Baocaodoannguyenthisamduongmanhtuan 140912122838 Phpapp01

Thit k xy dng h thng cn nh lng s dng loadcell SIWAREX ca SIEMENS
MC LC
LI NI U.........................................................................................................................5
Chng 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V O LC.............................................................6
1.1. Khi nim chung...........................................................................................................6
1.2. Cc phng php o lc ..............................................................................................6
1.2.1. o lc bng lc k kiu bin dng .....................................................................6
1.2.2. o lc bng lc k kiu bin thnh di chuyn ............................................... 14
1.3. Mt s phn t cn nh lng trong cng nghip v ng dng thc t ............ 16
1.3.1. Mt s loadcell thng dng .............................................................................. 17
1.3.2. Thng s k thut c bn ...................................................................................... 18
1.3.3. ng dng ca loadcell ...................................................................................... 19
Chng 2: THIT K H THNG ............................................................................... 21
2.1. Yu cu, ni dung ...................................................................................................... 21
2.1.1 S khi h thng o ...................................................................................... 21
2.2. La chn thit b ........................................................................................................ 23
2.2.1. Vi x l trung tm.............................................................................................. 23
2.2.2. Cm bin Siwarex R .......................................................................................... 26
2.2.2.1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................. 26
2.2.2.2. Mt s h ca Siwarex R Loadcell .............................................................. 26
2.2.3. S dng ADC ni ca Atmega16 .................................................................... 28
2.3.1. Khi ngun ......................................................................................................... 31
2.3.2. Khi khuch i (s dng INA125) ................................................................ 33
2.3.3. Khi hin th LCD ............................................................................................. 34
2.3.4. Khi giao tip my tnh..................................................................................... 35
2.3.6. Bn phm ............................................................................................................. 38
2.3.6. S mch nguyn l v mch in ................................................................... 39
2.4. Thit k phn mm .................................................................................................... 40
Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 1

2.4.1. Lp trnh cho vi iu khin AVR .................................................................... 40

2.4.1.1. Lu thut ton............................................................................................ 40
2.4.1.2. Gii thiu phn mm v ngn ng lp trnh Codevision .......................... 41
2.4.2. Lp trnh giao din trn my tnh .................................................................... 42
Chng 3: KT QU THC NGHIM V NH G I SAI S ......................... 49
3.1. Kt qu thc nghim: ................................................................................................ 49
3.2. nh gi sai s ........................................................................................................... 50
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN ...................................................................... 52
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................. 53

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1 V d loadcell tr c (cm bin o lc ln) (>10 5N) .........................................7
Hnh 1.2. V d loadcell xuyn (cm bin o lc nh) ( <10 3N ) ......................................7
Hnh 1.3. Mt s loi tenzo .....................................................................................................8
Hnh 1.4. Thn cm bin ...................................................................................................... 12
Hnh 1.5a. Cm bin t do trng lng .............................................................................. 14
Hnh 1.5b. Cm ng p t thay i ng dng th di tc dng ca bin dng lc
chnh xc................................................................................................................................. 14
Hnh1.6. Lc k bng dn ko ............................................................................................. 15
Hnh 1.7. Lc k bng dn nn............................................................................................ 15
Hnh1.8. Lc k bng dn ko 2 u dng vi cm bin bin tr .................................. 15
Hnh1.9. S h cm vi sai ............................................................................................... 16
Hnh1.10a. Mt s loi loadcell thng dng ...................................................................... 16
Hnh1.10b. V d loadcell thng dng ca hng Keli ...................................................... 16
Hnh1.10c. V d loadcell thng dng ca hng Mettler Toledo ................................... 16
Hnh 1.11. Cn k thut......................................................................................................... 19
Hnh 1.12. Cn xe ti ............................................................................................................ 20
Hnh 1.13. ng dng ca loadcell trong cu ng ......................................................... 20
Hnh 2.1. S cu trc Atmega16 .................................................................................... 23
Hnh 2.2. S chn Atmega 16 ........................................................................................ 25
Hnh 2.3. Mt s dng u o ca Siwarex R Loadcell ................................................... 26
Hnh 2.4. S khi ca ADC......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2.5. Gin thi gian chuyn i ca ADC ............................................................ 30
Hnh 2.6. Sai s offset........................................................................................................... 30
Hnh 2.7. Sai s khuch i................................................................................................ 311
Hnh 2.8a. S khi to ngun +5V ................................................................................ 32
Hnh 2.8b. S khi to ngun -9V ................................................................................. 32
Hnh 2.9. S khi khuch i ......................................................................................... 33
Hnh 2.10. V d LCD ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Hnh 2.11. S khi Max485 ........................................................................................... 36

Hnh 2.12. S khi b USART ...................................................................................... 38
Hnh 2.13. S bn phm 4x4 ........................................................................................... 39
Hnh 2.14. S mch in ..................................................................................................... 39
Hnh 2.15. Gii thiu phn mm lp trnh codevision .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2.16. Khi to cc Port vo ra, LCD, UART ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 2.17. ng nhp h thng ........................................................................................... 43
Hnh 2.18. Giao din chnh .................................................................................................. 44
Hnh 2.19. Form tm kim .................................................................................................... 45
Hnh 3.1. Mch sau khi hon thin ................................................................................ 45

LI NI U
Trong sn xut, d l cng nghip hay nng nghip xc nh c khi lng

ca mt vt l v cng cn thit. T xa xa, ng cha ta bit so snh khi lng cn
bit vi mt vt mu. Trc kia chng ta c cc h thng o khi lng dng i
trng hoc l xo bng cc kt cu c kh, vic s dng cc loi cn ny rt cng knh
v chnh xc khng cao. Ngy nay, cc qu trnh h thng hin i i hi phi c
chnh xc rt cao trong vic o lng ca thit b. Vn cng ngh o ph hp,
hin th chnh xc cc thng s o lng hin l vn ang c rt nhiu cc k s
tch hp o lng v iu khin quan tm. L do trn, TS. Nguyn Th Lan Hng
giao cho chng em n tt nghip vi ti: Thit k xy dng h thng cn
nh lng s dng loadcell SIWAREX ca SIEMENS.
n tt nghip l c hi cho mi sinh vin mt ln na kim tra v nh gi li
kin thc m mnh hc c sau nhng nm trn gh nh trng, trc khi bc
vo lm vic ngoi x hi. Trong qu trnh thc tp v lm n, chng em c
c TS. Nguyn Th Lan Hng v KS. Nguyn Hoi Nam hng dn, ch bo tn
tnh chng em c th hon thnh n tt nghip ca mnh.
n gm cc phn:
Li ni u
Chng 1: Khi nim chung v o lc
Chng 2: Thit k h thng
Chng 3: Kt qu thc nghim v nh gi sai s
Kt lun v hng pht trin
Do s eo hp v thi gian, do s hiu bit hn ch ca bn thn, mc d chng
em rt c gng nhng bn n ny cn nhiu thiu st. Chng em rt mong nhn
c nhiu kin ng gp, b sung t pha cc thy c gio, bn b v nhng ngi
quan tm n ti ny.

