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2ELATIONSHIPBETWEENGHRELINANDANTHROPOMETRICAL BODY
COMPOSITIONPARAMETERSANDTESTOSTERONELEVELSINBOYS
ATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFPUBERTY
40OMERANTS 64ILLMANN **RIME AND4*RIME
#HAIROF3PORT0EDAGOGY #ENTEROF"EHAVIORALAND(EALTH3CIENCES$EPARTMENTOF0EDIATRICS 5NIVERSITY

OF4ARTU 4ARTU %STONIA

!"342!#44HEAIMOFTHISSTUDYWASTOINVESTIGATE CONCENTRATIONSINGROUP))Rn P AND


THERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENFASTINGSERUMGHRELIN INTHETOTALGROUPRn P 'HRELINWAS
CONCENTRATION ANTHROPOMETRICALANDBODYCOM ALSORELATEDTOBODYHEIGHT BODYMASSAND,"-IN
POSITIONDATAINBOYSATDIFFERENTPUBERTALSTAGES GROUP))ANDTOTALGROUPALSOWITHBODYMASSINDEX
3IXTYHEALTHYNON OBESE%STONIANSCHOOLBOYS INTOTALGROUP3TEPWISEMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALY
TOYR WEREDIVIDEDINTOGROUPSBASEDON4AN SISSHOWEDTHATBODYHEIGHTFROMAUXOLOGICAL ,"-
NERCLASSIFICATIONnGROUP)WASPREPUBERTAL GROUP FROM BODY COMPOSITION AND TESTOSTERONE FROM
))INCLUDEDSTAGESAND ANDGROUP)))STAGES BIOCHEMICALDATAEXPLAINED AND
AND!DDITIONALLY WEANALYZEDSUBJECTSASATOTAL OFTHEGHRELINVARIANCEINTHETOTALGROUP RESPEC
GROUP&ASTINGGHRELIN LEPTIN TESTOSTERONE INSULIN TIVELY)NCONCLUSION BODYHEIGHT ,"-ANDSERUM
ANDGLUCOSEWERECOLLECTEDBETWEENAND TESTOSTERONEARETHEMAJORDETERMINANTSOFSERUM
H"ODYFATANDLEANBODYMASS,"- GHRELINAMONGPARAMETERSSTUDIED.EGATIVECOR
WEREDETERMINEDBYDUAL ENERGY8 RAYABSORP RELATIONBETWEENSERUMGHRELINANDTESTOSTERONE
TIOMETRY&ASTINGGHRELINDECREASED WHILELEPTIN CONCENTRATIONSINDICATESTHATGHRELINMAYALSOHAVE
ANDINSULINDIDNOTCHANGEANDTESTOSTERONEIN AROLEINMALEPUBERTALDEVELOPMENT
CREASEDDURINGPUBERTY4HEREWASANEGATIVECOR *%NDOCRINOL)NVEST  
RELATIONBETWEENSERUMGHRELINANDTESTOSTERONE  %DITRICE+URTIS

