Observation Recording/Reporting

Observations

Bubbles of gas given off.

Gas formed a white precipitate when bubbled, into limewater.
Ethanol burns with a wispy blue flame.

Recording

Neatly constructed table

Title self explanatory, in block capitals above table
Headings appropriate

Recording

Aim clearly stated

All apparatus and materials used, listed
Method includes all steps listed under procedure /task analysis
Neatly drawn line diagram of fractional, distillation apparatus
suitably labeled with title written below
Results accurately recorded
Discussion includes the role of enzymes in fermentation, suitable
equations and the reason for using fractional distillation to separate
ethanol from the fermentation mixture.

Manipulation /Measurement

Mastery of use of apparatus

Balance
-Getting the instrument to function correctly
-Reading the correct mass
Fractional distillation
-Assembling of apparatus
-Functioning of apparatus
 Burette
(a) Filling
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:

- The tip is filled,

- There are no air bubbles.
(b) Reading the burette
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:
- The eye is level with the bottom of the meniscus
- The bottom of the meniscus is aligned with the scale.
- This means the burette has to be straight of the burette
Should not be used on its own as a criterion.
- Reading the scale accurately

(c ) tap control
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:
- Correct positioning of the fingers while titrating
- The ability to add a single drop
Accuracy of the titration value may be determined when the books are collected. A
criterion such as the rinsing of the burette including the tip with the appropriate solution
before filling should be monitored.

Pipette

(a) Filling
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
- Tip kept below the level of the liquid when filling.
- Bottom of the meniscus level with the mark.
- The eye must be level with the bottom of the meniscus to check.

- No air bubbles and no hanging drops when about to transfer.

(c) Drainage
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
- By gravity.
- Tip touched on the surface of the liquid or the side of the flask
for final drainage (last drop not blown out or shaken out).

Rinsing the pipette with distilled water and the appropriate solution may be monitored.

Thermometer (in a liquid)

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-

- Immersion of bulb completely in liquid .
 - Avoidance of contact between bulb and container.
- Stirring liquid to ensure even distribution of heat.
- Immersion time adequate for equalization
- Reading taken while bulb is immersed.
- Reading taken at eye level.
Appropriate/expected value may be assessed when the books are collected. The care of the
thermometer, for example, stored in the case when not in use, should not be assessed under
manipulation and measurement.

Balance- For the use of the balance, see Appendix B.

Measuring Cylinder
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
- Ensuring that cylinder is resting on a flat even surface.
- Reading the meniscus at eye level.
- Reading the scale accurately.

Conical Flask (for Titration)

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
- Rinsed with distilled water only
- During titration Flask held near the top while
Swirling and not allowed to hit the burette tip.
Allowed to stand on a while background for viewing colour
changes

Filtration
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
Proper folding of the filter paper.
Filter paper moistened for proper seating.
Not filled to the edges of the filter paper.
Mixture poured along the glass rod.

For quantitative work/maximum yield, complete transfer, and washing of residue (when the
residue is required) may be substituted for (i) and (ii) and these criteria monitored instead.
Clear filtrated filter paper not punctured, may also be monitored.

Bunsen Burner

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-

(a) Lighting
- Air hole closed before lighting.
- Match lit before gas turned on/ lighter ignited as soon as gas
turned on.

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-

 (b) Adjusting the flame
- Air hole opened to obtain a non-luminous flame
- Height of flame controlled by adjusting the gas tap.
Tubing fitting securely should be monitored.

Test Tube Holder

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-

- Gripping test tube high enough so that tube holder is not held in
flame.
Test Tube

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-

- Holding a test tube in hottest region of flame.
- Heating solids:
- Use of dry test tube.
- Angle held; if liquid seen condensing on cooler part of tube, the
mouth of the tube slanted downwards just enough tom prevent
liquid running back to the hot part of the test tube.
- Heating liquids
- Test tube held pointing always from self and neighbors.
- Direction of shaking (around, not up and down).
- Volume heating (not more than one-quarter to one-third full).
- Controlled heating (not boiling if instructed to warm), if
required to boil, removing tube at intervals to let boiling
subside.

Evaporation Dish
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
- Heating over a direct flame for stable substances.
- Heating over a water bath for substances that decompose on
strong heating or to avoid spitting, e.g. when eapouring sodium
chloride solution to dryness.

Testing for Gas

Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
Colour
- Holding the test tube a safe distance from the eye.

Odours: Safety precautions observed:

-Holding the mouth of the test tube on a level with the nose, using and waft the gas towards
the nose.