Chng 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V O LC
1.1. Khi nim chung

Phm vi o lc rt rng, t nhng gi tr rt nh n nhng gi tr ln. T php
o tnh m cc lc tc ng l nhng i lng khng i n nhng xung lc tc
dng vi tc rt cao nh s va chm sng xung kch thc t cho thy c lc phi o
c tr s t 106 10 8 N, nhng c khi cn o lc rt nh 10-5 10 -12 N, nh vy khong
o c th t 10 -12 10 8 N, tc l phm vi o D = 10 20. Khng c mt thit b no c
th o c lc trong di o nh vy, ngay c thit b o hin i nht, phm vi o
cng khng vt qu D=10 4.
Ngi ta chia lc thnh nhiu di o khc nhau, mi di o c th s dng cc
phng php v cc thit b khc nhau. c bit di o thp 10 -5N tr xung phi
dng cc phng php c bit m bo chnh xc yu cu.
o lc c th dng cc loi chuyn i khc nhau vi cc phng php khc
nhau, thng thng c hai phng php o.
Phng php o trc tip l phng php s dng cc chuyn i c hai i
lng vo tng ng vi cc lc cn o. i lng ra c bin thnh cc tn hiu
in cc thng s in. Mch o v ch th cho kt qu o khng thng qua h dn
truyn trung gian. Phng php o gin tip, trong s dng cc phn t n hi, cc
h dn truyn, bin lc thnh di chuyn. Cc chuyn i o cc lng di chuyn t
suy ra i lng cn o.
Hai phng php trn c s dng rng ri, s dng phng php no l tu
thuc vo yu cu v nhim v thc hin chng.
Mch o thng l mch cu, kt hp vi cc tng khuych i v chnh lu.
Ch th l cc dng c ch th c in, t ghi, in t v cc dng c s.
1.2. Cc phng php o lc
1.2.1. o lc bng lc k kiu bin dng

Trong loi lc k ny, lc tc dng F gy ra ng sut v bin dng, sau bin
dng c bin thnh in p hoc tn s.
y l loi cm bin bin i thng, nh vy i hi cc khu lin i phi c
tnh n nh cao. Mun vy vt liu lm phn t n hi phi tht n nh, phi c
nhit luyn cho tnh lp li tht n nh, gim n ti thiu c tnh tr ca vt liu
vi qu trnh ko nn v tng nhit .
Hnh dng cu to ca phn t n hi ph thuc vo lc cn o:
a) i vi lc k o lc ln, cu to ca lc k nh sau:

325
140
Hnh 1.1 V d loadcell tr c (cm bin o lc ln) (>10 5N)

1: Phn t n hi 2: Cm bin
Phn t n hi c dng hnh tr. Do bin dng c tnh:
F
1
SE (1.1)
Trong : S l tit din thanh n hi
E l module n hi ca li thp (vi thp Crom: E = 180 220 KN/mm2
1 l bin dng c chn trong phm vi n hi
c ci 2 nhnh hot ng, phi dn ln phn t n hi 2 cm bin o bin

dng dc theo chiu chu lc ca lc k v 2 cm bin vung gc vi gc b nhit .
b) i vi lc nh ta thng dng phn t n hi kiu hnh xuyn ng
90
2
1
114
Hnh 1.2. V d locell dng xuyn (cm bin o lc ln) ( <10 3N )

1: Phn t n hi 2: Cm bin

1
E (1.2)
Vi l ng sut hc xut hin trong phn t bin dng khi c lc nn.
c) Cm bin o bin dng thng dng l in tr lc cng (tenzo)
Figure
0-1
Hnh 1.3. Mt s loi tenzo
Phn loi tenzo

Tenzo chia ra lm ba loi:
- Tenzo dy mnh: dy c ng knh 0,02 0,03 mm c ch to bng cc vt
liu : Nicrom, Constantan, hp kim Platim-Iridi
- Tenzo l mng c ch to t mt l kim loi mng c chiu dy 0,004
0,012mm nh phng php quang khc
- Tenzo mng mng c ch to bng cch cho bc hi kim loi ln mt khung
vi hnh dng nh trc
L
Khi o bin dng , tenzo c dn ln i tng o, lc i tng o b
L
bin dng, tenzo bin dng theo v in tr ca tenzo thay i mt lng R R .
R l
Ta c: f
R l
Hay R f ( 1 )
l
Mt khc ta bit: R p.
s
Trong : s- tit din dy
l- chiu di dy
p- in tr sut ca dy dn lm tenzo
Do : R l s
R l s

Hay: R l s
Trong :
R -S bin thin tng i ca in tr tenzo
l -S bin thin tng i theo tit din dy dn, c trng cho s thay i kch
thc hnh hc ca tenzo
p -S bin thin tng i ca in tr sut, c trng cho s thay i tnh cht
vt l ca tenzo.
Trong c hc ta bit: s 2 K p . l (Kp h s Poisson)
Nu t P=ml (m l h s t l) ta c:
R l (l 2 K p m) K 1
(1.3)
y l phng trnh bin i tng qut ca tenzo

nhy ca tenzo: k R 1 2 K P m
l
Do ng xut c trong chi tit cn nghin cu c lin quan vi mun n hi E ca
vt liu lm chi tit, ta c phng trnh quan h gia v E nh sau:
l
E
l (1.4)
Do phng trnh bin i ca tenzo c th biu din di dng:
R K
R .
R E (1.5)
ng sut c ca chi tit v dy dn ch to chuyn i khng c vt qu gii hn
n hi v iu c th dn n s thay i c tnh ca n.
Tnh cht ca tenzo
cc tenzo lm vic tt trong thc t, yu cu vt liu ch to tenzo c nhy.
Mt khc h s nhit ca tenzo cn b, v trong kim loi, bin dng tng i l
trong gii hn n hi khng ln hn 2,5.10 -3 do r 1,25 10 . Tc l s thay i
in tr tng i khng c qua 1% khi i tng o chu ng sut ln nht. Trong
khi s t nng in tr c th l in tr ca tenzo thay i mt lng cng gn
bng lng in tr do bin dng. V vy h s nhit ca dy dn in tr cng nh
th cng tt, cn phi b nhit trong mch o.
Vt liu ch to dy in tr cn c in tr sut ln kch thc ca chuyn
i nh.
nhy ca cc tenzo dy mnh khc nhy ca vt liu ch to ra v trong
qu trnh ch to rng lc, phn b un khng chu bin dng theo hng cn o lm

nhy gim 25 30%. Mun vy phi tng chiu di tc dng lo, mt khc cc phn
un li chu lc tc dng vung gc vi trc ca tenzo gy sai s trong qu trnh o.
H s nhit ca tenzo khc h s nhit ca i tng o, khi nhit thay i,
gy bin dng ph trong qu trnh o. Cc tenzo c dn ln i tng o bng cc
loi keo dn c bit.
Mch o
Dng mch cu o vi ngun cung cp l ngun: 1 chiu, xoay chiu, hay phn
p. Mch cu o c th l mch cu 1 nhnh, 2 nhnh hay 4 nhnh hot ng.
Mch cu o mt nhnh hot ng
Tc l ch c mt tenzo hot ng. Mch ny c ngun cung cp l Uo, in p ra
UT :
RT - in tr tenzo
R - bin thin tng i ca in tr tenzo khi b bin dng
R1, R2, R3 -in tr mc vo cu o
k- nhy ca vt liu lm tenzo
Ta c in p ra:
(1 R ) RTO R3 R2 R4
UT U o k
(1 R ) RTO R4 ( R2 R3 ) (1.6)
Ta chn R2 =R3 =R4 = RT O = R vi RT O - in tr tenzo khi cha b bin dng.
in tr tenzo RT bin thin mt lng R v khi :
RT R RTO
UO
R UT R
RT
R
Uo R
UT k
4 RTO
(1.7)
Mch cu o hai nhnh hot ng

L mch cu o trong hai nhnh cu u c dn tenzo v cng hot ng.
Mch ny c ngun cung cp l Uo, in p ra UT . Khi in p ra ca mch cu o
tng gp hai ln:

UO
RT
R
RT UT
R
UO R
UT k
2 RTO (1.8)
Vi mch cu o ny b nhit tt hn.
Sai s do nhit b loi tr.
Mch cu o bn nhnh hot ng
C bn nhnh u c dn tenzo, khi in p ra ca mch cu o l ln nht
v tng gp 4 ln so vi trng hp mt nhnh hot ng.
R
UT U 0 k
RTO (1.9)
Nhng ngun pht sinh sai s khi s dng tenzo:
Sai s v phm vi ng dng: Sai s ca thit b o dng Tenzo ch yu do
chnh xc khc ca Tenzo. Khng th khc trc tip n chic m chng c
ch to hng lot v c chun s b.
Khi s dng cn phi c cng ngh dn chun v chn v tr chnh xc. Sai s v
iu ny c th t ti 1 5%.
Khi chun trc tip cm bin vi mch o sai s c th gim n 0,2 0,5% khi
o bin dng tnh v 1 1,5% khi o bin dng ng. Ngoi ra cn c sai s bin dng
d ca keo dn khi sy kh, do s dn n khc nhau gia cm bin v chi tit dn.
Cc cm bin loi ny dng o lc, p sut, momen quay, gia tc v cc i
lng khc nu c th bin i thnh bin dng n hi vi ng sut khng b hn
7 2
(12)10 N/m .
Sai s v dn:
Cm bin in tr c th c dn trc tip ln i tng cn o hoc ln phn
t bin dng ca cm bin o cn ch to. Kt qu ca qu trnh dn c gi l hon
ho khi v ch khi cm bin o tip bm trung thnh mi bin dng ca i tng cn
o hoc ca phn t bin dng trong cm bin o. Ngc li, nu cm bin o khng
tip bm c bin dng ca vt th cn o th khi y hin tng b (trt) xut hin
v gy nn sai s o.
Bng quy trnh v cng ngh dn hp l c th loi tr c nh hng ca sai
s v dn. Quy trnh v cng ngh dn ph thuc vo kinh nghim v thc nghim ca
chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny. Song iu ct li l phi chn keo, x l b mt hp l,

t cm bin chnh xc v phi tun th quy trnh tm ph, sy kh...Khi chn keo dn
tem cn phi ht sc lu cc yu cu sau:
- M un n hi ca keo phi gn trng vi m un n hi ca vt liu c
dn cm bin.
- Sau khi dn, keo khng thay i th tch, khng nt r, khng bt, khng c bt
k phn ng ho hc no.
- Lin kt tt gia cm bin vi phn t bin dng hoc i tng cn o.
Sai s v nhit:
nhy cm ca t hp phn t bin dng v cm bin c tnh bng biu
thc: S = R.g/E. Trong khi y, phng trnh biu din s ph thuc vo nhit ca
in tr tem l: R = R..T; vi l h s nhit in tr v T l s gia bin i
nhit .
Vi tc ng ca u vo l bin i nhit v u ra l bin i in tr th
nhy ca chuyn i ny c tnh theo nh ngha l:
d R
ST R
d T
(1.10)
Nh v d mc trc xt, nhy S ca chuyn i t hp cm bin vi
phn t bin dng bng thp c ln vi s m l 10 -4 , in tr bng Konstantan c
h s vi s m l 10 -5 /0C, tin so snh hy ly in tr gc ca cm bin vn l
100 Ohm. Vy nhy ca chuyn i do bin i nhit tc ng ST s c ln vi
s m l 10 -3. iu ni ln rng: nhy ca cm bin do tc ng ca gia s bin
i nhit 1 o C gy ra ln gp mi ln so v nhy ca cm bin do tc ng ca
ng sut 1kG/cm2 gy ra trn t hp cm bin o vi phn t bin dng.
b) Bin dng c th o bng cm bin dy cng
Cu to ca cm bin dy cng:
6
5 11
10
1
40.0801 56.0625
9 8
7 3
274.0000
Hnh 1.4. Thn cm bin

2,3 - u hiu chnh tn s ban u ca dy cng;
4 - dy cng;
5,6,7- Vt gi u dy cng
8,9- Vt chnh lc dy cng

1 e Es
fe
2 J (1.11)
Trong : e = bin dng di cn o

E l m un n hi dy cng
S = tit din dy cng
J = m men qun tnh ca dy cng
Khi dao ng t trng, dy cng cm ng ra sc in ng, gy ra dao ng
in p ng cho cu, in p ny c khuch i v cung cp cho cu do bin
dng. y l mt mch pht c tn s f1 ph thuc 1 tc vo lc F tc dng ln phn
t n hi.
Do f1 = f1 fo ta suy ra c F
Vi f1 = tn s khi c tc ng ca lc F
f1 = f(F) c xc nh t cng thc thc nghim dung khc lc k
Quan h ny khng tuyn tnh, t c th b c tnh phi tuyn ca lc k bng
phng php tuyn tnh ha tng on.
e) Lc k p in v p t
Gm p in c th coi l hp cng hng dung trong cc mch pht tn s, c
n nh cao.
Tn s ny thay i theo bin dng hay theo lc tc ng ln 2 mt ca in cc.
Ta c th dung cm bin ny o lc (c th l o p sut: F=PS).
P - p sut ; S l din tch b mt cm bin p in.
f = f(F)
Trong trng hp ny, ta phi loi tr nh hng ca nhit n tn s cng
hng ca tn cm bin v phi c mch b nhit .
Ta cng c th o p sut qua hiu ng ngc p in: q = d1F
Vi: q = in tch cc ca cm bin
d1 = hng s p in ca cm bin, theo chiu trc c
F = lc tc ng ln mt ca cm bin
i vi phn t p t cng vy. Di tc dng ca lc tc dng, t thm ca vt
liu p t thay i lm thay i in cm hoc h cm ca cun dy.
L
f (F )
L (1.12)
Cm bin p t dng o trng ti ln.
Bin thin in cm hoc h cm c th dung trong s cu hay bin p vi sai
thnh in p:

p p
Hnh 1.5a. Cm bin t do trng lng
P#0
r 2
P=0
1
90
2
E2 = f(F)
1
1
U = const
2
Hnh 1.5b. Cm ng p t thay i ng dng th di tc dng ca bin dng lc

chnh xc
Cm bin c ng c tnh tr ln nn tnh n nh thp.
Vt liu M un n hi (Kg lc/mm2 )
Germani (Ge) Loi n 155
Germani Loi p 155
Silic (S) Loi n 130
Silic (S) Loi p 190
Thp Crom 180 220
Bng 1: M un n hi ca mt s vt liu.
1.2.2. o lc bng lc k kiu bin thnh di chuyn
Mt phn t hay mt dm n hi, lc chu tc dng ca mt lc, s c bin dng

v to ra di chuyn.
y l mt hnh thc khc ca s bin dng, nhng c nhng thun li hn l c
th nghin cu cc kt cu gy ra bin dng n nh v c gi tr ln hn bn thn bin
dng, nng cao kh nng phn ly ca thit b.

a) Kt cu:
Kt cu n gin nht ca lc k ny l mt thanh n hi c nh mt u, u
kia cho tc dng lc F.
m bo tnh n nh cao, ta c th dung dn kp
Hnh1.6. Lc k bng dn ko
Vi nhng lc ln hn, ta c th dung c cm hnh xuyn:
Hnh 1.7. Lc k bng dn nn
Cu to ca lc k 2 dm ko 2 u dng vi cm bin bin tr:
Hnh1.8. Lc k bng dn ko 2 u dng vi cm bin bin tr
b) o di chuyn:

C cu n hi bin lc thnh di chuyn by gi phi b tr o di chuyn ny,

vi chnh xc cao. Cm bin thng dung y l cm bin in cm, c nhy
cao, phn ly ln, Cm bin c gn cun dy phn nh ln im c nh ngoi dm,
li thp di chuyn c gn vo dm v c th chuyn ng trong cun dy phn tnh,
L1
L2
Hnh1.9. S h cm vi sai
Ta c:
E1 E2
U
2 (1.13)
( M o M ) I k ( M o M ) I k
U
2 (1.14)
V = MJk (1.15)
Trong : M = bin thin h cm lc li thp di chuyn.
= tn s ngun cimh cp
Ik = dng kch t s cp
M = f()
Nh vy U = g()
Quan h ny khng tuyn tnh cho nn phi b tr b sai s phi tuyn.
1.3. Mt s phn t cn nh lng trong cng nghip v ng dng thc t
Bn cht phn t cn nh lng l o lc c trnh by chng trn.

Chng ny ch trnh by nhng phn t thng phm v ng dng trong thc t.

1.3.1. Mt s loadcell thng dng
Hnh 1.100a. Mt s loi loadcell thng dng

Hnh 1.110b. V d loadcell thng dng ca hng Keli
Hnh 1.120c. V d loadcell thng dng ca hng Mettler Toledo
1.3.2. Thng s k thut c bn

- chnh xc: Cho bit phn trm chnh xc trong php o. chnh xc ph
thuc vo tnh cht phi tuyn, tr, lp.
- Cng sut nh mc: gi tr khi lng ln nht m loadcell c th o c.
- Di b nhit : l khong nhit m u ra loadcell c b vo. Nu nm
ngoi khong ny, u ra khng c m bo thc hin theo ng chi tit k thut
c a ra.
- Cp bo v: c nh gi theo thang o IP (V d: IP65: chng c m v
bi).