).42/$5#4)/. GHRELINRECEPTOR THE'(3 2TYPEA HASBEENDEMON


'HRELIN THEENDOGENOUSLIGANDOFTHE'(SECRETA STRATEDIN,EYDIGCELLSOFRATANDHUMANTESTIS 3TUD
GOGUERECEPTOR'(3 2 HASRECENTLYBEENINVOLVED INGTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSERUMGHRELINCONCENTRA
INTHEREGULATIONOFALARGEARRAYOFENDOCRINEAND TIONANDCHANGESINANTHROPOMETRY BODYCOMPOSITION
NON ENDOCRINEFUNCTIONS INCLUDINGTHEINFLUENCEON ANDSEXHORMONELEVELSATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFPUBERTY
'(SECRETION FOODINTAKEANDENERGYBALANCE 'H MAYGIVEUSADDITIONALINFORMATIONABOUTTHEPOSSIBLE
RELINSTIMULATES'(SECRETION ENHANCESAPPETITEAND ROLEOFGHRELININHUMANPUBERTALDEVELOPMENT!S
PROMOTESPOSITIVEENERGYBALANCEANDALSOINCREASES THEREARESOMEDATATHATTHECHANGESINSERUMGHRELIN
BLOODGLUCOSE WHILEINHIBITINGINSULINSECRETION LEVELSAREMOREPRONOUNCEDINBOYSTHANGIRLS WE
ANDITSTIMULATESGASTRICACIDSECRETIONANDMOTILITY  FOCUSEDONLYONBOYSINTHISSTUDY
4HEREISALINKBETWEENENERGYHOMEOSTASISANDFERTILITY 'HRELINLEVELSDECREASEGRADUALLYTHROUGHOUTCHILD
 BUTTHEPOTENTIALROLEOFGHRELININTHECONTROLOFPU HOODANDWITHADVANCINGPUBERTALSTAGE 3ERUM
BERTYONSETANDGONADALFUNCTIONHASBEENNOTSOWELL GHRELIN LEVELS ARE   LOWER IN POST PUBERTAL
STUDIED%XPRESSIONOFTHEGHRELINANDTHEFUNCTIONAL COMPAREDTOPUBERTALSUBJECTS ,ITTLEISKNOWN
ABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENGHRELINANDTESTO
STERONECONCENTRATIONINCHILDREN!RECENTSTUDYBY
,EBENTHALETAL DIDNOTFINDSIGNIFICANTCORRELATION
BETWEENGHRELINANDTESTOSTERONECONCENTRATIONIN
+EY WORDS3EXUALMATURATION BODYHEIGHTANDWEIGHT BODYFAT GROWTH
BIOCHEMICALMARKERS
EITHERPERIPUBERTALAGEDTOYR BOYSORGIRLS
#ORRESPONDENCE4*RIME 0H$ #HAIROF3PORT0EDAGOGY 5NIVERSITYOF &ASTINGGHRELINCONCENTRATIONHASBEENFOUNDTOBE
4ARTU *AKOBI 4ARTU %STONIA NEGATIVELYCORRELATEDWITHBODYHEIGHTANDMASS
% MAILTOIVOJURIMAE UTEE ASWELLASWITHBODYMASSINDEX"-)   )NADDITION
!CCEPTED*UNE  FASTINGGHRELINCONCENTRATIONISNEGATIVELYASSOCIATED


