Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit 1 Living Things PDF
Unit 1 Living Things PDF
Unit 1 Living Things PDF
&ODVV
6FKRRO
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOLYLQJWKLQJV
,QQDWXUHWKHUHDUHQRQOLYLQJWKLQJVOLNHURFNV
DLURUZLQGDQGOLYLQJWKLQJVOLNHSHRSOHDQLPDOV
DQGSODQWV:HFDQUHFRJQL]HOLYLQJWKLQJVEHFDXVH
WKH\KDYHWKHIROORZLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFRPPRQ
7KH\DUHERUQ
7KH\HDW$OOOLYLQJWKLQJVQHHGWRHDW
7KH\JURZ
7KH\UHSURGXFH
7KH\GLH
/LIHSURFHVVHV
1875,7,21 6(16,9,7<
7KH\DUHSURFHVVHVWKDWOLYLQJWKLQJVGR
LQRUGHUWRVXUYLYH7KHUHDUHWKUHHIXQFWLRQV
1XWULWLRQ
5(352'8&7,21 5HODWLRQ
5HSURGXFWLRQ
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 1
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
1XWULWLRQLVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVQRXULVK
WKHLUERGLHVZLWKIRRGWKLVIRRGFRQWDLQVQXWULHQWVZKLFKDUHVXEVWDQFHVWKDW
JLYHXVHQHUJ\
6HQVLYLW\LVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVFDSWXUH
ZKDWRFFXUVDURXQGWKHPDQGUHDFWWRLW
5HSURGXFWLRQLVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJV
SURGXFHRWKHUOLYLQJWKLQJVZLWKPDQ\VLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
7KURXJKUHSURGXFWLRQQHZOLYLQJWKLQJVUHSODFHWKHOLYLQJWKLQJVWKDWKDYH
GLHG
$GRJIHHGLQJ1XWULWLRQVWDUWVZLWK
IHHGLQJ 5HODWLRQ3ODQWVEORRPLQ6SULQJ 5HSURGXFWLRQDOORZVOLIHWRFRQWLQXH
$OOOLYLQJWKLQJVKDYHWKHVDPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KH\DUHERUQHDWJURZ
UHODWHUHSURGXFHDQGGLH
/LYLQJWKLQJVGRWKUHHOLIHSURFHVVHVQXWULWLRQVHQVLYLW\DQG
UHSURGXFWLRQ
1XWULWLRQLVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVQRXULVK
WKHLUERGLHVZLWKIRRG
6HQVLYLW\LVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVFDSWXUH
ZKDWRFFXUVDURXQGWKHPDQGUHDFWWRLW
5HSURGXFWLRQLVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVSURGXFHRWKHU
OLYLQJWKLQJVZLWKPDQ\VLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 2
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
$&7,9,7,(6
$QVZHUWKHVHTXHVWLRQV
1DPHFRPPRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIOLYLQJWKLQJV
:KDWLVWKHQXWULWLRQ"
:KDWDUHWKHWKUHHIXQFWLRQVLQOLYLQJWKLQJV"
:KDWGRHVIRRGFRQWDLQ"
:KDWGRZHXVHLQRUGHUWRUHODWHZKLFKVXUURXQGXV"
:KDWGRHVIXQFWLRQRIUHSURGXFWLRQFRQVLVWRQ"
/RRNDWWKHSKRWRJUDSKVDQGZULWHZKDWYLWDOIXQFWLRQLWLV
&RPSOHWHWKHIROORZLQJVHQWHQFHV
D LVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVFDSWXUHZKDWRFFXUV
DURXQGWKHP
E ,QQDWXUHWKHUHDUHQRQOLYLQJWKLQJVOLNHURFNVDLURUZLQGDQGOLNH
SHRSOHDQLPDOVDQGSODQWV
F LVWKHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVSURGXFHRWKHUOLYLQJWKLQJV
ZLWKPDQ\VLPLODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
G /LYLQJWKLQJVGRQXWULWLRQUHODWLRQDQGUHSURGXFWLRQ
:ULWHDQH[DPSOHRIRQHYLWDOIXQFWLRQDQGPDNHDGUDZLQJ
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 3
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
:KDWLVWKHFHOO"
/LYLQJWKLQJVDUHFRPSRVHGRIDJUHDWQXPEHURI
YHU\VPDOOHOHPHQWVLQYLVLEOHWRWKHKXPDQH\H
ZKLFKDUHFDOOHGFHOOV(DFKRQHRIWKHVHFHOOVLVDOLYH
7KHFHOOLVWKHVPDOOHVWSDUWWKDWFRPSRVHVOLYLQJ
WKLQJV :HFDQRQO\ORRNFHOOVE\XVLQJD
PLFURVFRSH
,QRUGHUWRREVHUYHFHOOVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRXVH
DQDSSDUDWXVFDOOHGDPLFURVFRSH
6RPHOLYLQJWKLQJVDUHIRUPHGE\RQO\RQHFHOO
7KHVHFHOOVDUHFDOOHGXQLFHOOXODURUJDQLVPVDQGFDQ
RQO\EHVHHQZLWKDPLFURVFRSH2WKHUOLYLQJWKLQJV
DUHIRUPHGE\PDQ\FHOOVDQGDUHFDOOHG
PXOWLFHOOXODURUJDQLVPV
&HOOVDUHDOLYHWKH\SHUIRUPWKH
OLIHSURFHVVHVDQGDUHGLIIHUHQW
3DUWVRIWKHFHOO
,QWKHFHOOWKHUHDUHWKUHHGLIIHUHQWSDUWV
0HPEUDQH7KHPHPEUDQHVXUURXQGVWKHFHOODQGVHSDUDWHVWKHFHOO
IURPWKHH[WHULRU
1XFOHXV7KHQXFOHXVLVWKHSDUWWKDWFRQWUROVWKHFHOO
&\WRSODVP7KHF\WRSODVPLVWKHVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHQXFOHXV
DQGWKHPHPEUDQH,WLVWKHOLTXLGSDUWRIWKHFHOO
3ODQWFHOOVKDYHDKDUGDQGULJLGZDOORQWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHPHPEUDQH
FDOOHGWKHFHOOZDOO)RUWKLVUHDVRQVRPHSODQWVKDYHDKDUGVWHP
PHPEUDQH ZDOO
PHPEUDQH
F\WRSODVP
F\WRSODVP
QXFOHXV
QXFOHXV
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 4
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
2UJDQLVDWLRQRI/LYLQJ7KLQJV:
,QPXOWLFHOOXODURUJDQLVPVWKHFHOOVDUHRUJDQL]HG
DVIROORZV
&HOOVIRUPWLVVXHV7KHWLVVXHVDUHIRUPHG 2UJDQ
E\VLPLODUFHOOV)RUH[DPSOHDPXVFXODUWLVVXHLV
IRUPHGE\WKHMRLQLQJRIQXPHURXVPXVFXODUFHOOV
7LVVXH
7LVVXHVIRUPRUJDQV2UJDQVDUHIRUPHGE\
&HOO
YDULRXVWLVVXHVWKDWSHUIRUPWKHVDPHIXQFWLRQ)RU
H[DPSOHWKHKHDUWDQGNLGQH\VDUHRUJDQV
2UJDQVIRUPV\VWHPV6\VWHPVDUH
IRUPHGE\RUJDQV)RUH[DPSOHWKHGLJHVWLYHV\VWHP
LVFRPSRVHGRIRUJDQVVXFKDVWKHVWRPDFKOLYHUDQG
NLGQH\V
6\VWHP
7KHXQLRQRIDOORXUV\VWHPVIRUPDQ
RUJDQLVP$QRUJDQLVPLVWKHFRPSOHWHOLYLQJWKLQJ
2UJDQLVP
