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CHAPTER 2 Chapter Scopes

Physical properties and chemical properties of
period 3 elements
Group I metals (Na Cs) and their compounds
Group II metals (Mg Ba) and their compounds
Trends & similarities of physical properties of
Group I and Group II metals
Chemical reactions of Group I and Group II
metals with O2, Cl2 and H2O, acidic/basic
s-BLOCK ELEMENTS behavior of these oxides
Uses of Group I and Group II elements
(GROUP I AND II)

OBJECTIVE Period 3 elements

Period 3 (Na
Ar) : Period 3 of the Periodic table consists of 8
 Physical & chemical properties elements from sodium to argon
Group I (Na
Cs) : Separate in s-block and p-block elements.
 physical & chemical properties
 usages s-block : Na & Mg

Ba) :
Group II (Mg C
p-block : Al, Si, P, S, Cl & Ar
 physical & chemical properties
 usages

Physical properties of period 3

Atomic radius/ atomic radii
Ionic radius/ ionic radii
Melting point and boiling point
First ionisation energy

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1. Atomic Radii
The atomic radius is defined as half the
distance between the nuclei of the 2 closest
and identical atoms (or half the internuclear
distance).
It is a measure of the size of the atom.
Size of atom decreases when going
across a period
No. of proton , the nucleus charge
but the shielding effect remains constant.
Effective Nuclear Charge, Z* increase.
Each added electron feels a greater &
greater +ve charge.
e cloud is pulled closer to the nucleus.
Atomic radius decreases.
Neutral atoms or ions that have same no.
of e- and electronic configuration are said
to be isoeletronic.
For a given no. of e- , the the nuclear
charge, the the force of attraction and
the the ionic radius
For isoelectronic cation, the more positive
the cation, the the ionic size.
For isoelectronic anion, the more negative
the anion, the the ionic size.
FESC1013 Chemistry II
Atomic radius are determined by:
1. Nuclear charge
- attraction between the nucleus and the
outer shell e-
- The greater the nuclear charge, the
smaller is the size.
2. Screening/shielding effect
- mutual repulsion between the inner
shells e- and the outer shell e-
- The greater the screening effect, the bigger the
size.
3. Number of orbital / electronic shells
2. Ionic Radius
Refer to the radius of a cation or an anion.
Cation is always smaller than its neutral atom.
Anion is always larger than its neutral atom.
For a given nuclear charge, the the no. of e-,
the the repulsion between e-, the the ionic size
Example
Arrange the following species in increasing
ionic size.
Na+, Ne, O2-, F-, Mg2+
Proton no: O - 8;
F - 9;
Ne - 10;
Na - 11;
Mg - 12
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3. Melting Point (MP) Melting Point

(when across a period)
MP is defined as the T at which a pure solid is in
equilibrium with its pure liquid at atm P.
Involves breaking up the lattice structure of a solid.
Indicates the strength of forces holding the
particles together.

Depends on
i) Bonding (ionic, covalent, metallic or
Van Der Waals)
ii) Structure (simple molecular, giant covalent
or metallic structure)

Structure & Bonding Type of Explanation: the trend of MP and BP

Elements in Period 3: across a Period 3
Na, Mg and Al
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Metals with metallic bonding.
Thus, relatively high mp.
Crystal Metallic Giant Simple
structure molecular molecular Going from Na to Al,
Bonding Metallic Covalent Van der  No. of delocalize e- increases
Waals  Metallic bond stronger
 More heat energy needed
 Mp increase in order of :
Na < Mg < Al

Silicon
The MP of Al is only slightly higher than Has a giant covalent structure
that of Mg as the metallic bond in Al is only with strong covalent bond
slightly stronger. More energy needed to break
the bond
Relatively high mp
This is because Silicon
Al3+ ion has a high charge density
Tends to attract e- towards itself Phosphorus, Sulphur, Chlorine, Argon
Reduces no. of valence e- contributed to Van der Waals attraction.
the delocalised electron cloud Mp will be lower than those 1st four elements
(Na, Mg, Al and Si).

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4. Ionization Energy (IE)

1st IE = min energy, E (kJ/mol) required to
remove 1 mol e- from 1 mole of
gaseous atom to form 1 mol of
Phosphorus exists as P4 molecules gaseous ions under standard condition
Sulphur exists as S8 molecules
1st IE: X(g) X+(g) + e-
Chlorine exists as Cl2 molecules 2nd IE: X+(g) X2+(g) + e-
Argon exists as individual Ar atoms 3rd IE: X2+(g) X3+(g) + e-
The strength of the Van der Waals forces
decreases as the size of the molecule decreases Generally,
e- easier to be removed = IE
So the mp decrease in the order
e- difficult to be removed = IE
S8 > P4 > Cl2 > Ar

General Trend in First Ionization Energies IE increase when across a period

Increasing 1st IE High Energy
When across period, nucleus charge increases

Atomic radius decreases

Increasing 1st IE

Outer e- closer to the nucleus and more

strongly attracted

e- more difficult to be removed

Low
Energy Thus, IE increases when across period

Anomalous Cases: 1st exception:

IE when across a period Why B has lower IE than Be?