40OMERANTS 64ILLMANN **RIME ETAL

WITHBODYFAT 4HEREISNOINFORMATIONABOUTRE USEDTOCALCULATEBODYMASSINDEX"-) KGM !DDITIONALLY THE


LATIONSHIPSBETWEENGHRELINCONCENTRATIONANDLEAN BODYHEIGHTANDBODYMASSWEREBOTHALSOCONVERTEDTO3$SCORES
BODYMASS,"- INCHILDRENDURINGPUBERTY 3$3 USINGTHEAGE ANDSEX SPECIFICDATABASEDON%STONIAN
POPULATION "ODYFATMASS BODYFATAND,"-WEREDETER
-OSTSTUDIESHAVEREPORTEDANEGATIVERELATIONSHIP
MINEDBYDUAL ENERGY8 RAYABSORPTIOMETRY$8! USING$08 )1
BETWEENFASTINGGHRELINANDINSULINLEVELS   DENSITOMETER,UNAR#ORPORATION -ADISON 7) 53! 
INCLUDINGSTUDIESINCHILDREN ,EPTIN ANOTHERPEP
TIDEREGULATINGFOODINTAKEANDENERGYBALANCE HAS "LOODANALYSIS
ALSOBEENSUGGESTEDTOBEINVOLVEDINTHEPUBERTAL "LOODSAMPLESWEREOBTAINEDFROMANTECUBITALVEINWITHTHESUBJECT
ACTIVATION .ORMALLY AFTERONSETOFPUBERTYPUBER SITTINGINTHEUPRIGHTPOSITIONAFTERANOVERNIGHTFASTBETWEEN
TALSTAGE SERUMLEPTININBOYSSTARTSTODECLINEAND ANDH"LOODSERUMWASSEPARATEDANDFROZENATn#FORLATER
REACHESANADIRINSTAGE 3ERUMLEPTINISPOSITIVELY ANALYSISOFGHRELIN LEPTIN TESTOSTERONE INSULINANDGLUCOSE3ERUM
RELATEDTOFATMASSANDINVERSELYTO,"-INBOYS  TOTALGHRELINWASDETERMINEDINDUPLICATEBYRADIOIMMUNOASSAY
4OOURKNOWLEDGE THEREHAVEBEENNOSTUDIESIN ,INCO2ESEARCH 53! 4HESENSITIVITYWASPGqMLnTHEINTRA AND
VESTIGATINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENFASTINGPLASMA INTER ASSAYCOEFFICIENTSOFVARIATION#6 WEREAND RE
GHRELINCONCENTRATIONANDSPECIFICANTHROPOMETRICAL SPECTIVELY,EPTINWASDETERMINEDINDUPLICATEBYRADIOIMMUNOASSAY
ANDBODYCOMPOSITIONPARAMETERSINBOYSATDIFFERENT -EDIAGNOST'-"( 'ERMANY 4HISASSAYHASADETECTIONLIMITOF
NGqMLn ANDTHEINTRA ANDINTER ASSAY#6WEREAND
PUBERTALSTAGES)NADDITION THEINFLUENCEOFLEPTIN IN
RESPECTIVELY4ESTOSTERONEANDINSULINWEREANALYZEDINDUPLICATEON
SULINANDTESTOSTERONETOGHRELINCONCENTRATIONISNOT )--5,)4%$0# ,OS!NGELES 53! 4HEINTER ANDINTRA ASSAY
WELLSTUDIED!CCORDINGLY THEAIMOFTHISSTUDYWAS #6WERE'LUCOSEWASMEASUREDUSINGTHEHEXOKINASEGLU
TOINVESTIGATETHERELATIONSHIPSAMONGFASTINGSERUM COSE PHOSPHATATE DEHYDROGENASEMETHODWITHACOMMERCIALKIT
GHRELINCONCENTRATION ANTHROPOMETRICALANDBODY "OEHRINGER -ANNHEIM 'ERMANY )NSULINRESISTANCEWASCALCULATED
COMPOSITIONCHARACTERISTICS ANDDIFFERENTHORMONES THROUGHTHEFASTINGINSULINRESISTANCEINDEX&)2) ;FASTINGGLUCOSE
INBOYSATDIFFERENTPUBERTALSTAGES4HEDETAILEDDATA MMOLL
FASTINGINSULINM5L = 
ABOUTTHESERELATIONSHIPSMAYGIVEUSFURTHERINFORMA
TIONABOUTTHEPOSSIBLEROLEOFCIRCULATINGGHRELININ 3TATISTICALANALYSIS
GROWTHANDPUBERTALMATURATIONINBOYS 3TATISTICALANALYSISWASPERFORMEDUSINGTHE3TATISTICAL0ACKAGEFOR
3OCIAL3CIENCES3033 /UTCOMEMEASUREMENTSBETWEEN
DIFFERENTPUBERTALGROUPSWERECOMPAREDBYANALYSISOFVARIANCE
