previous experiment, alr expands when itis heated. Tho air in the plastic bottle was heated up on the stove, When you capped it, you pre~ vented any alr from entering or escaping the ‘notte. As it cooled, the ar inside the bottle contracted, or took up less space. Plastic is soft enough thatthe bottle had to collapse to account for the reduced space taken up by the ar. Running Hot and Cold Follow-tip ‘Yu can Uy this experiment with metal cans, also, but only certain kinds, What must ‘you be able to do to the cans in order for this experiment to work? “wom prays do2-ar ea onioq i ve fay -pavedotinag eo 29101 [FOL IRON DAN pom uo Agegoid ue poss ue dws 0s" ‘5 io} spur ues ay joe 34,950 MH BOA Bernard, French Physiclogist Can you make cold rom hot and het from cold? TWyitandseet Finish these hot words with the letters from COLD. _VEN FLAME iS W_O_ST_VEString Knife re SR Question: Can a string cut ice? Be Experiment Overview only a piece of wire or string This experiment Science Concept, Ices frozen water. By itself, it tends to stay frozen, unless, of course, itis subjected to heat. but other things can cause ice to melt—pressute, for example, One theory is that ice skates oper- atecon this principle. This theory claims that the prescure of the thin blades ofthe ekates on the surface of the ice cause a tiny layer ofthe ie to melt, and the skates actually move on that thin ‘ayer of water After the skate passes, the ice refreezes. This experiment uses pressure of a string to melt a piece of ice, move through that melted portion, and allow the ice to refreeae behind it. In so doing, the string can move its way through the ice, asi it were cutting it Materials + Several ice cubes from the freezer, the large, the better + 1 empty glass botte witha cork nits mouth + 1 piace of copper wire, approximately 10'=12" in length + ‘piece of string, appraximately 10"-12" in length + Zhammors oF other similar weights Procedure 4, Remove an ice cube frem the freezer and balance it on top of the cor. 2, Tie one hammer to each end of the copper wire and carefully hang the wire scz0ss the top of the ice cube 3. Over time, the wire should begin to pass through the ice until it nally passes through completely. Questions for the Scientist 41, What do you think caused the wire 1 pass through the ice? 2. Why did the ice enelt above the wire as it passed through? 3. What role did the hammers play in this experiment? 4, What might have happened if you had used a different material than the copper wire? Try this experiment again using the string 5. What might have changed in this experiment had you used a plastic bottle instead of one made from another material? Try this experiment again using a plastic bottle or an alurninum Follow-Up. ‘There is another theory about ice melting under pressure that claims its not pressure that causes the ice to melt. Instead, this theory claims that certain materials conduct heat better than. others. These materials include copper wire. As a result, tis the heat passing through the wire that causes the ice to melt, not the pressure. What does this experiment indicate to you about the truth of this theory? ‘To extend this experiment, try varying the weights that hang from the ice and measuring the time necessary for the wire to pass completely through the ice. Ist thet will net cause the wire to pass through the ice?‘The QERTHIAG KID » Magical Seience Experiments Book Science Fa Now You're Cooking! For conturies, bakers have sought that per fect recipe, the'pesfect combination of ingredi- tents, cooking time, and chemistry to produce mouthwatering delights forall to enjoy. Some- LUmaes, simply walking into a bakery is encugh tomake your stomach growl with anticipation, fas the smells overwhelm you: eaokies, cakes, pies, and perhaps the most comforting smell of al, the smell of freshly baked bread, ‘What bakers know that many of us who aren'tas talented in the kitchen do not is that 1 perfect loaf of bread doasn't happen by acci dent, It often requires planning, careful mea suring, patience, and one special ingredient: yeast Question: Do yeast cells like it hot or cold? Experiment Overview In this experiment, you will get to act ikea real baker and make a small amount of bread dough. However, in order to test the