MCR3U Exam Review Polynomials A polynomial is an algebraic expression with real coefficients and non-negative integer exponents A polynomial with 1 term is called a monomial, 7 ‘A polynomial with 2 terms is called a binomial, 3x" —9 A polynomial with 3 terms is called a tinomial, 3x°-+73-9 ‘The degree of the polynomial is determined by the value ofthe highest exponent ofthe variable inthe polynomial eg. 3x' 72-9, degreeis? For polynomials with one variable, ifthe degree is 0, then itis ealled a constant. If the degree is 1, then its called linea. Ifthe degree is 2; then it s called quadratic. Ifthe degre is 3, then it is called eubie. ‘We ean add and subtract polynomials by collecting like terms. eg. Simplify, bre feaese-s) [Remmi tetar ae xt ox! 42a xt Sa 24S Be ar 43 ‘To ultply polynomials, mlkply exch tem in the fist polynomial by each term in he second eg. Expand and simplify. SN te ERY) A243? ede? esl? 2x1 472 Br 412 Factoring Polynomials ‘To expand means to write a product of polynomials as a sum or a difference of terms. ‘To factor means to write a sum or a difference of terms asa produet of polynomials. Factoring isthe inverse operation of expanding. Expanding > (2x+3)8x-7)= 6x7 ~ 5x21 € Factoring Samer Praia robynls isMCR3U Exam Review ‘Types of factoring: ‘Common Factor eg. Factor, factors that are common among each term. 35min -21m'n? +56m'n <— Each term is divisible by Tmt" nl Sn —3n 8) Factor by grouping: ou ems top inte storing proces oo leaneeees eg. Factor, “Group Aer — anand Fp | sae tril ‘As4mx+ny—Ara—my | sy, ber each Br1s 68+ 9x —4y" es Le 2—<—{ Dittrece of oqanes = dx(onn)4 x(=m)4| Reset) 43x +29)(1432—2y) ‘Common fitor Factoring a? cbr-te Find the product of a. Find two numbers that multiply to ae and ad to eg, Factor, Ary Sy +14 aaeay B:3e8 Try-6y" RaQ aya Ty+2yet | Sum=9~2+7 = -91y+2:7~6y" | Decompore middle em —To7 = yO47)420°47) HAete =) 429-3) | 90 1, 42147) = Gr 2yK8-39) ‘Sometimes polynomials can be factored using spectal patterns Perfect square trinomial a? +2ab+6° ee, Factor, Avdp +1249 B:100e" ~80xy'+16y? = Ope: = 4(252" -203944y") = 4(5x—29)5e-29) a+ bXa+8) or a —2ab-+b* =(a-BKa-B) Difference of squares a? —b" = (a+bXa~b) eg Factor, 9x" ~4y" =(Gx+2y13x—29) ings to think about when factoring: ‘© Is there a common factor? Can I factor by grouping? Are there any special patterns? Check, ean factor x? +bx-+67 Cheek, ean I factor ax? +3x-+ 6?For polynomials F and G, a rational expression is formed when aed 8 ao ‘Simplifying Rational Expressions eg. Simplify and state the restrictions Exam Review Lexi —3) “aera [Si me—9__(+3m—3) [Fastr he mimartor and denominator. ‘+649 (m+ 3Xre3) | Note the resictions. m#~3 PS me 3 [ See terearictons eg. Simplify and state the restrictions 47x x +3e+2 Parad xet7) Ge++2) [Foor (e+e xe TyeeeT) | Noten, Sate reactions Seed +See 4 3)=3), =Dla—3) (FGF) * CNET) E33), cr gH Note restrictions iver and mai Simply Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions ‘eg. Simplify and state the restrictions. api 5 Fracor. aed ‘Not restrictions 3 5. | Simplify itp GaN) HD —S(0=2) _| eal rms Gr 2ye-3| wang “epe-y Lit sx-7 = So? e242 [Sane rans Graney **? LS 7 Sate rerietions Factor yyy [Not restrisions Simplify i posible, 2 3 . Fac HEV Hey) | Wetealeoms 3 ae Lestat: “ae 9-9) cabmae y#0| Ste restisons ‘Note that after addition or subtraction it may be possible to factor the numerator and simplify the ‘expression further. Always reduce the answer to lowest terms.MCR3U Exam Review 4 Radicals eg. Ya, yf iscalled the radical sign, mis the index of the radical, and ais called the radicand, 3 jis said to be a radical