-!4%2)!,!.$-%4(/$3 !./6! FOLLOWEDBYINDEPENDENTSAMPLEST TEST3PEARMANCOR
3UBJECTS RELATIONANALYSISWASPERFORMEDTOASSESSTHEEFFECTOFAGE SEXUAL
MATURATIONSTAGEANDANTHROPOMETRICALASWELLASBODYCOMPOSI
4HISSTUDYINCLUDEDHEALTHYNON OBESE%STONIANSCHOOLBOYS TIONCHARACTERISTICSONLEVELOFGHRELINANDOTHERHORMONES0ARTIAL
BETWEENAGEANDYR RECRUITEDFROMPHYSICALEDUCATION CORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTSWEREUSEDTOESTIMATETHECORRELATIONSBE
CLASSES WHICHTHEYHADTWICEAWEEK4HESUBJECTSWEREDIVIDED TWEENTHECONCENTRATIONSOFGHRELINANDLEPTINASWELLASANTHROPO
INTOTHREEGROUPSSUBJECTSPERGROUP BASEDONTHEIRSELF AS METRICANDBODYCOMPOSITIONPARAMETERSAFTERADJUSTMENTFORAGE
SESSMENTILLUSTRATEDQUESTIONNAIREOFPUBERTALSTAGEACCORDING 3TEPWISEMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISWASPERFORMEDTODETERMINE
TO4ANNERCLASSIFICATION 0UBERTALDEVELOPMENTASSESSMENT THEINDEPENDENTEFFECTOFTHEDIFFERENTMEASUREDVARIABLESONGH
ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF 4ANNER USING SELF ASSESSMENT OF RELIN4HELEVELOFSIGNIFICANCEWASSETATP
GENITALIAANDPUBICHAIRSTAGEINBOYSHASBEENVALIDATEDPRE
VIOUSLY 4HESUBJECTSWEREGIVENPHOTOGRAPHS FIGURESAND
DESCRIPTIONSANDASKEDTOCHOOSETHEONETHATMOSTACCURATELY 2%35,43
REFLECTEDTHEIRAPPEARANCE)NCASEOFDISCREPANCIESBETWEENTHE
TWOVARIABLESGENITALIAANDPUBICHAIRSTAGE GREATEREMPHASIS 4HEDIFFERENCESBETWEENGROUPSBASEDONSEXUAL
WASFORDETERMINATIONOF4ANNERSTAGEPLACEDONTHEDEGREEOF MATURATION WERE SIGNIFICANT IN AGE HEIGHT BODY
GENITALDEVELOPMENT'ROUP)WASPRE PUBERTAL GROUP))INCLUDED MASSAND,"-4ABLE 'ROUP)))HADSIGNIFICANTLY
PUBERTALSTAGESAND ANDGROUP)))PUBERTALSTAGESAND)N HIGHER"-)COMPAREDTOOTHERGROUPS"ODYFAT
ADDITION ALLSUBJECTSWEREALSOANALYZEDASATOTALGROUP.ONEOF DIDNOTCHANGESIGNIFICANTLYDURINGPUBERTY
THESUBJECTSWASRECEIVINGANYMEDICATIONATTHETIME#HILDREN
'HRELINCONCENTRATIONINDIFFERENTSTUDYGROUPSDE
WEREONTHEIRORDINARYEVERYDAYDIET4HISSTUDYWASAPPROVEDBY
THE-EDICAL%THICS#OMMITTEEOFTHE5NIVERSITYOF4ARTU%STONIA 
CREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYBYTHEENDOFPUBERTY4ABLE 
7RITTENINFORMEDCONSENTWASOBTAINEDFROMTHEPARENTSAND !SEXPECTED TESTOSTERONEINCREASEDSIGNIFICANTLY
CHILDRENBEFOREPARTICIPATION DURING PUBERTY -EAN PLASMA LEPTIN AND INSULIN
LEVELSREMAINEDATTHESAMELEVELTHROUGHOUTDIF
!NTHROPOMETRYANDBODYCOMPOSITION FERENTPUBERTALSTAGES&)2)WASHIGHERINGROUP)))
"ODYHEIGHTWASMEASUREDTOTHENEARESTCMUSING-ARTINS COMPAREDTOGROUP)
METALANTHROPOMETERBODYMASSKG WITHTHEPARTICIPANTSDRESSED 3ERUMGHRELINCONCENTRATIONWASINVERSELYRELATEDTO
INLIGHTCLOTHINGWASMEASUREDTOTHENEARESTKGUSINGMEDICAL BODYHEIGHT BODYMASSAND,"-INPUBERTALGROUP
SCALES!$)NSTRUMENTS,TD 5+ (EIGHTANDBODYMASSDATAWERE ))ASWELLASINTHETOTALGROUP4ABLE "-)CORRE