7KHFHOOLVWKHVPDOOHVWXQLWWKDWFRPSRVHVOLYLQJWKLQJV7KHUHDUH
XQLFHOOXODUDQGPXOWLFHOOXODURUJDQLVPV
,QWKHFHOOWKHUHDUHWKUHHGLIIHUHQWSDUWVPHPEUDQHQXFOHXVDQG
F\WRSODVP3ODQWFHOOVKDYHULJLGDQGKDUGZDOOV
$OOOLYLQJWKLQJVDUHIRUPHGE\FHOOV&HOOVDUHJURXSHGLQWRWLVVXHVWLVVXHV
LQWRRUJDQVDQGRUJDQVDUHJURXSHGLQWRV\VWHPV$QRUJDQLVPLVD
FRPSOHWHOLYLQJWKLQJ
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 5
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
$&7,9,7,(6
$QVZHU
:KDWLVDFHOO"
:KDWDSSDUDWXVGRZHXVHWRREVHUYHDFHOO"
'RFHOOVSHUIRUPWKHYLWDOIXQFWLRQV"
:KDWIRUPWKHXQLRQRIDOORXUV\VWHPV"
'UDZDQDQLPDODQGSODQWFHOORQ\RXUQRWHERRNDQGZULWHWKHLUSDUWV
3XWLQRUGHUIURPWKHPRVWVLPSOHWRFRPSOH[
WLVVXH RUJDQLVP FHOO RUJDQ V\VWHP
:KDWLVLW":ULWH
,WVXUURXQGVWKHFHOODQGVHSDUDWHVWKHFHOO
IURPWKHH[WHULRU
,WLVWKHOLTXLGSDUWRIWKHFHOO
,WLVWKHSDUWWKDWPDQDJHVDOOWKHIXQFWLRQVRIWKH
FHOO
7KH.LQJGRPVRI/LYLQJ7KLQJV
/LYLQJWKLQJVDUHFODVVLILHGE\VFLHQWLVWVLQODUJHJURXSVFDOOHGNLQJGRPV$OO
OLYLQJWKLQJVWKDWEHORQJWRWKHVDPHNLQJGRPVKDUHVRPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZKLFK
GLIIHUHQWLDWHWKHPIURPOLYLQJWKLQJVLQRWKHUNLQJGRPV
7KHUHDUHILYHNLQJGRPVWKDWH[LVW7KHPDLQNLQJGRPVDUHDVIROORZV
7KHDQLPDONLQJGRP
7KHSODQWNLQJGRP
7KHIXQJLNLQJGRP
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 6
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
7KH$QLPDO.LQJGRP
$QLPDOVDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVIROORZV
7KH\DUHPXOWLFHOOXODU
7KH\HDWRWKHUOLYLQJWKLQJV
7KHPRYHIURPRQHSODFHWRDQRWKHU
7KH\KDYHQHUYRXVV\VWHPVDQGILYH
VHQVHV
2QHRIWKHPDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDQLPDOVLV
WKDWWKH\FDQPRYH
7KH3ODQW.LQJGRP
3ODQWVKDYHWKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
7KH\DUHPXOWLFHOOXODU
7KH\PDNHWKHLURZQIRRGXVLQJWKHVXQOLJKW
DQGRWKHUVXEVWDQFHVIURPWKHVRLO
7KH\DUHIL[HGLQWKHJURXQG
3ODQWVGRQRWKDYHVHQVHVQRUGRWKH\KDYH
QHUYRXVV\VWHPVVRWKH\UHDFWVORZO\WRWKHLU
3ODQWVPDNHWKHLURZQIRRGZLWK HQYLURQPHQWV)RUH[DPSOHPDQ\SODQWVGLUHFW
QXWULHQWVWKH\JHWIURPWKHVRLODQG
WKURXJKDSURFHVVFDOOHG WKHLUOHDYHVWRZDUGVWKHOLJKW
SKRWRV\QWKHVLV
7KH)XQJXV.LQJGRP
)XQJLDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVIROORZV
0RVWRIWKHPDUHPXOWLFHOOXODUDIHZDUH
XQLFHOOXODU
7KH\HDWWKHUHPDLQVRIOLYLQJWKLQJVDVLQ
WKH\GRQRWSURGXFHWKHLURZQIRRG
7KH\DUHIL[HGLQRQHSODFH
)XQJLHDWWKHUHPDLQVRIOLYLQJDQGDUH
