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6 . .. .

ISBN 960-337-049-5 2013



 2003
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ISBN: 960-337-049-5

Copyright 2008


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 10

5.  .. ., (1999), , -
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. .

Federation of National Associations of

United Nations www.un.org
Shipbrokers and Agents www.fonasba.com
Council of Europe www.coe.fr
IMO conventions www.imo.org/imo/con-
European Union www.europa.eu.int
vent/treaty.htm
International Chamber of Commerce www.iccwbo.org
IMO questions www.imo.org/imo/
World Trade Organization www.unicc.org/wto
faqs.htm
International Law Commission www.un.org/law/
Regional Oil Combating Centre for
ilc/index.htm
the Mediterranean Sea www.rempec.org
International Court of Justice www.icj-cij.org
Marine Safety Council Proceedings -
United Nations Development
The Coast Guard Journal www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m
Program www.undp.org
UN Treaty collection www.un.org/Depts/
Food and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org
Treatv
World Health Organization www.who.int
UNEP collection of Treaties gopher://unep.une
World Meteorological Organization www.wmo.ch
p.no:70/00/unep/elipac
International Telecommunication
Hellenic Ministry of Merchant Marine www.yen.gr
Union www.itu.int
Vessel Operators Hazardous
International Labour Organization www.ilo.org
Materials Association www.vohma.gr
International Maritime Organization www.imo.org
Full text of OPA 1990 www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/
Institute of London Underwriters www.ilu.org
nmc
International Association of
Tanker Owners Pollution Federation www.itopf.com
Classification Societies www.iacs.org.uk
International Oil Spill Control
International Association of
Directory www.cutter.com
Independent Tanker Owners www.intertanko.com
Hellenic Marine Environmental
International Chamber of Shipping www.british-shipping.
Protection Association www.helmepa.gr
org
European Commission www.europa.euint/en/
International Association of Ports
comm/dg07index.htm
and Harbours www.iaph.or.jp
Greenpeace International www.greenpeace.org

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1948 1974, 1975, 1977 1999
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( 2008).
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14

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 15

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16

3) .
1978 - (Maritime Safety
CommitteeSC) 14, 8 .
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 17

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MARPOL 1973/78.

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.
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8) .

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18

.


. (1958),
, Ove Nielsen () 1959-1961, William Graham () 1961-1963,
Jean Roullier () 1964-1967, Colin Goad () 1968-1973, Chandrika Prasad
Srivastava () 1974-1989, William O' Neil () 1990-2003, 2004
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. (draft instrument)
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2.3 .

,
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(Conferences)
(Conventions), (Protocols)
(Codes), (Resolutions) (Guidelines),
- (

).

2.3.1 .
A .
, SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) 1974
1980. SOLAS
. MARPOL
. (
SOLAS . 45).

2.3.2 .
1) .


.

 19

, ..
(1949)
1954.
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SOLAS (1960),
.

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Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), COLREG () 1972,
1977 1983. 1974
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20

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 21

. 2.3
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,
(1998)
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2) .


(TELSTAR 1962)
. 1976
(Convention on the Establishment
of an International Maritime Satellite System), INMARSAT,
1979.
(INMARSAT), 1981,
. 1985,
1989 1994 ,
.
INMARSAT International Mobile Satellite Organi-
sation

22

(Global Maritime Distress and Safety System-

GMDSS). GMDSS
.

3) .
10
(Convention
on Maritime Search and Rescue) 1979 1985
SAR. -

.
SOLAS,
,
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SAR


.
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.
SAR

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. , SAR
,
.
1998, 2000
SAR
, ,
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SAR
(IAMSAR), ICAO,
MERSAR (1971) IMOSAR (1978).

4) 
.
,
1978

(Convention on Standards Training and

Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafarers) 1984
STCW.
. STCW
STCW 1995. ( STCW 6 . 83).
 23

2.3.3 .
1) .

(Convention for Safe Containers) 1972,
1977 CSC.
(
),

.
1991 MSC

.

2) .

(1929).
, SOLAS (1948)
.
SOLAS (1960), VII,

, .
4
MSC (International
Maritime Dangerous Goods Code), IMDG code,

-. IMDG

. ( IMDG
8 . 179).

2.3.4 .
1) .

,
,

1930. 30
36 ,
, ,
.
3
(Convention on Load Lines), LL,
1966 1968
,
. LL 391/1968
1971, 1975, 1979, 1983 1988 (
2000). ,
24

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1876,
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SOLAS
(1974), ..
.
.
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().
25
.
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/ 6-24 .

2) .
1969 51 -

(Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships) 1969,
1982 TONNAGE. TONNAGE
,
24 . , TONNAGE
- , ..
, , .

. tonnage

,
 25

. , TONNAGE,
25 65%
,
1980. ,
(GT NT).
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.).

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.
STP, (1973):

/ / 100

(
.).
26

4) .
/ .
, 35 - 5
,
.
(Carriage of Passengers and
Their Luggage by Sea) 1974, 1987 PAL.
PAL,

. 55.000 . .
300%. ,
,
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80.000 , Herald
of Free Enterprise (1987) Zeebrugge .

5) .

1960 SOLAS 1960,
. , 1966 FAO
ILO
, .. FAO ,
ILO ,
.
, MSC 7
8 (1971) :

, .

(Torremolinos Inter-
national Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels) 1977, 1984,
24 SFV.


SOLAS LL, . ,
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SFV ,
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 27

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, FAO
ILO.
STCW .
,
, STCW-F/95 15

. STCW-F/95
(15) [ (8)
].

2.3.5 .
.

(ICS)
(MTC).
2 A.29 II (1961)
.

(1963)
.

(Convention on Facilitation of Maritime Traffic) 1965, 1967
FAL. FAL
. FAL :
)
(, , ),

)
28

2.3.6 .


,
,
.

1) 
.

(Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
Pollution Casualties) 1969, 1975
INTERVENTION. ,
(
) ,
.

.
1973 INTERVENTION ( 30.03.
1983),
.
( )


( ).

2) .
1969
(International Convention on
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage), 1975
CLC.
/
.
. CLC

.
CLC

:
) .
) ,
)
.
CLC ,
 29

,
133 Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
14 SDR [
2007, 1 SDR = 1,586 USD (.)],
.

3) 
.
CLC
.
1971

(Convention on the Establishment of an International
Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage), 1978,
FUND - CLC.
FUND
CLC
CLC
.
FUND :
)
CLC.
)
CLC
) CLC.
FUND
,
,

. FUND
60 . SDR,
CLC.

4) 
.
IAEA
,

(Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material)
1971, 1975 NUCLEAR.
NUCLEAR ,

,
.
(1960)
(1963).
30

5) .

(1957) ,
1968.
.
1960
,
.
.

1976,
(Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims),
5 , 1986 LLMC
( 51 ). LLMC
, 300%,
,
, .

6) 
.
1988

(Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety
of Maritime Navigation), 15 -, 1992
SUA ( 147 ).

. SUA ( 136 ),

.

7) .
1980
no cure no pay,

, .
Lloyds Open Form (LOF) 1980,
, .
(Inter-
national Convention on Salvage) 1989 LOF 1980

/. 1996
SALVAGE. ,

.
York-Antwerp (1974), .
1892 Lloyd's
( 1980 1990)
 31

LOF. (1995)
(1992) -container Ocean Blessing
/ Nagasaki Spirit, 50 40.000
.
(. 14) SALVAGE,
LOF 1995 ,
,
13,
. ,
York-Antwerp (1994)

, .

2.3.7 .
1) .
(10 ) ,
, ,
( 1959).
(1954),
,
OILPOL.
OILPOL
, 100 (parts per million-PPM)
50 .. ,
.. , (. 3). 1962
, ..

100 50 .. (1963)

, LOT

()
.
1969 /

LOT, 60
1/15.000 /.
, 1971 ( )
, .. /,
.
OILPOL MARPOL 1973/1978.

2) 
.


(London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter) 1972, 1975 LDC.
dumping
32

,
. LDC :
) () , ..
, , , ,
. ,
.
) ()
,
.. , , , ,
.
(special permit)
.
) ,
. (gen-
eral permit).

3) .

(International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships) 1973 1978,
1983 MARPOL.
. ( MARPOL
. 63).

4)  ,
.
/ Exxon Valdez (1989)
Khark-5 (1989) ,
90 15 ,
,
(Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation) 1990,
1995 OPRC.
-
/

( )

.
OPRC
, .. SOLAS,
MARPOL, CLC FUND
() . OPRC

( ) .
2.1
, -
(%)
.
 33

2.1
(29/02/2008).

(%)

-
17/3/1958 167 97.02
1991 amendments - 113 87.94
SOLAS 1974 25/5/1980 158 98.80
SOLAS Protocol 1978 01/5/1981 112 95.69
SOLAS Protocol 1988 03/2/2000 89 90.14
Stockholm Agreement 1996 01/4/1997 11 8.67
LL 1966 21/7/1968 158 98.77
LL Protocol 1988 03/2/2000 85 89.71
TONNAGE 1969 18/7/1982 148 98.80
COLREG 1972 15/7/1977 151 98.05
CSC 1972 06/9/1977 78 61.39
1993 amendments - 9 6.16
SFV Protocol 1993 - 15 10.04
STCW 1978 28/4/1984 151 98.77
STCW-F 1995 - 8 5.11
SAR 1979 22/6/1985 91 50.30
STP 1971 02/1/1974 17 24.28
SPACE STP 1973 02/6/1977 16 23.58
INMARSAT C 1976 16/7/1979 92 92.76
INMARSAT OA 1976 16/7/1979 89 91.40
1994 amendments - 40 27.18
2006 amendments - 1 0.03
FAL 1965 05/3/1967 111 68.32
MARPOL 73/78 (Annex I/II) 02/10/1983 146 98.73
MARPOL (Annex III) 01/7/1992 128 94.50
MARPOL (Annex IV) 27/9/2003 118 75.70
MARPOL (Annex V) 31/12/1988 134 96.52
MARPOL Protocol 1997 (Annex VI) 19/5/2005 48 74.73
LC 1972 30/8/1975 82 67.32
1978 amendments - 20 17.99
LC Protocol 1996 24/3/2006 33 21.02
INTERVENTION 1969 06/5/1975 85 74.62
INTERVENTION Protocol 1973 30/3/1983 52 48.99
CLC 1969 19/6/1975 39 7.52
CLC Protocol 1976 08/4/1981 53 56.12
CLC Protocol 1992 30/5/1996 120 95.89
FUND Protocol 1976 22/11/1994 31 47.43
FUND Protocol 1992 30/5/1996 102 92.96
FUND Protocol 2000 27/6/2001 - -
FUND Protocol 2003 03/3/2005 21 18.87
NUCLEAR 1971 15/7/1975 17 20.27

34

PAL 1974 28/4/1987 32 40.40

PAL Protocol 1976 30/4/1989 25 40.06
PAL Protocol 1990 - 6 0.86
PAL Protocol 2002 - 4 0.18
LLMC 1976 01/12/1986 51 48.92
LLMC Protocol 1996 13/5/2004 28 23.42
SUA 1988 01/3/1992 147 87.75
SUA Protocol 1988 01/3/1992 136 83.07
SUA 2005 - 2 0.08
SUA Protocol 2005 - - -
SALVAGE 1989 14/7/1996 56 37.91
OPRC 1990 13/5/1995 91 65.18
HNS Convention 1996 - 10 4.01
OPRC/HNS 2000 14/6/2007 19 19.28
BUNKERS Convention 2001 - 20 21.52
AFS Convention 2001 - 28 43.79
BWM Convention 2004 - 12 3.46
NAIROBI WR Convention 2007 - - -

: www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=247 (29/2/2008)
* Lloyd's Register of Shipping / World Fleet
Statistics (31/12/2006).

.
SOLAS: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (
).
S.A: Stockholm Agreement ( ).
L.L: International Convention Load Lines ( ).
Tonnage: International Convention on the Tonnage Measurement of Ships (
).
COLREG: Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (
).
CSC: International Convention for Safe Containers (
).
SFV: Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (
).
STCW: International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping of Seafar-ers
(
).
SAR: International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (
).
STP: Agreement Special Trade Passenger Ships (
).
INMARSAT: Convention on the Establishment of an International Maritime Satellite System (
).
FAL: International Convention on the Facilitation of Maritime Traffic (
).
MARPOL: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (
).
LD: London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
(
).
INTERVENTION: International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil
 35

Pollution Casualties (
).
CLC: International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (
).
FUND: Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution
Damage (
).
NUCLEAR: International Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of
Nuclear Material (
).
PAL: International Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (
).
LLMC: International Convention on the Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (
).
SUA: International Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime
Navigation (
).
SALVAGE: International Convention on Salvage ( ).
OPRC: International Convention on Oil Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (
, ).
HNS: International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage
of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (
).
BUNKERS: .
AFS: International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (
).
BWM: International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments
( ).
WR: Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks (
).
Annexes: .
Amendments: .
Protocols: .

2.4 .

2.4.1  , 2001
(International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships-AFS).
, 12 25 -,
25% , .
, (organotins)


.
-
,
(operate under their authority)
.
400

(International Anti-Fouling System
Certificate), -
.
36

, 24 ,
400 (
) (declaration) ,
, .. -
.
, -
,
. , 12

.

2.4.2 , 2001 (Bunkers Convention).

, -

, (fuel)
. ,
,
-. , :
) , , /
, ,
, ,
""
.
)
.
CLC (1969).
- , - Bunkers
(insurance cover).
,
- .
1.000
, .. ,
(registered owner)
, ,
LLMC (1976), .
(1996) , 2004,

2.000 2 (SDR special drawing rights,
), 3,17 .
:
) 2.001 30.000, 800 SDR ($ 1,269).
) 30.001 70.000, 600 SDR ($ 952).
) 70.000, 400 SDR ($ 634).
,
2.000 1 SDR ($ 1,586).
:
)  2.001 30.000, 400 SDR ($ 634).
 37

) 30.001 70.000, 300 SDR ($ 476).

) 70.000, 200 SDR ($ 317).

2.4.3 
, 2004 (International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast
Water and Sediments - BWM).
12 30 -
35% (. 18). 2
,

.
5
-
. 6 -, -
, ,
, .
(. 7),
(port state control offi-
cers . 9), (
).
12 AFS
, -
.
,
(ballast
water management plan), ( -1).

, -
.
-2 ,
, -
. -3 -
:
) 2009 1500
5000 , -
(ballast water exchange)
2014.
) 2009 1500
5000 ,
-
2016.
) 2009 2012
- 5000

D-1 D-2 2016 2016.
) 2009
5000 ,
.
38

2.4.4  , 2007 (Nairobi International Con-

vention on the Removal of Wrecks - WR).
18 2007 12 -
12 -, .
-
-
, ,
.
,

(beyond the territorial sea). ,
-
.
1300
,
. 3 :
) ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.

