]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W




W
K







K

????
K



K

W
K




K

? ?

K

K

K
K

K

K


K
K



K

K


K

K



]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW

W
W
K
K
K
K

KW

W

--


ESoilF
K
K

K


K


K

W




K


K

--


WDefinitions

K
W
F

Karl TerzaghiE
K E F


K

K
KW

Soil Formation {

W
Residual Soil
EF

K

K
Transported Soil
W

K K

--


Soil Structure {
K

W
Fine Grained Soil J
cohesive soil
Clay SiltW
WE1.1F
Wdispersion

K

EF EF EF
EFEFEFWWE1.1F

--


Wflocculation


K
Whoneycomb or cellular


K
Coarse Grained Soil J
cohesionless soil
loosedense
Gravel BouldersW

KE2.1F Sand

EF E F
EFEFWWE2.1F

--


W {

K
KJ
WE3.1F

Soil Stability Problems K

K
Soil Settlement Problems K

K
Environmental Related Problems K

K

Seepage Problems K

K
Excavation Related Problems K
K

W





K

--


EF EF

EF
EFWE3.1F
EFEF

--

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K

WW
K
K
K
K
K

KW

W

WW

--


WIntroduction {

Liquid Solid
Gas

KEA-1.2FK

Soil Volumes and Weights Relationship J

K

KEB-1.2F
K
total volumeZ VT
total weightZ WT
volume of solidsZ Vs
weight of solidsZ Ws
volume of voidsZ Vv
weight of waterZ Ww
volume of waterZ Vw
airweight ofZ Wa
volume of airZ Va

W

--


WT = Ws + Ww E1.2F

WK

VT = Vs + Vv
E2.2F
= V s + Vw + Va

Va Wa 0

Air
Vv
Water
Vw Ww
VT WT

Vs W s
Solid

EAF EBF
WE1.2F
EBFEAF
water content E w F
K

Ww
w= 100 E3.2F
Ws

unit weight E F
K

WT
= E4.2F
VT

- -


ENFE kN / m 3 F
W
1 N = 1 kg 1 m / s 2

dry unit weightE d F

K

Ws
d = E{F
VT

specific gravity E Gs F

K4

s Ws
Gs = = E{F
w Vs w

EkN/m3FZ s W
1 gm/cm39.81 kN/m3Z w


KE{F

void ratio E e F
K

Vv
e= 0 < e << E7.2F
Vs

- -


1.10.70.80.5
K

porosity E n F
K

Vv
n= 0 n 1 E8.2F
VT

degree of saturation E S F
K

Vw
S= 100 0 S (%) 100 E9.2F
Vv

WE1.2F
Gs
2.65-2.68 Gravel

2.65-2.68 Sand
2.62-2.68 Silt (inorganic)EF

2.58-2.65 Clay (organic)EF

2.68-2.75 Clay (inorganic)EF

S = 0 %
S = 100 %
K

relative density E Dr F

- -


cohesionless soil

K
W

emax e
Dr = 100 E10.2F
emax emin

W
= e
= emax
= emin
0 (2.2)
K100 %

:(2.2)

Dr (%)
0-15 Very loose

15-35 Loose
35-65 Medium dense

65-85 Dense
85-100 Very dense

- -


W
W

e
n= E{F
1+ e


d = E12.2F
w
1+
100

Se = wG s E13.2F

(Gs + w)
= w E14.2F
1+ e

Gs
d = w E{F
1+ e

W
WE.2F
105gm120 gm65 cm3
W2.65
E w F K
E d F K
E n F K
E e F K
E S F K
W
W
VT = 65 cm 3 WT = 120 gm Ws = 105 gm G s = 2.65

- -


WE w F K

W

Ww = WT Ws = 120 105 = 15 gm

:
W 15
w = w 100 = 100 = 14.29 %
Ws 105



WE d F K

Ws 105
d = = = 1.62 gm / cm 3
VT 65
= 1.62 9.81 = 15.85 kN / m 3

E n F K
K Vs E6.2F

Ws
Gs =
Vs w

Ws 105
Vs = = = 39.62 cm 3
G s w 2.65 1

VT = 65 cm 3

KE2.2F
Vv = VT Vs

= 65.00 39.62 = 25.38 cm 3
V 25.38
n= v = = 0.39
VT 65.00

- -


WE e F K

Vv 25.38
e= = = 0.64
Vs 39.62

WE S F K
E6.2F
W Gw = 1 Vw = Ww EcmFEgmF

Ww 15
Vw = = = 15 cm 3
G w w 1 1
Vw 15.00
S= 100 = 100 = 59.10 %
Vv 25.38
WE2K2F
2.7112.40 %0.10 m31.75 kN
W
E F K
E d F K
E e F K
E n F K
E S F K
W
WE F K

WT 1.75
= = = 17.50 kN / m 3
VT 0.10

WE d F K

- -


17.50
d = = = 15.57 kN / m 3
w 12.40
1+ 1+
100 100

WE e F K
Gs
d = w
1+ e
2.71
15.57 = 9.81
1+ e
2.71 9.81
e= 1 = 0.71
15.57

WE n F K
e
n=
1+ e

0.71
n= = 0.42
1 + 0.71

WE S F K

Se = wG s
12.40
S 0.71 = 2.71
100

12.40 2.71
S= = 0.4733
100 0.71
= 47.33 %

WE3.2F
W2.6626.00 %
E e F K
E F K
E d F K
W
K S = 1 S = 100 %

- -


WE e F K
Se = wG s
26.00
1 e = 2.66
100
e = 0.69
WE F K

=
(Gs + w)
1+ e
w

=
(2.66 + 0.26) 9.81
1 + 0.69
= 16.95 kN / m3

WE d F K
Gs
d = w
1+ e
2.66
= 9.81
1 + 0.69
= 15.44 kN / m 3
WE4.2F
W
Dr = 75 % emax = 0.70 emin = 0.42