effect of temperature on the growth rate of the yeast, you will be using water of varying tem- [Perstures and measuring the growth for each temperature. You should not attempt to cat any of the dough balls you produce—they ate ‘merely for experimentation. At the end of this experiment, you wil get a recipe for making a real loaf of bread. With an adult's help, you can bring your project to a tasty conclusion! Science Concept ‘Yeast typically is found in its dry form, often in a jar that can be purchased at the srocery tore, This prepared form of yeast needs to be mixed with waterin order "0 “come tole” The water elows the yeast cells to begin growing, and you usually wil see this hapnen 20 the water appears to foam cohen yens is mixed in. Next, the foaming water is uowclly mixed with a small amount of flour and then the rest ofthe bread dough js mined together. Did You Know? GO) You can actualy use yeast (ZO? tabion up a talton without | SSEEC touching. simply pour warm aM, waterinta an empty 20-ounce italy soda pote and mixin an ene 1" ope otyeost. Immediately cover TLL the mouth ot tre botte with a \e=2 balloon and watch it inflate ‘as the yoast reacts with the ator to form carbon loxide gas. Running Hot and Cold “oun ~ “oun “oun Good Catch sse{ (COLD) | COLD | HOT COLD |CATCH| MUCH Which is faster, =~ eee hot or cold? = "| _TO_ StoweR|_are * twins | THAN | EASY [ALWAYS Pontehaojcoergacece tips! THE | HOT | TS Yeuctjcocewetmensraceawes thids| IS |EXACT| IT hat et eee Dayounawowresssoreriwist” sin BECAUSE) AT | SAME eoranac sien ieaneses i ferineed nentareanenoewe inte SPEED | HOT | NIGHT Rerembe ord the cle wads fon bation ta top! ‘Yeast, like most living creat 5, grows best under the right combination of water and garmth. When the yeast starts the flour, the starch in diet for the hungry yeast they give off carbon Dbubbles you would & alcohol. The flour then capt fear bocornesthe othe n of sods) and this gas, and forms tiny pockets of air, As these air pockets increase and grow, the dough rises and fills baking fering whether any speed up or slow down the process tots final shape f reaction, while sugar speeds it up, Often, bake ers will use combinations of salt and sugar ‘to regulate the rate of rising of thelr brea cor rolls. But even more than the ingredients sed, temperature probably has the largest effect on the rate at which bread dough rises Using water that is too lot or tov cold can 2 the effect of the yeast. ide temperature during ‘the rising can also greatly affect your results nis experiment will give you several differ ent ways to measure the effects of these fac tors on the rising of hread dough that has been leavened by ye 29‘The WERVTHING KID “Magical Science Experiments Book Materials NOTE: Ths tof ngredients produce »singlebal of reas dough Asyou create aleve est ough, uw simpy moay one or more of hese quantiles, + 100 grams (8.5 ounces) white flour + Dash of sat +t teaspoon white sugar + Yeenvelope dry yeast (about 1 teaspoon) + 50 mL (1.69 ounces) water + Measuring spoons + Glass measuring cup (one that measures up to2eups) + Mixing bow! ‘+ Bow! tor holding the completed dough + Kitchen or paper towel ‘+ Rulor or other measuring doviee + Teaspoon {for stiring) + Candy/Deep frying thermometer + Notebook for recording data Procedure 41, Select at least four temperatures for the ‘water you will use in this experimer. Some options are + Water that has been sitting at room temper- alure for at least 30 minutes + Water taken directly from the refrigerator + Water that has been placed in the freez but has not yet frozen + Water that as been heated in the micro ‘wave for one minute ‘+ Water trom an “instant Hot” faucet + Wator that has beon left outside on a warm day Measure the temperature of your water and recerd itin your notebook. Pour 50 mL of your ehosen water into the ‘measuring cup and slowly mix in the dry yeast until it disselves er hegins ta foam. In the mixing bow, pour half of the flour and mis in the yeast mixture until a wet dough forms. ‘Add the salt, sugar, and the remaining flour and mix thoroughly until a smooth ough forms. "Remeve the dough frorn the mixing how! and form into a ball with your hands. care fully meacure the diameter of your dough ball and record itin your data