,
. , - -
.

2.4.5 , 2009 (Recycling of Ships).

2003
ILO ( )
(1989)
.
(ILO/IMO/BC Working Group on Ship Scra-pping)
2005.
(green passport) ,
. (inventory)

. .
2004 (MEPC)
(ship recycling plan SRP)
.
2006 (draft convention) -
/ , -
2008-2009 .
:
) , , ,

 39

.
) / (ship recycling facilities)
.
) -
, .

. 2.4
23/3/04 / verton ( : 1980, : 48.363 gt)
,
. 80.000
/. ,
() .

2.5 .
1. Alexopoulos A.B., Gagatsi E. and Tyrinopoulos I., (2008), An Analysis of the Existing Frame-
works and Systems for Sustainable Port Environmental Management, in: Proceedings of 4th
International Congress on Transportation Research in Greece, pp. 403-413.
2. Alexopoulos A.B., (2006), Environmental Pressures on the Sea-Front. Safety, Health and Pol-
lution Issues arising from Shipbreaking Activities, : : Integrat-
ed Coastal Zone Management. From Theory to Co-operation for a Sustainable Future, Medsos
Network, pp. 1-12.
3. Alexopoulos A.B. and Fournarakis N., (2003), Telematic Applications for the Continuous Mari-
time Training: Some Findings from the NAUTILUS Project, : 2
...: , -
, . 602-609.
4.  .., (2002),
, , 22.
5. Alexopoulos A.B., Fournarakis N., Katarelos E., Sakkas K. and Avtzigiannis K., (2001), A
Critical Analysis of the IMO's Conventions and Codes from the Techno-Economic & Manage-
rial perspectives, : Technology and the Envi-
ronment, University of Piraeus, pp. 1-19.
6. Farthing B., (1997), International Shipping, LLP.
7.  .. .., (1996), ,
.
40

8.  .., (1993), , MEMO Journal,

1, . 30-31.
9. Brubaker D., (1993), Marine Pollution and International Law, Belhaven Press.
10. Branch A., (1991), Elements of Shipping, Chapman & Hall.
11. Branch A., (1988), Economics of Shipping Practice, Chapman & Hall.
12. Bekiashev K. and Serebriakov V., (1981), International Maritime Organizations, Nijhoff.

.
3.1 
.

3.2  , , .
3.3  - , ,

,
3.4  , -
.
, ,

.
3.5 
,
3.6 
,

, , , ,
3.7  , - .

- .
3.8  , -
, , ,

, ,

, , .
3.9 
.
3.10


(1969).


-. ,
ILO. ,

(, 1958 , 1982). , 5, 6 7 (.
217, 224 225) ,

.
42

3.1 .

.
, , ,
, .

1969.

(draft convention) ,
1969.
, .
402/1974
1980.
()
( , )
.
, , , , , ,
, .
.
,
.
.
, , ,
, .
(1958) ,
.. SOLAS (1948), OILPOL (1954)
. ,

.

3.2 .

,
.
- ,
,
.
,
(draft
document). ,
. ,
,
(adopting conven-
tion) .
-
- . ,
. ,
,
 43

, , ,
.
,
, .
, .
,
-. ,
- 12 .

3.3 .

. (entry into force) ,
, . ,
,
. ,
,
SOLAS 1974 25 -,
50% .
.
,
,
,
, .
5 .

3.4 , , , .

,
.
(signature) :
)
.
)
.
)

( . 12 . 1 , 1969).
,
, .

[. 18 . ()
].

.

.
(acceptance) (approval)
44

(ratification),
, .

. (accession)
,
. ,
( ) .

3.5 .

(enforcement)
-. ,
, .. ISM.

.

3.6 .

.
- , ..
SOLAS 1960 1965, 1966, 1967,
1968, 1969, 1971 1973. , ,
SOLAS (1974)
1978, 1981, 1983, 1988, 1990 1991.
(amendments)
, 2/3, .
,
,
- . ,
, .
, ,
tacit acceptance SOLAS (1974),
COLREG (1972) MARPOL (1973). ,
,

-. ,
, .. 1981 SOLAS 1/9/1984.

3.7 , .
, ,
, .. (1969) OILPOL (1954)
, MARPOL (1973)
TSPP (1978), ,
,
.
, ,
.
 45

, () ,

,
.
(1976)
1978. ,
,
OPA 1990 .

,
,
. (prima facie)
, .
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
, CLC (1969), 15 ,
9 ,
FUND (1971).

-. .
,
. MARPOL 145 ,
98% .

. ,

, .
,

. TSPP (1978) MARPOL
(1973) SOLAS (1974)
/.
MARPOL (1983).
,
,
ad hoc , ,
.
(light obligations)
. , ,
..
(1969).
, ,
, .. NNAGE (1969),
, 25 65%
,
(1982).
46

.
,
.
, ,
.. TSPP (1978)
MARPOL
.

. /
,
, .. -
MARPOL, /
.
(SBT) / 70.000 dwt,
(COW) (IGS),
(DH/DB).
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.

3.8 .

ILO ( ) ,

,
,
.
, 3.1
, , ( , , .),
' , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
 47

3.1
ILO .

,
- ( ).

7 Minimum Age (Sea) 1970
 23.9.25
281/16-12-25 4211/29
8 Unemployment Indemnity Shipwreck 1920
 23.9.25
277/16-12-25 4004/29
9 Placing of seamen 1920
 23.9.25 291/16-12-25
4369/29
15 Minimum Age (Trimmers and Stokers) 1921

4505/30 102/7-4-30
16 Medical Examination of Young Persons 1921

4676/30 156/12-5-30
22 Seamen's Articles of Agreement 1926

23 Repatriation of Seamen 1926
1130/81 38/13-2-81
53 Officers' Competency Certificates 1936

54 (*2) Holidays with Pay (Sea) 1936

55 Shipowners' Liability (Sick and Injured Seamen) 1936
 ,
366/68 88/27-4-68
56 (*2) Sickness Insurance (Sea) 1936

57 (*2) Hours of work and manning (Sea) 1936

58 Minimum (Age) revised 1936
 4318/63
87/1-6-63
68 Food and catering (Ship's Crews) 1946
1163/81 49/18-4-81
69 Certification of Ships' Cooks 1946
 4317/63
87/1-6-63
70 (*2) Social security (Seafarers) 1946

71 Seafarers' Pensions 1946
1639/86 109/18-7-86

48

72 (*2)
Paid Vacations (Seafarers) 1946

73 Medical Examinations (Seafarers) 1946
1131/81 39/13-2-81
74 Certification of Able Seamen 1946

75 (*2) Accommodation of Crews Convention 1946

76 (*2) Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) 1946
,
91 (*3) Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Revised 1949

92 Accomodation of Crews Revised 1949
1637/86 107/ 18-7-86
93 (*2) Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Revised 1949
,
108 Seafarers' Identity Documents 1958
4316/83 87/1-6-83
109 (*2) Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Revised 1958
,
133 (*1) Crew Accomodation on Board Ship (Supplementary Provisions 1970
1594/86 65/19-5-86
134 Prevention of Occupational Accidents to Seafarers 1970
 486/76 321/3-12-76
145 Continuity of Employment (Seafarers) 1976

146 Seafarers annual leave with Pay 1976

147 Merchant Shipping - Minimum Standards 1976 and its Protocol 1996
948/79 167/25-7-79
163 Seafarer's Welfare at Sea and in Port 1987

164 Health Protection and Medical Care of Seafarers 1987

165 Social Security for Seafarers (Revised) 1987

166 Repatriation of Seafarers (Revised) 1987

178 (*1) Labour Inspection (Seafarers) 1996

179 (*1) Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers 1996

180 Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships 1996

87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the right to Organize 1948


4204/61 174/19-9-61

 49

98 Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining 1949


4205/61 174/19-6-61
130 Medical Care and sickness Benefits 1969

138 Minimum Age 1973
 1182/81 193/ 24-7-81

: International Labour Office, Chart of ratifications of International Labour Conventions (Geneva

1993) .

.
(*1) .
(*2) .
(*3)  ,
.

3.9 .

.
()
.
. ,
(4) (1958)
, Montego Bay (1982).
, ,
.
,
(aritime Law)
(Law of the Sea).
.

3.9.1 .

, ,
,
. , ,
.

, . , '
,
.
, , -
, .. -
-, 12
..

. ,
50

.
, ,
.

1) .

.
( ),
(
) . ,
,
.
' ,
. ,
,
24 ..
, .

.
.
,
.
,
.


. ,
, .

2) ( ).
,
( ,
). , -
, .
,
, 12 ..
. 6 .. 10 ..
. 1964 12 ..

,
6 ..
(
)
( ),
, .
,

. ,
 51

.
,
,
- ,
, , , -
, ,
, ,
, -
.

3) ( ).
,
- .

, ,
.
24 .. .
, , ,
, , ,
,
, , ,
, .

, ,
. ,
.

, 24 ..
.

4) .
(strait)
(
) .
(high seas)
.

, (..
).
,
(waterways), .. north west passage .
.
, .. , , , . .
:
) .
30 1,5 6 ..,
' .
52

(1946) ,
.
.
.
45
.
,
,
. (Corfu Channel)

.
.
22 . :


.
 -
.
 -
. -
, .
) .

. 32 .
1-2,5 .
65 . 1,6-6,4 .
(1923) -

.

. ,
, , , , .
(1936)
. ' -
: )
, )
, , )
, ,
)
21 .
) .
14,6 .,
, . -
, ,
.
) .
60 ., .
 53

.
.
,
. ,
, / (1974)
50.000 .
,
. () :
.
. 1869
. .
168 ., 45-60 12-13 .
-, , ,
.
14 ,
.
- (1957-61 1967-75).

,

, .. , , , .
.
1914.
,

2000. 81 ., 91 12,5 .
24-30 .
,

.
26 ,
, .

5) .

, 200 ..
. ()
, .
-
(1982) , ,
.
, ,
sui generis. ,
, .

( ), ,
.
54

6) .
,

200 -
(-
, 1958).
, (1982)


200
, -
.

.
, ,
.
, ..
,

. ,
(
).

, , ,
-
,
.

7) .

,
. ,


.
.
.

8) .

,
, . ,
( , )
.
, ,
-,
, .
 55

.

. / (1967) ,
,
. ,
( )

. (1969) -
.
, -
.
1970

. ,
,
. 1995
. ,
.

3.9.2 .

. -
,
, . ,
.
, (6
), . .
, .. ,
, , .
- , , ..
.
, .. , , . , ..
, . , ,
.
.
. (artificial islands)
, .
, -
(
). ,
.
.
-
, (
), ,
,
. '
56

.
,
.
, (rocks) -
-
. (. 1213 )
- ,
.

. ,
, 0,001 .
, (islet)
- 1-10 . .
,
( , ,
).
. , 25
1995 Figen Akat
. ,
,
-. ,
Gulluk.

Mugla.
,
. -
,
.
, -
6
1
( 25 15 ).
(1947)
, ( ) -.
, , , ,
.

3.9.3 .
(1982) -
(. 192). ,
(. 192-237),

UNEP -
.
,
- . 19
,
.
 57

24

, -

-, 25
,
- , .

. 217

. ,

(. 19 21).
(. 22).
,
,

.
,
.
228
, ,
, ,

, .
229 ,
236
,
.
(1982)
,


.

,
(sustainable development)
.
.. (1992)
.
, .

(coastal states)
(flag states)

-
.
58

3.10 .
1. A lexopoulos A.B., (2006), Some Thoughts about the Concept of the Contiguous Zone in the New
Law of the Sea and its Potential Application to the Greek Seas, in Unresolved Issues and the New
Challenges to the Law of the Sea, (eds.) Strati A., Gavouneli M and Skourtos N., Publications
on Ocean Development, Martinus Nijhoff, Vol.54, pp. 259-270.
2. Alexopoulos A.B., (2003), The Legal Regime of Uninhabited Islets and Rocks in International
Law. The Case of the Greek Seas, Revue Hellenique De Droit International, Issue No. 56, pp.
131-151.
3.  .B. ., (2002),
( )
, : 2
- : , , .
1-12.
4.  .B. (2001),
- , , . 80, . 116-120.
5.  .B. (2001),
.
, , . 79, . 114-119.
6.  .., (2000), ,
, -, , . 110.
7.  .B., (1997),
, -
, : -
, , . 89-93.
8.  .B. (1997),
, : ,
- . . , , . 3-24.
9.  .., .. .., (1996),

- , :
2000, , . 27-46.
10.  .., .. .., (1996), -
, , .145, . 40-45.
11. Bates J.H. and Benson C., (1993), Marine Environment Law, Lloyd's of London Press.
12. Churchill R. and Lowe A., (1992), The Law of the Sea, Manchester University Press.
13. Cooper A.D. (1983), the Times Atlas of the Oceans, Times Books, University of Cardiff.


-

(SOLAS 1974/1978)

.
4.1 
SOLAS,
4.2 SOLAS
.
4.3  , /,
SOLAS SOLAS.
4.4  -
SOLAS .
4.5  - , ,
- SOLAS,

(SPS Code) .
4.6
- .
, , Y, ,
E, ,
, , , ,
, .

.
SOLAS
. 12
SOLAS ,
, ,
- ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
2004-2006
(ISPS Code).
8 9 (. 227 234)

.
60

4.1 .

(Safety of Life at Sea
SOLAS), / .
SOLAS
, .
SOLAS (1914) 1929,
1933,
1948 ,
1952.
, SOLAS, 1960
1965,
. SOLAS 1960 1966, 1967, 1968, 1971 1973,
. Colin
Goad SOLAS
(raison d' etre) 1960.
SOLAS 1960
, ,
, , ,
.
1974.
SOLAS 1974 1978 (
1981) 1988 ( 2000)
, ,
,
, .
,
, ,
19 .
SOLAS 1960.
SOLAS .
(COLREG),
, ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
. , .
,

: D-Gps, Gmdss, Arpa, Navtex, Sonar, Gyro-Compass, Echo-Sounder ..,
SOLAS 1960 ,
SOLAS 1974,
.
(ship design standards)
SOLAS 1974 . ,
, , .

. ,
.
 61

,
.
(steering gear) , , /
. SOLAS 1974 ( 29)
/.
, / 10.000
.
/. /

.
Esso Petroleum v. Southport Corporation,
/
.
, 400 .
.
. ,
, ,
.
, /
.
. / ,
.
/ (Double Hull / Double Bottom-DH/
DB). /
, ,
.
, .

(Segregated Ballast Tanks Protectirely Located SBT/PL),
/ DH/DB.