G s = 2.68 w = 11 %
W
WE10.2F

emax e
Dr = 100
emax emin
0.70 e
75 = 100
0.70 0.42
e = 0.49

WE14.2F

- -


(Gs + w)
= w
1+ e
=
(2.68 + 0.11)
9.81
1 + 0.49
= 18.37 kN / m 3

Soil Consistency {

K
cohesive soil
W
Solid State E
Semisolid State E
Plastic State E
Liquid State E

Atterberg Limits
W
Liquid Limit (LL)
Plastic Limit (PL)
Shrinkage Limit (SL)

KE2.2F

- -


Liquid State
ELLF

Plastic State
EPLF
Semisolid State
(SL)
Solid State

w=0

WE2.2F

WLiquid Limit (LL)
K

KE3.2F 25Casagrande
K

WPlastic Limit (PL)
K
K

- -


3 mm
KE3.2F

K

WE3.2F

WShrinkage Limit (SL)

K K
K

Plasticity Index (PI)
W

PI = LL PL E16.2F

K
- -


WE LI F

w PL
LI = E17.2F
PI

w
Ksensitive clay


WE5.2F
w = 43.8 % W
KPI = 21.7 % LL = 48.3 %

W
WE16.2F

PI = LL PL
21.7 = 48.3 PL
PL = 26.6 %

WE{F

w PL
LI =
PI
43.8 26.6
= = 0.79
21.7




- -


WProblems
K
78 mm35 mm
98 156 gmE105 oCF
Wgm
E w F K
E F K
E d F K
180 cm3402gm K
W320 gm2.68
E w F K
E F K
E d F K
E e F K
E n F K
E S F K
3 mm K
32.7%
K13.8%

- -


K
W

E%F ENF

41 34.5

26 36.4

19 37.6

15 38.6

9 40.7

23.6%23.2%
K
K
K18.5 kN/m3 40%
2.660.42 K
K
W K

e
n= K
1+ e

Se = wG s K

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K

WW
K
K
K
K
K

KW

W

W

K
K

- -


WIntroduction{
K

K
K

K

W
Unified Soil Classification System
American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO)
The International Soil Classification System
American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM)
Bureau of Soils (USDAF

W



KE{F
0.002 {mm
K mm
mm{
K200

Particle Size Distribution of Soil {

WK
- -


Sieve Analysis Test K

Hydrometer Analysis Test K
EF
E
F mm{
KK

WE.3F

Particles Size Classification

2.0 mm < Gravel Gravel

0.074 mm < Sand < 2.0 mm Sand

0.002 mm < Silt < 0.074 mm Silt

Clay < 0.002 mm Clay

Sieve Analysis Test {{

0.074 mm
E200FE4F
KE1.3FPan
KE2.3F

- -


WE2.3F

SIEVE NO. OPENINGEMMF
4 4.750
10 2.000
20 0.850
40 0.425
60 0.250
80 0.180
100 0.150
140 0.106
200 0.074

EFEF
EFEFWWE1.3F

K

K
- -


K
KE100 %F
K


Hydrometer Analysis TestEF {{
E200F
E{F K
K
E t FE L FE F
W

L
= E1.3F
t

WStoke 's law

s w 2
= D E2.3F
18
W
= s
= w
=
= D
E1.3FE2.3F s = G s w

W

- -


30 L
D= E3.3F
(Gs 1) w t
WE3.3F
D (mm) ( gm. sec/ cm )
2
w ( gm / cm ) 3
L (cm) t (min)

EAtkins, H. N.- 1983FWE{F

WE3K3F

L
D=K E4.3F
t
W
30
K= E5.3F
(Gs 1) w

- -


EF K
K

Particle Size Distribution Curve {{
Particle Size Distribution Curve

KE3K3F

E1.3FE3K3FK
W

100

80

60

40

20

0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

mm

WE3.3F

2%ZGravel

- -


45%ZSand
49%ZSilt
4%ZClay

KE4.3F
Kpoorly graded soil
Kwell graded soil

Kgap graded

100

Gap graded
80
Well graded

Poorly graded
60

40

20

0
1 0.1 0.01 0.001

mm

WE4.3F

W

Effective DiameterE D10% F E
10 %
K

- -


Uniformity CoefficientE Cu F E
60
E D10% F 10 %E D60% F %
W
D60%
Cu = E6.3F
D10%
D60% D10%
K2
Gradation CoefficientE C c F E
E D30% F30 %
W
D302 %
Cc = E7.3F
D10% D60%
1.0 1.0 C c
K
WE1.3F
W

EF
4 96.0
10 84.3
20 70.0
40 54.8
60 32.7
100 16.2
200 6.4
Pan 13.6

- -


W
K J
K D60% D30% D10% J
K C u J
K C c J

W
W





EF EF EF EF EF
95.07 4.93 4.93 19.7 4.750 4
84.37 15.63 10.70 42.8 2.000 10
65.32 34.68 19.05 76.2 0.850 20
33.2 66.80 32.12 128.5 0.425 40
6.13 93.87 27.07 108.3 0.250 60
3.00 97.00 3.13 12.5 0.15 100
0.90 99.10 2.10 8.4 0.074 200
0 100.00 0.90 3.6 Pan
100 400
KE5.3F J
W D60% D30% D10% J

D10% = 0.28 mm

D30% = 0.40 mm
D60% = 0.74 mm
W Cu J

- -


D60% 0.74
Cu = = = 2.64
D10% 0.28
W C c J
D302 % (0.40) 2
Cc = = = 0.77
D10% D60% 0.28 0.74

100
90
80

70
60

EF

50
40
30
20
10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01

E1.3FWE5.3F

Unified Soil Classification System {
K
W200
K
G 50 % 200
S 4
K2004
K
50 %200
W
- -


J ESiltF:M
J EClayF:C
EOrganic silt and clayF:O
J EPeatF:Pt
W
EWell gradedFWW
EPoorly gradedF:P
K50%EHigh plasticityF:H
K50%ELow plasticityF:L
W
W

