1.

Enculturation / Socialization

Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture
and acquire values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture. As part of this process,
the influences that limit, direct, or shape the individual (whether deliberately or not) include
parents, other adults, and peers. If successful, enculturation results in competence in the language,
values, and rituals of the culture.

Enculturation is related to socialization. In some academic fields, socialization refers to the

deliberate shaping of the individual. In others, the word may cover both deliberate and informal
enculturation.

Conrad Phillip Kottak (in Window on Humanity) writes:

Enculturation is the process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the
accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the individual lives. The individual can
become an accepted member and fulfill the needed functions and roles of the group. Most
importantly the individual knows and establishes a context of boundaries and accepted behavior
that dictates what is acceptable and not acceptable within the framework of that society. It teaches
the individual their role within society as well as what is accepted behavior within that society and
lifestyle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation

Identity is often described as finite and consisting of separate and distinct parts (family, cultural,
personal, professional, etc.), yet according to Parker J. Palmer, it is an ever-evolving core within
where our genetics (biology), culture, loved ones, those we cared for, people who have harmed us
and people we have harmed, the deeds done (good and ill) to self and others, experiences lived, and
choices made come together to form who we are at this moment.[2]Identity / formation (identities,
discipline, and aspiration)

Identity formation, also known as individuation, is the development of the distinct personality of an
individua regarded as a persisting entity (known as personal continuity) in a particular stage of life in
which individual characteristics are possessed and by which a person is recognized or known (such
as the establishment of a reputation). This process defines individuals to others and themselves.
Pieces of the person's actual identity include a sense of continuity, a sense of uniqueness from
others, and a sense of affiliation. Identity formation leads to a number of issues of personal identity
and an identity where the individual has some sort of comprehension of themselves as a discrete
and separate entity. This may be through individuation whereby the undifferentiated individual
tends to become unique, or undergoes stages through which differentiated facets of a person's life
tend toward becoming a more indivisible whole.
James Marcia created a structural interview designed to classify adolescents into one of four
statuses of identity. The identity statuses are used to describe and pinpoint the progression of an
adolescent's identity formation process. In James Marcia's theory, the operational definition of
identity is whether an individual has explored various alternatives and made firm commitments to:
an occupation, religion, sexual orientation and a set of political values.

The four identity statuses in James Marcia's theory are:[5]

Identity Diffusion (also known as Role Confusion): This is the opposite of identity achievement. The
individual has not yet resolved their identity crisis, failing to commit to any goals or values and
establish future life direction. In adolescents, this stage is characterized by disorganized thinking,
procrastination, and avoidance of issues and action.[4]

Identity Foreclosure: This occurs when teenagers accept traditional values and cultural norms,
rather than determining their own values. In other words, the person conforms to an identity
without exploration as to what really suits them best. For instance, teenagers might follow the
values and roles of their parents or cultural norms. They might also foreclose on a negative identity,
the direct opposite of their parent's values or cultural norms.[4]

Identity Moratorium: This postpones identity achievement by providing temporary shelter. This
status provides opportunities for exploration, either in breadth or in depth. Examples of moratoria
common in American society include college or the military.[4]

Identity Achievement: This status is attained when the person has solved the identity issues by

making commitments to goals, beliefs and values after extensive exploration of different areas.

TYPES OF IDENTITY
Self-concept

Self-concept or self-identity is the sum of a being's knowledge and understanding of their self. The
self-concept is different from self-consciousness, which is an awareness of one's self. Components of
the self-concept include physical, psychological, and social attributes, which can be influenced by
the individual's attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas. These components and attributes can not be
condensed to the general concepts of self-image and self-esteem[citation needed] as different types
of identity coming together in one person. These types of identity can be broken down into the
following.
 Cultural identity

Main article: Cultural identity

Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as they are
influenced by their belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity is similar to and has overlaps
with, but is not synonymous with, identity politics. There are modern questions of culture that are
transferred into questions of identity. Historical culture also influences individual identity, and as
with modern cultural identity, individuals may pick and choose aspects of cultural identity, while
rejecting or disowning other associated ideas.

Professional identity

Professional identity is the identification with a profession, exhibited by an aligning of roles,

responsibilities, values, and ethical standards as accepted by the profession.

Ethnic and national identity

An ethnic identity is the identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a presumed
common genealogy or ancestry. Recognition by others as a distinct ethnic group is often a
contributing factor to developing this bond of identification. Ethnic groups are also often united by
common cultural, behavioral, linguistic, ritualistic, or religious traits.

Processes that result in the emergence of such identification are summarised as ethnogenesis. Various
cultural studies and social theory investigate the question of cultural and ethnic identities. Cultural
identity remarks upon: place, gender, race, history, nationality, sexual orientation, religious beliefs and
ethnicity.

National identity is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into groups
called nations. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the
sense of ancestry, parentage or descent.

Religious identity

A religious identity is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual, involving
adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings,
history, and mythology, as well as faith and mystic experience. The term "religious identity" refers to
the personal practices related to communal faith and to rituals and communication stemming from
such conviction. This identity formation begins with association in the parents' religious contacts,
and individuation requires that the person chooses to the sameor differentreligious identity
than that of their parents.

Gender identity

In sociology, gender identity describes the gender with which a person identifies (i.e., whether one
perceives oneself to be a man, a woman, outside of the gender binary, etc.), but can also be used to
refer to the gender that other people attribute to the individual on the basis of what they know
from gender role indications (social behavior, clothing, hair style, etc.). Gender identity may be
affected by a variety of social structures, including the person's ethnic group, employment status,
religion or irreligion, and family.

Disability identity

Disability identity refers to the particular disabilities with which an individual identifies. This may be
something as obvious as a paraplegic person identifying as such, or something less prominent such
as an Deaf person regarding themselves as part of a local, national, or global community of Deaf
People Culture.