IL[HGLQRQHSODFH
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 7
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
$&7,9,7,(6
:ULWHVRPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDERXWWKHGLIIHUHQWNLQJGRPVDQLPDOSODQWDQG
IXQJXV
&RS\WKLVWDEOHRQ\RXUQRWHERRNOLVWHQDQGZULWH<HVRU1R
$1,0$/6 3/$176 )81*,
7KH\FDQPRYH
7KH\HDWRWKHU
OLYLQJWKLQJV
7KH\DUHIL[HGLQ
WKHJURXQG
7KH\PDNHWKHLU
RZQIRRG
5HDGDQGLGHQWLI\WKHNLQJGRP
$OPRVWDOORIWKHPDUHFDSDEOHRIPRYLQJIURPRQHSODFHWRDQRWKHU
7KH\PDNHWKHLURZQIRRG
7KH\HDWWKHUHPDLQVRIOLYLQJWKLQJV
7KH\KDYHDQHUYRXVV\VWHPDQGWKHILYHVHQVHV
7KH\OLYHLQZDWHUDQGPDNHWKHLURZQIRRG
&RS\DQGFRPSOHWHWKHWH[W
7+(.,1*'206
:HFODVVLI\OLYLQJWKLQJVLQGLIIHUHQWJURXSVFDOOHG7KH
.LQJGRPLVWKHELJJHVWNLQJGRPDQLPDOVHDWRWKHUOLYLQJDQG
FDQIURPRQHSODFHWRDQRWKHU+RZHYHULQWKH3ODQW.LQJGRPSODQWV
PRYHEHFRXVHWKH\DUHIL[HGLQWKH7KH\DOVRPDNHWKHLURZQ
7KHWKLUG.LQJGRPLVWKH.LQJGRPDQGLWVRUJDQLVPVDUH
FKDUDFWHUL]HGEHFDXVHWKH\HDWWKHRIRWKHUOLYLQJWKLQJVDQGDUHIL[HG
LQRQH
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 8
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
&ODVVLI\OLYLQJWKLQJVDQGQRQOLYLQJWKLQJV0DNH\RXURZQOLVW
PHWDOOLRQURVHEXVKSDOPIXQJLSODVWLFVWRQHFDUXPEUHOOD
NDQJDURRJRDWVZDQSULQWHUQXWVRDNFDWWDEOHSLQHSHQ
EDVNHWEDOOERDUGEXWWHUIO\EHHWOHDSSOHWUHHWXOLSDOJDHSHQFLO
)LQGOLYLQJWKLQJVRIWKHEHIRUHDFWLYLW\
5 2 6 ( % 8 6 + : * + $ 3
1 0 $ 3 3 / ( 7 5 ( ( * 2
) 7 1 & 2 ; % 1 ' ) 5 $ :
1 - * 2 $ 7 3 7 < 1 8 ( 3
, & $ 7 . / $ ) ) 8 1 * ,
; ' 5 9 7 8 / , 3 7 ( : 1
4 $ 2 ; = & 0 9 % 6 0 1 (
7 < 2 - + / , 6 : $ 1 5 (
% ( ( 7 / ( : ( ' * ) 9 &
'LFWDWLRQ/LVWHQWR\RXUWHDFKHUDQGZULWHRQ\RXUQRWHERRN
0DWFKDQGZULWHRQ\RXUQRWHERRN
)XQJLDUHQRWDQLPDOVEHFDXVH WKH\DUHERUQJURZUHSURGXFHDQGGLH
)XQJLDUHOLYLQJWKLQJVEHFDXVH WKH\GRQRWPDNHWKHLURZQIRRG
)XQJLDUHQRWSODQWVEHFDXVH WKH\FDQQRWPRYH
7KLQN$QVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQ
&RXOG\RXILQGSODQWVLQVLGHDFDYH"
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 9
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
:KHUHFDQ\RXILQGPRUHDQLPDOV"([SODLQZK\
&RS\DQGFRPSOHWHWKHVHRXWOLQHV
/,9,1*7+,1*6
GHYHORSWKUHH DUHFRPSRVHGRI DUHJURXSHGLQ
YLWDOIXQFWLRQV
WKDWIRUP WKH\DUH
3ODQW
.LQJGRP
WKDWIRUP
WKDWIRUP
V\VWHPV
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 10
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