ZGW
Z SP
ZCH
E3.3F
K


WE2.3F
W
70 %Z 4
38 %Z 200
42 %ZELLF
26 %ZEPLF

- -


W
WE.F
50 %200
K
K S50 %4
16 42 %E{F
KA%
Ksc

WE3K3F

- -


WE3K3F


EF


Cu
Cc
{

W
WE{F
50 %200
K
K G50 %4
KCcCu

- -


GW
K


Soil Classification using(AASHTO)System {
A-7 A-1
EA-7FEA-1FKE4.3F
KEA-2F
35%EF
EFKA-1 A-2A-3W
KA-7A-6A-5A-4 W 35%
E6.3FK
A-7 A-4
KA-2
E4.3F
K
W
WA-1
K
WA-2
K35%
K WA-3
K WA-5A-4
K WA-7A-6

- -


WGroup Index
E GI F
WK
K
K

W

GI = (F 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40 )] + 0.01(F 15)(PI 10 ) E8.3F

W
= F

= LL
= PI

K
K

WE4.3F

K20%35%45%E200F

WE{FW
35%45%E200F
KA-7A-6A-5A-4W
KA-6A-435%
W

- -


PI = LL PL = 35 20 = 15%
A-6
W
GI = (F 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40 )] + 0.01(F 15)(PI 10 )
GI = (45 35)[0.2 + 0.005(35 40 )] + 0.01(45 15)(15 10 )

= 10[0.2 + 0] + .01(30 )(5) = 3.5 4

A-6(4) W

WE{F

General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)

A-1 A-2
Group Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-3 A-2-4 A-2-5 A -2-6 A-2-7

Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm) 50 max - - - - - -
No.40( 0.425mm) 30max. 50max. 51max. - - - -
No. 200(0.075) 15max. 25max. 10max. 35max. 35max. 35max. 35max.

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit - - 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 6max. N.P. 10max. 10max. 11min. 11min.

Usual types of significant Stone fragments, Fine Silty or clayey gravel and sand
constituent materials gravel and sand sand

General rating as subgrade Excellent to good

- -


General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)

A-7
Group Classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5, A-7-6

Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm)
No.40( 0.425mm)
No. 200(0.075 mm) 36min. 36min. 36min. 36min.

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 10max 10max. 11min. 11min.

Usual types of significant Constituent materials Silty soils Clayey soils

General rating as subgrade Fair to poor

70

60

50

A-7-6
40

A-2-6
PI

30
A-6 A-2-7
20

A-7-5
10

A-4 A-2-4 A-2-5 A-5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

LL

WE6.3F

- -


WE5.3F



EF



LL
PL

WE{FW
35%15%E200F
K A-3A-2A-1W
A-340%E40F
KA-2A-1
KA-2-6A-2-434%
W

PI = LL PL = 34 22 = 12%

A-2-6
W

GI = (15 35)[0.2 + 0.005(34 40 )] + 0.01(15 15)(12 10 ) = 0

A-2-6(0)W

- -


Problems
W E

H

EgmF EgmF EinFEmmF
{ 565.07 1Y J
{ { 1/2Y J
{ { 1/4Y J
{ { 4.76 mm
{ { 2.00 mm
{ { 0.84 mm
{ { 0.42 mm
{ { 0.149 mm
{ { 0.074 mm
{ { Pan

W
K
Cu D10%
K C c
KEF E
BAAASHTO E

EF

B A



LL
PL

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

K

W
W
K
K
K
K

K
K

K

KW

W

W
W
K

K
K

- -


Introduction{

K

K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K

R. R. Proctor 1930
W
dry density ( d ) K
moisture content (w) K
compactive effortEF K
soil type K
K

K w = 0
K



K

K
E1.4FK
K

- -


Compaction Theory {

maximum dry density ( d max ) K

optimum moisture content (OMC )
K

WE1.4F

K


W
Standard Proctor Test K
Modified Proctor Test K
- -


Harvard Test K
Static Test K

KK
W


d = E1.4F
w
1+
100

KE2.4F

30

( d max )
20 Saturation line

10
OMC

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(%)

WE2.4F

K

- -


Standard Proctor Test {{

(OMC ) ( d max )
K
WmoldK2%
4 inZ101.6 mmZdiameter of mold
4.58 inZ116.43 mmZheight of mold
1 3
ft Z 943.3 cm Zvolume of mold
3

30
E3.4F
K

WE3.4F

- -


K30.5 cm 2.5 kg 25
WE F

W
= E2.4F
Vm

Z W W
Z Vm

E1.4F
K (OMC ) ( d max )

Modified Proctor Test {{

K
W
5Z
4.54 kgZ
45.72 cmZ
23 kN/m313 kN/m3
K20%10%

Saturation Line {{
E2.4F
Kzero air void line
E S = 100 % F

- -


K
K

W

w
zav = E3.4F
1
+w
Gs

K = zav W
K = w
K = Gs
K = w

WE1.4F
K E1.4F
K

E1.4FWE1.4F

EF EF
6.00 1847.71 1

8.00 2000.37 2

10.58 2163.13 3

12.90 2188.75 4

15.68 2097.81 5

17.78 2012.74 6

- -


W
Vm = 943.3 cm3
W
W
=
Vm

KE1.4F
gm/cm3 E2.4F
E4.4FkN/m3
W

d max = 20.43 kN / m 3

OMC = 11.40 %

E1.4FWE2.4F

(kN/m3) (kN/m3) (gm/cm3) (cm3) (gm) E F
18.13 19.22 1.96 943.30 1847.71 6.00 1

19.26 20.80 2.12 943.30 2000.37 8.00 2

20.34 22.50 2.29 943.30 2163.13 10.58 3

20.16 22.76 2.32 943.30 2188.75 12.89 4

18.86 21.82 2.22 943.30 2097.81 15.68 5

17.77 20.93 2.13 943.30 2012.74 17.78 6

- -


21.5

20.5

d
19.5
(kN / m )
3

18.5

17.5

16.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
w (%)

E1.4FWE4.4F


Factors Effecting Compaction {

W

W E

E5.4FK
WK

K

W E
- -


K
E6.4F
K
W

WE5.4F

- -


N b N l h Wh
E= E4.4F
Vm
= E W
= N b
= N l
= h
= Wh
= Vm
W


25 bowls / layer 3 layer 0.305 m 2.50 kg 9.81 m / s 2 1 kJ
E= 6
= 594.73 3
943.3 10 m 3
1000 m