B = 1 e- being lost from the 2p subshell which is

further from the nucleus than 2s subshell.
Be = energy is needed to remove 1 e- from a
2 exceptions:
fully occupied s orbital as it has special stability.

Boron and Oxygen has relatively lower IE Thus, easier to remove 1 e- from B than Be, IE
compared to general trend. decreases.

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2nd exception:
Why O has lower IE than N? Properties of Period 3 Oxides
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6/ SO2/ Cl2O/
P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7
Structure Ionic Giant Simple molecular
** Al2O3 is ionic with covalent covalent
character
Melting High High Low
point (Strong ionic bonds must be (Strong (only weak dipole-dipole
broken for melting to occur) covalent forces need to be broken)
O =The rather low IE is due to increased bonds
repulsion between the 2e- occupying the same must be
broken)
2p orbital.
Acid/base basic amphoteric acidic
N = energy is needed to remove 1 e- from half nature
filled p orbitals (p3) as it has special stability Effect of alkaline dissolves Insoluble in water Strongly acidic solution
water on solution slightly (high lattice energies (pH 2)
compared to remove from a p4 configuration. oxide (pH (pH 9) making dissolution
13) difficult)
So 1e- is more easily lost for N than O.

Reaction of Period 3 Oxides with H2O Element Equation

SiO2 - insoluble in H2O
Element Equation P4O6 P4O6(s) + 6H2O(l)
4H3PO3(aq)
Na2O Na2O(s) + H2O(l)
2NaOH(aq) (soluble) dissolved Phosphonic acid
MgO MgO(s) + H2O(l)
Mg(OH)2(aq) P4O10 P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)
4H3PO4(aq)
(Slightly soluble) dissolved Phosphoric acid
- insoluble in H2O SO2 SO2(g) + H2O(l)
H2SO3(aq)
Al2O3
- amphoteric as it can react as a base & dissolved Sulphurous acid
as an acid SO3 SO3(g) + H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq)
As a base: dissolved Sulphuric acid
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Cl2O Cl2O(g) + H2O(l)
2HOCl(aq)
As an acid: Hypochlorous acid
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) Cl2O7 Cl2O7(l) + H2O(l)
2HClO4(aq)
2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
Perchloric acid

Electronic Configuration of
s-Block Elements
Group I (ns1, n 2)
Groups 1 and 2 s-block metals
Element Symbol Abbreviated Electron
Group 1 elements: 1e- in their outer shell Configuration
Group 2 elements: 2e- in their outer shell lithium Li [He]2s1
sodium Na [Ne]3s1
These outer electrons are located in s-
potassium K [Ar]4s1
orbital (s sub-shell), ns1 & ns2
rubidium Rb [Kr]5s1
Chemistry of these metals is dominated by
the loss of s electrons to form a cation. cesium Cs [Xe]6s1
francium Fr [Rn]7s1

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Electronic Configuration of Characteristic of Group I

Group II (ns2, n 2) (Alkali Metals)
Element Symbol Abbreviated Electron  Silvery-coloured metal.
Configuration
 Soft, easy to cut by knife.
beryllium Be [He]2s2
 Highly reactive metals.
magnesium Mg [Ne]3s2  React with water to form alkaline solution.
calcium Ca [Ar]4s2  Have 1e- in outer shell that is easily given
strontium Sr [Kr]5s2 off.
barium Ba [Xe]6s2  Form oxidation state of +1 cation
radium Ra [Rn]7s2

Characteristic of Group II Compared To Group I Elements:

(Alkaline-Earth Metals)
Group II elements are
 2e- in the outer shell
 The metallic bonds of Group II elements
 Usually form M2+ ions in compounds
are stronger as having 2 valence e- for
(most compounds are ionic) metallic bonding.
 Very reactive & are powerful reducing
 Harder, with higher melting point &
agents
electrical conductivity
 Have the oxidation state of +2
 The oxides are all basic (except  less reactive as 2e- must be removed to
form M2+ ions
beryllium oxide, which is amphoteric)

1. Size of atom increases when go

Physical Trends when go down
Group I and II
 Atomic radius increases
 Ionic radius increases
 First ionization energy decreases
 As a reducing agent increases
down Group I and II
Nuclear charge & screening effect increase
due to the increase in the number of protons
& electrons
Screening effect is greater than nuclear
charge due to the increase in number of shells
Attraction between the nucleus & the
electron cloud decreases. Atomic radius

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2. Size of cation increases when go

down Group I and II

Going down the group, atomic radius is

Increase due to the increase of number
of orbital, nuclear charge effect and
screening effect