notebook lace the dough ball in bowl, cover with a towel and set on the coun Repeat steps 2-7 with each of the differ: Science Online You can read about 150 yoars of yeast history, our- ‘te6y of Flelschmann's: www -breadworld.comiscience historylscience.asp. Running Hot ond Cold cent temperatures of watar you have chosen to test in this experiment, When you have ‘completed this stage, you should have sev- eral bowls of rising dough Let the dough balls sit out for at least four thous (overnight works best} and then carefully measure the diameter of each ‘cough ball to see which one grew the largest Questions for the Scientist What temperature was the most effecti forcausing your bread to rise? Way do you think this smperature worked best? Could you detect any smells coming from your bread? What did it smell like? Wh: o you suppose caused those smells? ‘What might have bi the dough sit fora lenger several days for example? appened if you had let riod of time, Research ideal water temperature for ris- ing bread dough to with that temperature, Lars, Qe During the Passover “FE teas, dewish blowers et Sel Mil Say tacos ot “SES means it was not made with ‘any leavening (rising) ingre- lente, such as yeast. The rosultis typically a flat, crisp bread. Follow-Up There are several vatiations to this expec sent that you could also perform, For evar ple, you could use water thats always the mperature and you could vary the temperature nt the place you left the dough torise. You could place one dough ballon the freezer; one could go outside, and ane could go in the oven with the door open and light ‘on (but no head), In this form of experiment, instead of testing the effects of water temper- ature on the rising of bread cough, you would of the sir temperature. ‘would be to keep both water and air temperatures the same, but vary the amount of salt or the amaunt of sugar you add to the dough, Since salt end sugar are up or slow down the yeast's ability to grow, changing the amount of ent) would give you another possible question toexplore igar (but never bath in the same exper: a‘The AERTHING (ID “Magical Seienee Experiments Book es always important, however, when Conelasion Going these types of experiments that you Yeast isa remarkable ingredient. Many only change one variable ata time. Yo sum ofthe baked goods you eat use some form of rmuarlze che possibilities discussed here, you leavening, whether itis yeast, baking powt- should choose one ofthe following variables to der, or something else. You might even want change, and therefore study: totry baking cookies, or¢ cake, without add- ing baking powder, to see what happens. + Temperature of the water Many prepackaged mixes already include + Aietomperature these ingredients, so you don't have to worry + Amount of saitadded aboutit. But if you hake from scratch, be sure + Amount of sugar added to include them if having your work rise is important t0 you, Can you think of anyother? = eet Simple Bread Recipe (courtesy of Lise Robinson) Ingredients ‘¥¢ cups warm water (110°F) | tablespoon sctive dry yeast 2 tablespoons white sugar 2 tablespoons vegetable oil ‘teaspoon salt A cups bread flour Chapter 3 Life in o Fun HouseThe WERYTHIAG KID Magical Science Experiments Book *ho hasnt been forced to do chores by their parents? Some days it seems like all parents care about is doing chores. Why can’t they just relax and enjoy themselves for an evening, and let you do the same? Then again, it is nice to eat dinner on clean plates, and have clean clothes, and not to have to step over garbage to get to the front door, so maybe chares aren't the worst way to spend your time. But what if you could make your chores into interesting, even magi- cal, science experiments? Did You Know? a & > ‘The Basilisk izard is a crea (SS520 7) tre that can iteratty walk on JJ) water tases the water's sur- ‘LGz\7 tac teneon to support itso ast runs on two legs across the sur- {cof water. For his talent has been nicknamed "The Jews Lizard” 34 ‘There's no guarantee that doing chores will ever bea task you would consider “fun” but there are probably items lying around your house that, in your capable hands, could pro- luce some interesting activities, See what you can find in your “fun’ house. In this chapter, you'll