4.2 SOLAS.

SOLAS
/ , MARPOL,
LL STCW,
/
.
, ,
,
,
.
, SOLAS

,
.
SOLAS
:
62

) 1974
,
.
) 1978
(Tanker Safety and Pollution PreventionTSPP),
, :
 (nert Gas SystemIGS)

.
.
.
) 1983
(International Code for the
Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, 1971)

(International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Liquefied Gases in Bulk, 1975),
SOLAS.
) 1988 SOLAS ( 2000)
1988, 1989 1990 Ro-Ro (Roll on-Roll off),
-1 -2, , V, V VI,
100 ,
(Global Maritime Distress and Safety System-GMDSS),
1992.
) 1991 1992,
VI
(International Code for
the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk).
) 1994 ()
SOLAS
/ , /, /, / 500
1/7/1998 / 1/7/2002 (
SM , . 7.2, . 129).
( )
,
1996.
) 1995 1996
V, / / ,
Ro-Ro Esthonia
(1994), , ,
.
) 1997
(vessel traffic services) SOLAS,
/ .
) , 1998 ,
.
,

.
 63

,
,
.

(..
, , .)
.
,


, .

o
, , /
. ,

.

,
,
.
SOLAS 12 ,
(. 4.1).

4.1
, SOLAS.

.
.
.
1. .
2. .
II
1.  ,
.
.
.
1. .
2. .
.
1. .
2. .
.
1. .
2. .

.

64

2. 
.
.
1. .
2. .
.
.
.
.
.
1. .
.
1. .
2. .
.
IV .
.
1. .
2. .
.
1. .
2. .
.
1. .
2. .
.
V .
.
VI .
.
.
VII
.

.
.

.
.


.
VIII .

.
.
.
.
.
.
 .
 65

4.3 , SOLAS.

4.3.1 : .
SOLAS ,
, .
:
) SOLAS , -
,
.
) (/) 12 .
(/)
(/)
.
) SOLAS , ,
/ 500 , ,

.
)

.

/ / .
:
) / , / 12 .
) / ,
:
 / ,
.
SOLAS, .
 / ,
. 24
.
12 .
 12
.
17 19
- - ,
. ,
,
.
.

4.3.2 : .
1)  , .
, 1 K SOLAS
,
. :
, , , , , ,
66

, , ,
.
, :
) .
) ,
, ,
.
)
.
:
) ,
( ) .
,
.
) ,
, ,
, .
.
) ,

. / ,
, .
SOLAS
, .
:
) , .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) , ( )
,
.
,

. ,
,
.
.
,
SOLAS,
. ,


,
,
. ,
.
 67

,
, ,
.
,
,
,
- ,
.
SOLAS
,

. , :
)
:
 , , ,
.
 .
 .

.
.
)
.
) ,
.
,
. :
) .
)

) .
,
, ,
.

,
,
,
,
, ,
,
.

2) .
2 SOLAS
, ,
.
:
68

) ,
.
) ,
.
) .
, ,
1/7/1986.
,
1/10/1994.
, :
) ()
,
,
.
)
, 750C.
)
:

.
 , .
.
-60, -30, -15, -0
, .
) ,
, :
 ,
.
.
.
-30, -0
, .
) C
.
/
:
) ,
.
) , ,
, .
) .
) , ,
.

, ..

, ,
, (. ). ,

(/) . ,
 69

, (
, .) .
,
, ,

,
, .
,
.
(sprinkler)
. ,
, ,
,
.
/ ( /)

.
, /
. /

,
.

,

. 4.3
/ ega Borg ( : 1975, : 141.006 dwt) 09/06/90
OBO
Framura, . 10.000 4
.
70

. ,
, ,
,
.
,

.
, ,
, :
) .
) ( ).
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .


,
, .

4.3.3 : .
SOLAS
, ,
.
.

200 ,


600 .

.

.

, ,
, .
,
:
) :
, :
.
.
.
.
 ,
, :
 71

 ,
.
.
) , ,
, .
) ,

.
) ,
.
) ,
,
,
.
) ,
(.. )
.
) ,
, .
) .
) :
.
 (. , , -
).
.
.
) , ,

.

. :
.
 (, , ,
).
 ( ,
, ).
IV  ( ,
).
V .
VI .
VII  (,
).
VII  ( , .).

4.3.4 IV: .
1988 - SOLAS,

, ,
, GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System).
IV SOLAS ,
72

/ 300 ,

. 1/1/1999
1/2/1995. 1/2/1999, ,
.
,

, .
- SOLAS,
. ,
, , 1
,
.
, , :
) (DSC) ,

,
(International Radio Consultative CommitteeCCIR).
) INMARSAT ,
1976. ( ,
. 2.3.2(2), . 21).
) NAVTEX
518 khz,
.
) ,
, .
)
, , ,
.
)
,
EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) .
)

, .
) 1, ,
VHF (Very High Frequency)
, SOLAS.
) 2,
1, MF (edium Frequency)
,
SOLAS.
) 3, ,
1 2,
INMARSAT.
) 4, ,
1, 2 3.
:
) -
, .
 73

) -.
) -, ,
,
,
-.

, ,

.
, ,

.
:
) VHF/DSC 70.
) 9 GHz.
) NAVTEX.
) EPIRB 406 MHz 1,6 GHz .
1, 2, 3, 4
.

, , ,
, .

, .
.
.
,
,
( ).

4.3.5 V: .
V SOLAS ,

.
.
)
:
.
.
.
 .
.
) ,
.
, , ,
.
) -
,
.
74

) ,

. , :
,
,
, .
'
, .
) , -
:

.

(. .),
.

.
,
,
.
.
) , ,
:

, .. , , ,
.

,

.
 ,
.

.
 ,
.
 , ,
, ,
.
.

4.3.6 VI: .
VI SOLAS ,
1991, ,
.
,
,
,
, .
, ,
.
 75

,
,
.
1994 ,
,
.
,
1998
-
.

4.3.7 VII: .
VII SOLAS
:
) .
) .
) .
)
.
) .
) / ..

4.3.8 VIII: .

, VIII SOLAS :
) .
)
, ,
.
)
.
) , ,
, .
) , A
, 12 .

4.3.9 IX: .
SOLAS
(ISMCode) 500 ,
1/7/1998 ,
/ 500 ,
1/7/2002. ISM (SMS)
,
(DOC) (SMC) .
( ISM , . 7.2, . 129).

4.3.10 : .
SOLAS
,
76

.
.

1/1/1996 .
, , , ,
, .
1/1/1996,
.

4.3.11 : .
SOLAS, 1/1/1996 /
100 / 300 .
,
.
.

,

.

4.3.12  : .
SOLAS, 1999

, 150
.

,
, (ICAS).

4.4 SOLAS.

4.4.1 2004.
2004
/ / (
II-1/3-6). (non-permanent
means) ( 1 2006).
, :
) ( V: ).


- ,
.
) ( III: )
(drills),

.
) (IMDG Code), -
, 1.4, (security provisions) -
. 1 2006.
 77

2004, 1
2006 :
) ( XII: Bulk
carrier safety)
/ (double-side skin). , 14, -
. ,
150
1000 Kg/m.
) (voyage data recorders)
20 20.000 GT -
3.000 GT.

4.4.2 2005.
2005, 1 2007
1 2009. -1
SOLAS
(parts A, B, B-1
1 2009).
(probabilistic),

. , ,
,
(deterministic).
SOLAS 1 2007
:
) II-1/3-7
.
) II-1/3-8 .
-
/ .
) II-1/23-3
, / .
) II-1/31
- .

4.4.3 2006.
2006 1 2008. -
LRIT (long-range identification and tracking of ships)
V SOLAS .
: / -
, / 300 GT /.
LRIT ,
- .
,

.

(UNCLOS).
78

1 2010 -
:
) II-2:
,
1 1992 1 1998.
) III: , (), /
24 2,5%
,
.
) IV: ,
- EPIRB,
(polar orbiting satellite service COSPAS / SARSAT),
406 MHz band.
) V: . 22 -
(navigation bridge visibility),

( ,
).
(ballast water management plan).
2006
1 2008/2010 . /
, /
-, .

/
, ,
, . ,
:
) .
) (safe areas)
, ..
.
) (safe centers),
.
) ,
.
) ,
( ).
, II-2
(FSS Fire Safety Systems Code)
,
/ .
Star Princess 2005
.
/19.3.3.4 free-fall
.

, ,
 79

, .
.
-1/3-2
(performance standard for protective coatings)
(dedicated seawater ballast tanks),
/ . , 2006
:
) (Life-Saving Appliance LSA Code)
.
)
(Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dan-
gerous Chemicals in Bulk IBC), .
)
(Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Lique-
fied Gases in Bulk IGC), SOLAS
.
) (Codes for High-Speed Craft
-1994 HSC and 2000 HSC), SOLAS
-.

4.5 (ISPS Code).

4.5.1 .
2002 SOLAS
(maritime security). ,

ISPS (International Ship and Port
Facility Security Code).
-2 SOLAS ISPS 1
2004 . ,
ISPS , .
, (International Ship Secu-
rity Certificate), .
-2 ISPS
(. 4.2).
(port state) (flag state),
, , .

4.2
.

 ,
,
-
-, .
 ,
- , .

80



,
.



.

,
500 GRT , , -
.
,
, -
. ISPS
SOLAS ,
,
.
()
, ,
(Automatic Identification System),
(Ship Security Alert System)
.
ISPS,
(. 4.3) ,

.
.
,
, ,
.
-
(ship restricted areas),
, , , ,
, ,
. 1 -
, 2 ,
3 1 2
.
,

4.3
ISPS

1 ()  -
.
2 () 

 81

.
3 ( ) 
- .

.

,
.
-,
offshore.
. -
-
,
- .
.
,
, (. 4.5).

  .
/ . 
 .
, , 
. .


.
.

.

 

. .
 
-
. .

. 4.5
.

4.5.2 ISPS .
ISPS
(SOLAS). -

82

(MARPOL)
- (STCW),
(ISM Code).
SOLAS
, .
ISPS, -
.

( III
SOLAS). , ,
( IV SOLAS).
,
( )

, -
.
- ( VI SOLAS)
.
, ,
...
ISPS, (-
VII SOLAS) ,
,
.
MARPOL
,
.
, ,

. ,
. '
- ,
.
STCW
,
.
()
(). , ISPS
, .
- ISM
. ISM, ISPS
, -
(. 4.5).
ISM, (designated person)
, -
(. 2).
,
(). (
) . ,
ISPS, .
 ISM CODE ISPS CODE

1. .
2. 1.
. .
STCW 3.
STCW
(). 2.
4. (DPA). ().
5. .
6. .
7. 3.
. .
SOLAS 8. SOLAS
. 4. ,
9. .
,
.
5.
10. .
.
11. .
MARPOL 12. , MARPOL
. 6. .
13. , .

. 4.5
ISPS .
83
84

ISM ISPS
.
, ISM,
, ,
(. 8). , ISPS

, , ,
.
ISM, ,
(. 12).
, ISPS,

, .
-
-
.

4.6 .
1. Katarelos E. and Alexopoulos A.B., (2007), The Master's Role in Relation to the Safety of the
Port, particularly under the Concept of the ISM and ISPS Codes, in: Proceedings of Inter-
national Symposium on Maritime Safety, Security and Environmental Protection, NTUA,
pp. 1-10.
2.  .., . ., (2005),
(Event Tree Methods) ,

(ISPS Code). Limburg, : .
, (.) . -
, . 395-414.
3. Alexopoulos A.B., Dounias I., Theotokas I. and Nikitakos N., (2002) A Systematic Approach
to Tanker Losses due to Explosion and Fire Using Data Mining Techniques, :
IMAM, , pp. 1-8.
4.  ., (2001),
, , 12-13.
5. Alexopoulos A.B., Dounias G., Lekakou M. and Kalivas E., (2001), Accident Analysis of
Ro-Ro Ships in the Greek Sea Short Shipping using Data-Mining Techniques, Journal of
Management Sciences and Regional Development, No. 3, pp. 145-152.
6. Alexopoulos A.B., Dounias G., Lekakou M. and Kalivas E., (2001), A Detailed Analysis of
Ro-Ro Ships Accidents in Greek Seas using a Data-Mining Tool, : 2
: Safety of Maritime Transport, , . 1-23.
7.  ., .. .., (2001),
, , . 295.
8.  .. ., (1998), -
, : 12 -
, , . 185-200.
9. Helmepa, (1996), SOLAS ,
- .
10. Bureau Veritas, (1994), Ship Safety Handbook, LLP.
11.  ., (1987),
, .


(MARPOL 1973/78)
.
5.1 
5.2  MARPOL,
MARPOL . MARPOL
,
5.3 
.
MARPOL
5.4  .


MARPOL,
.

- .
, , ,
/ , , ,
,
, .

.

.
, MARPOL,


. ,
2003-2007. 10, 11
12 (. 238, 241 244) Oil Pollution
Act (OPA) 1990,

MARPOL. ,
.
86

5.1 .

1968 23 .
(1973),
.

, (Stockholm AgreementSA) 1972
- ,
. SC.
, 1973 24
(1954)
OILPOL. ,
.. ,
/,
/ Torrey Canyon (1967)
119.000 .

(Load-on-TopLOT),
,
OILPOL. ,

, .. Nixon ,
/.
.
, /,
OILPOL .
' LOT,
OILPOL. 1960

. ,
(
),
(slop tanks)
.
(oil water separator)
, .
LOT
(1970-1980),
.
MARPOL (1973) :
) (
50 ), .. ,
.
)

, 36
.
 87

) ,
OILPOL, .. 1/15.000
(
),
.
) ,

, ,

.

8 2 1973. - 77
7 .
(International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from ShipsMARPOL) . MARPOL
, OILPOL (1954)
( 1962, 1969 1971)
. ( 1997) (. 5.1)
. :
) (. 8
)
) (. 10 ).
MARPOL :
) .
) ,
. MARPOL
,
. ,
,
, .. , , , .

5.1
MARPOL 1973/1978.

I . 2/10/1983
II . 6/4/1987
,
III , , 1/7/1992
.
IV . 27/9/2003
V 31/12/1988
VI . 19/5/2005

: IMO News, 1, (2007).