( d max )

( d max )
d

OMC
OMC

w (%)

WE6.4F
W

- -


25 bowls / layer 5 layer 0.4572 m 4.54 kg 9.81 m / s
2
1 kJ
E= 6
= 2698.3 3
943.3 10 m 3
1000 m

K

W E

K
K
E7.4F w2 w1
KEOMCF
K

w1 w2 w (%)

WE7.4F

- -


Field Compaction {
K
K
W
Sand Cone Method K
Rubber Balloon Method K
Nuclear Method K
K

Equipments of Compaction in the Field {{

K
WK
Smooth-wheel rollers

K
K400 kN/m2 E8.4F

K
Pneumatic or rubber-tired rollers
80 %E9.4F
K
K
K700 kN/m2

- -


Sheepsfoot rollers
E10.4F
7000 kN/m2140012 %
K K

K
Vibratory rollers

KE11.4F
KE12.4F

WE8.4F

WE9.4F
- -


WE10.4F

WE11.4F

- -


WE12.4F

Sand Cone Method {{

E13.4F
K
E Wsoil F
KE sand FKE w F

W

- -


Wsand
Vhole = E5.4F
sand











WE13.4F

W

Wsoil
d = E6.4F
Vhole

W

Wsoil
Wdry soil = E7.4F
w
1+
100
KE6.4FE7.4F

- -


WE2.4F
W
sand = 1.46 gm / cm 3
Wsand = 468.7 gm

Wdry soil = 618.3 gm

W
Wsand 468.7
Vhole = = = 321.0 cm 3
sand 1.46

W dry soil 618.3
d = = = 1.93 gm / cm 3 19.3 kN / m 3
V hole 321.0


Relative Compaction (RC) {

K
W

d ( field )
RC (%) = 100 E8.4F
d max(lab )
W
= RC
= d ( field )
= d max(lab )

- -


Problems
1012.7 gm 19.85 kN/m3 E
KK992.3 gm

Efine-grained soilF E
W
KEpcfF J
KEkN/m3F J
K J
J

Dry Density vs. Water Content

120
Static Compaction
Standar Proctor

110 Harvard Miniature

Modified Proctor

100
Dry Density
pcf

90

80

70
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Water Content, (%)

- -


E
W

5 4 3 2 1
17.3 18.9 19.2 18.0 16.7 (kN / m 3 )
32.5 24.9 19.3 12.1 4.7 w (%)

K J
K J
15.7 kN/m3 J


97 % E
W
d max = 19.20 kN / m 3

OMC = 14.6 %
W
d field = 17.80 kN / m 3

w = 17.3 %
W
K J
J
J

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W
K
K
K
K
K

KW

W

KW

- -


:Introduction

K
K

K
K

K

K

E1.5F
W

h
i= E1.5F
L

W
= i
=h

= L
30 m3 km
W
h 30
i= = = 0.01
L 3 1000

- -


Darcy's Law {
E v F 1856
WE i F

v = ki E2.5F

E k F
KEWF
KE1.5F
K

WE1.5F


W
Q = k iA E3.5F
W
= Q
=k

- -


= i
= A

Assumptions of Darcy' s Law

W
homogenous soil K
laminar flow K
linear flow K

WE1.5F
K
k (m / s )
>10-2 Gravel

10-2-10-5 Sand
10-5-10-8 Silt

<10-8 Clay

- -


WE1.5F
300 m 6 10 3 m / s 2 m

9 m
K
W
K

A = 2 1 = 2 m 2
W
9
i= = 0.03
300

WE3.5F

Q = k iA
= 6 10 3 0.03 2 = 3.6 10 4 m 3 / s
m3 s hr
= 3.6 10 4 3600 24 = 31.10 m 3 / day per meter of layer width
s hr day

Measurement of permeability {
E k F
WK
E
E
K

- -


W {{
undisturbed sample
K
W
Constant head
test
Falling head
test
W
K K
K
K
K
K
K
WConstant head test

E{FK
K

K



L h

WE{F

- -


K

E t FE{F
W
Q = k i At E4.5F

E L FE i F
WE4.5FE1.5FE h F

h
Q=k At E5.5F
L
W
E5.5F

QL
k= (6.5)
Aht

WE2.5F

W
120 mmZ o
60 mmZ o
100 mmZ o
350 mlZ o
2 minZ o
KEm/sF

W
W
D 2
100 2
A= = = 7854 mm 2
4 4
W
- -


Q = 350 ml = 35000 mm 3

WE6.5F

QL 350000 120
k= = = 0.7427 mm / s = 7.43 10 4 m / s
Aht 7854 60 2 60
WFalling head test
E3.5F
K
K
K

h1
h2

WE3.5F

- -


h2 h1
K
W
aL h
k = 2.30 log10 1 E7.5F
At h2

W
=a

= A
= L
= h1
= h2

h2 h1 = t


WE3.5F

W
1350 mmZ o
550 mmZ o
140 mmZ o
100 mmZ o
5 mmZ o
3 minZ o
KEm/sF

W
W

- -


D2 100 2
A= = = 7854 mm 2
4 4
W
D2 52
a= = = 19.63 mm 2
4 4

WE7.5F

aL h 19.67 140 1350
k = 2.30 log10 1 = 2.30 log10
At h2 7854 3 60 550
= 1.744 10 3 mm / s
= 1.744 10 6 m / s
WEPumping Test F {{

K
KK
Epumping testF
casing pipeK
K
E4.5FEobservation wellsF

K

- -


r2
r1
EQF

h2
h1

WE4.5F

K


K

W

r
Q ln 2
k= r1 E8.5F
(
h2 h12
2
)
W
=k

= Q
= r1

= r2
= h1
= h2

- -


WE4.5F
11.20 m
6.20 m3/min
K2.48 m5.15 m
KEcm/sF 45.86 m4.33 m

W
h1 = 11.20 5.15 = 6.05 m

h2 = 11.20 2.48 = 8.72 m

W
6.20
Q = 6.20 m / min = = 0.1033 m / s
60

W(8.5F

r 45.86
Q ln 2 0.1033 ln
k= 1 =
r 4.33
( ) (
h22 h12 (8.72 )2 (6.05)2 )
3
= 1.97 10 m/s
= 1.97 10 5 cm / s