'HRELIN ANTHROPOMETRYANDBODYCOMPOSITION

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'LUCOSEMMOLL    
&)2) D   
ASIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEENGROUPS) ))AND)))P BSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEENGROUP)))ANDGROUPS)AND))P CSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCE
BETWEENGROUP)ANDGROUPS))AND)))P DSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEENGROUP)AND)))P ,"-,EANBODYMASS"-)BODYMASSINDEX
&)2)INSULINRESISTANCEINDEX

LATEDNEGATIVELYWITHGHRELINCONCENTRATIONONLYIN $)3#533)/.
THETOTALGROUP"ODYFATANDBODYMASSDIDNOT 4HERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYDEMONSTRATEDTHATBODY
CORRELATEWITHBLOODGHRELINCONCENTRATIONINANYOF HEIGHTFROMTHEANTHROPOMETRICALPARAMETERS ,"-
GROUPS4HEREWASASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVECORRELATION FROM BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS AND SERUM
BETWEENSERUMGHRELINANDTESTOSTERONECONCENTRA
TIONINTHEGROUP))RnP ASWELLASINTHE
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3ERUMGHRELINALSOCORRELATEDNEGATIVELYTOPLASMA
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'ROUP))
CORRELATEDWITHBODYMASS "-) BODYFAT INSULIN 'ROUP)
GLUCOSEAND&)2)4ABLE !FTERCONTROLLINGFORAGE
4ESTOSTERONENMOLL

ALLTHESERELATIONSHIPSREMAINEDSIGNIFICANT EXCEPT 
FORTHECORRELATIONBETWEENGHRELINANDGLUCOSE
4HERESULTSOFSTEPWISEMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALY
SIS WHERE GHRELIN WAS DEPENDENT VARIABLE AND
INDEPENDENTVARIABLESWERE SEPARATELY AGEWITH
ANTHROPOMETRICALDATABODYHEIGHT MASSAND"-) 
AGEWITHBODYCOMPOSITIONDATAFAT FATMASS
AND ,"- AND AGE WITH BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
GLUCOSE INSULINANDTESTOSTERONE AREPRESENTEDIN
4ABLE&ROMTHEANTHROPOMETRICALDATA THEBODY
HEIGHTAND FROMTHEBODYCOMPOSITIONDATA THE

,"-WERETHETWOMOSTIMPORTANTDETERMINANTSOF      
THEGHRELINVARIABILITY4ABLE &ROMTHEBIOCHEMI 'HRELINPGML
CALDATA TESTOSTERONEEXPLAINEDOFTHEGHRELIN &IG 2ELATIONSHIPSBETWEENFASTINGLEVELSOFSERUMGHRELINAND
VARIABILITYINTHETOTALGROUP TESTOSTERONEINTOTALGROUPRnP 


40OMERANTS 64ILLMANN **RIME ETAL

4ABLE #ORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTSOFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSERUMGHRELINANDLEPTINANDANTHROPOMETRICAL BODYCOMPOSITIONAND