88

MARPOL OILPOL (1954)

1962 1969 :
) (, , ,
) 10 (
).
)
/, LOT. ,
(Segregated allast TanksS),
(Crude il WashingCOW), (Oil Water Separator),
(Adequate Sludge Tanks) (Inert Gas
SystemIGS), SOLAS 1974.
)
.
)
.
) / 150 GRT 400 GRT
(, , , )
(International Oil
Pollution Prevention CertificateIOPPC).
)
( )
().
MARPOL ,
, , . ,
MARPOL
(dumping)
,
(.. ,
).
1974 ,
, .. , CLC (1969), FUND (1971), LDC (1972),
(1972) (1972),
(1974)
(1974).
, ,
. , MARPOL

. MARPOL 1,

. , /237 (VII)
MARPOL (complete elimination)
(mini-
mization) .
MARPOL
, .. ,
( ) -. ,
MARPOL,
OILPOL, 75%
/ .
 89

5.2 MARPOL.

MARPOL .

-. ,
,

.
1-8 MARPOL . :
) .
) , ,
,
,
.
) ,
.
) IOPPC
MARPOL.
) - .
) ,

.
MARPOL, :
) 41o
5o 36 .
)
, 57o 44.8.
) 41o
.
) .
) , .
MARPOL .

5.2.1 : .
MARPOL ,
OILPOL 1969
/
1/15.000 1/30.000 .
CBT, SBT COW.

1) (C).
/
,
(.. , )
(.. , .)
.
( ) .
/ ( )
90

. ,
,
.
/ ,
, .

.

/
,
.
, /,
CBT ( / CBT).
,

, '
. CBT
.
,
,
,
.

2) (SBT).
,
1983 SBT,
.
(, , )
,

. ,

(
, ).
SBT CBT ,
.
,
SBT, :
)
(.. , , ). ,
,
/, .. , , ,
. '
,
. , /
/
.
)
, .
 91

,
(
SBT) ,
.

SBT,
,
( SBT
3-5%).
,

(
).
3) (COW).


. COW ,

.

. :
) .
, COW

(
70-80%
).
) . COW

.
) .
/, ,
. COW
.
) .
.
, COW , :
) .
/ . ,

SBT,
(1973).
) . COW
,
/.
,

.
92

) (GS).
9-10 ,
, ,
, ,
, -,
. ,
,

.
12 - MARPOL
, ,

.
13 / 20.000
DWT [( ) Dead Weight Tonnage] / 40.000
DWT SBT COW. /
30.000 DWT SBT
/ 40.000 DWT SBT CBT.
13 SBT
(protectively located),
.
, 14
/ 150 GRT
4.000 GRT .
, .. , ,
,

9 16.
15 / 150 GRT
:
) N ,
.
) N
.
) H 0,8% 3%
COW
SBT CBT. / 70.000 DWT
.
) N
(Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control Systemodmcs)

.
) (Oil/water interface detectors)
.
16 /
:
) .
) 100 (Parts Per Million).
.
 93

) 15 PPM.

, .. ,
(15 PPM)
.
ODMCS,
().
. -
, .
/ 150 GRT 400 GRT ,
:
) ,
IOPPC, 5 .
)
, IOPPC.
) .
)
, 5 ,
IOPP .
20 / 150 GRT
/ 400 GRT . .

/ , .
3 .
21
,
MARPOL, / .
22-25
/ .
5.2.

5.2.2 : .


,
.
,
,
.

, .
250 .
,
. ,
12 ..
.
.

:
) SOLAS (1974/1978), 1983

94

.
, .. ,
.
) MARPOL (1973/1978)
.

5.2
MARPOL.
/ :
.



, 50 ..
.
.

:
 / .

60 ..
 , 
50 .. . /
1/15.000 / 1/30.000
.
 /


15.
 / 400GRT :

.
 :

 .

15 PPM.

 .
15 PPM
.


.
 :
 12 ..
.
.

100 PPM.
 . 
,

16.


.
: HELMEPA, (1987).
 95

5.2.3  :
, , .
MARPOL.
- MARPOL
,
. , III, V IV
.
III
. IMDG.
2-3
,
. ,

.

.
4
. , ()
, SOLAS
,
. ,
, SOLAS
MARPOL .
5
,
.
6
, , ,
.
7
,
. , ,
MARPOL,
.

5.2.4 IV: .
(20-25 )
(sewage) , .. ,
, ,
. .
:
) 12 ..
.
) 4 ..

.
)
96

,
4 (/).
400/1996
.
200 ,
200 ,
10 ,
() , ,
10
.

5.2.5 V: .
(garbage)
, .. , , , , .,
.
,
.
.
:
) :
A .
 12 ..
.
) :

, .
 3 ..
, , , .
 12 ..
, ,
.
 , ,
25 ..
.

12 .. .
500 . ,

,
,


.
- RPOL
,
, .
,
, ,
.
 97

5.2.6 VI: .


.
,
.. ,
1,5% m/m. ,
, .

5.3 MARPOL.

MARPOL
. ,
-,
.

, .

MARPOL.
1976,
.
. ,
/ ,
/ 1960.
, 15% (world ton-
nage) / .
, ..
, , .
1976 46 -
.

/, SBT
/.
, , .
,
. ,
, SBT / (1975).
, /

, , .
, /,
, SBT.
, ,
(
). (. 5.3).

/ (Tanker Safety Pollution PreventionTSPP), 1978,
98

5.3
-
(1973).

SBT

70.000DWT
70.000DWT

X X X
X X X
X X X
() X X X
X X
X X
X X O
X X O
X X O
X
X
O X O
X O O
X O O
O X O
O X O
O X O
O X O
.. O X O
O O O
O O O
O O O
O O O
O O O

: R. M'Gonigle - M. Zacher, (1981), Pollution, Politics and International Law.

: () () .
23-19 30-7
9-22. 4 39 .

MARPOL
/.
( 1976 - 1977)
/, ,
,
. / Argo Merchant (15/12/1976), Sansinena
(17/12/1976), Oswego Peace (24/12/1976), Olympic Games (27/12/1976), Grand Zenith (29/12/1976),
Barcola Mary, Mary Ann, Universe Leader ( 1977) Irenes
Challenge (18/1/1977).
 99

5.3.1 MARPOL.

1978 TSPP,
MARPOL ( ),
,
50% .
/ Argo Merchant (1976)
.
/ . ,
(col-
lision avoidance aids), (Inert Gas SystemsIGS),
(improved steering gears) (double
bottoms) / 20.000 DWT. moco Cadiz
(16/3/1978) (. 5.3). IGS.

1) (IGS).
IGS SOLAS (1978)
/ 1960-1970,
.
, 11%,
(, ). ,
.

. 5.3
/ moco Cadiz ( 237.439 DWT) -
16/03/78, , 223.000
.
, TSPP, SBT, COW, IGS /
20.000 DWT ( MARPOL SOLAS).
100

IGS
(. 12-14%,
2-4%, 0,2-0,3% 75-80%)
(, )
COW.
8%
( 6%),
. IGS
.
IGS
.
IGS
COW .
, ..
, .
.
.
,
TSPP 1978
MARPOL SOLAS.
MARPOL 1973/1978 SOLAS
1974/1978.
, SBT
,
(PLSBT). ,

/. :
) , SBT GS /,
, 20.000 DWT ,
.
) ,
, COW / 70.000
DWT.
)
. / 20.000 DWT PL
SBT, COW IGS
1979,
. / 40.000 DWT COW
SBT.
MARPOL (1978)
.
, (1983)
MARPOL.
/ , ,
, 1979.
: Energy Determination,
, Atlantic Empress, Aegean Captain
, Atlas Titan
 101

, Indepen-denta,
, Betelguese ,
Chevron Hawaii, Ioannis
Angelicoussis .

5.3.2 1984 1985.

( 7 1986),
,
..
. below
the waterline,
.
RPOL 6
1987. 1970

. ,
(IBC Code)
, .

5.3.3 1987, 1989, 1990 1991.

.
, 1 1989, (
) . , 18
1991, V ( )
. 17 1992
, V.
4 1993
, V.

5.3.4 1992.
1989 /, Exxon Valdez
Khark-5 ,
,
. ,
(Oil Pollution ActOPA) 1990,
, /.
( PA 1990 , . 238).
, /
, .
Aegean Sea, 1992
72.000 Braer 1993
, 85.000
.
MEPC MARPOL
13F, /,
13G /.
1990 /
.
102

13F / 600 DWT :

) / (Double Bottom, Double Hull
DB/DH).
) / (Mid-DeckMD).
,
( )
1% /, 7-8%.
) ,
.
,
.
,
. MD /
,
.
13F / 600 DWT
6/7/1993, 6/1/1994,
6/7/1996, / 5.000DWT
DH/DB ,
600 DWT. , / 20.000DWT
.
, (Steering Committee)
Intertanko, DH/DB
MD / .
(
DH) D ,
,
, DB/DH .
13G, / 30

(13F), , , ..

. /
1979
1982 PLSBT,
ARPOL (1978).
30 .
13F.
13G ,
/ :
) / DB/DH,
30%
30 , 13F.
D D 13G
.
) /,
. /
25 , .
, 30 ,
 103

. 13G
SBT
.
, 13G ,
:
) .
) IOPCC
.
) /, .. 15 ppm
,
30 .
:
)
,
, .
)
.
)
.
)
,
.
)
.
) .

5.3.5 2001.
MARPOL 1 2002

/ (single-hull tankers).
/ 2015 . / 1996
DH/DB.
/ (. 5.4).
) H / 20.000 DWT
, , 30.000 DWT

PLSBT, Pre-MARPOL tankers.
) / 20.000 DWT
30.000 DWT
MARPOL.
) / 5.000 DWT ,
.

5.3.6 2003.
2005
13G . ,
/ (pre-MARPOL tankers)
104

5.4
/ 13G.

13F
/
A
1/1/2003 / 1973
1
1/1/2004 / 1974 1975
1/1/2005 / 1976 1977
1/1/2006 / 1978, 1979 1980
1/1/2007 / 1981
1/1/2003 / 1977
2 1/1/2004 / 1978
1/1/2005 / 1979
1/1/2006 / 1980
1/1/2007 / 1981
1/1/2008 / 1982
1/1/2009 / 1983
1/1/2010 / 1984
1/1/2011 / 1985
01/01/2012 / 01/01/2012 /
1986 1987 1986
01/01/2013 / 01/01/2013 /
1988 1989 1987 1988
01/01/2014 / 01/01/2014 /
1990 1991 1989 1990
01/01/2015 / 01/01/2015 /
3
1992 1991 1992
01/01/2016 /
1993 1994
01/01/2017 /
1995
1/1/2003 / 1974
1/1/2004 / 1975 1976
1/1/2005 / 1977 1978
1/1/2006 / 1979 1980
1/1/2007 / 1981
1/1/2008 / 1982
1/1/2009 / 1983
1/1/2010 / 1984
1/1/2011 / 1985
1/1/2012 / 1986
01/2013 / 01/2013 /
1987 1988 1987
01/2014 / 01/2014 /
1989, 1990 1991 1988
01/2015 / 01/2015 /
1992 1989 1990
01/2016 /
1991, 1992 1993
01/2017 /
1994
: ews No4 (2000).
 105

2007 2005. , 2 3 (MARPOL tankers,

smaller tankers) 2010 2015. ,
5.4 (. 5.5):

5.5
/ 13G.

1 5 2005 5 1982
.
2005 5 1982.

2 5 2005 5 1977
.
3 2005 5 1977,
1 1978.
2006 1978 1979.
2007 1980 1981.
2008 1982.
2009 1983.
2010 1984 .

, / (Con-
dition Assessment Scheme CAS) / (single-hull tank-
ers) 15 ,

2005 2010.
(flag state)
2 3 2010,
(CAS),
2015, -
25 , .
, 13H, -
, / (heavy
grade oil - HGO), / 5.000 dwt
(5 2005) / 600
5.000 dwt 2008.
13H HGO :
) (crude oils) 15C 900 kg/m.
) (fuel oils) 15C 900 kg/m
50C 180 mm/s.
) , () .

5.3.7 2004.
1 2004 1
2005 IV ,
400 GT
15 .
, 5 .
106

(sewage treatment
plant) (sewage holding tank)
(sewage continuing and disinfecting system).
, -

3 ..
, 12 .. .
15 2004
1 2007 I II .
-
- . :
) 22. /
5.000 DWT 1 2007.
) 23.
(accidental oil outflow performance). / 1
2010 . ,
-
.
(
) . , ,
, , , , -
. -
.
4 -
(noxious liquid substances carried in bulk).
1 2007 (. 5.6). :

5.6
MARPOL.

X  ,
, (major hazard)
, -
.
Y  ,
, (hazard)
, (amenities)
-
.
Z  ,
, (minor hazard)
,
(less stringent restrictions)
.
 3 -
, ,
- , .
,
.
 107

5.3.8 2005.
22 2005 21 2006 -
VI -
,
(Sox Emission Control Area SECA). , -
(Nox).

5.3.9 2006.
2006 1 2007. -
I ( 2004)
, 12 (oil fuel tanks).
1
2010 , 600 m . -
,
.
2.500 m -
.
IV
, 13, -
(port state control on operational requirements). ,
,

.
, II
(BCH Code), -
(IBC
Code) 1 2007.
, I 2006
1 2008
,
-
- .
III 1 2010

, ..
(Transport of Dangerous Goods-TDG).

5.3.10 2007.
38.2.5.
(Slop Reception Facilities) .

/, 34 -
.
, IV 11.1.1.
,
. -
, (moderate
rate), -
(holding tanks).
108

5.4 .
1. Alexopoulos A.B., (2007), International Co-operation and Response Arrangements for Oil
Spills and Other Harmful Substances in European waters. Improving Contingency Plans by
Assessing the Risks, Revue Hellenique De Droit International, Issue No. 60, pp. 1-14.
2.  .., (2007),
.
, : .
, (.) . , . 1-14.
3.  . .., (2007),

- , :
- . , (.) . ,
. 1-10.
4. Ventikos N., Alexopoulos A.B. and Psaraftis N., (2005), Design of a Database Application
for Oil Spill Incidents: A Pro-active Analysis for the Mediterranean Sea, Journal of
Management Sciences & Regional Develoment, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 7-30.
5. Alexopoulos A.B and Dounias G., (2003), An Assessment of Vessel-Source Oil Pollution
Incidents in the Mediterranean Sea Using Inductive Machine Learning Methodologies,
Aegean Working Papers,Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
6.  .. .., (2003),
: ,
: . , , ,
. 141-153.
7.  .. and Mavranezoulis A., (2003), Oil Spills in the Eastern Mediterranean
Region. The Case of Single-Hull Tankers, Cyprus Journal of Science & Technology, Vol. 3,
No. 4, pp. 17-28.
8.  . and Zois K., (2002), Tanker Losses prior to the Torrey Canyon Disaster:
An Overview, Archives of Economic History, Vol. XIV, No. 2, pp. 131-146.
9.  .., (2002),
. , :
, , . 1-16.
10.  .., (2001), Environmental Impact of the Maritime Transportation of Crude
Oil. An Analysis of Tanker Routine Operations and Serious Casualties with Particular Refe-
rence to the Mediterranean Basin, Revue Hellenic de Droit International, Issue No. 54, pp.
341-354.
11.  .., (1999), ,
.
12. Hooke N., (1997), Maritime Casualties 1963-1996, Lloyd's of London Press.
13.  .. .., (1995), - -
, -
.
14. Mitchell R., (1994), Intentional Oil Pollution at Sea, The MIT Press.
15. imagenis G. and Pavlopoulos B., (1982), the Law and Practice Relating to Pollution
Control in Greece, Graham & Trotman.
16. M' Gonigle R.. and Zacher M., (1981), Pollution, Politics and International Law. Tankers
at Sea, University of California Press.