explore racing tocthpicks, balancing candies, magic bouncing balls. and metal in cereal, Try This: Racing Toothpicks se you can find a hiditeloce wher your family keeps toothpicks. so, then you are ready fora racing game to see just ov fast you can make tem goin water Bube core- fulyou dot ant to make a tigress that yeni have te cesn upaterward Question: Can you make tooth- picks race through water? Materials Several toothpicks Aluminum pie pan or similar Water Liquid detergent Procedure 1, Fill the pan with enough water to float the roothpicks, 2. Arrange toothpicks on the surface of the ‘water in the shape of your choice, You we Life in a Fun House might want to try/a triangle, a square, or a pentagon, Be sure to lay the ends of each toothpick across the ends of another, 30, they don't float away, 3, Take one additional toothpick and dip ene fend in the liquid detergent. 4. Carefully place the soapy end of the extra toothpick as close as possible to the center of the arranged toothpicks in the an. 5, The toothpicks should shoot out of formation ‘The Science Behind the Magje ‘This experiment demonstrates the sur- face tension of water. At the surface of the water, the molecules are held together and this tension is what helps the toothpicks stay close together Liquid detergent breaks that surface tension, and causes the toothpicks to move away suddenly. it doesn't take much mM ~ 35 HORDS = KNOW stucktogether ear theveters sare detergent to cause this effect, so it's possible that if you were to try this again using the same water, nothing would happen. You ray Ihave to dump the first batch of water and start again. Follow-Up Wonld you tke to ee your nothpics tn a tac? Setup theespetiment again witha fresh batch of water in the pan. Carefully place ase of "racers" in the pan all point ing toward the far end ofthe pan, Dipan entire toothpick in Fquid detergent and crop itbehing the lined-up toothpicks Be sure to place it perpendicular to the toothpicks that wrillbe racing, Which one moves the farthes The fastest? This experiment cn alo be dow using pepper sprinked acres te surface of the wreterin the pan. Try it and watch the peppet scurry awayThe WERTHING KID “Magical Science Experiments Book Try This Personal Water Fountain Mos: schools provide drinking fcutains for theirstudenta, These machines pimp water from te schools water supply up trough a series of pipes and outa faucet. T bring the srater fom under the ground upto where you Can drinks tes aloof effort. But wo make water ow the other direction, downward, Goes ake any efor a all thank to gravity. Intais experiment, you vil see Row gravy affects water pressure and how you can pro- Guo diferent creams of water fer the same container jst by adjusting the height ofthe water Question: How does gravity affect water streaming out of container? Materials ‘+ Empty 2tor plastic soda bottle + Sciesors ‘Adult helper Plenty of water Large ake pan or cookie sheet with sides Procedure: 1. Ask your adult helper to use the scissors ta cut three srnall holes in the plastic bottle. One hole should be above the middle of the bottle, one should be near the middie, and tone should be about four inches from the bottom. The holes should be about the size of a nail hole. $ 2. While placing your fingers over the holes, fil the bottle with tap water. 4. Place the bottle inside the cake pan so that water can stream out without spillingon the counter. 4, atthe same time, remove all three fin- gets covering the holes and watch how the ‘water streams out, ‘The Science Behind the Magje At firstit seems that the water shoulé be streaming out the same no matter where the holes are, However, water has weight. The ‘more water there is pressing down at the spot ‘here the holes are, the more water pres- sure there is, and the faster it comes cut. This, is why the water coming out of the top hole Goesn't flow out very fast or far. The middle Thole produces a stream that moves faster than the top one, and the bottom hole hes water squirting out of very quickly, Follow-Up ‘Youu may have readin other science experiment books about an activity where you produced layers of laid, ach a ai, tate, and cotn syrup, You can try that here ith the added twist af watching the liquids pour outof the holes To