BI TP XC NH CNG THC HA HC CA HP CHT

I. Phng php gii:

- t cng thc: AxByCz.

- Tnh khi lng ca tng nguyn t c trong 1 mol hp cht:

mA= .

mB= .

mC= .

hocmC= -mA-mB

- Tm s mol nguyn t ca mi nguyn t c trong 1 mol hp cht

nA = nB = nC =

- Lp CTHH ca hp cht da vo s mol nguyn t ca mi nguyn t c trong 1

mol hp cht.

*Ch : Nu bi khng cho khi lng mol ca hp cht th ta thc hin nh sau:

x:y:z = : : (tigin)

Trong :

x, y, z ln lt l s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht.

%A, %B, %C ln lt l phn trm v khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong hp

cht.

MA, MB, MC ln lt l khi lng mol ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht.

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 *Cn nh: Khng c d kin M, t t l ngang, p s l cng thc n gin.
Nhng vi hp cht v c thng l cng thc phn t. Ngoi tr trng hp nh:

-H2O2 l cng thc ha hc ng ca nc oxi gi, cn HO l cng thc n gin

nht nhng khng l cng thc ng ca nc oxi gi.

-N2H2 l cng thc ha hc ng ca hidrazin cn NH2 l cng thc n gin nht

nhng khng l cng thc ha hc ng ca hidrazin.

i vi cc hp cht hu c, cng thc n gin nht thng khng l cng thc

ha hc ng ca hp cht:

-C2H2 l cng thc ha hc ca axetilen cn CH ch l cng thc n gin nht

khng ng vi cng thc ha hc ca axetilen.

-C2H4O2 l cng thc ha hc ca axit axetic nhng CH2O l cng thc n gin
nht nhng khng phi l cng thc ha hc ca axit axetic.

V d 1: Lp CTHH ca cc hp cht:

a) A gm 80% Cu v 20% O, bit khi lng mol ca A l 80.

b) B gm 45,95% K; 16,45% N v 37,6% O.

Gii:

a) Khi lng ca Cu v O c trong 1 mol A l:

mCu = = = 64

mO = = = 16

Hoc mO = 80-64=16

S mol nguyn t Cu v O c trong 1mol A l:

nCu = = =1 nO = = =1

Vy CTHH ca A l CuO

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 b) V %K + %N + %O = 100% nn B ch cha K, N, O.

Gi CTHH ca B l KxNyOz ta c:

x:y:z= : : = : : = 1,17 : 1,17 : 2,34 1:1:2

Vy CTHH cn tm l KNO2

V d 2: Hp cht B c thnh phn % cc nguyn t nh sau: 80%C v 20% H. Xc

nh cng thc ho hc ca hp cht B, bit khi lng mol ca B bng 30g/mol.

- Vit cng thc dng chung: AxBy

- Tnh x,y:
% mA .M Ax By
x
M A .100
%mB .M Ax By
y
M B .100

- Vit cng thc ha hc

Hng dn:

- Gi CTDC ca A l: CxHy
% mC .M A 80.30 % mH .M A 20.30
- Ta c: x 2, y 6
M C .100 12.100 M H .100 1.100

- Vy CTHH ca A l: C2H6

V d 3: Hp cht A c thnh phn % theo khi lng ca cc nguyn t nh sau: 82,

35% N v 17,65% H. Xc nh cng thc ho hc ca hp cht A, bit t khi ca A i
vi H2 l 8,5

Hng dn:

- MA = 8,5 . 2 = 17(g)

- Gi CTDC ca A l: NxHy

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 82, 35.17 17, 65.17
x 1, y 3
14.100 1.100

- CTHH ca A l: NH3

V d 4: Hy xc nh cng thc hp cht A bit thnh phn % v khi lng cc

nguyn t l: 40%Cu. 20%S v 40% O.