(STCW 1978/1995)
.
6.1  STCW
SCTW
1978 .
6.2  , STCW 1978
SCTW 1995 (STCW 1995),
.
6.3 
SCTW 1995 .
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STCW
STCW 1995, ,
1995
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6.8 .

STCW/95, ,
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(. 251)
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110

6.1
STCW 1978.

(Convention on the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping f Sea-
farersSTCW) 7 1978 1984.

, ,
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TSPP (1978)
MARPOL, , ,
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.
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, ,
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,
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/, Betelguese Independenta,
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Energy Concentration.
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 111

.

.

(ILO),
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1933 (substandard
vessels), ,
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,
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(GMDSS). 1994
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(STCW-
F/1995).
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,
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6.2 STCW 1995.

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, ,

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1314/83 ( 2/83) 25/4/1984. 132/97
( 116 ) 1995.
2001 :
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STCW 1995).
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 115

,
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, STCW 1995 .
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: (15 )

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116

,
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 117

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118

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1978
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 121

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 125

6.9
.

: : : :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
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126

6.8 .
1. Alexopoulos A.B., (2007), Introducing System Dynamics Modeling into the Passenger and
Cruise Markets focusing on the Marine Manpower, Journal of Applied Systemic Studies, Vol.
1, No. 4, pp. 436-449.
2. Konstantopoulos N. and Alexopoulos A.B., (2007), The Human Resource Management in
Dry-Bulk Shipping, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational
Me-thods in Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, Part B, pp. 1102-1105.
3.  .., (2002),
, , 19-20.
4. Alexopoulos A.B., Fournarakis N. and Katarelos E., (2001), Current Trends in the Greek
Marine Manpower Market: A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach, Journal of Management
Sciences & Regional Development, Issue No. 3, pp. 1-20.
5. Alexopoulos A.B., Fournarakis N. and Hatzikonstantis L., (2001), A System Dynamic Ana-
lysis of the Availability Levels of Greek Seafarers, : 2
Safety of Maritime Transport, University of the Aegean, pp. 1-12.
6. Gulielmos A., Alexopoulos A.B. and Theotokas I., (1999), Organisational Culture as a Source
of Competitive Advantage in the Bulk Shipping Industry, : 5
-: Decision Sciences Institute, , Volume II, pp. 1531-
1535.
7.  .., (1998),
, : 1
- , , . 320-333.
8.  .. .., (1998), -

, : 1 -
, , . 268-289.
9.  ., (1997), STCW 95:
, J&J Hellas.
10. Helmepa, (1997), STCW . ,
.

(ISM Code)

7.1 I
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274) ,

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, FSA RA,
ISM. ,
, (ISO 9001,
9002 14000).
128

7.1 .

,
1990-2000. ,

Ro-Ro
/ Herald of Free Enterprise (1987), Scandinavian Star (1991), Estonia (1994) /
Aegean Sea (1992) Braer (1993).
,
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(offshore registries),
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, 1993
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1.  (Definitions, Objectives, Application, Functional requirements of a Safety Mana-

gement System).
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tion Policy).
3.  (Company Responsibilities and Authority).
4.  (-) (-) (Designated Person (-s) Ashore DPA).
5.  (Master's Responsibility and Authority).
6. (Resources and Personnel).
7.  (Development of Plans for Shipboard
Operations).
8. (Emergency Preparedness).
9.  ,
(Reports and Analysis of non-Conformities, Accidents and Hazardous
Occurrences).
10.  (Maintenance of the Ship and Equipment).
11. (Documentation).
12. , (Company Verification, Review and
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140

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 143

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144

13) , .
, ISM
:
,
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ISM ,
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.
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.
(Safety Manage-
ment CertificateSMC)
.
.

.

7.4 .
,
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(

) (. 7.2 7.11). , ,
.. checklists, copies, , , ., -
ISM .

7.2
( ).

:
1. ;
/.
/- - .
.
/ .
CO2-FOAM.
.
-DAMPERS.
/ .
/// .
.

 145

/ /, .
// .
.
.
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ALARMS.
.
.
 /
/ .


-
.

.
2. .
:

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: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

: . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

146

7.3
( ).

:
1. ;
,
.
, , , /.
/ .
GPS/VHF(s).

.
.
RADAR .
,
.
, ,
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: . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 147

7.4
.

M/V:
:

1:

NO

1. , ,

2. , K -

3.  , ,

4. , -

5.

6.

7.  , -

8. 

9.

10. 

11.

12.

13. CO2/

14. ,

15. , ,

16.

17.

18.

19.
148

2:

NO

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3:

NO

1. 

2. 

3.

4.

5.

6. ()

7. 
( / SKY LIGHTS).

8. 

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.  ( )

15. CO2

16.

17.

18. 15 PPM
 149

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

.

SOLAS KAI
.

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5:
4:
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2:
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 7.5
150

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153

OKIA
154

7.6
(Bunkering Checklist).

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1.  -
:
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 - ! !
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.
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 155

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Check !

7.7
.
: .
..
:

Almanac
Nautical Tables
List of Lights
Tide Tables
Radio Signals
Ships Routing
Ocean Passages
Notices to Mariners
156

1 21
2 22
3 23
4 24
5 25
6 26
7 27
8 28
9 29
10 30
11 31
12 32
13 33
14 34
15 35
16 36
17 37
18 38
19 39
20 40

Parallel ETA

/ / Indexing /
 157

(STAND BY)
ETA

/ /

ETA

/ /

:_________________________
:_____________________

:_______________________________

____________________________

1. PARALLEL INDEXING.
2. .
3. .
4.  -
++10% + .
5.  -
(, GPS, ).
158

7.8
Checklist .
Tick

1 .
2  /
.
3 / .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 
E .
11 / .

(*) 

(**) 

7.9
Checklist .

/
1. . /
2. . /
3. .  -

4. . /
5. /. 

6. 
.
7. /.
8. ;
9. ; 
10. 

11. VHF 16. /
12. SOS.

 159

13.  , .
14.  / ,
, , .
15.  : /
.
.
.
16. .

7.10
(Maintenance Plan).

.
.
.
. 50

50
.

50
.
 50
( 5 - 8 mm).
. 50
 - 1000 15000

, ( -

).
 1000 1500
( ).
. 1000 1500
- . 1000 1500
. 1000 1500
. 2500
 , ,
2500
.
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2500
.
 - 2500
.
 . 2500

12

160

. 2500
12
. 2500
. 2500
6
 ,
8000 - 10000
, ,
.

8000 - 10000
.

8000 - 10000
.
 ,
16000 - 20000
, .


. 16000 - 20000



 (
16000 - 20000
). 


. 16000 - 20000
. 16000 - 20000

16000 - 20000
.

16000 - 20000
.
. 16000 - 20000
. 16000 - 20000
. 32000 - 40000
 32000 - 40000
.

32000 - 40000
.
. 32000 - 40000
 32000 - 40000
.
 32000 - 40000
.
 , 32000 - 40000
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. 32000 - 40000
 161

7.11
(Instructions): / .

, , -
.
, , , ,
.
,
, ,
.
,

.
.
,
.
:
.
 ,
.
.
/ / .
, .
(stand-by).
.
, .
 ,
.

.
 .
 RADAR
.

7.5 .
1. Alexopoulos A.B. and Konstantopoulos N., (2007), Total Quality Management in Dry-Bulk
Shipping, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Methods in
Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, Part B, pp.1110-1113.
2. Alexopoulos A.B. and Konstantopoulos N., (2004), New Elements in International Maritime
Standards: Developing a Safety Case Approach for the Treatment of Tanker Incidents, Journal of
Operational Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 333-346.
3. Alexopoulos A.B. and Konstantopoulos N., (2003), Managing Risks through International
Legislation: the Formal Safety Assessment in the Tanker Industry, : 16 -
, , . 175-184.
162

4.  . ., (2001),
(ISM Code & ISO 9002), 2 , .
5.  .., ., . ., (2000),

, : 13
-, , . 297-315.
6. Alexopoulos A.B. and Theotokas I., (1999), Shipping Management in the post-ISM period. The
Case of Dry Bulk Shipping Companies, Studies in Regional & Urban Planning, Issue No.7,
pp.123-133.
7. Theotokas I. and Alexopoulos A.B., (1998), Quality and Safety in the Shipping Industry. A
Legal Analysis of the ISM Code's Principles and Applications, European Research Studies
Journal, Vol. 1, Issue No. 3, pp. 81-98.
8.  ., (1998), ISM
Code, : 1 , . 290-
302.
9.  ., (1998), ISM
, : 1 :
, . 221-238.
10. ICS/ISF, (1996), Guidelines on the Application of the IMO International Safety Management
Code, 3rd Edition.


8.1 
.

8.2 


.
8.3 ,
.

8.4  ,
,
, ,
8.5 
, .



- .

8.6  - .

8.7  , , ,
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8.8
8.9  .


8.10 
,
-
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8.11  . ,
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8.12 
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8.13  . 18 19 (. 276 280)


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164

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 165

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168

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, (. 13
).

8.4 .

542/68 ( 181/ 1968), 197/1969 ( 53/1969)

175/88,
500
[() Certificate of seaworthiness].
,
()
() .
, SOLAS 1974/1978
.

.

8.5 .

V SOLAS ( . 2013/92 474/91)

1-2-99
GMDSS
.
.
,
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, ()
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8.6 .

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 169

1) .
16 LL ( 399/80),

(nternational
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, .

(International Load Line xemption
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( 150 ), ,

, .

2) .
7 TONNAGE 1969 ( . 1373/
1983),
(International Tonnage Certificate) ,
,
(Certificate of Measurement).
, ,
.
, GRT GT
NRT NT . ,

.
, .. ,
, .. .

3) .

SOLAS ( 1045/1980 1159/1981
175/88 94/96),
(Cargo Ship
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, .

4) .
SOLAS,
V SOLAS,
(Cargo
Ship Safety Equipment Certificate).
, .

5) .
V SOLAS,

170

(Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate).

,
. H GMDSS
1/2/1995 1/2/1999.
/ 300
/ , 12 .

6) A.
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7) .
/
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, .
(12) . /
.

8) .
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SOLAS, /
.
,
.

9) .
SOLAS
, 74/96 1218.112/1/98 (
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.


.

10) .
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( 486/76 131/81), /
100 /
,
.
.
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11) .
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 171

, ,
.
(12) .

12) .
5 MARPOL (
. 1269/82), ,

-
(International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
IOPPC), .

, .
MARPOL (IOPPC Compliance
Certificate), - MARPOL.
479/84
400 / 150 ,
, 100-400 / 150 ,
,
.
IV I MARPOL, /
150 400

(Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency PlanSOPEP),
,
,
.

13)  .
(International Bulk Chemical
Code) ,
- MARPOL,
(International Pollution
Prevention Certificate for the carriage of Noxius Liquid Substances in Bulk) ,
/ ,
(Certificate of Fitness).
.
, II MARPOL (
. 1269/82 404/86 361/96),
,
,
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14) .
IV MARPOL,


172

. , 400/96,
,
.

.

15) 
.
MARPOL, / 2000

,
(Certificate of Insurance in
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, ,
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16) .
A (Safe Manning Document).
, 481 ,
STCW 1978 SOLAS 1974/1978 ( V, o 13),

,
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, ,
,
. :
) (Certificate of Competency).
) (asic Safety Certificate).
)
(Survival Craft and Rescue Boats Certificate).
) (Deck/Engine Watch-
keeping Certificate).
 173

)
(Maritime English for fficers Certificate).
) (Medical Emergency First Aid
Certificate).
) (Fast Rescue
Boat Certificate).
) (Advanced
Fire Fighting Certificate).
) RADAR,
RADAR,
RADAR (Radar simulator, radar observer, ARPA).
) GMDSS,
(GMDSS, Global Operator, Ship restricted radiotelegraph operator).
) (Medical Care Aboard Ship).
) (Deck/Engine Watchkee-
ping for Ratings).
)
(Maritime English for Ratings).
) / (MARPOL Annexes I&II, General
Tanker Familiarisation Certificate, IGS, COW, Advanced Oil Tanker Operations Certificate).
) /
(Advanced LPG Tanker Operations Certificate).
) / (Advanced
Chemical Tanker Operations Certificate).
) (Hazardous Mate-
rial Certificate).

17) .
,
, ( 292 /51)
,

, .
(6)
.

18) .
4 SOLAS,
, ,
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(MARPOL) (SOLAS) , ..
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174

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304/97
(Digital Selective Calling) (INMAR-
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( ).

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 177

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 179

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180

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 181

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 183

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184

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, ,
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.
, .

,
, ,
,
.
(Vessel Traffic SystemsVTS)
1950,
.
VTS, :

, ,
.

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VTS
, , .
, ,
.
VTS,
.
VTS
.
(Vessel Traffic Management and Information SystemVTMIS)
,
. ,
(open architecture) ,
 185

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.
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,
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.
VTS
.
,

VTS. VTS
, COLREG
(1972),
.
To VTMIS ,
VTS , .
VTMIS
,
,
.

-
.
radar.
:
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).
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) VHFair band.
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) .
) .
VTS,
. ,

VTS.
186

.
VTS ,
.
,
.
VTMIS,
. VTMIS
(4) VTS
, ,
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, ,
(10).
(5)
radar, ,
VTMIS .
:
) VTMIS.
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), (1 ), (2 ), (3 ).
VTS .
) .
) -
.
) VTMIS .
VTMIS :
) VTS.
) -radar.
) VTMIS .

8.11 T A.

,

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,
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 201

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202

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2.1 .

 203

(28/6/1919), (19/9/1919), (27/11/1919), (4/6/1920)

(10/8/1920) ().
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206

.
(1943) , ,
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, Dumbarton Oaks (1944),
.
(1945).

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4 , (UN),
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mental organizations) (non - governmental organizations).

, , ,
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, .
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.

46 .