W Water Rise by Capillary Tube {

K

K

KE5K5F

- -


surface tensionweight of water

WK

d
T T

hc

E5K5F

2
u = d hc w :
4
dT cos W
W

d2
hc w = dT cos E9.5F
4

4T cos
hc = E10.5F
d w

W
= d
= hc
= w

- -


= T
=


WE5.5F
0.01 1.75 m
K10omm

W
W(10.5F

hc d w
T=
4 cos

1.75 0.01 10 3 9.81
= = 4.36 10 5 kN / m = 0.044 N / m
4 cos10

WEquivalent Permeability in Stratified Soil {

K

K
WE n FE6.5F
E H FW
(H 1 H2 H3 ... H n ) W

W
(k x1 k x2 k x3 ... k xn )

- -


W
(k z 1 k z2 k z 3 ... k zn )

k1x

H1
k1z

k2x

H2
k2z

k3x
H3 k3z
H
k...x
H ... k...z

knx
Hn
knz

WE6.5F

W k x

H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3 + ... + H n k xn
kx = E11.5F
H

W k z

H
kz = E12.5F
H1 H 2 H 3 H
+ + + ... + n
k z1 k z 2 k z 3 k zn

- -


WE6.5F

W
H1 = 3 m k1 = 80 10 6 m / sec
H2 = 5 m k 2 = 20 10 5 m / sec
H3 = 8 m k 3 = 65 10 6 m / sec

K

W
W k x

H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3
kx =
H1 + H 2 + H 3

3 80 10 6 + 5 20 10 5 + 8 65 10 6
kx = = 1.1 10 4 m / sec
3+5+8

W k z

H1 + H 2 + H 3
kz =
H1 H 2 H 3
+ +
k z1 k z 2 k z 3

3+5+8
kz = = 8.6 10 5 m / sec
3 5 8
+ +
80 10 6 20 10 5 65 10 6

- -


WFactors Affecting Soil Permeability {

WK
W K
K
W
K
K
W
K
K
W K
K
KW K
WProblems
2 % 2 10 4 m / s 2 m (

K
0.05 N / m 0.01 mm E
K 8 o
F E
K(Q

42 m
18 m EQF

5.4 m

2.2 m k = 4 10 3 m / s

16.5 m

- -


k = 8 10 3 cm / sec
3m

k = 4 10 2 cm / sec
2m

4m k = 2 10 4 cm / sec

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

K

W
W
K
K
K
K

KW

W

- -


:Introduction
W
(x, y, z ) KN/m2 L
y x

z
K
K

normal stress ( ) E1.6F

Kshear stresses ( )

zz

zy

zx
xy

xx
yx
x
xz
yz
yy

y

WE1.6F

- -


Stresses induced by the self weight of the soil {

K
K v
W

v = z E1.6F

K z

J J
K h E{F

z h h
z
v

WE2.6F

W

- -


v = z E2.6F
z w
W

u = w zw E3.6F

K 9.81 kN / m 3 w u


K
K
v
W

v =v u E4.6F

K

- -


WE{F

K E{F
K

2m
5m
3m Sand
( sand ) = 18.2 kN / m 3

4m
Clay
3
19 8 kN /

E1.6FWE3.6F

W
W (z = 2.0 m )
v = 2 18.2 = 36.40 kN / m 2
u=0 W
v = v u = 36.40 0 = 36.40 kN / m 2 W

W (z = 5.0 m )
v = 36.40 + 3 18.20 = 91.00 kN / m 2 W
u = 3 9.81 = 29.43 kN / m 2 W
v = v u = 91.00 29.43 = 61.57 kN / m 2 W

W (z = 7.0 m )
v = 91.00 + 2 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2 W
u = 29.43 + 2 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2 W

- -


v = v u = 130.60 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W

KE4.6F

2m

5m
3m

4m
130.60 kN/m2 49.05 kN/m2 81.55 kN/m2

) (z ) (z )) z
E1.6FWE4.6F

Total stress with a surface surcharge load {

K
K
K
q E5.6F
W

- -


v = z + q E5.6F

z
v

h h
v

WE5.6F

WE{F
E6.6F
K50 kN/m2

W
(z = 8.5 m )
W ()EF

v = q + ( v u )
= 50 + (2.5 17.5 + 6 19 5 9.81)
= 158.7 kN / m 2

- -


q = 50 kN/m2

2.5 m
Gravel = 17.5 kN / m 3

1.0 m

= 19.0kN / m 3
5.0 m Silt

E2.6FWE6.6F


Stresses in soil due to footing pressure {


2:1K
KEF
q
W

Q
q = (6.6)
( L + z )( B + z )

W
= Q
= L
= B
= z

- -


L
Q

1
z

2:1WE7K6F

W (6.6)

Q
q = (7.6)
(B + z) 2

- -


The Boussinesq method for soil stresses {

K
K
( X , Y , Z ) E8.6F
A K O P
K ( x , y , z ) (x, y, z )

x
O X

r y

Y R z
y z

x
Z

WE8.6F

W A

3P z 3
z = (8.6)
2 R 5
3x 2 z x2 y2 y 2 z
x =
P
5 (1 2 )
Rr 2 (R + z ) R 3 r 2
+ (9.6)
2 R
3y 2 z y2 x2 x 2 z
5 (1 2 ) 2
P
y = + 3 2 (10.6)
2 R Rr (R + z ) R r

- -


R = x2 + y2 + z2

r = x2 + y2
E8.6F
K{{Poisson' s ratio
(3.6F
500 kN
y x = 3 mm
K = 0.5 = 3m

W
r = x2 + y2
= 3 2 + 4 2 = 5.00 m
R = x2 + y2 + z2
= 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 7.07 m
W
3P z 3
z =
2 R 5
3 500 5 3
= = 1.69 kN / m 2
2 (7.07 )2