- in p cung cp: gi tr in p lm vic ca loadcell (thng thng a ra gi

tr nh nht v ln nht. V d: 515V)
- tr: hin tng tr khi hin th kt qu dn ti sai s trong kt qu. Thng
c a ra di dng % ca ti trng.
- Tr khng u vo
- in tr cch in: thng thng o ti dng DC 50V. Gi tr cch in gia
lp v kim loi ca loadcell v thit b kt ni dng in.
- Ph hy c hc: gi tr ti trng m loadcell c th b ph v hoc bin dng.
- Gi tr u ra: kt qu o c (n v: mV).
- Tr khng u ra: Cho di dng tr khng c o gia Ex+ v Ex- trong
iu kin loadcell cha kt ni hoc hot ng ch khng ti.
- Qu ti an ton: l cng sut m loadcell c th vt qua.
- H s tc ng ca nhit : i lng c o ch c ti, l s thay i
cng sut ca loadcell di s thay i nhit (v d: 0.01%/10 oC: ngha l nu nhit
tng thm 10 oC th cng sut y ti ca loadcell tng thm 0.01%).
- H s tc ng ca nhit ti im 0: ging h s tc ng ca nhit nhng
ch khng ti.
1.3.3. ng dng ca loadcell
Mt ng dng kh ph bin thng thy ca loadcell l c s dng trong cc

loi cn in t hin nay.
Hnh 1.11. Cn k thut

T ng dng trong nhng chic cn k thut i hi chnh xc cao cho ti
nhng chic cn c trng ti ln trong cng nghip nh cn xe ti.
Cn xe ti l cn ng. cn c mt vt c trng ti ln v ang di chuyn
yu cu u c loadcell phi c chnh xc v bn cao.

Hnh 1.12. Cn xe ti
Mt s ng dng khc:
- Trong ngnh cng ngh cao:
Vi nn khoa hc k thut tin tin hin nay th loi loadcell c nh cng c
ci tin cng ngh v tnh ng dng cao hn. Nh hnh minh ho, loi loadcell
ny c gn vo u ca ngn tay robot xc nh bn ko v lc nn tc ng
vo cc vt khi chng cm nm hoc nhc ln.
- ng dng trong cu ng:
Cc loadcell c s dng trong vic cnh bo an ton cu treo. Loadcell
c lp t trn cc dy cp o sc cng ca cp treo v sc p chn cu trong
cc iu kin giao thng v thi tit khc nhau. Cc d liu thu c s c gi
n mt h thng thu thp v x l s liu. sau s liu s c xut ra qua thit b
truy xut nh in thoi, my tnh, LCD. T c s cnh bo v an ton ca cu.
T tm ra cc bin php cn thit sa cha kp thi.
Hnh 1.13. ng dng ca loadcell trong cu ng

Chng 2: THIT K H THNG
2.1. Yu cu, ni dung
Thit k h thu thp s liu o, ghp ni v truyn thng vi my tnh.

Thng s k thut chnh:
nhy: 2mV/V
Khong o: 050Kg
2.1.1 S khi h thng o
H thng c s nh sau:
I
CM MCH KHUCH
TNG
BIN CU I
O LCD
NGUN
KCH CHO ADC
CU &Vref 10bit
(5V DC)
VI X L
NGUN
VXL
(5V DC)
PHM
CHNH 0 MCH GIAO
TIP MY
TNH
(RS485)
PC

Hot ng ca h thng:
Cm bin gm 4 tenzo c ni vi nhau thnh mt mch cu. Khi khng c lc
tc ng, mch cu ny trng thi cn bng, in p ra bng 0. Khi c i ng o
t ln, lc s tc ng lm thay i chiu di ca tenzo. Bn trong cm bin lc ny
mch cu s b lch v s to ra in p. Tuy nhin, in p ny rt nh, ADC khng
th c c. V vy cn phi a qua mt khu khuch i trc khi a vo ADC.
T gi tr in p sau khi qua ADC10 bit s chuyn thnh gi tr s 0 1024. T gi
tr s ny s c quy i ra khi lng, sau hin th ln LCD v truyn ln my
tnh.
Ngun cp cho cu ng thi cng l ngun cp cho Vref ca ADC v vy s
gim c sai s.
R R
U
U cc VXL
U R R Ux
U U
U ref
U cc.R
Ux (2.1)
4R
U .1024
N ADC x (2.2)
U ref
C: U cc = U ref
Thay (2.1) vo (2.2) U cc v U ref s trit tiu cho nhau:
R.1024
N ADC (2.3)
R

2.2. La chn thit b

2.2.1. Vi x l trung tm
ATmega16 l vi iu khin 8 bit da trn kin trc RISC. Vi kh nng thc hin
mi lnh trong vng mt chu k xung clock, ATmega16 c th t c tc 1
MIPS trn mi MHz (1 triu lnh/s/MHz).
Hnh 2.1. S cu trc Atmega16

Tnh nng ca h AVR :

- Giao tip SPI ng b.
- Cc ng dn vo/ra (I/0) lp trnh c.
- Giao tip I2C.
- B bin i ADC 10 bit.
- Cc knh bm xung PWM.
- Cc ch tit kim nng lng nh sleep, stand by ... vv.
- Mt b nh thi Watchdog.
- 3 b Timer/Counter 8 bit.
- 1 b Timer/Counter 16 bit.
- 1 b so snh analog.
- B nh EEPROM.
- Giao tip USART ... vv.
Atmelga 16 c y tnh nng ca h AVR:

- B nh 16K(flash).
- 512 byte (EEPROM).
- 1K (SRAM).
- ng v 40 chn, trong c 32 chn vo ra d liu chia lm 4 PORT
A,B,C,D. Cc chn ny u c ch pull_up resistors.
- Giao tip SPI.
- Giao tip I2C.
- C 8 knh ADC 10 bit.
- 1 b so snh analog.
- 4 knh PWM.
- 2 b timer/counter 8 bit, 1 b Timer/counter 16 bit.
- 1 b nh thi Watchdog.
- 1 b truyn nhn UART lp trnh c.
Atmega16 l h vi iu khin CMOS 8 bit tiu th nng lng t da trn kin trc
RISC. Bng cch thc hin cc lnh mng trong 1 chu k xung nhp, Atemega16 t
c tc x l d liu ln n 1 triu lnh / giy vi tn s 1MHz cho php ngi
thit k h thng ti u mc tiu th nng lng m vn m bo tc x l.
Ct li ca AVR l s kt hp tp lnh y vi 32 thanh ghi a nng, tt c 32
thanh ghi ny lin kt trc tip vi khi x l s hc v logic (ALU) cho php 2 thanh
ghi c lp c truy cp bng 1 lnh n l trong 1 chu k xung nhp. Kt qu l tc
nhanh gp 10 ln cc b vi iu khin CISC thng.

Hnh 2.2. S chn Atmega 16

M t cc chn :
- Vcc v GND l 2 chn cp ngun cho vi iu khin hot ng.
- Port A,B,C,D: l cc cng vo ra 8 bit, cc chn ca cng c in tr ni ln
ngun dng. Cc chn ra ca cng cho php dng i qua. Khi cc chn l ng vo v
c t xung mc thp bn ngoi, chng s l ngun dng nu cc in tr ni ln
ngun dng c kch hot. Cc chn Port A,B,C,D l 3 trng thi khi tn hiu reset
mc tch cc ngay c khi xung nhp khng hot ng. Ring Port A cn c chc
nng l cc ng ra tng t v a n b chuyn i AD.
- Reset y l chn reset cng khi ng li mi hot ng ca h thng.
- 2 chn Xtal1, Xtal2 cc chn to b dao ng ngoi cho vi iu khin, cc chn ny
c ni vi thch anh, t gm.
- Chn Vref thng ni ln 5v(Vcc), nhng khi s dng b ADC th chn ny c s
dng lm in th so snh, khi chn ny phi cp cho n in p c nh. C th s
dng diode zener.
- Chn Avcc thng c ni ln Vcc nhng khi s dng b ADC th chn ny ni
qua 1 cun cm ln Vcc vi mc ch n nh in p cho b bin i.
- ICP1 l chn vo cho chc nng bt tn hiu vo b timer/counter 1.
- OC1B l chn ra PWM, ng so snh ca timer/counter1.
- ALE l chn tn hiu cho php cha a ch c dng truy cp b nh ngoi.