(joint working committees).
:
1) (United Nations Environment ProgramUNEP).
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1972. ,
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, , , .
, ,
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1976 , UNEP
, , .
 207

UNEP IMO ,

,
-
.
UNEP 10 ,
, .. , , , ,
[ UNEP
18, (2006)]. , 17 , ,
UNEP, 1976, 5
.

, (MEDPOL).
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H
(U.N. Special Fund) (Expanded
Program of Technical Assistance) 1965. UNDP
750
.
,
UNDP. 1976 IMO 1.7 ,
.

(1.6 ).
,
.
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UNESCO).
UNESCO
(IOC), UNESCO
.
. IOC
.
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Pollution in the Marine Environment),
)
(Integrated Global Ocean Station System),
. ,
UNESCO Ramsar,
.
4) (Food and Agriculture OrganisationFAO).
FAO 1945 .

. 1963 FAO ECOSOC
.

FAO
,
. 1970
FAO, UNEP, IMO IOC.

. FAO ,
208

,
.

5) (World Meteorological OrganizationWMO).

WMO (International Meteorologi-
cal Organization) 1878 .
WMO (1947). , ,
,
.
WMO
.
UNEP (Executive
Committee Panel on Meteorological Aspects of Ocean Affairs).
WHO
,
.
6) (International Labour OrganisationILO).
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1946. ILO

.
ILO
(International Code for Seafarers).

ILO (Joint Maritime Committee)
. ,
, , , ,
, , .
ILO
IMO/ILO . E, ILO
: )
(1983), )
)
. 62
( 1976) :
) 147 (1976) (Convention concerning
Minimum Standards in Merchant Ships),
( ),
.
) 109 (1958), ,
(Convention concerning Wages, Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning).
) 92 (1949), 133 (1970)
(Convention concerning Crew Accommodation on Board Ship).
) 145 (1976) (Convention concerning
Continuity of Employment of Seafarers).
) 108 (1958) (Recommendations on the
Social and Safety Conditions of Seafarers). ( LO
, . 3.8, . 46).

7)  (Joint
Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine PollutionGESAMP).
 209

1968
,
. , FAO, UNESCO WMO.
WHO, UNEP . GESAMP
.
.
, ,
.
8) (International Atomic Energy AgencyIAEA).
IAEA 1957
(1953).
.
, IAEA,
SOLAS 1960
1974. IAEA
, '
LDC 1972 (black and grey lists). , IAEA
(Convention Relating to the Liability of
Operators of Nuclear Ships, 1962)
(IMDG Code).
9)  (International Civil Aviation OrganizationICAO).
ICAO 1947
.
, ,
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(1948)
(1952) .
ICAO .
ICAO
. ,
(SAR) 1979.
10) (Council of Europe).

1962
, 1967.
, , ,

.
11)  (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs GATT).
GATT
. 1994 (World
Trade OrganisationWTO).
,

.
,
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, -
,
210

. ,
,
,
. ,
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12)  (United Nations Conferences on the Law of the
SeaUNCLOS).
UNCLOS 1958 1960
1982 1994 [( . 2321/(1995)].
UNCLOS ,

.
,
,
( ).
13)  (United Nations Conferences on Trade and Develop-
mentUNCTAD).
UNCTAD .
1964 . 4
-. ,
,
.
UNCTAD
,
,
, ( )
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(conferences).
UNCTAD ( 1964)
,

. (Law of Comparative
Advantage)
.


,
(Liner Conferences)
.
O
, UNCTAD
40-40-20,

(conference). ,
, ,
(40-40-20) .
,
,

 211

(barriers to entry). , /
.
,
UNCTAD
( )
,
. ,
, UNCTAD
.
(Group of Experts)
(
) -. ,
, .. ,
,
(shippers councils).

4: .

,
, (
)
.
. , :

4.1 .
1) (International Chamber of ShippingICS).
ICS ,
.
ICS . , ICS
,
.
, ,
-. , ,
/, , , ,
, .
:
) .
, /,
.
) . .
) .
,
Dover.
2)  (Oil Companies International Marine
ForumOCIMF).
1960 ICS

. 1970 , OCIMF.
1980, OCIMF 50 ,
80% .
7 (Seven Sisters),
Aramco Consortium Exxon, Texaco, Mobil, Standard of California, Chevron
Shell BP. OCIMF
212

, /.
LNG Standarization of Manifolds for Refrigerated
Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers ,
Standards for Equipment Employed in the Mooring of Ships at Single Point
Moorings.
3) (Protection and Indemnity ClubsP&).
P&I
Lloyd's .
(International Union of Marine InsurersIUMI).
IUMI 1874 ,
, . 1946 .
IUMI , ,
.

.
4) (International Maritime CommitteeCMI).
CMI 1898 .
,
, ,
, .
CMI (

Torrey Canyon 1967).
CMI
.
, Hague-Visby 1971 (
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act) ,
,
.
1924.
, CMI (International Chamber of Commerce)
Standing Committee on
Maritime Arbitration (1978), 12 3 .
5)  (International Association of Classification Societies IACS).
IACS 1968 ,
Lloyd's Register of Shipping American Bureau of Shipping,

.

.

, IACS
. CS
(ISO 9001).
, ,
.
MSC MEPC.
TSPP (1978) /.
Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas,
 213

Germanischer Lloyd, Bureau Veritas, Registro Italiano Navale.

6)  (International Association of Independent

Tanker OwnersINTERTANKO).
INTERTANKO 300 /
, 170 . (DWT)
.
.
/ 1930,
'50.
20 / 10
. INTERTANKO


.
Intertanko UNCTAD
, ,
MARPOL
,
.
7)  (nternational Organization
of Dry Cargo OwnersIntercago).
Intercargo 1980 .
,
, 80 ,
bulk carriers s. Intercargo

UNCTAD, .
, ICS/ISF,
ntertanko BIMCO.
8)  (International Cargo Handling Co-ordination Association
ICHA).
ICHA

. ICHA 1951 .
8
.
1973 (TASC),
. , : ()
,
IUMI , ()
,
() ISO containers,
/, , .
9)  () (Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and DevelopmentDC).
1961
(Organisation for European Economic Co-operationDC),
1948 ( ).
(Maritime
Transport CommitteeMTC), ,
.
214

-
,
,

. , C 1980
(Shipping Policy
PrinciplesOECD). O
- ,
.
TC (1976).
(Working Group of Maritime Transport Committee)
,
,
MTC.
(Special Group on International Organisations),
-
, UNCTAD
, .

UNCTAD C
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(Commission), ,
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, .. ILO, (IMF), GATT,
UNCTAD, IMO. (.. Business and Industry Advisory Committee,
Trade Union Advisory Committee)
, .

10) .

, ,

. :
) Challenges of Modern Society ,
.
) (World Bank) (European Investment
Bank),
, .
) Greenpeace.
) (Friends of the Earth).
) (European Environmental Bureau)
) (HELMEPA).
 215

4.2 .

, ,
, .
,
:
) (),

, ,
, , ,
.
) (),
.
) (), 1936
.

.
) , ,
1916 3.000
. 98%
92,5% .

.
) (Greek Shipping Cooperation Committee)
, (1937).
,

(Baltic),
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.
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4.3
.
('
2.500), ,
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:
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(. , ,
216

, .), ,
.
2) E (Shipmanagers).
.

( ,
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, 1-150 , 4
, 20 - 7.000 ,
4.1.

4.1
.

15 520 30150
620 1550 120400
20 30 350

3) (Brokers).
: (chartering brokers), (cargo
brokers), (insurance brokers), (sale and purchase brokers)
(supplies & provisions).
, .
.
4) (Bunkering Companies).
.
.
, ..
.
5) (Suppliers).
,
. , .
, /,
.
. ,
.
6) (Crewing r anning Agencies).
( ) .
( )

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.

7) (Cargo Forwarders or Agents).

(.. )
/

(. , ..).
 217

, ,
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.

5: .

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(London Dumping Connection LDC) (1972) (dumping)
, .

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.. (1977),
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. 1992
-
(1972) .
,
.
218

, .. (1976), (1974),
.

5.1  (1972) (Oslo Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping
from Ships and AircraftsDC).

LDC.
LDC , -
( VIII).
DC
. ,
(
) . DC
-. 1989
.
dumping ( ) ODC,
LDC (1972),
,
, ,
, , ,
.
.
, :
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, , , / ,
(.. , , ). ODC

. , ,
. ,
.
) (gray list) LDC , , , , -
, , , , , ,
, (scrap) (bulky wastes).
, ODC ,
. ,
( 2.000 ) 150 .. .

(, ).
) (white list)
, ,
(. 7) .
, .
,
, ,
.
,
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ing. LDC ,
. ODC
-.

. 1989 ODC

, , 1995
 219

1998. ()

.
, dumping (incineration) .
, , 1991
ODC. , LDC
, ,
(
).

5.2  (1974) (Paris Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-
based Sources).
.
,
,
. (1958)
, ,

.

.
.
, (3
) . ,
, .


.
ODC.
(. 4).
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,
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220

,

, .. 1989,
,
50%.

5.3  (1974) (Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of

the Baltic Sea Area).
( )
. ,
UNEP.
,

, .. MARPOL.

. ( IV)
,
, .
MARPOL
.
, - (. 7)

,
.
LDC (1972),
. R. Churchill
dumping
. D. Johnston

.
, black listed,
(. 9) (dredged spoils),
,
. , ,
, / .
LDC ODC.
(. 5 6), ,
(1974). ,
,
. , -
DDT, PCB (.
),
, .

,


.

10 , -
,
,
.
 221

5.4  (1976) (Barcelona Convention of the Mediter-ranean against Pollution).

5
. ,
,
, .
,
, .. , ,
, .
,
.
(1976), 1995
, LDC
, ODC,

. ,
.
: ...
(in conformity) , ,


( 6).
.
(1976),
, 2002
(preventing pollution from ships)
(contingency plans).


(anti-pollution equipment).
(1980), 1996
8
. (1974)
, ,
. ,
,
.

, .. ,
.
'
/
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( )
. , UNEP,

.
(1982),
,
1995 -
(biological diversity)]. -

.
222

, , ,
, , ,
( 3).
1994 ,
.

, . ,
, .
.

(0,04%-0,07%) ,
(1,2%-1,6%) .
, ,

.

, ,
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, ()
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.
,
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)
.

,

;

.
. ,

. , (2007),
-
(ransbundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal).

5.5  (1977) (Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage from
Exploration and Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources).
(1977)
.
,
,
(1982) , .
:
)
) ,

.

, CLC (1969),
 223

. , (..
) ,


5 .
40.000.000 SDR (Special Drawing Rights),
, (
). CLC
(1969), ..
35.000.000 SDR (. 8). I OPOL (Offshore Pollution Liability
Agreement, 1975)

,
.

( ),
, (
)
.


, ..

.
,
,
:
) (1978)
. 1979
.
,
- .
.
) (1981) ,
.
( , ,
) -,
.
.
) (1981)
.
) (1982)

.
) (1983)

.
) (1985) ,

.
) (1986)

.
224

6: .

6.1
.

:
) (1969) (Bonn Agreement for Co-operation in Dealing with Pollution of the
North Sea by Oil)
(English Channel).
,
. , -
,
.
,
.
.
-
-
(. 6). -
(.. , ), ,

(. 7).
.
, ,
,
(1987), (1976) (1974)
(1982). 1983

.
(1972) (1974).
1989
,
,
Piper Alpha (1988)
, , Anna Broere 1.000
.
) - (1974) (Canada-USA Agreement relating to the Establishment of Joint
Contingency Plans for Spills of Oil and Other Noxious Substances)
.

, / , .. 1989
280 (supertankers) ,
50% 10 14% 15 .
-
Beaufort, ,
Dixon. .
,
.
,
: ,
 225

,
, .. 600 40
. /
, , .
Exxon Valdez (1989)
1990 (Oil Pollution Act),
.

/
, .
.
) , , (1971)
.
Nordic Convention on the Protection of the Environment
1974.
) () (1974)

.
) , (1976)
.
) (1980)
.
) (1983)
.

7: .

,

.

7.1 (TOVALOP).

VALOP (Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for

Oil Pollution Damage) 1969
(CLC)
/ (90% ).

, .. , .
100 ,
10 . 1978
160 16,8 .
TOVALOP
CLC . 1986
(TOVALOP Supplement) 1987, : )
/ 5.000 grt 3,5 , ) / 5.000 grt
493 140.000 grt ) / 140.000 GRT 70
. /
CRISTAL .
TOVALOP .


226

.
P&I Tovalop (1979) :
, , ,
,
, .
, .
,
.

7.2 (CRISTAL).
, CRISTAL (Contract Regarding an Interim Supplement to Tanker
Liability for Oil Pollution Damage) 1971
.
TOVALOP .
FUND (1971) .
CLC (1969)
( roll back relief). CRISTAL 36
, 72
160
16,8 , . 1986
/ 5.000 GRT 36 , / 5.000
140.000 GRT 733 , / 140.000 GRT
135 .
(TOVALOPCRISTAL)
,

. (CLC FUND)
. OVALOP CRYSTAL

.

7.3 T A (OSLTF).
PA (1990) ,
OSLTF (Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund),
(USCG)
/. :
) 5 ,
, .
) OPA 1990
.
) / ,
.
)
.
:
)  .
) .
) .
) , ,
.
, USCG

(P&I clubs) .
 227

8: .

,
: , .
4 ,
:
) (bulk cargoes)
.
) (break bulk cargoes)
, .
) ,
.
) (unitized cargoes), ,
.

8.1 .
, ,

bulk carriers.

1) .
:
) (grains).
, ,

. , SOLAS (. VI) , ,
, , , , .
(stowage factor), (heavy
grain), .. , (light grain), .. , .
, .
,
. /
/.
) (ores). ,
, .
:
 (iron ore), 40%
: , , ,
,
.
 (chrome),
, . , ,
.
 (manganese ore) . , ,
, , , .
 ,
.
/ , , ,
, . .
,
,
. ,
228

, , , , , .. ,
, , ,
, . , ,
, , , .
) (coal).

, , , . ,
, .
/ Panamax
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
.
) . ()
, .
, , , ,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, .
) . , (forest products)
(hardwood), (softwood), (pulpwood),
- (sawn lumber), (paper products), (wooden
products), (logs). ,

.
(on deck)
SOLAS LL.

, ( ),
.
.

2) .
(general cargoes)
,
, ,
. ,
, , (, , ).

3) .
,
. :
) , .. , .,
,
.
) ,
,
.
) . ,
(, )
.
 229

4) .


,
.
( )
(
) :
) ,
,
,
, .