of order 2, 4/8 is a radical of order 3. Likeraiesls:_¥5,245,-345 Unlike radicals: V5, V8, V3 Se oder ke inde os nine aie EA Diteetoner |} [bitewntatnas Mixed radicals: 4/2, 23, 57 A radical in simplest form mest the following conditions: Foraradical oforder The radicand contains Theradicand contains The index ofa radical Lectern ees eee tot tat the th - ae ee pomrctminegs, — Safone ie F vox a= SD i: sisi = pra re =2V2. see dation an Subtraction of Raeals To le surety, ous raat i occ of eh afi a, Simpl a 212 -SV27 + 3V40 = 2 4x3 ~SV9x3 +3V4x10 | Express each radical in simplest form, =2fo48)-s5) +000) =4y3-15y3+6¥i0 ‘Collect lke radicals, Add and subtract. = 113 +610, Matting Radiat VaxJb =Vab, a2 0,620 eu Simply (2+ oe 33} = (v2 [v2 )-[W2 [v3 }+ 2/3 [v2 )-(2v3 [34/3) [Use the dsiibutive propery to expand 316 +26 -6(3) 22-18-36 +2V6 16-V6 ‘Collect like terms. Express in simplest form, Mahpiy coefciens ogee. Muliply rican oper‘MCR3U Exam Review Conjugates posit sams, (96d pt) west nts *t same ems Same terms t ‘When conjugates are multiplied the result is a rational expression (no radicals), oe Fd be pdt (+35 a) = (8) -6v8P 5-92) 18 “13 Dividing Radicals e.g. Simply | 2i0+3V30 _ 20 | 350 Be =22+36 Prime Factorization actor a number into its prime factors using the tre diagram method, | Power of a power Power ofa quotient Zero as an exponent ‘Negaive exponents Rational ExponentsExam Review 6 a. Simplify Toll oer (4) a Spenest 2 = 1 | comes Tome ape oF eee io a abe Solving Exponential Equations eg, Solve for x. ‘Add bh sides ‘When the bases re Simply he same, quae the ‘ponents. ‘Note LS and RS are powers of Sate fore 9,30 rite them as powers ing the sane base [Dow ongt io chek your slain! A relation isa relationship between two sels. Relations ean be described using: anequation am arow diagram a tabte yeat=7 g x ly Tp inwords 2 |3 “outputs tree more than inp” 3 Ja als a set of ordered pairs (1.2),(0,3),(4,8)} function notation S(e)=* -3x “The domain ofa elation isthe st of possible inp vals (< values) “The range’ the set of posible output values (values) State the domain and range A: {01,2),(0,3),(4.8)}—B: rc C: yavx-5 Domain~ (0,14) ‘What value ofx wit Range = {2, 3, 8}, 4 makex-5=0? x=5 The racand cannot be ess than 2,50 Domain~ fre }r> 5} Range= {ye ¥ly 20}MCR3U Exam Review 7 ‘A function isa special typeof relation in which every element ofthe domain corresponds to exactly one element ofthe range yax-7 and y=2 +15 are examples offunetons. y=: is nota function because for every ‘value of there are two values oF The vertical line testis used to determine if'a graph of a relation isa function. Ia vertical line ean be passed along the entire length of the graph and it never touches more than one point ata time, then the relation isa function, eg. A: | B ia ! “This pss {Theline pases though + iheverieal more han one point, this : line test, 50 ( relation fis the vera! | ita Tne est. is nota fiction, ! fiction, : Inverse Functions ‘The inverse, f~', ofa relation, , maps each output of the original relation back onto the corresponding input value. The domain ofthe inverse is the range of the function, and the range of the inverse isthe domain of the function. That i, if (4,8) € f then (bya) =". The graph of y= f-%(2) is the reflection of the graph y= f(x) inthe line y=. eg Given f(a) =2=4 Evaluate f(-3) Evaluate 3/(2)+1 oa waa nd ae oF F-3) =5D=1 Repace a hha beeen 3/0) STS | ee with 3. Evaluate You ae nat solving for f(2) 3f(2)+1 Evaluate (2) fe au not al letermine ron 0) pL | PDE [ieee er cna 142) = SVT | ing f(a) replace all's wt Save fr 11) SE | sn Fe) piesa 10+ 