2.2.2. Cm bin Siwarex R

(Trong phng th nghim c sn)
2.2.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Siwarex R l loi cm bin o trng lng dng in tr lc cng (hay cn c
gi l Straingauges hoc Piezoresistive). Chng c dng o cc i lng o
lng nh: khi lng ng, khi lng tnh.
- Siwarex R Loadcell rt a dng v chng loi vi di o t 0 280 tn. Vi di
o ny Siwarex R cho php o hu ht cc ng dng trong cng nghip.
- i vi mi h Siwarex R c mt di o nht nh.
- S dng thnh phn thp tinh khit c mt chng oxy ha cao.
- D dng kt hp vi cc module, d dng lp ghp v tho ri.
- Cc h chnh ca Loadcell Siwarex R gm: CC, K, RN, BB, SB.
2.2.2.2. Mt s h ca Siwarex R Loadcell
Hnh 2.3. Mt s dng u o ca Siwarex R Loadcell

Nhm CC, K, RN: in tr Straingauges dn trn thanh gi l mt thanh dn

c bit, c kh nng n hi, tc l c kh nng tr li v tr c khi khng chu tc
dng ca lc (Self-aligning bearing).
Cc thng s ca h Siwarex R:
Cm bin ti phng th nghim thuc h BB

Nguyn l ca Siwarex R BB serials:
Nguyn l: Khi lc tc dng vo phn ng ca cu lm cho li thp bin dng,
cc in tr Tenzo pha trn b gin ra lm cho in tr ca chng tng ln, cc in

tr Tenzo pha di co li lm cho in tr ca chng gim i. Vi cc u cc tenzo

trong cu theo kiu khng i xng lm cho nhy ca cu tng ln.
Li dng c tnh ny m trong h truyn lc sa dng loadcell, ta c th tnh
theo bi ton lc tnh, ton b lc s t ln cc loadcell khng b tn mt, to nn
chnh xc cao ca php o.
Nu nh ta a mt in p chun, khng i vo hai u ca mt nhnh cu, th
hai u nhnh cu cn li ra s thu c mt in p ra t l vi lc tc dng cn o.
Cm bin c cc thng s sau:
- Chu ti trng: 50Kg
- nhy: 2mV/V
- Vng in p cung cp: 5V15V
- Gi tr dung sai: 1%
- H s nhit : 0.05%/o C
- Sai s: 0.1%
- Vng nhit hot ng: -40o C 80 o C
- Vng nhit lu tr: -40o C 90 o C
- in tr u vo: 460 50
- in tr u ra: 350 35
- in tr cch in 5000 M
- in tr ca cm bin: 350
2.2.3. S dng ADC ni ca Atmega16
Tnh nng ca ADC:
- phn gii 10 bit.
- Mc lng t 0.5 LSB.
- Sai s tuyt i 2 LSB.
- Thi gian chuyn i 13 260ns.
- Ln n 15kSPS phn gii ti a.
- 8 knh vo n cc.
- 7 knh vo vi sai.
- 2 knh vo vi sai vi h khuch i c th la chn 10x v 20x.
- Tm in p vo 0 Vcc.
- in p chun 2.56V cho ADC sn la chn.
Atmega16 c ADC xp x lin tip 10 bit. ADC c ni vi b dn knh 8 ng vo,
n cho php 8 in p ng vo n cc t cc chn Port A. Cc ng vo n cc c
so snh vi 0V (GND).

Hnh 2.4. S khi ca ADC

Hot ng:
ADC chuyn gi tr in p Analog vo sang gi tr s 10 bit bng phng thc
xp x lin tip. Gi tr nh nht tng ng vi GND v gi tr ln nht tng ng vi
in p trn AREF tr i 1 LSB. Bng vic thay i gi tr cc bit REFSn trong thanh
ghi ADMUX, ta c th chn AVCC hay in ngun chun 2.56V bn trong hoc in
p tham chiu bn ngoi ni n AREF ca ADC.

Hnh 2.5. Gin thi gian chuyn i ca ADC

chnh xc ca ADC:
ADC chuyn i in p trong tm t GND n VREF trong 2 n bc. Gi tr
chuyn i nh nht l 0 v ln nht l 2 n - 1.
Mt vi thng s m t s sai lch so vi gi tr l tng:
- Offset: lch ca ln chuyn i u tin (0x0000 0x0001) l 0.5 LSB.
Hnh 2.6. Sai s offset

- Gain Error: Sau khi hiu chnh offset th Gain Error c pht hin ln chuyn i
cui cng (0x3FE 0x3FF) l 1.5 LBS.
Hnh 2.7. Sai s khuch i

Kt qu chuyn i ADC: Sau khi qu trnh chuyn i kt thc, kt qu chuyn
i nm trong thanh ghi ADC result (ADCL.ADCH).
Vi u vo n cc th kt qu l:
Vin
ADC *1024
Vref (2.4)
Vi u vo vi sai th kt qu l:
(Vpos Vneg ).GAIN .512

ADC
Vref (2.5)
2.3.1. Khi ngun

in p li 220V qua Adapter to ngun 9V DC, in p a qua IC n p
chuyn dng cung cp ngun 5V cho cc thit b ngoi vi trong mch v cung cp
ngun -9V cho IC khuch i INA125. Do mch cp ngun cho vi iu khin v cc
thit b ngoi vi vi mi khi chc nng ta cung cp ngun nui cc thit b trong
mch vi cng sut khng qu ln nn ta s dng IC n p 3 chn 7805 cp ngun
+5V v ICL7660 cp ngun -9V.
S mch c v nh sau:

Hnh 2.8a. S khi to ngun +5V
Hnh 2.8b. S to ngun -9V

2.3.2. Khi khuch i (s dng INA125)

Do tn hiu ra ca loadcell rt b nn ta phi dng khuch i trc khi a
vo x l, nh vy kt qu cn phn nh chnh xc nht th mch khuch i
phi m bo nhng yu t sau:
- Khuych i tuyn tnh
- C kh nng khuych i in p sai bit ca 2 ng vo.
- C kh nng chng nhiu tn s cng nghip.
Chnh v nhng yu t trn nn ta dng b khuch i o lng. B khuch i o
lng cn c nhng u im sau:
- Tr khng li vo rt ln: khc vi cc b K tr n gin, mch li vo v
mch phn hi cch ly vi nhau. Ngun tn hiu b chu ti ch bi dng li vo ca
tng khuych i o lng.
- C nhiu khng ng k cc b khuch i tr n gin, cc ngun c nhiu
gy ra nh hng c lp vi nhau:
+ C nhiu v nhit ca in tr li vo.
+ C nhiu ring li vo.
+ C nhiu do dng li vo ca khuch i thut ton.
- Cc thnh phn c nhiu c kh i hoc l hn ch khi s dng mt tng
khuch i o lng.
- khng tuyn tnh ca h s khuch i khng ng k.
- Vic t h s khuch i rt n gin. H s khuch i c th thay i khi ta
thay i cc gi tr in tr.
Ta c s mch nh sau:
Hnh 2.9. S khi khuch i

Tnh ton h s khuch i:

Do: Ngun cung cp = 5V
nhy ca cm bin l 2mV/V
Nn p ra ti a ca cm bin l: 5V*2mV/V = 10mV
Chn Vref = 5V.
Chn knh ADC 0 ch n knh. Ta c:
Vin
ADC *1024
Vref
Trng lng ti a 50kg ng vi 1024 mc.
Vy in p ra ln nht ca loadcell Vin = 5V
Cn khuch i tn hiu u ra ca Loadcell l 10mV ln 5V.
Vy h s khuch i l: G = 5V/10mV = 500.
60K
M ta c: G 4
RG
RG = 121.
2.3.3. Khi hin th LCD
Hnh 2.10. V d LCD

Chc nng ca LCD trong cc thit b in t m nhn vai tr hin th cc thng
s, cc thng tin mun nhp vo hay cc thng tin x l m b iu khin ang hot
ng c hin th ra mn hnh, gip ngi s dng giao tip gn hn vi qu trnh
hot ng ca h thng.
Loi LCD thng s dng l SD DM1602A l mt mn hnh LCD n sc,
hin th c 2 dng vi kh nng hin th c cc k t trong bn m ASCII m

rng. N cho php hin th d liu trc tip trn bn mch chng ta ch to m
khng cn kt ni ti my tnh. Vic u ni thit b ny ht sc n gin. Sau y l
bng thng k s chn v chc nng ca n :
Cc chn LCD
2.3.4. Khi giao tip my tnh

Trong n, chng em s dng Max485.
Thng thng cc h vi x l c ng truyn thng theo mc TTL. V cc thit b
u cui khc (DTE ) c cng truyn thng l RS232. c th ni mng cc thit b
ny ta phi chuyn t TTL RS232 sang RS485.
thc hin vic chuyn i ny c rt nhiu vi mch trn th trng, nhng h
vi mch ca hng MAXIM l ph bin nht hin nay. l MAX 481, MAX 483,
MAX 485, MAX 487, MAX 488, MAX 489, MAX 490, MAX 1487.
Tiu biu l vi mch MAX 485, n chuyn t mc TTL sang RS_485 , truyn
theo phng php Half_Duplex.
c im :
RS485 l chun giao tip ni tip bt ng b cn bng, s truyn thng tin trn
dy xon i bn song cng ( Half _ duplex) , ngha l ti mt thi im bt k trn
dy truyn ch c th l mt thit b hoc l truyn hoc l nhn.
RS485 cho php 32 b truyn trn bus.
RS485 c ng ra 3 trng thi.
RS485 cho php tc truyn ti a l 2.5Mbps.
S chn:
Hnh 2.11. S khi Max485

USART (Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and

Transmitter):
B Truyn Nhn Ni Tip ng B V Bt ng B Ph Dng, y l khi
chc nng dng cho vic truyn thng gia vi iu khin vi cc thit b khc. Trong
vn truyn d liu s, c th phn chia cch thc (method) truyn d liu ra hai ch
(mode) c bn l: Ch truyn nhn ng b (Synchronous) v Ch truyn
nhn Bt ng b (Asynchronous). Ngoi ra, nu gc phn cng th c th phn
chia theo cch khc l: Truyn nhn d liu theo kiu Ni tip (serial) v Song
song (paralell)
Truyn ng B: l kiu truyn d liu trong b truyn (Transmitter) v b
nhn (Receiver) s dng chung mt xung ng h (clock). Do , hot ng truyn v
nhn d liu din ra ng thi. Xung clock ng vai tr l tn hiu ng b cho h
thng (gm khi truyn v khi nhn). u im ca kiu truyn ng b l tc
nhanh, thch hp khi truyn d liu khi (block).
Truyn Bt ng B: L kiu truyn d liu trong mi b truyn
(Transmitter) v b nhn (Receiver) c b to xung clock ring, tc xung clock
hai khi ny c th khc nhau, nhng thng khng qu 10% . Do khng dng chung
xung clock, nn ng b qu trnh truyn v nhn d liu, ngi ta phi truyn cc
bit ng b (Start, Stop,) i km vi cc bit d liu.
Cc b truyn v b nhn s da vo cc bit ng b ny quyt nh khi no
th s thc hin hay kt thc qu trnh truyn hoc nhn d liu. Do , h thng
truyn khng b cn c gi l h thng truyn t ng b. T hai kiu truyn
d liu c bn trn, ngi ta a ra nhiu giao thc (Protocol) truyn khc nhau nh:
SPI (ng b), USRT (ng b), UART (bt ng b),.Tuy vy, cng c giao thc
truyn m khng th xp c vo kiu no: ng b hay bt ng b, chng hn kiu
truyn I2 C (Trong AVR gi l TWI), tuy vy mt cch hi gng p th c th thy
giao thc truyn I2C gn vi kiu ng b hn v cc thit b giao tip vi nhau theo
chun I2 C iu dng chung mt xung clock.

Hnh 2.12. S khi b USART
2.3.6. Bn phm
Bn phm c sn t khi chng em lm n mn hc k hc trc v
vy chng em mun tn dng trng n ln ny.
Loi 4x4 bn phm ny c 16 nt nhn c b tr dng ma trn 4 hng v 4
ct. cch b tr ma trn hang v ct l cch chung m cc bn phm thng s dng.
cng ging nh ma trn LED, cc nt nhn cng hang v cng ct c ni vi nhau.
V th vi bn phm 4x4 s c 8 ng ra.
Trong bn phm ny nhm chng em ch s dng phm A lm phm chnh 0.
Cc phm cn li c th c s dng khi n c m v i hi nhiu phm bm
hn.

Hnh 2.13. S bn phm 4x4

2.3.6. S mch nguyn l v mch in
Hnh 2.14. S mch in

2.4. Thit k phn mm

2.4.1. Lp trnh cho vi iu khin AVR
2.4.1.1. Lu thut ton
Begin
Khi to LCD
Khi to cc port
Khi to ADC
Khi to UART
c gi tr ADC 10 ln ( xi ) i chy t 1 10
10
x
i 1
i
Ly gi tr tb 10 ln o:Val=
10
Yes Gn gi trzero(G)
Nhn phm A
y G=Val
No
Hin th LCD
Gi tr c:Val2=Val-G (ban u G=0)
i Val2 ra kg (Val2/20.48) Giao tip PC

Theo Cng thc (*) trang (47)
END
Tnh ton quy i ra khi lng:

Ta c:
Tn hiu ra ca tn hiu vo c gi tr N
Loadcell (mV) K ADC ADC
Theo nh trn tnh: H s khuch i G = 500

C: nhy = 2mV/V
Vcc = 5V
Vy ng vo ADC l 05V
Vin
Do: ADC *1024
Vref
Nn: Nmax = (5/5)*1024 = 1024
Nmax
0 mmax m (kg)
C: 0 kg <> N = 0
m = mmax = 50 Kg <> N = Nmax = 1024
Vy ta c cng thc lin h:
mmax N
m * N ADC ADC
N max 20.48
(*)
2.4.1.2. Gii thiu phn mm v ngn ng lp trnh Codevision

La chn phn mm: y l phn mm c s dng rt rng ri bi n c
xy dng trn nn ngn ng lp trnh C, phn mm c vit chuyn nghip hng ti
ngi s dng b s n gin, s h tr cao cc th vin c sn.

Hnh 2.15. Phn mm lp trnh codevision
Hnh 2.16. Khi to cc port vo/ra, LCD, UART

2.4.2. Lp trnh giao din trn my tnh
Hin nay c rt nhiu cng c phn mm h tr cho vic lp trnh giao din trn
my tnh. y em dng phn mm Visual Studio 2008.

Phn mm ca em vi mc ch qun l ngi dng cn in t, cho php lu li kt

qu o, tm kim v xut kt qu o ra dng tp tin PDF hoc Excell.
H thng ca em c thit k nh sau:
Hnh 2.17. ng nhp h thng

C 2 quyn ng nhp l: QT (qun tr) v quyn NV (nhn vin)
- Vi quyn QT c th xem, thm, sa v xa kt qu o ca tt c mi ngi.
- Vi quyn NV ch c th xem li kt qu o ca mnh v khng th xem c
kt qu o ca cc nhn vin khc.
Sau khi ng nhp vo h thng:

Hnh 2.18. Giao din chnh

Giao din c thit k nh sau:
- Panel 1: Cc thng s cng COM
- Panel 2: Cc trng thi khi kt ni vi vi x l. Khi bm nt Kt ni, kt qu
t mch o s c truyn ln my tnh v khi bm Ngt kt ni kt qu s khng
c truyn.
Khi bm phm Lu kt qu s c lu li trong c s d liu SQL.
- Trn panel 3 c 2 tabcontrol:
+ Tabcontrol 1: hin th kt qu o c.
+ Tabcontrol 2: th hin chc nng tm kim:
C th tm kim theo: Vt o
Theo ngy thng
Theo khong khi lng.