, .. 4.000 TEU 70%, 2.800 TEU,
15 42.000 [ TEU
20 ( 8x8x20 )].
)
, ,
,
.
) (liners)

.
,
. ,
,
:
) (, , , ).
)  ( 1 - 20
).
)  ( 8x8x20 8x8x40 30 ).
) .
) .
, (unitisation)
(contairisation),
,
.
1960
,
, (turn
round),
(turn around).
, ( ),
( )
, ,
( Container 25
. , 400 TEU 16
. 15 ,
6000 16 ).
, ,
, ,
, .. -
.
230

, ,
. ,
7 .

,
, :
) 600 1000 TEU ( ) 120 - 200 .
) 1100 1800 TEU, 200 - 250 .
) 1900 2800 TEU, 250 -290 .
) 2900 3800 TEU, 290 .
) 4500 TEU.
Panamax,
. ,
, ,
:
) (
).
) .
)
.
) .
25
.

8.2 .
5 :
) (crude oil).
) (products).
) (liquid gases).
) (chemicals).
) .
8.3 ( ).
,
. , ,
.
,
(flashpoint)
/ .

. ,
. (. )
,
.
, , ,
.

, .. ( )
/.
, .

8.3 .
,
, .
 231

(,
, , ).
9 DG .
,
, :
)
( ).
) .
) ,
.
IMDG :
1:
, .
2: .
, ,

.
3: .
, .. , , ,
610 C (1410 F) , 65.600
C , .
: ) ( 3.1), )
( 3.2) ) ( 3.3).
4: .
.
: )
( 4.1), ) ( 4.2) )
( 4.3).
5: .
/ ,
. : )
( 5.1) ) ( 5.2).
6: .
: )
, ( 6.1) )
( 6.2).
7: .
0,002 micro-curie/.
, (),
() ().
8: . ,

.
9: . ,
.
, .

, .. .
:
) ADR (Accord Dangereux Routier) (
).
) IATA (International Air Transport Association
).
) IMDG .
232

: )
, , ) ,
.. . )
, .. , .

.
,
-.
329/1983
, ,
: 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6.
( : , ,
).
1650/1986 2 :
, , , , ,
, , ,
,
, .

99,9% ( 5
IMDG ).

1) .
:
) (.. angas, turbo fuel, gasoline, white spirits, kerozene,
gas oil, marine diesel oil, fuel oil, vaporation oil, nartha .).
,
100 , 40 ,
.
140 , .
API (American Petroleum Institute) 10,2
API GR ( BOSCAN ) 44,5 API
GR ( AGIP 100 ).
, . 1.415 . 1995 , ..
7.375 . .
,
. .
: , .
, , , ,
.

() (). ,
,
, .
:
: , (spreading, evaporation, dispersion),
, .
: (emulsification and tar lumps),
(film) ,
.
: , (chemical bio-
degradation and sedimentation), ,
,
.
 233

: )
(
, ), )
(
) )
.
/ (.. 1927 177
. , 1968 2 . ).
)
(390 ). 173 MARPOL,
4 :
(12 ).
, .. , .
(32 ).
, , ..
, .
(66 ). ,
, .. , .
(63 ). ,
, , .. , .
) ,
.
, , , , ,
(, ), (, , ) .

2) .
: )
, )
, .

. , , ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
, .. , ,
.
,
, , . 5 :
, , , , .
, , .
, ,
. , ,
, , .
, ,
, . ,
, .
,
. , .
, ,
, , .

3) .

, .. , , ,
234

, .. , ,
R-R, Lo-Lo, . :
) , .
,

.
) ( ).
) .
) .
) , , , , .
) , , .
) .
)
.
) .
) .

9: , .

9.1 .
,
,
. :
) , ,

. )
,
. ,
(. ,
), . )
. 80%
, ,
.
: 1) ,

, . ,

,
( , , .). 2)
,
,
, ..
,
. 2020.
:
) . /
(. ,
), . ,
, .
LORAN-C
, . ,
, DECCA
 235

OMEGA.
, ,
SOLAS 1974 .
, ,
.
GPS
DGPS
.
.
(radar),
,
. ,
ARPA (nti-Collision Radar Plotting Aid),
.

GPS ,
. ,
,
.
) .
(..

), ,
, ,
.
,
,

,
. , ,

.
,

, .

, ..
.

.
) .
(, ),
, /
,
, .

, ,
,
, ,
.

,
(remote control),
(alarm systems),
(simulators).
236

, . ,
, ,
.

9.2 .
/
,
.
,
.. , ,
, ,
, .
,
( , ).

,
,
.
ISO 9001
, , .
/
.
.

. /
.
, ISM (1994)
STCW 1995
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
(EDI, TDI),
(e-mail, e-voice) (video conferences)
(INTERNET), ,
.

,
(.. , ,
),
,

.

MARPOL 1993 SOLAS 1994
,
.

, ..
. ,
.
 237

/ Braer (1993). ,
,
.

, .

. (.. e-mail, e-voice)
. /
, .

, ,
. ,
,
.

Australasian S.N. v. Morse, ,
45 .. . ,
.
Lloyd's 23/12 ( ) 26/12 (
). 23 ,
900 .
, (,
), .
.
.
SOLAS ( 1988),
,
. GMDSS 1/2/1999

/,
.
, ,

, .. SOS,
(EPIRB), .
GMDSS INMARSAT-C

,
.
INMARSAT-B, M, mini M
, ,
, .

9.3 .

,
, ,
, , ..

, , /
.
, ,
,

238

.
,
, ,
.

,
,

10: 1990.
Exxon Valdez (1989) Bush
Oil Pollution ActPA (1990) ,
. OPA
/
(37.500 ) , / Amoco Cadiz
(220.000 ) (1978). OPA
:
) DH DB (double hull / double bottom, , )
) .
(TSPP) 1978
DH/DB / ,

, .
.
.
OPA 1990 ,

. /
OPA MARPOL
13F 13G, /. ,
,
OPA 1990.
15
, .
OPA 1990 ,
.
,
,
,
(
)
.
, OPA 1990
.
(title IV)
(Vessel Traffic Services)

.
(), ,
,
,


,
.
 239

Exxon Valdez
OPA , .
1986-1990 17.000, 753
387.404
. 95% 100 , 9
(1,2%) 700 Mega Borg (12.500 ,
1990) Exxon Valdez (37.500 ).

10.1 OPA 1990.

( MARPOL
1992, OPA
1990), , PA
/, DH / DB /
, .. .
:
) ( 1/1/94) 5.000 GRT
/ .
1/1/2015.
) 5.000 GRT DH DB.
1/1/2015
, .. Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP)
60 .. . ,
(USCG)

. (LOOP), ,
,
, .. , ,
.
) 5.000 GRT
DH/DB 1995,
. 1995
28 2010 23 .
DB/DH 5 .
DH/DB /,
. DH
DB
, DH/DB

, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
DH/DB
(transfer system).


1980,
,
,
.
, (Germanischer Lloyd)
, 2-3
/ DH/DB
4 /. 7,3 /,
240

6 .
DH/DB, MARPOL,

.
/
(low impact),
/. (strong impact),
, .. Amoco Cadiz
(1978) ,
. Braer (1993), Lloyd's
, ,
.
, /

. .
/ . :
) / ,
, 1.200
10.000 .
) .
,
.
)
.
) ,
,
.
, (ABS),
/
, ,
.
,
.
,
.

.

10.2 MARPOL OPA 1990.

MARPOL
. ,
MARPOL

.
, OPA 1990 .
/ DH/
DB. , / ,

.
OPA 1990 ,
MARPOL (1992), DH/DB.
, TSPP (1978),
.
 241

,
.
, ,
DH/DB , MARPOL
, DB . ,
/ DH/DB

. OPA 1990
13F 13G MARPOL :
) / DH/DB
, MARPOL
5.000DWT.
) MARPOL , .. mid-deck /,
DH/DB ,
OPA .
, MARPOL
OPA, .
16 MARPOL, .

- MARPOL;
, -
MARPOL, . ,
, 1/3 -
50% . ,
13F 13G 1992 1/3 -
. , .
MARPOL ,
145 .
(1973), (1978).
, , MEPC
( .
(1948) -
MARPOL. -
. 18 (1969),
,
.

11: .

() :
) (1963),
.
) (1976), .
) (1976),
.
) (1974),
.
) (1980),
.
) (1983),
.
) (1983),

.
) (1983),
.
242

) (8/10/90), , , ,
(23/2/93).
, ,
.
:
(76/464/) 4/5/1976
.
(86/280/) 12/6/1986

76/464.
(79/116/)
,
(79/1034/) 6/12/1979 /
. 1 : /
,

.
(82/452/) 1/7/1982
, 21/12/1978

6/12/1979, .
( (90) 452 31.10.90)
.
(24/3/78)
/ Amoco Cadiz
. /
/ 50 ..
, .
/
7 .. .
(80/686/) 25/6/1980

/ Amoco Cadiz
. (85/208/)
25/3/1985
(87/144/)

.
(81/420/)
(81/971/)
.
(86/85/)

(88/346/) 16/6/1988.
:
-


.
/ Aegean Sea (1992) (72.000 )
Braer (1993) (85.000 )

.
- E
 243

,
/
. ,
/ (
).
.
,
/ ,
/
1990. ,
(450 ), /
70.000 ,
/.
1993,
,

. , /
, .
:
) / 10 (

).
) (sub-
standard vessels).
) .
CLC (1969)
FUND (1971) .
)
.
/
(mid-deck) 10
( 10-15%
, ).

.

:
) / DH/DB ,

/.
)
.
) 4
( ), (
), ( )
( ).
) .
)
.
- STCW 1978
, CLC 1969 FUND 1971
, SAR 1989 OPRC 1990.
,
244

(MOU 1982), ,

(VTS),

(GMDSS)
.

OPA 1990
DH/DB /. 1970 -
1980, / (single bottom),
.
/, .. Exxon Valdez (1989), Nagasaki Spirit (1992).
o /
.
,
/.
Financial Times ,
/ Khark-5 (1989)
, / .
, A
14/7/92
, ,
- ( ).
,
( )
, .

, .
,


.
. :
- ,
,
.
, ,
-
.

12: .

.


().
. ,
, , ,

( ). ,

,
.
,

 245

,
. ,


. ,
,
.
, ()
(),
:
) 4529/66 ( 154 27.7.66), OILPOL 1954

MARPOL 73/78.
) 314/76 ( 106 5.5.76), CLC 1969
. ,

666/82 494/89. ,
98/90

.
) 468/76 ( 302)
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,

.
) 786/1978. -
,

.
) 743/77 ( 319 17.10.77), 55/98
24 XI
OILPOL 1954. , ,

MARPOL 73/78.
1 2,
, ,
, , .
11-14
, ,
, , , 18
.
181051/2079/14.12.78
181051/536/2.3.80
.
/
, .
.
,
, , 181051/559/31.3.80

181051/1985/10.10.80 .
246

) 855/78 ( 235/23.12.78),



.
) 1147/81 ( 110/18.4.81),

. 3221.2/2/91-12/3/91 .
) 1267/82 ( 85/5.7.82)
(1979)
.
) 1269/82 ( 89/21.7.82), MARPOL 1973
1978.
404/ 7.11.86 ,
254/89 46/92 13 13
MARPOL.
A 181053 900/83/19.4.83
/ , 181053/201/84
(CBT) , 181053 /96/84
(COW), 205/183571/87
195/183570/87
, 3231.2/17/92

.
) 1634/86 ( 104/86),
(1980)
(1982).
) 1638/86 ( 108/86), FUND
.
747/ 183507/87.
) 1650/86 ( 160/16.10.86), .

.
, ,
. ,
25.10.90 ( 678) .
, (
), . :
 ,
(
4 ).
.

. 90
,
.
) 2252/94 ( 192/18.11.94),
, (OPRC 1990),
.
) 2289/95 ( 27 /08.02.95) ,
.
12.1
, /.
 12.1
.

/
/ DWT
()
Atlantic Empress 1974 297,361 19.07.79 287,000  / Aegean Captain.
 ( )
.
ABT Summer 1974 267,801 28.05.91 . 260,000 /, 5 .
Castillo de Bellver 1979 271,540 06.08.83 252,000 / 3 -
.
Amoco Cadiz 1974 237,439 16.03.78 221,000 
SBT, COW, IGS / 20,000
DWT ( MARPOL SOLAS).
Odyssey 1971 138,392 10.11.88 132,000 27 (15
/ 12 ).

Sea Star 1968 122,230 19.12.72 . 121,000 / Horta Barbosa, 12 -
.
Torrey Canyon 1959 118,285 18.03.67 119,000 
,

( OILPOL
CLC, FUND INTERVENTION).
Texaco Denmark N/A (*) 125,424 07.12.71 N/A 104,000 . -
(GRT) (**) / /.
Urquiola 1973 111,225 12.05.76 100,000  /. .
.
Hawaiian Patriot 1965 99,447 23.02.77 95,000 1 -
/ .

Independenta 1978 152,408 15.11.79 95,000  / Evrialy.
(42) . /
.
Julius Schindler N/A 12,821 11.02.69 N/A 94,000 .
(GRT)
247

 /
248
/ DWT
()
Jakob Maersk 1966 89,412 29.01.75 88,000 6 ,
/ .
Braer 1975 89,730 05.01.93 , 85,000 / DH/DB / MD-
  (
MARPOL, 13F 13G).
Irenes Serenade 1965 105,460 23.02.80 82,000
 . 2 ,
.
Khark 5 1975 284,632 19.12.89 80,000 . Ex-
xon Valdez .
Aegean Sea 1973 114,036 03.12.92 73,000  / DH/DB / MD-
(
MARPOL, 13F 13G).
Sea Empress 1993 147,273 15.02.96 72,000 
(
).
Katina P. 1966 69,992 17.04.92 70,000
 .
.
Nova 1975 239,435 06.12.85 69,000 . /.
Prestige (***) 1976 81,564 13.11.02 63,000 , -
, ,

.
Epic Colocotronis 1965 65,673 13.05.75 58,000 .
/ scrap .
Sinclair Petrolore 1955 56,089 06.12.60 56,000 . /.

Assimi 1964 59,032 07.01.83 / 53,000 /
.
Yuyo Maru No.10 1966 53,684 09.11.74 52,000 / Pacific Ares. 5
/  /
.
Metula 1968 210,719 09.08.74 51,000 .

/ 80,000 DWT 50 .

Haven (****) 1973 232,164 11.04.91 50,000  /. 6 . /

.
Andros Patria 1970 222,173 31.12.78 48,000 28 2 -
/ .