Disability identity is almost always determined by the particular disabilities that an individual is born
with, however it may change later in life if an individual later becomes disabled or when an
individual later discovers a previously overlooked disability (particularly applicable to mental
disorders), and in some rare cases it may be influenced by exposure to disabled people as with BIID.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation

b. values and norms

In sociology our concern is with social values. Social values are cultural standards that indicate the
general good deemed desirable for organised social life. These are assumptions o what is right and
important for society. They provide the ultimate meaning and legitimacy for social arrangements
and social behaviour. They are the abstract sentiments or ideals. An example of an important social
value is, equality of opportunity. It is widely considered to be a desirable end in itself.

The importance of such a value in social life can hardly be exaggerated. A social value differs from
individual value. An individual value is enjoyed or sought by the individual which a man seeks for
himself. Even though these values are commonly shared, they do not become social values. As
distinct from individual values, a social value contains a concern for others welfare. Social values are
organised within the personality of the individuals. They regulate his thinking and behaving.

The process of socialization aims to include these values in his personality, the ethos or fundamental
characteristics of any culture are a reflection of its basic values. Thus if the American culture is
dominated by a belief in material progress, the Indian culture is marked by spiritualism, the
forgetting of self, abandonment of personal desire and elimination of the ambition. The Indian
way is different from the American way.

The differences in social values result in divergent social structures and patterns of expected
behaviour.
Meaning of Norms:

An essential characteristic of group life is that it is possessed of a set of values which regulate the
behaviour of individual members. As we have seen already, groups do not drop out of the blue with
stabilized relationships among members. Groups are the products of interaction among individuals.

When a number of individuals interact, a set of standards develop that regulate their relationships
and modes of behaviour. These standards of group behaviour are called social norms. That brothers
and sisters should not have sexual relations; a child should defer to his parents and an uncle should
not joke with his nephews and nieces are the illustrations of norms which govern relationships
among kinsmen.

http://www.sociologydiscussion.com/society/values-and-norms-of-society-conformity-conflict-and-
deviation-in-norms/2292

C. Status and Roles

Most people associate status with the prestige of a persons lifestyle, education, or vocation.
According to sociologists, status describes the position a person occupies in a particular setting. We
all occupy several statuses and play the roles that may be associated with them. A role is the set of
norms, values, behaviors, and personality characteristics attached to a status. An individual may
occupy the statuses of student, employee, and club president and play one or more roles with each
one.

Example: Status as student

Role 1: Classroom: Attending class, taking notes, and communicating with the professor

Role 2: Fellow student: Participating in study groups, sharing ideas, quizzing other students

Status as employee

Role 1: Warehouse: Unloading boxes, labeling products, restocking shelves

Role 2: Customer service: Answering questions, solving problems, researching information

Status as club president

Role 1: Administrative: Running club meetings, delegating tasks to club members

Role 2: Public: Distributing flyers, answering questions, planning community volunteer activities
 Societys Definition of Roles
Societies decide what is considered appropriate role behavior for different statuses. For example,
every society has the mother status. However, some societies consider it inappropriate for a
mother to assume the role of authority in the family. Other societies ascribe lots of power to the
status of mother. In some societies, students are expected to be completely obedient to teachers. In
American society, the student role involves asking the teacher questions and even challenging the
teachers statements.

Role Conflict

Role conflict results from the competing demands of two or more roles that vie for our time and
energy. The more statuses we have, and the more roles we take on, the more likely we are to
experience role conflict.

http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture/section4.rhtml

2. Conformity and deviance

Conformity and deviance are two responses to real or imagined pressures from others. Conformity
means going along ones peersindividuals of a persons own status. A recruit entering military service
will typically conform to the habits and language of other recruits.

Conformity is opposite to social deviance which implies obedience to the norms that make a person
acceptable in a particular society, group, or social setting. The concept of conformity was also used by
Robert Merton (1957) to refer to acceptance of cultural goals and the legitimate or approved means of
achieving them. In his scheme of adapta-tions to the goals and means, only conformity to both indicates
non-deviance.

Deviance is a behaviour that violates the standards of conduct or expecta-tions or social norms of a
group or society. Alcoholics, gamblers, sex deviants, drug addicts or late comers in the class are all
classified as deviants or deviant acts.

Deviance involves the violation of group norms. It is a very compre-hensive concept that includes not
only criminal behaviour but also many actions not subject to prosecution. Standards of deviance vary
from group to group and also vary over time. Moreover, deviance can be understood within its social
context.

A society must have social order if it is to function smoothly. But no society succeeds in getting all its
members to behave as expected all the time. When a person fails to conform to the social norms of
society, social deviation arises. If societies are to survive, they must have ways of making people
conform to social norms.
This situation gives rise to different types of controlsplanned and unplanned or persuasive and
coercive. Control works two levels internal and external. Internal controls are those that exist inside
individuals. It is sometimes referred to as self-control. It differs from social control. Self-control works
from within while social control is from without.

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/social-control/relation-between-conformity-deviance-and-
social-control/31291/

Social control is a concept within the disciplines of the social sciences.

Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control:

Informal means of control Internalization of norms and values by a process known as socialization,
which is defined as "the process by which an individual, born with behavioral potentialities of
enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined to the narrower range of
what is acceptable for him by the group standards."[2]

Formal means of social control External sanctions enforced by government to prevent the
establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as mile Durkheim, refer to this form
of control as regulation.

As briefly defined above, the means to enforce social control can be either informal or formal.[3]
Sociologist Edward A. Ross argues that belief systems exert a greater control on human behavior than
laws imposed by government, no matter what form the beliefs take.[4]

Social control is considered to be one of the foundations of order within society

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control