W = 0.5
3x 2 z
P
x = 5
2
R
500 33 2 5
x = = 0.61 kN / m 2
2 (7.07 )5
2
y = P 3 y 5 z
2 R
500 3 4 2 5
y = = 1.08 kN / m 2

2 (7.07 ) 5

- -


WProblems
W K

6m = 17.0 kN / m 3

= 19.0 kN / m 3
4m

K
K
EAFE v FE u FE v F
K

1m

5m = 19.5 kN / m 3 = 19.5 kN / m 3 = 19.5 kN / m 3

A A A

K kN K
K m

m2 K
6m kN
KW

- -


Q2 Q1 A K
K = 0.5 ZyK

Q2=1200 kN Q1=600 kN
3m 2m

4m

K
W

G s = 2.66
2m
e = 0.55

G s = 2.66
2m
e = 0.48

w = 34.65%

3m e = 2.74

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W

K

W
W
K
K
K
K

KW

W

- -


:Introduction

K
K

W





K
W
Earth pressure at rest E
Active earth pressure E
Passive earth pressure E

K

:Earth pressure at rest
z E1.7F
K h v
o K
W

o = K o v E1.7F

- -


K o K v = z

W 1.00.5

K o = 1 sin E2.7F

K

z v = z

h h

v
h = o = K o v

WE1.7F

KE2.7F H
W Po

1
Po = Ko H 2 E3.7F
2
K H
3

- -


:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure

K
K

1
H Po = K o H 2
2

H
3

K o H

WE2.7F

WActive pressure {{

E3.7FK
W a

- -


a = K a v 2c K a E4.7F

W K a c

1 sin
Ka = = tan 45 E5.7F
1 + sin 2

WE4.7F Pa

1
Pa = K a H 2 2cH K a E6.7F
2

z v = z

a a

v
a o

WE3.7F

- -


2c K a

zo

H
1
Pa = K a H 2 2cH K a
2

H zo
3

HK a 2c K a

WE4.7F
z o

W

2c
zo = E7.7F
Ka
W = 0

2c
zo = E8.7F


WPassive pressure {{

E5.7FK
W p

- -


v = z
z

p p

v p o

WE5.7F

p = K p v + 2c K p E9.7

W Kp

1 + sin
Kp = = tan 45 + (10.7)
1 sin 2

WE6.7F Pp

1
Pp = K p H 2 + 2cH K p E11.7F
2

- -


1
Pp = K p H 2 + 2cH K p
2

H
H
2
H
3

2c K p HK p

WE6.7F

KKE1.7F
KE7K7F

WE1.7F
KE8.7F
K

- -


K p K a WE1.7F

(o) Ka Kp
10 0.703 1.42
15 0.589 1.70
20 0.490 2.04
25 0.406 2.46
30 0.333 3.00
35 0.271 3.69
40 0.217 4.61
45 0.171 5.83

o
a

WE7K7F

W
W
K o = 1 sin
= 1 sin 30 = 0.50
W H = 3 m
o = K o v
= 0.50 17.0 3 = 25.5 kN / m 2

- -


= 17.0 kN / m 3
3m = 30 o
c=0

water level

sat = 19.5 kN / m 3
2m
= 30 o
c=0

E1.7FWE8.7F

W H = 5 m

o = 0.50 17.0 3 + 0.50 (19.5 9.81) 2 = 35.19 kN / m 2

W

u = 9.81 2 = 19.62 kN / m 2

KE9.7F


W
1
Po (1) = 3 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m
2

Po (2 ) = 2 25.5 = 51.00 kN / m

- -


1
Po (3) = 2 (35.19 25.5) = 9.69 kN / m
2

1
Po (4 ) = 2 19.62 = 19.62 kN / m
2

3m
Po (1)

Po (2 )
2m
Po (4 )
Po (3 )

E1.7FWE9.7F

W

Po = Po (1) + Po ( 2 ) + Po (3) + Po ( 4)

= 38.25 + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62 = 118.56 kN / m

W (h )

1 2 2 2
38.25 (3 + 2) + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62
3 2 3 3
h=
118.56
= 1.56 m

- -


WSoil surface sloping {{

K
E10.7F
W

1
Pa = K a H 2 (12.7)
2

W

cos cos 2 cos 2
K a = cos (13.7)
cos + cos 2 cos 2

K

1
Pa = K a H 2
2
H

H
3

WE10.7F

- -


W

cos + cos 2 cos 2
K p = cos (14.7)
cos cos 2 cos 2
WE2.7F
W5.5 m
= 35 o
c=0
= 17. kN / m 2

K
K = 10 o
W
W E

1 sin 1 sin 35
Ka = = = 0.271
1 + sin 1 + sin 35

1 + sin 1 + sin 35
Kp = = = 3.690
1 sin 1 sin 35

W

1 1
K a H 2 = 0.271 17 (5.5) = 69.68 kN / m
2
Pa =
2 2

W

1 1
K p H 2 = 3.690 17 (5.5) = 948.80 kN / m
2
Pp =
2 2

- -


K H = 1.83 m
3

W = 10 o E

cos cos 2 cos 2 cos10 cos 2 10 cos 2 35

K a = cos = cos10 = 0.282
cos + cos 2 cos 2 cos10 + cos 2 10 cos 2 35
W

1 1
K a H 2 = 0.282 17 (5.5) = 72.51 kN / m
2
Pa =
2 2

K H = 1.83 m
3

WSurcharges {{

q E11.7FK
W z

v = q + z (15.7)

