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Majed Presentation
Majed Presentation
Majed Presentation
09/12/2011
1.1.1 Denition:
p Let I be an ideal in a commutative ring R; the radical of
I, denoted by I; is the collection of elements in R some power of which lie in
I; i.e. p
I = r 2 R j rn 2 I for some n 2 Z +
1.1.2 Remarks: p
a) In some
p books, the radical of an ideal
p denoted by rad(I), I, r(I):
b) I I:(For r 2 I ) r1 2 I ) r 2 I)
c) The radical of the zero ideal is called the nilradical of R.
Recall: a 2 R is called nilpotent if there exists n 2 Z + , an = 0:
c) a 2 R is in the nilradical if and only if some power of a is 0, so the
nilradical of R is the set of all nilpotent elements of R:
p
I = r 2 R j rn 2 I for some n 2 Z +
= r 2 R j (rn + I) = I for some n 2 Z +
= r 2 R j (r + I)n = I for some n 2 Z +
= r 2 R j rn = 0 for some n 2 Z +
= fr 2 R j r is a nilpotent element of R=I g
p
1.1.4 Theorem: Let R be a ring and I be an ideal of R, then I is an
ideal of R. p p p
Proof. rst of all, 0 2 I since 0 = 01 2 I: Suppose x; y 2 I, then xn 2 I
for some n 1, and y m 2 I for some m 1: Let N = m + n, then
P
N
N
(x y)N = ( 1)k k xN k k
y :
k=0
1
p p n
x y 2 I: Suppose that x 2 I and r 2 R, then p x 2 I for some n1 1; and
n n n
then (rx) = r x 2 I; therefore; rx 2 I: Hence I is an ideal of R:
1.2.1
p Denition: An ideal I of a commutative ring R is called radical if
I = I:
p
Note: (ii) of the proposition 1.1.5 shows that I is radical, and so is the
smallest radical ideal containing I.
of a ring R is an ideal is to note that it is the preimage of the ideal of nilpotent elements in
R=I."
2
p
Proof. Let I be a radical, this means I = I: Consider a + I is a nilpotent
n
element in R=I; then there exists n 1 such that (a + I)p = I = 0: Therefore,
n n
a + I = I; and then a 2 I for some n 1: Thus a 2 I = I; and so a 2 I
which means a + I = I: Hence a = 0 is nilpotent
p equal to zero. Nowplet I is the
onlypnilpotent in R=I: We know that I I, so it remains to prove I I: Let
a 2 I; then there exists n 1 such that an 2 I;but this means that an + I = I
which meant (a + I)n = I: So an = 0. p Therefore, a + I is nilpotent, and then
a + I = I which implies a 2 I: Thus I I; and hence I is radical.
later implies
p x 2 P by the inductive hypothesis, we conclude x 2 P in any case.
Thus P P: Hence P is radical.2
1.2.4 Corollary: Since every maximal ideal is prime, then the maximal
ideal is radical.
k1 k2 km
p 1.2.5 Proposition: In Z, Let 1 6= n 2 Z, and n = p1 p2 :::pm :Then,
(n) = (p1 p2 :::pm ):
cannot have zero divisors, and in particular it cannot have nonzero nilpotents. Hence, the
nilradical of R=P is f0g, and its preimage, being P , is a radical ideal.
3
that rn 2 ' 1 (J); and n
p then '(r ) J: This pimplies that ('(r))
n
J for some
1
n 1; then '(r) p J: Therefore, rp2 ' ( J): To prove the second inclusion,
consider r 2 ' 1 ( J); then '(r) J: Now by denition of the radical, there
exists n 1 such that ('(r))n pJ; it implies that '(r n
p ) J:
n
pSo r 2 ' (J)
1
1 1 1
and then
p forpsome n 1; r 2 ' (J): Thus ' ( J) ' (J): Hence,
' 1 ( J) = ' 1 (J):
References
[1] Dummit, D.S., Foote, R.M., Abstract Algebra, Third Edition, John Wiley
Sons, Inc., 2004.
[2] Malik, D.S., Mordeson J.M., and Sen M.K., Fundamentals of Abstract
Algebra, First Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997.
Acknowledgement