BIOCHEMICALDATA

'HRELIN ,EPTIN

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P

P

P"-)BODYMASSINDEX,"-LEANBODYMASS&)2)FASTINGINSULINRESISTANCEINDEX

TESTOSTERONELEVELFROMMEASUREDBIOCHEMICALPA )THASBEENSHOWNPREVIOUSLYTHATGHRELINCONCENTRATIONS
RAMETERSARETHEMAINPREDICTORSOFBLOODGHRELIN DECREASEDURINGPUBERTYWITHADVANCINGPUBERTALSTAGE
CONCENTRATIONINBOYSATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFPUBERTY    BUTNONEOFTHESESTUDIESHAVELOOKEDTHERELA
!SEXPECTED THEREWERESIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESBETWEEN TIONSHIPBETWEENTESTOSTERONEANDGHRELINLEVELS4OOUR
STUDYGROUPSINBODYHEIGHT BODYMASS ,"-ANDTES KNOWLEDGE THISISTHEFIRSTSTUDYSHOWINGTHEDIRECTCORRE
TOSTERONELEVELS INDICATINGNORMALDEVELOPMENTOFOUR LATIONBETWEENSERUMTESTOSTERONEANDGHRELINCONCEN
SUBJECTS3ERUMGHRELINDECLINEDWITHADVANCINGPU TRATIONINNORMALHEALTHYBOYSAROUNDPUBERTY!RECENT
BERTALSTAGE4HEMEANGHRELINCONCENTRATIONINGROUP STUDYBY,EBENTHALETAL SHOWEDTHATTESTOSTERONE
)))4ANNERSTAGESAND WASABOUTLOWERTHANIN ADMINISTRATIONWASASSOCIATEDWITHAMARKEDDECLINEIN
PRE PUBERTALGROUP)4HISISSIMILARTOTHEPREVIOUSSTUD CIRCULATINGLEVELSOFGHRELININPRE PUBERTALBOYS BUTNOT
IESBY7HATMOREETAL 3ORIANO 'UILLNETAL AND GIRLS(OWEVER ASTUDYBY0AGOTTOETAL INADULTHY
#HANOINEETAL WHOALSOREPORTEDTOFALLIN POGONADALMENONTESTOSTERONEREPLACEMENTTHERAPY
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THEPUBERTALSTAGEWASAMOREIMPORTANTDETERMINANT TESTOSTERONE4HEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESETWOSTUDIES
OFGHRELINTHANAGE!NEGATIVECORRELATIONBETWEENGH INDICATESTHATTHEEFFECTOFTESTSOSTERONEADMINISTRATION
RELINANDAGEISSIMILARTOSTUDIESBY7HATMOREETAL ONGHRELINLEVELSMAYALSOBEAGE DEPENDENT4HISMAY
AND3ORIANO 'UILLNETAL  EXPLAINWHYTHECORRELATIONBETWEENGHRELINANDTESTO


'HRELIN ANTHROPOMETRYANDBODYCOMPOSITION

4ABLE 3TEPWISEMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISWHEREBLOODGHRELINWASDEPENDENTVARIABLEANDAGEWITHANTHROPOMETRICALDATABODY
HEIGHT MASSAND"-) AGEWITHBODYCOMPOSITIONDATAFAT FATMASSAND,"- ANDAGEWITHBIOCHEMICALDATAGLUCOSE INSULIN TESTO
STERONE WEREINDEPENDENTVARIABLES