- -


qK a

HK a

WE11.7F

W

1 sin
a = (q + z ) = (q + z )K a (16.7)
1 + sin

W H

1
Pa = H 2 K a + qHK a (17.7)
2

E11.7F
K
W

1
PP = H 2 K P + qHK P (18.7)
2

K q H

- -


WE3.7F
E12.7F
K

q = 450 kN / m 2

4m = 19 kN / m 3
= 30 o
c=0

E3.7FWE12.7F
W
W
1 sin 1 sin 30
Ka = = = 0.333
1 + sin 1 + sin 30

W

1 1
Pa = H 2 K a + qHK a = 19 4 2 0.333 + 450 4 0.333 = 650 kN / m
2 2

- -


W h

qK a = 150 kN / m 2

4m Pa = 650 kN / m

h = 1.95 m

HK a = 25.33 kN / m 2

4 1 4
150 4 + 25.33 4
h= 2 2 3 = 1.95 m
650

- -


WProblems
4.5 m K
KK

= 18.6 kN / m 3
4.5 m = 34 o
c=0

6.0 m K

K
K
EF

6.0 m

= 17.8 kN / m 3
= 10
c = 12 kPa

- -


KK K

q = 500 kN / m 2

= 17.5 kN / m 3
5.0 m = 32 o
c=0

W K
H = 4.5 m
= 18.0 kN / m 3

= 34 o
= 10 o
Pp = 320 kN Pa = 405 kN d H K

= 20 kN / m 3
H = 35 o

Pa = 405 kN
d
Pp = 320 kN

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K

W
W
K

K

K
K
K
K
K

KW

W

W

- -


WIntroduction {

K

K
K1.0 %0.5 %

K

K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K

K
K
K K
K K
K K
K K

K

WSubsurface Exploration Program {

WK
W E

- -


K
WK
K
K

K

K
K
K


K

K
K

K
W E
WK
K
K
K
K
K
W E
K

- -


K
K

K
W E
K
K
K

WSoil Borings Methods {

K

W {{

KEtest pitF
KE1.8F
E F

K
Ehand augersFW

K
K
KE2.8FK

- -


W {{

W

WE1.8F











WE2.8F

- -


WRotary Drilling K

FK
E

K

EbitF
KE3.8F

WE3.8F

Ksampler

- -


WWash Boring K
K

3.5 m2.0EcasingF
K
K

KE4.8FK

WE4.8F
EBowles, J. E. - 1997F

K
K
WPercussion Drilling K

- -


K
K
K

E5.8FK
K

WContinuous-Flight Auger K
K
KK

E5.8F

- -


WSoil Sampling {

K
EFW K
Kundisturbed sampleEFdisturbed sample

Wdisturbed sampleEF {{
K
K

K
K

K

Wundisturbed sampleEF {{

K
K
W

K

K

K

- -


WK

WSplit-Spoon Method
E6.8FK
K

K1.5 m
0.762 m623 N
45 cm
K
15 cm
Kstandard penetration test (SPT)
K

- -


WE6.8F
(Das, B. M. - 1993)
WShelby Tubes Method
Thin Wall Tube
76.2 mm50.8 mm60 cm
KE7.8F


K
K

- -


WE7.8F
(Das, B. M. - 1993)

WPiston Sampler

E8.8F
K

K
K


WDegree of Sample Disturbance {

K

WK

- -


Hole

sampler

sample
piston

WE8.8F



D D
2 2
Ar = o
100
i
E1.8F
Di2


W
= Ar

= Do

= Di

- -


K10%

WE1.8F

K50.8 mm47.7 mm

W
W

D D
2 2
Ar = o
100
i

Di2

=
(50.8)2 (47.7 )2 = 13.42 %
(47.7 )2
K


WField Tests {

- -


WSubsurface Profile {


K

E9K8FK
K

E11.8FKE10.8F
K

WE9.8F
EF

- -


( )

( )

WE10.8F

- -


WE11.8F

- -


WSoil Investigation Report {

K

K


WK
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
K E
W E
K

K

K

K
K

- -


Water Content TestW

W
0.01 gm
110 o C 5 o C

W
K
K W1
K W2 K
110 o C 105 o C K
K2412
K
K W3

W
Ws Ww
W
Ww
w(%) = 100
Ws
W

W2 W3
w(%) = 100
W3 W1

- -


H
EF
H
EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

- -


W
Liquid Limit Test

W
KCassagrande K
0.01 gm K
110 o C 5 o C K
K
K
40 K
K
K

W
K
K1 cm
K K
40100-150 gm .

K

K

K
.

KK
- -


K
K


W

W

W2 W3
w(%) = 100
W3 W1
W
= W1
H = W2
H = W2

- -


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW



EFH
EFH
EF
EF
EF
EF
(NF
w %

10 25 100

- -


Plastic Limit TestW

W
K
0.01 gm K
110 o C 5 o C K
K
K
40 K
K
K
W
40 15 gm K
K
EF K
K 1 ( 3 mm )
8
K K
K K
W
K
PL1 + PL2 + PL3
PL =
3

K

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

- -


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKKKKW

EFH

EFH

EF

EF

( )

PLEF

- -


Grain Size Distribution W

Sieve Analysis Test J
W
K
0.1 gm K
110 o C 5 o C K
K
K

W
K K
K K
500 gm K
K
K
K
K K
E5FE1F K
K
W
100 E F =
=
K
J 100% =

- -


KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKW

+


(%) (%) () ()
(%) () ()
25.40 -

12.70 -

6.35 -

4.75 4

2.00 10

0.850 20

0.425 40

0.15 100

0.074 200

Pan

- -


Grain Size Distribution W

Hydrometer Analysis Test J
W
K
K
K
0.1 gm K
110 o C 5 o C K
K
K
K
K
K

W
200 50 gm K
K
125 ml250 ml K
. 16 4%
K
K
K 15 K
K
K1000 ml
E F K

K
- -


K K
K

K2520
1440, 250, 60, 30, 15, 5W
K

K
K
K
K
K0.01 gm K
EF K
K
K
.0.01 gm

KEFEF K

W
WE

30n
D= (Gs GT ) L
980 T
L
=K
T
:
EmmF =D

EpoisesF =n

= Gs

- -


KE1F = GT

EminF =T

=K

KE2F
KE3F =L

WE

G 100000
N= s (R GT )
Gs 1 ws

:
E%F =N

= Gs

KE1F = GT

= ws

=R

- -


WEF

o
C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 0.9999 0.9997 0.9982 0.9957 0.9922 0.9881 0.9832 0.9778 0.9718 0.9653

1 0.9999 0.9996 0.9980 0.9954 0.9919 0.9876 0.9827 0.9772 0.9712 0.9647

2 1.000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9951 0.9915 0.9872 0.9822 0.9767 0.9706 0.9640