3MCR3U Exam Review 8 eg, Sketch the graph of the inverse of the given function y= f(x), | = Tat ol | gent aie ‘The inverse ofa funetion is not necessarily going tobe a function. If you would like the inverse to also. ‘bea function, you may have to restrict the domain or range of the original funetion. For the example above, the inverse will only be a function if we restrict the domain to {x|x>0,xe R} or fxlrs0,reR}. ‘Transformations of Functions To graph y= af[k(x—d)]-+¢ from the graph y ‘a determines the vertical stretch, The graph y then the graph is reflected in the axis, as well, (2) consider: (2) is stretched vertically bya ftor of a Ifa<0 = denies rl th Th ph 7 = 6) se Bri aro I ‘e<0 then the graph is also reflected inthe y-axis <4 determines the horizontal translation. Ifd> 0 the graph shifts to the right by d units. If < 0 then the graph shifts left by d units, ‘© determines the vertical translation. If¢> 0 the graph shifts up by ¢ units. If¢ <0 then the graph shifts down by units. When applying transformations toa graph the stretches and reflections should be applied before any translations. eg. The gaphof y= f(x) is eg. Giventhe graph of y= /(x) sketch the TEST transformed into graph of y=2/-(2-2))+1 yy=3/(2x~4). Desotbe the 7 4 Serpe ver transformations. Suuich verity + bya factor of2 o[ Renet in yas First, factor inside the brackets to determine the values of kand p. ¥=3/Q2e-2)) a=3,k=2,p=2 ‘There is a vertical stretch of 3 Shit up by \ / ‘This isthe gaphof| feleab Ahn cho The grap will be shifted 2 units tothe right‘MCR3U Exam Review ° Quadratic Functions “The graph ofthe quadratic fuotion, f(x) = ax? +bx-+e,isaparabola, pepe Whea a> 0 the parabola opens up. When a <0 the parabola opens down acum (xh) (4K). The maxiraum or minimum value isk The axis of symmetry is y= h. tored Form: f(x) =a(x~p\x~9) Standard Form: f(x)= ax" +br+6 ‘The zeroes are x= p and x=4. ‘The y-intereept is ‘Complete the square to change the standard form to vertex form. ee 10) Faso he coeficlen of aval) om the ems wih and 2x 12847 FO)= 2{0?+.65)+7 [niece fs Oaks)? Sa ive Alda abe J) fs) se) Je ale +6249-9)47 ale? +62+9)-2-9)+7 20 +3)-2(-9)+7, 2x +3)' +25 Bring the st term inside the racket outside the brackets. Factor he prec square inom inside the Brackets. ‘Simply Maximum and Minimum Values ‘Vertex form, maximum/minimum value is & Factored form: eg. Determine the maximum or minimum value of f(x) = (&—Dx—7). ‘The zeroes of f(x) are equidistant from the axis of symmetry. The zeroes are x=1 and x=7 x= lt7 [The axis of symmetry is x= 4. The axis of symmetry passes through the vertex. 2 | Thex-coordinate of the vertex is 4. To find the y-coordinate ofthe vertex, evaluate f(4) “The veriex is (4,—9). Because a is positive (a = 1), the graph opens up. | “The minimum value is-9, Zeroes To determine the number of zeroes of a quadratic funetion consider the form of the funetion. Vertex form: Ifa and khave opposite signs there ate 2 zeroes (2 r00). Ifa and & have the same sign there are no zeroes (0 rts). If = 0 there is one zero (1 r00!). Factored form: f(x) =a(x~ p)(x-g) —+2 zeroes, The zeroes are x= p and x= q fl) = a(e~ py —> 1 zer0, The zer0 is x =p, Standard form: Check discriminant. D = 6? ~4ae If D <0 there are no zeroes. If D=0 thereis 1 zero If D> 0 there are 2 zeroes,MCR3U Exam Review 10 ‘To determine the zeroes of from the standard form use the quadratic formula, abs db tae 2a For ax! +br+e=0 use x tosolve for x ‘Reciprocal functions 7 Tohelp you graph y=, you should The reciprocal funtion of fancion, i defined a ee oe 70) use the following 1 occur where f(x) =0 Foy Mioccur where 