Hence, Ionic radii is increase also due

to the increase in number of shells

3. IE decrease when go down a group

Atomic radius increases down the group

Outer e- further from the nucleus

Outer e- become less strongly attracted

by the nucleus

Outer e- easier to be removed

IE decreases when go down a group

4. Reducing Strength Chemical Properties of Group I

When going down Group I & II, atomic and II Elements
radius increases as extra shell is added
1. Reactivity trend when go down group I and
The valence e- are located further II.
away from the nucleus. 2. Reaction with oxygen (O2) to form oxide
compound.
The valence e- are easily to be discarded
3. Reaction with water (H2O) to form
Metals become increasingly electropositive & hydroxide compound.
easily to form positively charged ions by losing e- 4. Reaction with halogen (X2) to form halide
salt.
Reducing strengths increase

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1. Reactivity of Group I
Elements
Reactivity of Group I :
Tendency of Group I elements to lose 1e-
forming a singly positive charge ions
Example: Na
Na+ + 1 e-
Trend of Reactivity when go down
Group I and II
Atomic radius increases as
extra shell is added
Outer e- become further from the
positive nuclear charge
Attraction becomes weaker
Thus, outer e- easier to be removed
& reactivity increases
Reaction of Oxide Compound
(Group I)
Reaction with water:
M2O(s) + H2O(l)
2MOH(aq)
Reaction with acid:
(a) M2O(s) + 2HCl(aq)
2MCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) M2O(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
2MNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) M2O(s) + H2SO4(aq)
M2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
FESC1013 Chemistry II
Reactivity of Group II
Elements
Reactivity of Group II :
Tendency of Group II elements to lose
2e- forming a doubly positive charge ions
Example: Mg
Mg2+ + 2 e-
2. Reaction with O2 to form Oxide
Compounds (Group I)
Burn in oxygen (air) when heated
Form white oxide powders
Redox reaction
Group I
4M(s) + O2(g)
2M2O(s)
 Group II
2M(s) + O2(g)
2MO(s)
Reaction of Oxide Compound
(Group II)
Reaction with water:
MO(s) + H2O(l)
M(OH)2 (aq or s)
Reaction with acid:
(a) MO(s) + 2HCl(aq)
MCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) MO(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
M(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) MO(s) + H2SO4(aq)
MSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
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3. Reaction of Group I Elements
with H2O to form Hydroxide
Compounds
The reaction with water is very
exothermic, fast and violent.
Formation of alkaline solution (hydroxide
compounds) together with hydrogen gas
2M(s) + 2H2O(l)
2MOH(aq) + H2(g)
Reaction of Group II Elements
with H2O to form Hydroxide
Compounds
Alkaline earth metals react with water to
form metal hydroxide with the liberation of
hydrogen gas
Beryllium has no reaction with water or
steam
M(s) + 2H2O(l)
M(OH)2 (s or aq) + H2(g)
(M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
4. Reaction of Group I with
Chlorine, Cl2
Heating the metal in chlorine will cause it
to burn forming the chloride .
Group I
2M(s) + Cl2(g)
2MCl(s)
Group II
M(s) + Cl2(g)
MCl2(s)
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Reaction of Hydroxide
Compound (Group I)
Reaction with acid:
(a) MOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
MCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) MOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)
MNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) 2MOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
M2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Reaction with halogen:
At room temperature,
2MOH(aq) + X2(g)
MX + MOX + H2O(l)
( X2 = Cl2 , Br2 , I2 )
However, Mg burns in steam to produce
oxide and hydrogen
Mg(s) + H2O(g)
MgO(s) + H2(g)
steam
Reaction with acid:
(a) M(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
MCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(b) M(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq)

M(NO3)2(s) + 2H2O(l)
(c) M(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
MSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Uses of Group I Metals
 Na vapour use in yellow-orange street
lamps
 Na liquid as a coolant in specialized
high-temperature applications
 NaCl 'common salt' is used as a food
flavouring and preservative.
 Na2CO3 manufacture of glass and the
treatment of hard water.
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Uses of Elements of Group II

Uses of Group I Metals
Compound Use Reason of use
 NaOH is used in the manufacture of
Be Applications Its low atomic no
soaps, detergents, bleaches, rayon. involving The lowest
 KNO3 is used in fertilizers. radioactivity tendency to
 Cs is used in photosensors in automatic absorb X-rays of
metallic elements
doors, toilets, burglar alarms, and other
Mg Lightweight metal Its low density
electronic devices
alloys in aircraft,
aircraft frames &
automobile
engine parts

Compound Use Reason of use

MgO Refractory (heat It has a very Learning Outcomes
resistant) lining of high mp.
furnaces.
CaO Spread onto CaO and
Understand and explain the
Quicklime agricultural land to Ca(OH)2 are similarities, variations and trends
& Ca(OH)2 neutralize excess alkaline. in some physical and chemical
acidity
properties of the elements in
CaCO3 Major component -
Limestone of cement
Groups I and II (s-block elements)
CaSO4 Plaster casts for It absorbs & Period 3
broken limbs water and sets
to a hard solid

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