Hnh 2.19. Form tm kim
- Trn cng l cc MenuStrip vi cc chc nng:

+ H thng:
Qun l ngi dng:

Nu l quyn QT, c th vo kim tra, thm, sa v xa cc quyn ca tt c cc
nhn vin:

Nu l quyn NV, khi bm vo Qun l ngi dng s hin th ra bng thng

bo:
Ngi dng bm ng xut s quay li giao din ng nhp ban u.

Nu ngi dng bm Thot s hin ra mt ca s yu cu:

Nu thc s mun thot khi ton h thng ta nhn Yes. Nu khng th nhn No.
+ Bo co thng k:
Khi nhn vo bo co thng k trn MenuStrip:
Xut hin giao din bo co:

Sau khi nhn Export Report ta chn nh dng xut bo co (Excel hoc PDF).

Chng 3: KT QU THC NGHIM V NH GI SAI S
3.1. Kt qu thc nghim:
Sau khi tnh ton thit k chi tit cc khi chng em bt tay vo lm mch
tht. Vi s tr gip ca phn mm v mch in Altium Designer chng em thit k
mch v to ra sn phm hon thin nh bn di:
Hnh 3.1. Mch sau khi hon thin

3.2. nh gi sai s
Khi thit k tnh ton 1 h thng o bt k vic quan trng nht l ta phi tnh
ton, nh gi c sai s ca h thng . Bt k mt h thng o no cng c sai s
nhng sai s phi nh hn sai s cho php khng b nh hng ti mt vic c
th khi s dng h thng o. Trong h thng chng em thit k cng c sai s v sau
y l phn tnh ton sai s:
T s khi ta thy: sai s ca h thng bao gm sai s ca cm bin, sai s
ca b khuch i, sai s ca ADC, sai s ca vi iu khin. nhng sai s ca vi iu
khin l rt nh c th b qua, v vy ta cn 3 thnh phn sai s:
Sai s ca h thng: 12 22 32
Trong :
1 : l sai s ca cm bin
2 : l sai s ca ADC
3 : l sai s ca b khuch i
Sai s cm bin:
Sai s ca cm bin thng do nhit gy ra. Khi nhit thay i s lm in
tr cm bin thay i gy ra sai s, nhit lm vic l 0 o c ti 50o c
Sai s ca nh sn xut: 1 = 0,1%
Sai s ca ADC:
Sai s lng t:
y l sai s h thng. Gi tr ca sai s lng t bng mt na ca gi tr in
p t vo lm thay i mt n v ca m u ra
Sai s do in p Uref:
Sai s ny sinh ra do ngun tham chiu b thay i.
(sai s ny b trit tiu khi in p cp cho Uref cng l in p cp cho cu)
Cc yu t nh hng n chnh xc ca ADC:
Mch so snh:
Khong chuyn tip ca tn hiu l mt yu t gy ra sai s bi v hai tn hiu
phi sai lch mt gi tr nht nh th in th ra ca mch mi chuyn trng thi.
Ngoi ra mt mc in p khc nhau c mt mc chuyn tip khc nhau to ra s
khng tuyn tnh ca mch so snh. B so snh cng b tc ng ca nhit .
phn gii:
phn gii cng cao th sai s cng thp
nh hng ca b dao ng: khi xung nhp t vo thay i th chnh xc b km i
sai s tng ca ADC: 1/ 210 =0,097% 2 =0,097%
Sai s khuch i:
Mch khuch i s dng INA125 c sai s l: 3 0,01%

Vy sai s ca ton b h thng l:
12 22 32 = 0.12 0.0972 0.012 1%

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN
Kt lun
Vi thi gian 15 tun, em hon thnh n v sn sng bo v.
n ca em thc hin c nhng chc nng sau:
- o khi lng vi sai s nh p ng h thng nhanh.
- Truyn tin ln my tnh qua cng COM
- Xy dng giao din c kt ni c s d liu lu tr gi tr o v gim st
Hng pht trin

Mc d vy cho thit b c th hot ng tt hn th ta phi b sung thm cc
chc nng hon thin hn. Do em xin a ra mt s hng pht trin mi ca
n:
- Truyn tin qua my tnh bng cng USB v tc truyn ca USB (480Mb/s)
ln hn rt nhiu so vi RS232 (115Kb/s) v tin s dng vi cng ngh hin i ngy
nay.
- a d liu ln web tin qung b v chia s thng tin ti ngi dng.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Trng Qu - Phng php o cc i lng in v khng in

[2] Nguyn Th Lan Hng Phng php o, thit b o
[3] Hong S Hng Bi ng Thnh Gio trnh o lng in v cm bin
[4] Datasheet Atmega16
[5] Catalog Siwarex R Loadcell
[6] Gio trnh AVR
[7] Trn Nguyn Phong, Gio trnh Sql, i hc khoa hc Hu, 2004.
[8] Lp trnh vi C# Bin dch t Profestional C# 2 nd Editions, Wrox Press ltd
[9] http://www.hocavr.com

LI CM N
Khong thi gian 5 nm ngi trn gh ging ng ti trng i hc Bch Khoa

H Ni khng phi l qu di, cng khng phi qu ngn, nhng khong thi gian
gip chng em hc c nhng kin thc khng ch v chuyn ngnh m cc thy
c cn dy cho chng em nhng k nng sng, lm ngi, nhng tin chng em
bc vo x hi, mang sc mnh cng hin cho T quc, gip chng em trng thnh
hn.
Ngi u tin chng em xin by t lng bit n su sc v lng bit n chn
thnh nht n c gio Tin s Nguyn Th Lan Hng. C nh ngi ch, ngi m
bo ban, hng dn tn tnh v to mi iu kin gip chng em trong sut qu
trnh lm n tt nghip.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n ti tp th cc thy c trong b mn K thut
o v tin hc cng nghip, thy c mang n cho chng em nhng kin thc
chuyn ngnh, to mi iu kin gip chng em trong sut 4 nm hc tp kin thc
chuyn ngnh, v c nhng kin thc ngoi x hi.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n vin Tn La vin Khoa hc k thut qun
s v phng th nghim C in VILAS 019 thuc vin C in nng nghip v Cng
ngh sau thu hoch gip v to iu kin cho chng em thc tp v tip cn
nhng kin thc thc t.
Chng ti xin cm n tp th lp K thut o v Tin hc cng nghip 1 - K52,
nhng ngi thng xuyn ng vin, ng gp trao i kin v kin thc trong
sut thi gian hc tp ti vin in - trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
Cui cng con xin gi li cm n v cng su sc ti gia nh to mi iu
kin tt nht c v vt cht v tinh thn cho con hc tp v nhng ngi bn thn lun
ng vin gip ti trong qu trnh hc tp ti trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
H Ni, ngy 04 thng 06 nm 2012
Nhm sinh vin
Nguyn Th Sm
Dng Mnh Tun

PH LC
/*****************************************************
This program was produced by: Duong Manh Tuan & Nguyen Thi Sam
Project :
Version :
Date : 5/22/2012
Author :
Company :
Comments:
Chip type : ATmega16
Program type : Application
AVR Core Clock frequency: 16.000000 MHz
Memory model : Small
External RAM size :0
Data Stack size : 256
*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
// Alphanumeric LCD Module functions
#include <alcd.h>
// Standard Input/Output functions
#include <stdio.h>
#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0x00
int a,b,c,d,i,k,G=0,ADC_val2;
#define KEYPAD_DDR DDRB
#define KEYPAD_PORT PORTB
#define KEYPAD_PIN PINB
unsigned char scan_code[4]={0x0E,0x0D,0x0B,0x07};
unsigned char ascii_code[4][4]={ '7','8','9','/',
'4','5','6','*',
'1','2','3','-',
'N','0','=','+'};
unsigned char key;
unsigned char checkpad();
long sum=0;
unsigned int ADC_val;
// Read the AD conversion result
unsigned int read_adc(unsigned char adc_input)