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ITSRECEPTORHASBEENSHOWNIN,EYDIGCELLSOFTHETESTIS STUDYTHEDECREASEINBODYFATWASNOTSIGNIFICANT
BOTHINRATSANDHUMANS 4HEREARESOMEANIMALDATA -ANYSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDANEGATIVECORRELATIONBE
INDICATINGTHATPERSISTENTLYELEVATEDGHRELINLEVELS ASA TWEENBODYFATANDGHRELIN   7EDIDNOT
PUTATIVESIGNALFORENERGYINSUFFICIENCY MAYOPERATEAS FINDSUCHACORRELATION3URPRISINGLY FROMTHEBODY
ANEGATIVEMODIFIEROFPUBERTYONSETINMALERATS  COMPOSITIONDATATHEMOSTIMPORTANTPARAMETERWAS
4HEINCREASEINTESTOSTERONELEVELSATTHEBEGINNINGOF ,"-4ABLE 4HISISANEWFINDINGTHATHASNOTBEEN
PUBERTYSTIMULATES'(AND)'& )SECRETIONANDTHUS OBSERVEDPREVIOUSLY4HEMECHANISMUNDERLYINGTHE
VIANEGATIVEFEEDBACKMAYSUPPRESSGHRELINSECRETION OBSERVEDASSOCIATIONISUNKNOWN/NEPOSSIBLEEXPLA
(OWEVER THEREARENODATASUPPORTINGTHENEGATIVE NATIONMAYBETHROUGHINCREASINGTESTOSTERONELEVELS
FEEDBACKMECHANISMBETWEENGHRELINAND'(OR)'& ) WHICHAREKNOWNTOENHANCEBOTHMUSCLEANDBONE
!LLANTHROPOMETRICALPARAMETERSCORRELATEDHIGHLYWITH MASS THEMAJORCOMPONENTSOF,"-
GHRELINCONCENTRATIONINTOTALGROUPEXCEPTFOR"-) )NOURSTUDYWECOULDNOTFINDASIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIP
AFTERCONTROLLINGFORAGE ANDGROUP))EXCEPTFOR"-)  BETWEENGHRELINANDLEPTIN SIMILARTOTHESTUDYBY
3IGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENGHRELINANDBODY (AQQETAL 7EWOULDTHEREFORESUGGESTTHATLEPTIN
HEIGHT WEIGHTAND"-)HAVEALSOBEENREPORTEDBY PROBABLYHASNOREGULATORYCONTROLONGHRELINSECRE
4SCHPETAL AND0ARKETAL .OTONLYABSOLUTE TION(OWEVER SINCE7HATMOREETAL AND0ARKETAL
VALUESOFHEIGHTANDWEIGHT BUTALSOTHEIR3$SCORES  FOUNDANEGATIVECORRELATIONBETWEENGHRELINAND
3$3 WERECORRELATEDTOTHEGHRELINLEVELS7EDIDNOT LEPTIN FURTHERCOLLECTIONOFDATAISNEEDEDTOCLARIFYTHE
HAVETHELONGITUDINALGROWTHDATAOFOURSUBJECTS BUT INTERRELATIONSHIPSOFGHRELINANDLEPTININPUBERTY
THEAVERAGEAGEOFYRINGROUP))SUGGESTSTHAT /NEOFTHEPOSSIBLELIMITATIONSINOURSTUDYISTHEFACTTHAT
BOYSINTHISSUBGROUPWEREMOSTLIKELYALREADYINTHE WEASSESSEDSERUMTOTALGHRELINANDNOTTHEACYLATED
PHASEOFRAPIDGROWTH4HESUGGESTEDRAPIDGROWTH FORMOFIT/FTHETWOCIRCULATINGGHRELINFORMS THEACYLAT
PHASEANDHUGEVARIABILITYINGROWTHRATEINSUBGROUP EDONEISTHOUGHTTOBEESSENTIALFORGHRELINBIOLOGICAL
))COULDEXPLAINWHYMOSTCORRELATIONSWERESIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY BUTITHASALSOBEENSTATEDTHATTHEDESA
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40OMERANTS 64ILLMANN **RIME ETAL

RELINSHARESWITHTHEACYLATEDFORMSOMENON ENDOCRINE INCREASEDIN0RADER 7ILLISYNDROME*#LIN%NDOCRINOL-ETAB


ACTIONS LIKECARDIOVASCULAREFFECTS MODULATIONOFCELL   
PROLIFERATIONANDALSOSOMEINFLUENCEONADIPOGENESIS  4SCHP- 7EYER# 4ATARANNI! $EVANARAYAN6 2AVUSSIN
 3INCEITHASALSOBEENFOUNDTHATSERUMTOTALAND % (EIMAN-,#IRCULATINGGHRELINLEVELSAREDECREASEDIN
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SUGGESTTHATTHERESULTSOFOURSTUDYAREASTEPFURTHERIN  3ORIANO 'UILLN, "ARRIOS6 #HOWEN* ETAL'HRELINLEVELS
TERMSOFGENERALUNDERSTANDINGABOUTACTIONSOFGHRELIN FROMFETALLIFETHROUGHEARLYADULTHOODRELATIONSHIPWITH
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0EDIATR  
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DETAILEDINFORMATIONABOUTINFLUENCEOFGHRELIN  0ARK(3 ,EE+ +IM9 0ARK#2ELATIONSHIPSBETWEENFASTING
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PUBERTALDEVELOPMENT,ONGITUDINALSTUDIESTHROUGH  /NG++ !HMED-, $UNGER$"4HEROLEOFLEPTININHUMAN
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