Use of splint (glowing/lighted)

- Inserting the splint when sufficient gas is produced.
Use of test papers
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
Award one mark for each of the following criteria:-
- Moistening indicator paper first with distilled water where
necessary,
- Ensuring that terst papers come intocontact with gas only.

- Testiong with Lime water

-
Bubbling gas into lime water, or
-pouring the gas into lime water,or ttransfering gas
tolimewaterby meansof a test pipette, or
-Inserting glass rod dipped in lime water into the gas

Timing
-Ensure gas is tested whileit is being generated.
-Assembling the apparatus properly/ pouring and mixing of gas
and limewater/ insertihg of glass rod so it does not touch the side
of the testtube or come in contact with acid spray.

If tube is heated (e.g for the decomposition of a corbonate)

Removeval of the limewater tube from the dilevery tube before
removing the heated tube from the flame.

PD

1. Statement of Hypothesis
Clearly stated in a form so that it could be tested
Not clearly stated but could be tested
Cannot be tested
2. Aim-relevant to the hypothesis
3. Appartus and materials
Essential ones mentioned e.g.
Four different brands of markers
Four containers
Chromotography paper/newsprint mobile phase/solvent
One missing
Two missing
 More than two missing
4. Method/Procedure
Plan written in logical sequence of steps using appropriate language
All steps written but no order,wrong tense
All steps written but no order,wrong tense
Essential step(s) missing
Variables held constant
All essential ones
One missing
More than one
Manipulated variable
Data to be collected
Number and colour of spots from each type of ink and the Rf
Value for each spot or position of the spot
One piece of data missing
5. Predicted results
Correctly linked to the hypothesis
Not properly linked but correct
Not linked but correct
Irrelevant
6. limitations, sources of error and
Assumptions made

CRITERIA FOR MARKING

Develops a hypothesis ( sensible, doubt as whether true or not
Indentifies manipulating variable
Indentifies responding variable
Indentifies controlled variables (variables to be constant)
Chooses appropriate equipments
Arranges appropriate equipment suitably
Identifies a suitable formula
Identifies all quantities to be measured (everything in formula except the
variable we want)
Identifies how all other quantities in formula are going to be measured
Shows how manipulating the variable is measured
Shows how responding variable is measured or mon itored
Shows how manipulating variable is changed
Shows how controlled variables are monitoredor kept constant
Takes into account good manipulation skills ( Setting up)
Takes into account general [precautions/ standard precautions
Takes into account good measurement skills(precautions associated with
instruments)
Takes into account non standard precaution
Excutes experimental procedure
Indentifies difficulties encountered
Modifies plan because of difficulties encountered
Indentifies sources of error and suggests suitable modifications
Shows how your measured results achieve the objective
Shows how your measured results support or refute your hypothesiss

GENERAL ANALYSIS
Explains data obtained
Analyses data and comes to appropriate conclusion
Uses data to explain other phenomena

CALCULATIONS
Chooses the appropriate formulae
Converts to standard units(if necessary)
Substitutes into formulae correctly
Calculates related quantities correctly
Calculates to the correct number of significant figures
Calculates and gives correct units

TABLES ANALYSIs
Performs appropriate calculations to do analysis
-proportional a/b
-inversely proportional a*b
Analyses data from table to come to conclusion /justifies conclusion
based on data
Concludes correctly based on data
Indentifies relationships and patterns through table analysis correctly

GRAPH ANALYSIS
Predicts non-experimental data from graph.

NON EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Predicts the value correctly
Predicts and gives appropriate units/s
Predicts to the correct number of significant figure

GRADIENT
Understands the meaning of the gradient
Uses two points that are far apart (large triangle )
Uses two points that are not plotted
Reads off the points x1, x2,y1, y2 correctly
Uses correct formula for gradient (y2-y1) (x2-x1)
Calculates the gradient correctly
Calculates gradient to the correct number of significant figures
Has the appropriate units of the gradient

INTERCEPT
Determines the intercept correctly
Determines intercept to the appropriate number of significant figures
Corrects units for intercept
Understands the meaning of the intercept
Indentifies relationship and patterns through graph analysis
Formulates equation connecting variables through graph analysis
Justifies conclusion based on data
Correct conclusion (based on data)

LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS OF DATA

Shows the accuracy and reliability of results obtained

Indentifies what could have contributed to not obtaining the theoretical
value
Shows how limitations and assumptions have affected our results
Shows an awareness of how the experiment can be modified or
improved to get better results.