.,1*'206
IRUH[DPSOH IRUH[DPSOH IRUH[DPSOH
6ROYHWKLVFURVVZRUG
1
2
3
4 5
6
7 8
9 10 11
12
EclipseCrossword.com
$&5266
7KHVPDOOHVWSDUWWKDWFRPSRVHVOLYLQJWKLQJV
7KH\DUHIRUPHGE\VLPLODUFHOOVWKDWSHUIRUPWKHVDPHIXQFWLRQ
7KHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVSURGXFHRWKHUOLYLQJWKLQJV
7KHSURFHVVWKURXJKZKLFKOLYLQJWKLQJVFDSWXUHZKDWRFFXUVDURXQGWKHP
7KHKDUGDQGULJLGSDUWLQSODQWFHOOV
'2:1
1RQOLYLQJWKLQJV
*URXSVWKDWOLYLQJWKLQJVDUHFODVVLILHGLQ
$W\SHRIIXQJXV
8QLFHOOXODUOLYLQJWKLQJVZKLFKFDQOLYHLQGLIIHUHQWPHGLXPV
7KH\PDNHWKHLURZQIRRG
$.LQJGRPRIOLYLQJWKLQJVWKDWOLYHVLQZDWHUDQGPDNHVLWVRZQIRRG
7KHSDUWWKDWPDQDJHVDOOWKHIXQFWLRQVRIWKHFHOO
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 11
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
0DNLQJDSURMHFW
&KRVHEHWZHHQDQDQLPDORUSODQWFHOO
0DNHDVNHWFKRUURXJKGUDIWRI\RXUFHOO
&KRRVHWKHPDWHULDOVWKDW\RXZLOOQHHGLQRUGHUWRPDNH\RXUSURMHFWVSKHUHVEXWWRQV
PDUEOHVPDFDURQLJOLWWHUWRRWKSLFNVHWF
&KRRVHWKHEDVHWKDW\RXZLOOXVHWRWRSODFHDOORIWKHSDUWVRIWKHFHOORQDER[YLQ\O
FDUGERDUGHWF
0DNH\RXURZQFHOO
'HFRUDWHLW3UHVHQWLWWRWKHFODVV
(QMR\PDNLQJ\RXUFHOO
:KDWFDQ\RXGR"&URVVU
+HOORP\IULHQGV5HDG
DQGZULWHDFURVV
'R\RXUHFRJQL]HDQGXQGHUVWDQGRUDOH[SUHVVLRQVDQG
ZRUGVUHODWHGWR/LYLQJDQG1RQOLYLQJWKLQJV"
5HFRQRFHVSDODEUDV\H[SUHVLRQHVRUDOHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQORV
VHUHVYLYRVHLQHUWHV"
&DQ\RXUHDGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWOLYLQJWKLQJVWKHLU
FRPSRVLWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVNLQJGRPVDQGXQGHUVWDQG
WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLQIRUPDWLRQ"
3XHGHVOHHULQIRUPDFLyQVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRVVXFRPSRVLFLyQ
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV5HLQRV\FRPSUHQGHUODLQIRUPDFLyQPiV
UHOHYDQWH"
&DQ\RXVSHDNDERXWOLYLQJWKLQJVDQGWKHPDLQ
.LQJGRPV"
3XHGHVKDEODUVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRV\ORVSULQFLSDOHVUHLQRV"
'R\RXWDONWR\RXUFODVVPDWHVDERXWWKHGLIIHUHQWOLYLQJ
WKLQJV"
+DEODVFRQWXVFRPSDxHURVDVDFHUFDGHORVGLIHUHQWHVVHUHV
YLYRV"
&DQ\RXZULWHDQGPDNHSURMHFWVDERXWOLYLQJWKLQJVDQG
KRZWRWDNHFDUHRIWKHP"
3XHGHVHVFULELU\UHDOL]DUSUR\HFWRVVREUHORVVHUHVYLYRV\
FyPRFXLGDUGHHOORV"
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 12
%LOLQJXDOPDWHULDOWKOHYHORI3ULPDU\
(GXFDWLRQ
%\0LJXHO$&DER6iQFKH]0$&6 13