do this, you wil Life in a Fun House need to keep the holes covered with pieces of tape until you are ready to release the lig uuids, Four enough corn syrup or pancake syrup toil the bottle to a point above the first hole. Then pour in enough water to fll the bottle toa point above the second hele. Finally, pour in enough cooking ofl to fil the bottle toa point above the third hole. Now return the bottle to the cake pan. Quickly and carefully remove the three hole cov- ers and watch to see how these three liquids pour out, What happened? ayn a 010 Soja SH “amar esy sop sew se e3 5 uoy 0p pul PAST ‘ysaoge foun} pue Bim ayn wes issn np “wigs 0 as a yah on rp. ‘insaidounoue aus ay) aanposd top Wjedet uo io joo ata uEnowe a0} pa eusnznoge yp AceCOrd ‘ou 2A Bu JANE Busnes BLOM 1 AWAD ta ‘UI pp aie ou Uey ese eno a> YEH le astep 59514819 Bisse jot] evade ou ep 16 E4709 9418169 4p J0.IRO BLN? AX. HO yuan uj ested one spnby a4 40 sup 24 The Amazing Race tn ned when TE facet vorIroning Out Your Cereal Question: is There Really Metal in Cereal? | Experiment Overview Many dry breakfast cereals clan that they vitamins and minerals, But rtant additions to your breakfast, and are they all good for you? In iment, you will be examining vari ched cereals. Iron isa metal that commonly found in buildings, rilroads, and tools, Butt is also found in your bleed, You i snetto dig for this metal in a ‘and will €o some comparisons between different brands to identify which brand contains the largest amount of iron Science Concept nay seer a litle strange to think about there being pieces of metal in your cereal, no matter how sinall they are, butts true. Tiny pieces of iron are added to some cereals as @ svay to improve Bod few. You see iron in your bleed helps your body make hemoglobin Hemoglobin isa protein that helps your blood carry oxygen tothe rest of your body. People who have low iran levels in their blood are said cobe anemic, and ifthefr iron level drops too iow, their bodies begin ta show signs of tred- ness and lethargy tified” wit KIDS’ LABLESSONS Some cereal manufacturers add tiny pieces of iron, called iron filings, to their cereal. 1F Yyou were to ingest large pieces of iron, it would bbe dangerous for you. But these tiny pieces, almost invisible, and in small amounts, actu- ally help your blood do its job of earrying oxy igen throughout your bedy. Materials ‘+ 3.cups of Total brand iron-forttiod coreat (NOTE: Total ess numberof ciferent kinds fee tut al cla to been fore, choose one you are ely to want to et afer the erpermentscompiee) Water Blender or large spoon ‘Non-metallic bow! ‘Strong bar magnet ‘Sheet of white computer printer paper (optional) EXPERIMENT NOTE:A ecu reigerstor magnet isnot ‘trong enough to atat ne von ings You need 2 u=2 strong magnet nd ona shaped la ba lend be the mostawcessa Find eight take ‘ind the one time thatthe word IRON is spied coroetyin thie Procedure 1. Pour the cereal into 2. Add enough w: ‘over the cereal 3. Fitherblend the mixture until the cereal is completely ground up, or mash the cereal for several minutes with the spoon. 4. Ifyouare usinga blender, pour the contents of the pi xo the non-metallic bowl. Rinse the bottom of the pitcher with water in order to capture all ofthe iron particles S. Stir your magnet through the cereal mix. ture. ron is heavier than water, so the fil: ings will tend to sink to the bottom. Be patient and thorough with your stisring 6. Remove the magnet from the cereal and look for tiny black iron flings stuck to th lender or your bowl ble that you might find on a man's Ihe hasnt shaved 2 To see the iron pieces more cleatly, rub the ‘magne: against a sheet of white paper, such ‘as what you might find in a computer printer. —~ zi ° oS R ° R N Tr ° Rees. FS) WP ROHRZZHO pol mHOROHHZOR ZOPMOOZPHOZZ Azommzzozonn PRHRHOZHRHED AwOozozonZonz QOZOZBNREZHO OZOMOORORR HOmHZROZOO HwzZO0Q00RH ROOZHOHR Questions for the Scientist, Why should you tse fron-fortified cereal 19 perform this experiment? ‘What purpose do you think the water served in this experimen? ave been stead of water? Do you think your results wou Gifferent had you used milk How do you feel about eating cereal with pieces of iron in it? Are you more likely to ‘eat cereal like this, less likely, or just as