3 1.000 0.9994 0.9976 0.9947 0.9911 0.9867 0.9817 0.9761 0.9699 0.9633

4 1.000 0.9993 0.9973 0.9944 0.9907 0.9862 0.9811 0.9755 0.9693 0.9626

5 1.000 0.9991 0.9971 0.9941 0.9902 0.9857 0.9806 0.9749 0.9686 0.9619

6 1.000 0.9990 0.9968 0.9937 0.9808 0.9852 0.9800 0.9743 0.9680 0.9612

7 0.9999 0.9988 0.9965 0.9934 0.9894 0.9848 0.9795 0.9737 0.9673 .9605

8 0.9999 0.9986 0.9963 0.9930 0.9890 0.9842 0.9789 0.9731 0.9667 0.9598

9 0.9998 0.9984 0.9960 0.9926 0.9885 0.9838 0.9784 0.9724 0.9660 0.9591

- -


K WEF

K ( Gs )

E oC F 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85

16 0.01510 0.01505 0.01481 0.01457 0.01435 0.01414 0.01394 0.01374 0.01356

17 0.01511 0.01486 0.01462 0.01439 0.01417 0.01396 0.01376 0.01356 0.01338

18 0.01492 0.01467 0.01443 0.01421 0.01399 0.01378 0.01359 0.01339 0.01321

19 0.01474 0.01449 0.01425 0.01403 0.01382 0.01361 0.01342 0.01323 0.01305

20 0.01456 0.01431 0.01408 0.01386 0.01365 0.01344 0.01325 0.01307 0.01289

21 0.01438 0.01414 0.01391 0.01369 0.01348 0.01328 0.01309 0.01291 0.01273

22 0.01421 0.01397 0.01374 0.01353 0.01332 0.01312 0.01294 0.01276 0.01258

23 0.01404 0.01381 0.01358 0.01337 0.01317 0.01297 0.01279 0.01261 0.01243

24 0.01388 0.01365 0.01342 0.01321 0.01301 0.01282 0.01264 0.01246 0.01229

25 0.01372 0.01349 0.01327 0.01306 0.01286 0.01267 0.01249 0.01232 0.01215

26 0.01357 0.01334 0.01312 0.01291 0.01272 0.01253 0.01235 0.01218 0.01201

27 0.01342 0.01319 0.01297 0.01277 0.01258 0.01239 0.01221 0.01204 0.01188

28 0.01327 0.01304 0.01283 0.01264 0.01244 0.01225 0.01208 0.01191 0.01175

29 0.01312 0.01290 0.01269 0.01249 0.01230 0.01212 0.01195 0.01178 0.01162

30 0.01298 0.01276 0.01256 0.01236 0.01217 0.01199 0.01182 0.01165 0.01149

- -


:()
151H 152H

L, cm L, cm L, cm
1.000 16.3 0 16.3 39 9.9
1.001 16.0 1 16.1 40 9.7
1.002 15.8 2 16.0 41 9.6
1.003 15.5 3 15.8 42 9.4
1.004 15.2 4 15.6 43 9.2
1.005 15.0 5 15.5 44 9.1
1.006 14.7 6 15.3 45 8.9
1.007 14.4 7 15.2 46 8.8
1.008 14.2 8 15.0 47 8.6
1.009 13.9 9 14.8 48 8.4
1.010 13.7 10 14.7 49 8.3
1.011 13.4 11 14.5 50 8.1
1.012 13.1 12 14.3 51 7.9
1.013 12.9 13 14.2 52 7.8
1.014 12.6 14 14.0 53 7.6
1.015 12.3 15 13.8 54 7.4
1.016 12.1 16 13.7 55 7.3
1.017 11.8 17 13.5 56 7.1
1.018 11.5 18 13.3 57 7.0
1.019 11.3 19 13.2 58 6.8
1.020 11.0 20 13.0 59 6.6
1.021 10.7 21 12.9 60 6.5
1.022 10.5 22 12.7
1.023 10.2 23 12.5
1.024 10.0 24 12.4
1.025 9.7 25 12.2
1.026 9.4 26 12.0
1.027 9.2 27 11.9
1.028 8.9 28 11.7
1.029 8.6 29 11.5
1.030 8.4 30 11.4
1.031 8.1 31 11.2
1.032 7.8 32 11.1
1.033 7.6 33 10.9
1.034 7.3 34 10.7
1.035 7.0 35 10.6
1.036 6.8 36 10.4

- -


Compaction Tests
W
W
EF


20 kg
0.1 gm
110 o C 5 o C

- -


Standard Proctor Test J W

W
K15 kg K
K K
EF K
K
K K
K K
5 cm K
K7 cm
30.5 cm2.5 kg K
K
K
KEF
K

KEF
K
K
K K
K K
K K
EFEF K
K

- -


Modified Proctor Test J W

W
K EFEF K
K K
45.72 cm4.54 kg K
K
K
KEF
K K
.EFEF K
K
K
W
maximum dry density ( d max )
optimum moisture content (OMC )
WK

Ws
d =
V
W
=
w
V 1 +
100
:
= Ws

=V

=W

=w

- -


KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKWKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKW KKKKKKKKKW



( )+

EF
EF
EkN/m3F
EkN/m3F

EF
EF
EFH
EFH
( )

EF
EF

- -


References

??EF K
K
? ? EF K
K
K??EF K

Atkinsom, J. (1993), An Introduction to the Mechanics of Soils and .
Foundations, McGraw-Hill Inc.
Atkins, H. N. (1983), Highway Materials, Soils, and Concretes, 2nd Edition, .
Prentice-Hall Company, Virginia.
Bowles, J. E. (1997) Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill Inc. .
Das, B. M. (1993) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 3rd Edition, .
PWS Publishing Company, Boston.
Lambe, T. W. & Whitman, R. V. (1969) Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & .
Sons Inc., New York.
Smith, G. N. & Smith, I. G. (1998) Elements of Soil Mechanics, 7th Edition, .
Blackwell Science.
Spangler, M. G. & Handy, R. L. (1982), Soil Engineering, 4th .
Edition, Happer & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York.

- -


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