10) ‘As (2) increases, 1 decreases. As f(2) decrease, 7 FO) 1 1 >0.For fe<0, <0 pe LO Fe ‘The graph of el ‘alway’ passes through the points where f(x) =1 or (3) = ‘You may find it helpful to sketch the graph of y= f(x) frst, before you graph the reciprocal. ‘The vertical asymptotes of y For f(a)>0, You could sketch the graph of (x) = to see where the funetion increases and decreases, where f(x) =1 or 1. Use the information above to help you sketeh the reciprocal, ‘Verizal asmmpocS fy = 2249"? In general, the exponential Function is defined by the equation, y= a" or f(x) =a", a> 0,2 R. ‘Transformations apply to ‘exponential funetions the same way they do tall other functions.MCR3U Exam Review u Exponential Growth and Decay Population growth and radioactive decay can be modelled using exponential functions. yeab! is the initial amounvvalue bis the ratio (b>1 growth rate, O sine esd Trigonometry of Oblique Triangles rN Sine Law aa be Sind inB sin@ y ¢ Can be used when you know ASA, AAS, SSA Cosine Law a =B +e -2hecosA é ; B ‘Can be used when you know SSS, SAS.MCR3U Exam Review R |When you know SSA itis considered the ambiguous ease. (Ange Conaions or Tamas 7 . ZAbsind [2 é 7 [Zaz [ash a it ash T fas ‘Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles Te exact values ofthe trigonometric ratios for 30°, 45°, and 60” can be found using the appropriate sides of the special triangles. [eae See este cael 2 es tae Teale “a|# eee la ‘The special triangle can also be used to find the exact valves of angles related to 30°, 45°, and 60° using the CAST rile, eg. Find the exact value ofsin225° sin225° = sind? “Theale 225s located inthe third quant 1 ‘where onl an is poste, so sn223" willbe negate The related angle is 4° because Wo 45225. ‘Trigonometric Identities Pythagorean Identity: sin* @-rc0s'@ Quotient Identity: tana sind cos ‘eg, Prove the identity. sin? @-+2cos" @—1 = cos" 0 2 1S =sin’ 0+2c0s" 9-1 ‘Work with each side separately. a gees ‘Look forthe quotient of Pythagorean ents in? @-+ 08° 8+e08' 9-1 | Youmay need to factor, simplify or split tems up. ee ‘When you are done, write a coneuding statement =cos'@= RS Since LS=RS then sin’ 8+2cos? @—1= cos" is true forall values of 4.MCR3U Exam Review 3 Periodic Functions A periodic function has a repeating patter. The period is the length of the eycle. ‘The eyele isthe smallest complete repeating ‘The amplitude isthe magnitude of the vertical pattern distance from the axis of the curve to the The axis of the curve isa horizontal line tha is maximum or minimum value. The equation is midway between the maximum and miniraum ‘max value min value values ofthe graph. The equation is ee 2 max value+ min value ‘Trigonometrie Functions ‘The graphs of y= sind, y= eos, and y= tané are shown below. yesind y=sind Period = 360° Pei ‘Vertical sympotes = 9,270" ‘Transformations of Trigonometric Functions ‘Transformations apply to trig functions as they do to any other function, The graphs of y= asink(O-+d)-+e and y: y=sin@ and y=cosd respectively. £08 k(0-+8)+d are transformations ofthe graphs ‘The value of a determines the vertical stretch, called the amplitude Iealso tells whether the curve is reflected in the @-axis, ‘he va tin hist eh Te gh sy foro, cn this value to determine the period ofthe transformation of y =sin@ or y= cos) 360" 180" The period of y=sinkO or y=cosk9 is “2 > 0, The period of y=tanka is BP e> 0, ‘The value of d determines the horizontal traslation, known as the phase shift. ‘The value of¢ determines the vertical tanslation. y= 4 is the equation ofthe axis of the eurve.4 MCR3U Exam Review ee. £0828-+1 royr ener