Conditions for turbulence

When the flow rate of water in a garden hose is measured using the bucket-and-stopwatch method,
it takes 75 seconds to fill a 5-litre bucket. If the inner diameter of the hose is 15 mm and the density
and viscosity of the water are approximately 1000 kg m3 and 1.0 cP, respectively, is flow in the
hose laminar or turbulent?

A 5-cm-diameter wooden spoon is used to stir chicken consomm in a saucepan using a regular
circular motion at a speed of 1.5 revolutions per second. At the temperature used to warm the
broth, the liquid density is 970 kg m3 and the viscosity is 0.45 cP. In this unbaffled system, turbulent
flow occurs at impeller Reynolds numbers above about 105. Is flow in the saucepan likely to be
turbulent?

Rheology of fermentation broth

The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans is used to produce an extracellular polysaccharide by
fermentation of sucrose. After a 120-hour fermentation, measurements of shear stress and shear
rate are made using a rotating cylinder viscometer.

Shear stress (dyn cm2) Shear rate (s1)

44.1 10.2
235.3 170
357.1 340
457.1 510
636.8 1020

a. Plot the rheogram for this fluid.

b. Determine the appropriate non-Newtonian parameters.
c. Estimate the apparent viscosity at shear rates of:
i. 15 s1
ii. 200 s1