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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Demographic profiles of all the respondents in terms of their age and gender
Frequency Percent
Age
16 17 8.5
17 183 91.5
Gender
Male 100 50
Female 100 50

The table one shows the demographic profiles of all the respondents

in terms of their age and gender. With regards of the age, the respondents

fall under ages 16-17, whereas 91.5 % are age sixteen (16) and 8.5 % are

age seventeen (17). In terms of the gender, 50% (n=100) are female

adolescents while the other 50% (n=100) are male adolescents.

Table 2. Means and Standard Deviations of Continuous Variables

Variables Mean SD
Psychological Hardiness 28.24 4.64
Facets of Family Environment
Cohesion 6.19 1.38
Conflict 4.09 1.67
Expressiveness 4.69 1.40
Independence 5.28 1.54
Achievement Orientation 5.87 1.40
Intellectual Cultural 5.08 1.62
Recreational Orientation 4.32 1.73
Moral Religious 6.17 1.57
Organization 5.71 1.69
Control 4.91 1.35
The table two shows the summary of means and standard deviation

of the continuous variables psychological hardiness and family environment

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Facets cohesion, conflict, expressiveness, independence, achievement

orientation, intellectual cultural, recreational orientation, moral religious,

organization and control. The mean score and standard deviation for

psychological hardiness is (M= 28.24, SD= 4.64) and the mean score and

standard deviation of family environment facets are (M= 6.19, SD= 1.38) for

cohesion, (M= 4.09, SD= 1.67) for conflict, (M= 4.69, SD=1.40 for

expressiveness, (M= 5.28, SD=1.54 ) for independence, (M= 5.87, SD=

1.40) for achievement orientation, (M= 5.08, SD= 1.62) for intellectual

cultural, (M= 4.32, SD= 1.73) for recreational orientation, (M= 6.17, SD=

1.57) for moral religious, (M= 5.71, SD= 1.69) organization and (M= 4.91,

SD=1.35) for control.

Table 3. Significant Relationships between Psychological Hardiness and Facets of

Family Environment

Psychological Hardiness
Facet of Family Environment
r p
Cohesion 0.151* 0.017
Conflict -0.249* p<0.001
Expressiveness 0.15* 0.017
Independence 0.033 0.319
Achievement Orientation 0.123* 0.041
Intellectual Cultural 0.134* 0.03
Recreational Orientation 0.000 0.499
Moral Religious 0.147* 0.019
Organization 0.272* p<0.001
Control 0.009 0.449
*significant at 0.05 level

The table three shows the Significant Relationships between

Psychological Hardiness and Facets of Family Environment. Seven facets

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of family environment were significantly correlated to psychological

hardiness namely Cohesion (r=0.151, p=0.017), Conflict (r=-0.249,

p<0.001), Expressiveness (r=0.15, p=0.017), Achievement Orientation

(r=0.123, p=0.041), Intellectual Cultural (r=0.134, p=0.03), Moral religious

(r=0.147, p=0.019), and Organization (r=0.272, p<0.001). Weak/low

correlations were observed between psychological hardiness and seven

facets of family environment. Only Conflict was negatively correlated to

Psychological Hardiness.

To elaborate the findings family environment is composed of 10

facets namely cohesion, conflict, expressiveness, independence,

achievement orientation, intellectual cultural, recreational orientation,

moral religious, organization and control. Out of this 10 facets seven were

been correlated to psychological hardiness. The r=0.151 has been

calculated for cohesion, r=0.15 for Expressiveness, r=0.123 for

Achievement Orientation, r=0.134 for Intellectual Cultural, r=0.147 for

Moral religious and r=0.272 for Organization this means that there is a

direct correlation, the higher the score of a subject in family environment

facets cohesion, Expressiveness, Achievement Orientation, Intellectual

Cultural, Moral religious, and Organization, the higher his/her score will be

on psychological hardiness. According to the meaningful correlation of the

relationship. It can be said with a 95% confidence. Whereas the amount

of r=-0.249 has been calculated that represents a negative and reverse

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correlation that is, the higher the score of a subject in conflict, the lower his

score will be in the psychological hardiness test or the vice versa.

According to the meaningfulness of the relationship, it can be said with a

95% confidence that there is an inverse relationship between psychological

hardiness and conflict.

The present study inclined with other researches that have been

made in the past. According to Dasgupta and Sain (2015), Family

Environment facets were found to be significantly correlated with

Psychological Hardiness, Moreover, they have found the facets, namely,

Independence and Control to be correlated to Psychological Hardiness,

while in contrast, the present study have found these two facets to have

no significant relationship with psychological hardiness. Similarly, in the

study conducted by May, Sows, & Niles (1993), it was also found the facets

Cohesion, Conflict, and Intellectual Cultural to have significant relationship

with Psychological Hardiness. On the basis of the above results, it maybe

concluded that some facets of Family Environment, namely,

Independence, Recreational Orientation, and Control, have significant

relationship with much larger number of respondents as other studies did.

Whereas, Facets that were found to have significant relationship by the

present study, but not found to have significant relationship by past studies

maybe concluded that results might have affected by the demographic

profile used. For it was not equally distributed by both genders, while the
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present study equally distributed it to one hundred (100) male, and one

hundred (100) female adolescent students.

Table 3. Determining the significant predictors for psychological hardiness using Multiple
Linear Regression

Model 1 t Sig.
(Constant) 7.345 p<0.001
Cohesion 0.253 0.801
Conflict -2.564* 0.011
Expressive 0.93 0.354
Independence -0.142 0.887
Achievement 1.316 0.19
Intellectual 0.88 0.38
Recreation 0.224 0.823
Moral 0.039 0.969
Organization 2.735* 0.007
Control 0.262 0.794

A multiple regression was used to predict psychological hardiness

based on 10 facets of family environment. Result shows that only two facets

are significant predictors namely Conflict (t=-2.564, p=0.011) and

Organization (t=2.735, p=0.007). Model fit: the model explained only 13.7%

of variance in the outcome variable. Re-running the analysis with the two

significant variables included will increase the coefficient of determination or

R2 by 2.5%.

This study agree and contradicts with some study in the past.

According to Dasgupta and Sain (2015) family environment predicts

psychological hardiness. However, they didnt show in their study what area
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of family environment greatly contribute to the development of psychological

hardiness. So in the present study the researcher found out that conflict and

organization predicts psychological hardiness among the facet of family

environment. Furthermore, in the study conducted by May, Sows, & Nile

(1993) intellectual cultural predicts psychological hardiness which didnt

found in this study. However, the study inclined with their study that conflict

predict hardiness which explains that the more conflict in the family the lesser

the chance to develop psychological hardiness. Nevertheless, our present

study found that organization predicts psychological hardiness which their

study didnt found out. This explains the more organization in the family leads

in development of psychological hardiness. However, the prediction was only

explained by 2.5 %. This lead to researcher to look upon that even though

family environment especially conflict and organization contribute to the

development of psychological hardiness. There may be other factors to

consider in its development.

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