World Glory 1959 47,179 14.06.68 46,000 25 .
/
.
Br. Ambassador 1958 45,650 10.01.75 . 45,000 . -
/ /.
Pericles G.C. 1967 60,044 09.12.83 44,000 . -
.
Mandoil II 1958 25,313 29.02.68 . / 42,000 / Suwaharu Maru. 11 -
GRT .
Gino 1969 50,000 28.04.79 42,000
/ Team Castor -
Brittany coast .
Ennerdale N/A N/A 01.06.70 / N/A 41,000 / . -
. .
Burmah Agate 1963 62,663 01.11.79 / 41,000 / Mimosa -
. 32 .
Wafra 1956 50,560 27.02.71 40,000 . -
/ .

Tadotsu 1972 132,000 07.12.1978 / 40,000 . /.
J. A. Lavalleja 1975 131,663 28.12.80 / 39,000 . /.
Napier 1957 39,180 09.06.73 38,000 . -
.
Saint Peter 1957 20,678 11.06.72 / 38,000 .
/. (GRT) .
Thanassis A 1976 38,877 21.10.94 N/A 37,000 Teresa. 16
.
249

 /
250

/ DWT
()
Exxon Valdez 1986 214,861 24.03.89 37,000  / DH/DB
(
OPA 1990).
Corinthos 1963 54,988 31.01.75 36,000 26 /
/ Edgar M. Queeny
.
Athenian Venture 1975 31,000 21.04.88
35,000 (25) . /
/ .

Brazilian Marina 1976 319,226 10.01.78 35,000 .

Irenes Challenge 1956 33,253 18.01.77 34,000 /
(TSPP) 1978 -
MARPOL SOLAS.
Trader 1957 34,545 11.06.72 34,000 . -
/ 100 .. .
Chryssi 1953 19,183 26.12.70 33,000 21 . /
GRT / .

I. Angelicoussis 1964 67,000 16.08.79 31,000 3 1
. ,

1984, 1985 MARPOL.
Tasman Spirit 1979 87,584 27.07.03 , 30,000
 10
.

: ITOPF, (2007), www.c4tx.org (2006), REMPEC (2004), Times Atlas of the Oceans (1983).
: A.B. (2008).

:
(*) / = not available ( ).
(**) GRT, .
(***) Prestige Erika . Erika (/, 1975,
) 12/12/99 , 20.000 .
.
(****) / Haven 144.000 (www.itopf.org/
stats.html) 10.000 (www.rempec.org/accidents_analysis.html).
 251

. 12.1
Tasman Spirit
27 2003.
13 2003, 30.000
.
.
-
, PRESTIGE (2002) ERIKA (1999).

13:  STCW 1995.

-
,
. ,
,
,
2.

( 3) ( 4).

1 2 3 4

,
VHF,

, . ,
, ,

, -11/1
STCW 1995.

252

, ,
,
.

.
,
2 -/2
3.000 gt 500 gt 3000 gt.
, ,

,
2 ,
.

13.1 
500 gt .

()
, .
, :
1)  ,
.
2) , : )
, ) ,
, ) , , ,
.
3)  ,

, , ,

. (ECDIS)
.
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 253

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256

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 257

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258

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 259

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262

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264

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4.1 IX SOLAS. acting on behalf of

SOLAS at the request of.
Supplemental Guidelines to Administrations on
Auditing and Certification of Companies Operating Multi-Flagged Fleets.
, ..
 265

.
11.
DOC (. 13.1).

,
.
12. SMC

SMS (. 13.4).
certifying authorities.

.

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15: ISM.

1) .

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:
) Hong Kong v. Kawasaki (1962),
.
) McIver v. Tate (1903),
.
) Kish v. Taylor (1912),
.
,
(1924) - (1971/1992). :
III 1: The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise
due diligence to- (a) make the ship seaworthy (b) properly man, equip, and supply the ship (c) make the holds,
refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their
reception, carriage and preservation.
266

( ),
. ,
,
, ,
.
IV 1: Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or
resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the
ship seaworthy .... whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness, the burden of proving the
exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exception under this article.
,

.
IV 2: Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss or damage arising
from .... any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect
of the agents of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the benefit of this exception
to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents of the carrier
contributed to the loss or damage.
without the fault or neglect

.
,
.
(1974) II, ,
:
5 ( ): The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss or damage to the goods, as well
as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods
were in his charge as defined in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he or his agents took all measures that
could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences.
,
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SMS; ; ;
SMS .
, 1
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, want of due diligence
IV 1.1.
SMS , .. The Toledo (1995)
,
 267

.
.

.
, , The Muncaster Castle (1961),
,
,
. ,
,
.

ISM. Alfred Toepfer v. Tossa Marine (1984)
ITF.
SMS
.

. , McFadden v. Blue Star Line
(1905) ,

. .

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.

2) .

/
.
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,
.

ISM :
) (1957) .
) LLMC (1976) .
) PAL (1974) .
) (1924) - (1971/1992).
) CLC (1969)
.
) FUND (1971)
.
) OPA (1990).
(
, , ,
), actual fault or priv
ity of the owner .
owner
,
alter ego , ..
. , , .. DPA port
captain superintendent,
'
.
268

The Marion (1984)

.
.


.
, The Eurysthenes (1976), privity

.

.
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,

(. 4). actual fault
personal act or omission. ,
personal, -
.


DOC. ,
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4,
DPA .
.
(. 9, 10 11), ,
,

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, ISM
1957
1976,
.
,
, .
, SMS,
.

.
.

183 : the liability of the
shipowner, whether american or foreigner . without the privity or knowledge.

,
(bareboat charterer)
. , DPA
 269

actual or constructive knowledge or privity.

, /.
CLC (1969), (
1976 1992).
V.1 V.2 : the shipowner will be entitled to limit his liability in respect of
any incident to an aggregate amount as follows (a) 3 million units of account for a ship not exceeding 5000 units
of tonnage, (b) for ships with excess tonnage thereof, for each additional unit, 420 units of account in addition
to the amount mentioned before, (c) provided that this aggregate amount should not exceed in any event 59.7
million units of account. It then goes on to follow the wording of the 1976 convention about the break of limita
tion due to personal act or omission ... with intent to cause ... or recklessly would probably result.
CLC

,
,
, . ,
LLMC (1976).
OPA (1990), 1004 (c) : the limits of liability do not apply where the incident
of oil pollution was approximately caused by the gross negligence or wilful misconduct of, or violation of
an applicable federal safety construction or operating regulation by the responsible party.

,
,
. ,
(gross
negligence) (wilful misconduct) ,
.
/ Brightfield,

.

,


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,
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3) .
,
. Marine Insurance Act (1906) 39 (1), (4) (5)
:
in a voyage policy there is an implied warranty that at the commencement of the voyage the ship shall be
seaworthy for the purpose of the particular adventure insured.
a ship is deemed to be seaworthy when it is reasonably fit in all respects to encounter the ordinary perils
of the adventure insured.
in a time policy there is no implied warranty that the ship shall be seaworthy at any stage of the adventure,
but where, with the privity of the assured, the ship is sent to sea in an unseaworthy state, the insurer is not
liable for any loss attributable to unseaworthiness.

270

.
,
, ,
.

. .
,
,
, .. .
Thomas v. Tyne and Wear Steamship (1917)
.
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39 (5) MIA (1906) The Star Sea (1995)
ISM,
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DOC. ,

.

ISM. ITC-
Hulls (1983). 1995
39 (5) ( 4.1 4.2) :
It is the duty of the assured, owners and managers at the inception of and throughout the period of this
insurance to ensure that: any recommendations required or restriction imposed by the vessel's classification
society which relate to the vessel's seaworthiness or to her maintenance in a seaworthy condition are complied
with by the dates required by that society.
In the event of a breach of the duties set out in clause 4.1 above, unless the underwriters agree to the
contrary in writing, they will be discharged from liability under this insurance as from the date of the breach
provided that if the vessel is at sea at such date the underwriters' discharge from liability is deferred until
arrival at the next port.
 271

,

, ,
.


.
17 MI
,
. , 18 (1) (2) :
Subject to the provisions of this section, the assured must disclose to the insurer, before the contract is
concluded, every material circumstance which is known to the assured, and the assured is deemed to know
every material circumstance which, in the ordinary course of business, ought to be known by him. If the
assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may avoid the contract.
Every circumstance is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the
premium, or determining whether he will take the risk.
, Associated Oil Carriers v. Union Insurance Society of Canton (1917)
British and Foreign Marine Insurance v. Samuel Sanday (1916)
31 1914 ,
,
.

18 (3)
() , () , ()
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16: 
ISM.

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272

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FSA) (Human Reliability Analy-sisHRA).
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 273

SMC . SMS
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HRA
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FSA, HRA
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FSA, , HRA
FSA, .

3) ISM FSA HRA.

ISM 7
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ISM
,
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ISM .
274

ISM Code FSA-HRA

1. .
2.
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1. o .
(Softaware)
3. . 2. .
4. (-) (-).
STCW 3. E
5. . . (Humanware)
6. . 4. -
7. A .
. (Hadware)
5.
8. E .
SOLAS .
&
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10. .
11.
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12. A ,
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13. ,
.

16.2
MARPOL, STCW, SOLAS
ISM FSA HRA.

16.2 ISM, FSA

STCW, SOLAS MARPOL . FSA ,
ISM . ,
5, 6 ,8 10 ISM ,
7, 8 9 FSA,
(Hardware), (Software) -
(Humanware).

17: 
.

ISO 9000 ,
.
. , ISO 9001 ISO 9002,
,

.
.
ISO 9001/9002 .
6.5 ,
.
 275

.

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ISO 14000.
. 4.3.6

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276

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1999/63/ , 21 1999
 277

(ECSA) ,
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 281

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1: .
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282

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.
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.
()
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20.1 , , .
, ,
, , , ,

.
:
) :
( ) (Pilots with Supplements).
 ( ,
) (Lists of Radio Signals).
 , (
, , ) (List of Lights).
(Tide Tables).
(Nautical Almanac).
(Mariners Handbook).
(Ship Captain's Medical Guide).
(Norie's Nautical Tables).
 ( ) (Inter-
national Code of Signals).

(MERSAR anual).
 (Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen).
(Bridge Procedures Guide).
- (Guide to elicopter - Ship Operations).
(Peril at Sea and Salvage).
(Ship's Routeing with Amendments).
 (Malacca Strait's Guide
for Draught Restricted Ships).
 283

(IMDG Code with Supplement).

 - (The Master's Role in Collecting
Evidence).
(Maritime Labour Convention & Recommendations).
 (Safe Mooring of Large Ships at Piers and
Sea Islands).
) ,
() :
/ (Clean Seas Guide for Oil Tankers).
(Dedicated Clean Ballast Tanks).
 / (International Safety Guide for
Oil Tankers and Terminals).
 [Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (Petrole-um)].
(Inert Gas Systems).
) A , :
/ [anker Safety Guide (Chemicals)].
 (Index of Dangerous Chemicals Carried in Bulk).
 o / (International Safety Guide for
Oil Tankers and Terminals).
) A , :
 (Code of Safe Practice for Solid
Bulk Cargoes).
 (Code of Safe Practice for
Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes).
) A , :
(The Oil and Gas Dictionary).
 (he Oil rig Mooring
Handbook).
(he Tugs-Towboats-Towing book).

, .
, .. /,
. : ) (,
, ), ) (, ,
, , ), ) (,
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), ) ( , ,
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284

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 285

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. 7. . 8. . 9.
( 300-500 ). 10. ( 400-500 ). 11.
. 12. (). 13. . 14.
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14. . 15. . 16. .
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286

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. 9. . 10. . 11. . 12.
. 13. . 14. /T. 15. .
16. .
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1. . 2. . 3.
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5. . 4 . 5 12 . 6
. 438/76.
1599/86
. 6. (
). 7. . 8. . 9
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4. ( / 100 ). 5.
. 6. . 7. ( / 400 ). 8.
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. 12. (
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 287

1. . 2. . 3.
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 289

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290

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) . / / IOPPC IOPPC.
1. :
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.
1.2 .
1.3 
.
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) XIV. IOPPC.
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. 2.
. 3.
IOPPC (DECLARATION)
MARPOL 73/78. 4.
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 291

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.

. , : 1.
(. 1 862/76- 312/76). 2. . 3.
, 10 , 12 . 4. . 5.
. 6. (. 2 . 3
712/1970- 262/1970). 7. ( 44 . 4 ). 8.

. 9.
, LL, SOLAS, . 10.
( 287/91- 102/91), ( 519/76- 186/76),
, ( - 265 /81).
11. (. 3 87/69- 5/14-01-1969). 12.
. 13.
(. 92 ). 14.
[. 42 . 1()]. 15.
. 16.
. 17. (. 3 .. 93/74-
293 /7-10-74). 18. . 19.
. 20. A (. 14 ). 21.

, ,
,
(. 15 . 3 ). 22. (.
1011 . 2 . 720 ).


()
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

()
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.7 . . . . . . . 31
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.1 
, 2001 (International Convention on the Control
of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships-AFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.2 , 2001 (Bunkers Convention) . . . 36
2.4.3 
, 2004 (International Convention for the Control
and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments - BWM) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.4  , 2007 (Nairobi
International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks - WR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4.5  , 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Recycling of Ships) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 , , , . . . . 43
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
 293

3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.7 , . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

(SL5 1974/1978)
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.2 SLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 , SLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.2 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.3 III: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.4 IV: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3.5 V: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.6 VI: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.7 VII: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.8 VIII: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.9 IX: . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.10 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.11 XI: . . . . . . . 76
4.3.12  XII:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4 SOLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4.1 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4.2 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4.3 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.5
(ISPS code) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5.2 ISPS . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

(RPOL 1973/78)
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.2 RPOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2.2 II: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.3  III:
294

, ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2.4 IV: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2.5 V: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2.6 VI: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3 RPOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.1 RPOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.2 1984 1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3.3 1987, 1989, 1990 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3.4 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.3.5 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.3.6 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.3.7 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.3.8 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3.9 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3.10 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

(STCW 1978/1995)
6.1 STCW 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 STCW 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.3 STCW 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.4 STCW 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.5 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.6 STCW 1995 SM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.7 STCW 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

(S CODE)
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.2 , ISM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.3 (). . . . . . . . 130
7.4 Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.5 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
 295

8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
8.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
8.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.1 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.1  (1972) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.2  (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
5.3  (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.4 (1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.5  (1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.1 (TOVALOP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
7.2 (CRISTAL) . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.3 (OSLTF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
8: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
9: , . . . . . . . . . . 234
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10: 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.1 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
10.2 MARPOL 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
11: . . . . . . . . 241
296

12: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
13: 
STCW 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
13.1 
500 gt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
13.2 
500 GT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
14: SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
15: SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
16: 
SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
17: 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
18: 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
19:  92/29/
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
20: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
20.1 , , . . . . . . 282
20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
21: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292


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ISBN 960-337-049-5 2013