{
ADMUX=adc_input | (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff);
// Delay needed for the stabilization of the ADC input voltage
delay_us(10);
// Start the AD conversion
ADCSRA|=0x40;
// Wait for the AD conversion to complete
while ((ADCSRA & 0x10)==0);
ADCSRA|=0x10;
return ADCW;
}
// Declare your global variables here
unsigned char checkpad(){
unsigned char i,j,keyin;
for(i=0;i<4;i++){
KEYPAD_PORT=0xFF-(1<<(i+4));
delay_us(10);
keyin=KEYPAD_PIN & 0x0F;
if(keyin!=0x0F)
for(j=0;j<4;j++)
if(keyin==scan_code[j]) return ascii_code[j][i];
}
return 0;
}
void hienthi(unsigned int val )
{
d=val*10;
k=d/20.48;
a=k/100;
b=(k-a*100)/10;
c=((k-a*100)-(b*10))%10;
lcd_gotoxy(1,0);
lcd_putchar(a+48);
lcd_gotoxy(2,0);
lcd_putchar(b+48);
lcd_gotoxy(3,0);
lcd_putsf(",");
lcd_gotoxy(4,0);
lcd_putchar(c+48);
lcd_putsf("kg");
}
void main(void)
{
// Declare your local variables here
// Input/Output Ports initialization
// Port A initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0x00;
// Port B initialization
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State 1=T State0=T
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x0F;
// Port C initialization
PORTC=0x00;
DDRC=0x00;
// Port D initialization
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0x00;
// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 0 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=0xFF
// OC0 output: Disconnected
TCCR0=0x00;
TCNT0=0x00;
OCR0=0x00;
// Clock value: Timer1 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=0xFFFF
// OC1A output: Discon.

// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
// Timer1 Overflow Interrupt: Off
// Input Capture Interrupt: Off
// Compare A Match Interrupt: Off
// Compare B Match Interrupt: Off
TCCR1A=0x00;
TCCR1B=0x00;
TCNT1H=0x00;
TCNT1L=0x00;
ICR1H=0x00;
ICR1L=0x00;
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0x00;
OCR1BH=0x00;
OCR1BL=0x00;
// Clock value: Timer2 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=0xFF
// OC2 output: Disconnected
ASSR=0x00;
TCCR2=0x00;
TCNT2=0x00;
OCR2=0x00;
// External Interrupt(s) initialization
// INT0: Off
// INT1: Off
// INT2: Off
MCUCR=0x00;
MCUCSR=0x00;
// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization
TIMSK=0x00;
// USART initialization
// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity
// USART Receiver: Off
// USART Transmitter: On
// USART Mode: Asynchronous

// USART Baud Rate: 57600
//UCSRA=0x00; //xet khung truyen va kich hoat bo nhan du lieu
//UCSRB=0x08; //phat du lieu
//UCSRC=0x86; //truyen 8bit dung thanh ucsR1
//UBRRH=0; // dong bo tan so
//UBRRL=8;
UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=(1<<TXEN);
UCSRC=(1<<URSEL)|(1<<UCSZ1)|(1<<UCSZ0);
UBRRH=0;
UBRRL=51;
// Analog Comparator initialization
// Analog Comparator: Off
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1: Off
ACSR=0x80;
SFIOR=0x00;
// ADC initialization
// ADC Clock frequency: 1000.000 kHz
// ADC Voltage Reference: AREF pin
// ADC Auto Trigger Source: ADC Stopped
ADMUX=ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff;
ADCSRA=0x84;
// SPI initialization
// SPI disabled
SPCR=0x00;
// TWI initialization
// TWI disabled
TWCR=0x00;
// Alphanumeric LCD initialization
// Connections specified in the
// Project|Configure|C Compiler|Libraries|Alphanumeric LCD menu:
// RS - PORTC Bit 0
// RD - PORTC Bit 1
// EN - PORTC Bit 2
// D4 - PORTC Bit 4
// D5 - PORTC Bit 5
// D6 - PORTC Bit 6
// D7 - PORTC Bit 7
// Characters/line: 8
lcd_init(16);
KEYPAD_PORT=0x0F; //*
KEYPAD_DDR=0xF0; //*
while (1)
{
// Place your code here
for(i=0; i<10;i++)
{
ADC_val= read_adc(0);
sum+=ADC_val;
}
ADC_val= sum/10; // lay gia tri trung binh 10 lan do
i=0;
sum=0;
ADC_val= read_adc(0); //chon kenh 0, dua gia tri tu kenh 0 vao ADC_val
ADC_val2= ADC_val-G; // chinh 0
hienthi(ADC_val2);
printf("%d",k);// truyen len PC
delay_ms(100);
key=checkpad(); //doc keypad
lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
if (key=='A') {lcd_putchar(key); G= ADC_val;// kiem tra phim A
}
}
}

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Thit k xy dng h thng cn nh lng s dng loadcell SIWAREX ca SIEMENS

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 1

2.4.1. Lp trnh cho vi iu khin AVR .................................................................... 40

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 2

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 3

Hnh 2.11. S khi Max485 ........................................................................................... 36

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 4

Trong sn xut, d l cng nghip hay nng nghip xc nh c khi lng

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 5

Chng 1: KHI NIM CHUNG V O LC

1.1. Khi nim chung

1.2. Cc phng php o lc

1.2.1. o lc bng lc k kiu bin dng

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 6

Hnh 1.1 V d loadcell tr c (cm bin o lc ln) (>10 5N)

c ci 2 nhnh hot ng, phi dn ln phn t n hi 2 cm bin o bin

Hnh 1.2. V d locell dng xuyn (cm bin o lc ln) ( <10 3N )

Hnh 1.3. Mt s loi tenzo

Phn loi tenzo

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 8

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 9

Mch cu o hai nhnh hot ng

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 10

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 11

Hnh 1.4. Thn cm bin

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 12

Trong : e = bin dng di cn o

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 13

Hnh 1.5a. Cm bin t do trng lng

Hnh 1.5b. Cm ng p t thay i ng dng th di tc dng ca bin dng lc

Vt liu M un n hi (Kg lc/mm2 )

Germani (Ge) Loi n 155

Germani Loi p 155

Silic (S) Loi n 130

Silic (S) Loi p 190

Thp Crom 180 220

1.2.2. o lc bng lc k kiu bin thnh di chuyn

Mt phn t hay mt dm n hi, lc chu tc dng ca mt lc, s c bin dng

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 14

Vi nhng lc ln hn, ta c th dung c cm hnh xuyn:

Hnh 1.7. Lc k bng dn nn

Cu to ca lc k 2 dm ko 2 u dng vi cm bin bin tr:

Hnh1.8. Lc k bng dn ko 2 u dng vi cm bin bin tr

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 15

C cu n hi bin lc thnh di chuyn by gi phi b tr o di chuyn ny,

1.3. Mt s phn t cn nh lng trong cng nghip v ng dng thc t

Bn cht phn t cn nh lng l o lc c trnh by chng trn.

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 16

1.3.1. Mt s loadcell thng dng

Hnh 1.100a. Mt s loi loadcell thng dng

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 17

Hnh 1.110b. V d loadcell thng dng ca hng Keli

Hnh 1.120c. V d loadcell thng dng ca hng Mettler Toledo

1.3.2. Thng s k thut c bn

Nguyn Th Sm Dng Mnh Tun LTH1-K52 Trang 18

- in p cung cp: gi tr in p lm vic ca loadcell (thng thng a ra gi

1.3.3. ng dng ca loadcell

Mt ng dng kh ph bin thng thy ca loadcell l c s dng trong cc