- t cng thc tng qut: AxBy

MA. x %A
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: MB . y = %B

%A %B
- Rt ra t l x: y = MA : MB (ti gin)

- Chn x, y v vit thnh cng thc ha hc

Hng dn:

- t cng thc tng qut: CuxSyOz

- Rt ra t l x: y:z = %Cu
MCu : %S
Ms : %O
Mo = 40
64 : 20
32 : 40
16 = 0.625 : 0.625 : 2.5 = 1:1:4

- Chn: x = 1, y = 1, z = 4 => Cng thc ha hc l: CuSO4

V d 5: B l oxit ca mt kim loi R cha r ho tr. Bit thnh phn % v khi lng
3
ca oxi trong hp cht bng thnh phn % v khi lng ca R trong hp cht .
7
Xc nh cng thc ha hc ca B?

- t cng thc tng qut: AxBy

% A. y
- Ta c t l khi lng cc nguyn t: MA. x
MB . y
= %A
%B
=> MB
MA.
.
= % B. x

- Bin lun tm gi tr thch hp MA, MB theo x, y

- Vit thnh CTHH

Hng dn:
3
- Gi s : %mR = a% %mO = a%
7

- Gi ho tr ca R l n CTTQ ca B l: R2On

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 a% 3 / 7 a% 112n
- Ta c: 2:n= : R=
R 16 6

- V n l ha tr ca nguyn t nn n phi nguyn dng, ta c:

n I II III IV

R 18,6 37,3 56 76,4

loi loi Fe loi

- Vy cng thc ha hc ca B l Fe2O3.

II. Bi tp vn dng

Bi 1: Lp cng thc ha hc ca cc hp cht:

a) A gm 40% Cu, 20% S, 40% O, bit khi lng mol ca A l 160.

b) B gm 82,35% N v 17,65% H, bit khi lng mol ca A l 17.

c) C gm 32,39% Na, 22,53% S v O, bit khi lng mol ca C l 142.

d) D gm 36,8% Fe, 21% S cn li l O, bit khi lng mol ca D l 152.

Bi 2: Tm cng thc ha hc ca cc hp cht sau:

a) Mt cht lng d bay hi, thnh phn phn t c 23,8% C, 5,9% H, 70,3%Cl v
c phn t khi bng 50,5.

b) Mt hp cht rn mu trng c thnh phn phn t c 40% C, 6,7%H, 53,3% O v

c phn t khi bng 180.

c) Mui n gm 2 nguyn t ha hc l Na v Cl. Trong Na chim 39,3% theo

khi lng. hy tm CTHH ca mui n bit phn t khi ca n gp 29,25 ln
phn t khi ca H2.

Bi 3: Hp cht X c phn t khi bng 62 vC. Trong phn t ca hp cht nguyn

t oxi chim 25% theo khi lng cn li l nguyn t Na. S nguyn t ca nguyn
t O v Na trong phn t hp cht l bao nhiu?

Bi 4:

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 Hy tm cng thc n gin nht ca 1 loi oxit lu hunh, bit rng trong oxit ny
c 2g lu hunh kt hp vi 3g oxi.

Bi 5:

Phn tch mt khi lng hp cht M ngi ta nhn thy thnh phn khi lng ca
n c 50% l lu hunh v 50% l oxi. Cng thc ca hp cht M l g?

Bi 6: Lp cng thc ha hc ca St v oxi, bit c 7 phn oxi th kt hp vi 3

phn khi lng oxi.

Bi 7:Hai nguyn t X kt hp vi 1 nguyn t oxi to ra phn t oxit. Trong phn

t. Trong phn t, nguyn t oxi chim 25,8% v khi lng. Tm nguyn t X.

Bi 8: Hy xc nh cng thc cc hp cht sau y:

a) Hp cht A bit: thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t l 40% Cu, 20% S v
40% O, trong phn t c 1 nguyn t S.

b) Cht kh B c t l v khi lng cc nguyn t to thnh mC:mH = 6:1, mt lt kh

B (ktc) nng 1,25g

c) Hp cht D bit 0,2 mol hp cht D c cha 9,2 g Na, 2,4g C v 9,6g O

III. p n

Bi 1:

a) CuSO4

b) NH3

c) Na2SO4

d) FeSO4

Bi 2:

a) HCl

b) C6HO12O6

c) NaCl

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Bi 3:

Na2O

Bi 4:

SO3

Bi 5:

SO2

Bi 6:

Fe2O3

Bi 7:

Na

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